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<li id="toc-1974–1979:_Founding_and_incorporation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1974–1979:_Founding_and_incorporation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1974–1979: Founding and incorporation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1974–1979:_Founding_and_incorporation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980–1990:_CP/M,_CP/M-86" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980–1990:_CP/M,_CP/M-86"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1980–1990: CP/M, CP/M-86</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980–1990:_CP/M,_CP/M-86-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graphics_Environment_Manager_(1985)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphics_Environment_Manager_(1985)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Graphics Environment Manager (1985)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphics_Environment_Manager_(1985)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FlexOS,_Concurrent_DOS_XM_and_Concurrent_DOS_386" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FlexOS,_Concurrent_DOS_XM_and_Concurrent_DOS_386"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>FlexOS, Concurrent DOS XM and Concurrent DOS 386</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FlexOS,_Concurrent_DOS_XM_and_Concurrent_DOS_386-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990_and_1991:_Multiuser_DOS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990_and_1991:_Multiuser_DOS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1990 and 1991: Multiuser DOS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990_and_1991:_Multiuser_DOS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1991–2014:_Acquisition_by_Novell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1991–2014:_Acquisition_by_Novell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>1991–2014: Acquisition by Novell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1991–2014:_Acquisition_by_Novell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_employees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_employees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable employees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_employees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acquisitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acquisitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Acquisitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acquisitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" 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href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Research" title="Digital Research – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Digital Research" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Research" title="Digital Research – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Digital Research" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Research" title="Digital Research – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Digital Research" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86" title="دیجیتال ریسرچ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیجیتال ریسرچ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Research" title="Digital Research – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Digital Research" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EB%A6%AC%EC%84%9C%EC%B9%98" title="디지털 리서치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="디지털 리서치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Research" title="Digital Research – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Digital Research" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Research" title="Digital Research – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Digital Research" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%B8%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%81" title="デジタルリサーチ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デジタルリサーチ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Research" title="Digital Research – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Digital Research" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Research,_Inc" title="Digital Research, Inc – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Digital Research, Inc" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Research" title="Digital Research – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Digital Research" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Research" title="Digital Research – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Digital Research" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Research" title="Digital Research – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Digital Research" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Research" title="Digital Research – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Digital Research" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Digital Research, Inc.</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Digital_Research_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Digital_Research_Logo.svg/220px-Digital_Research_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Digital_Research_Logo.svg/330px-Digital_Research_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Digital_Research_Logo.svg/440px-Digital_Research_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2869" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gary_kildall801lighthouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Gary_kildall801lighthouse.jpg/220px-Gary_kildall801lighthouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Gary_kildall801lighthouse.jpg/330px-Gary_kildall801lighthouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Gary_kildall801lighthouse.jpg/440px-Gary_kildall801lighthouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Original headquarters of Digital Research on 801 Lighthouse Ave, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Grove,_California" title="Pacific Grove, California">Pacific Grove, California</a>. On the sidewalk, to the left, is a commemorative plaque.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Private<sup id="cite_ref-Markoff_1991_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markoff_1991-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1974<span class="noprint">; 50 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1974</span>)</span> in <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Grove,_California" title="Pacific Grove, California">Pacific Grove, California</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Kildall" title="Gary Kildall">Gary Kildall</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">1991<span class="noprint">; 33 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1991</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fate</th><td class="infobox-data">Acquired by <a href="/wiki/Novell" title="Novell">Novell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Pacific Grove, California</li><li><a href="/wiki/Monterey,_California" title="Monterey, California">Monterey, California</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Gary Kildall (CEO)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_McEwen_Kildall" title="Dorothy McEwen Kildall">Dorothy McEwen Kildall</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Eubanks" title="Gordon Eubanks">Gordon Eubanks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Rolander" title="Tom Rolander">Tom Rolander</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Strutynski" title="Kathryn Strutynski">Kathryn Strutynski</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ed_McCracken" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed McCracken">Ed McCracken</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">Compilers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interfaces</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>45 million (1983)<sup id="cite_ref-caruso19840402_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caruso19840402-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>US$36.2 million (1989)<sup id="cite_ref-BW_1991_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BW_1991-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>US$40.9 million (1990)<sup id="cite_ref-BW_1991_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BW_1991-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>US$45.5 million (1991)<sup id="cite_ref-Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>2 (1976)<sup id="cite_ref-DRI_1982_Expansion_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRI_1982_Expansion-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>9 (November 1978)<sup id="cite_ref-DRI_1982_Expansion_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRI_1982_Expansion-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>24 (August 1980)<sup id="cite_ref-DRI_1982_Expansion_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRI_1982_Expansion-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>~82–100 (1981)<sup id="cite_ref-Caruso_1984_Rebounds_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caruso_1984_Rebounds-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>~200 (summer 1982)<sup id="cite_ref-DRI_1982_Expansion_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRI_1982_Expansion-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>~280 (1982)<sup id="cite_ref-Caruso_1984_Rebounds_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caruso_1984_Rebounds-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>530 (1983)<sup id="cite_ref-Caruso_1984_Rebounds_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caruso_1984_Rebounds-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>~500 (1984)<sup id="cite_ref-Caruso_1984_Rebounds_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caruso_1984_Rebounds-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burton_1985_Short_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burton_1985_Short-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>~300 (1985)<sup id="cite_ref-Burton_1985_Short_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burton_1985_Short-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Watt_1986_Reorg_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watt_1986_Reorg-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>240 (1986)<sup id="cite_ref-Watt_1986_Reorg_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watt_1986_Reorg-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>273 (1990)<sup id="cite_ref-BW_1991_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BW_1991-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>290 (1991)<sup id="cite_ref-Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalresearch.biz">www<wbr />.digitalresearch<wbr />.biz</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Digital Research, Inc.</b> (<b>DR</b> or <b>DRI</b>) was a privately held American software company created by <a href="/wiki/Gary_Kildall" title="Gary Kildall">Gary Kildall</a> to market and develop his <a href="/wiki/CP/M_operating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="CP/M operating system">CP/M operating system</a> and related 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit systems like <a href="/wiki/MP/M" title="MP/M">MP/M</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent DOS">Concurrent DOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/FlexOS" title="FlexOS">FlexOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiuser_DOS" title="Multiuser DOS">Multiuser DOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/DOS_Plus" title="DOS Plus">DOS Plus</a>, <a href="/wiki/DR_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="DR DOS">DR DOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graphics_Environment_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics Environment Manager">GEM</a>. It was the first large software company in the <a href="/wiki/Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">microcomputer</a> world.<sup id="cite_ref-InfoWorld_May_1981_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfoWorld_May_1981-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Digital Research was originally based in <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Grove,_California" title="Pacific Grove, California">Pacific Grove, California</a>, later in <a href="/wiki/Monterey,_California" title="Monterey, California">Monterey, California</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Research&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1062633282">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .content .thumb>div:not(.thumbinner){display:flex;justify-content:center;flex-wrap:wrap;align-content:flex-start;flex-direction:column}}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output div.thumb>div:not(.thumbinner){font-size:94%;text-align:center;overflow:hidden;min-width:100px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.thumb>div:not(.thumbinner){margin:0 auto;max-width:100%!important}</style> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="display:table;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Digital_Research_logo_1974.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The original Digital Research logo, used from 1977 to the early 1980s"><img alt="The original Digital Research logo, used from 1977 to the early 1980s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Digital_Research_logo_1974.svg/220px-Digital_Research_logo_1974.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Digital_Research_logo_1974.svg/330px-Digital_Research_logo_1974.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Digital_Research_logo_1974.svg/440px-Digital_Research_logo_1974.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="115" /></a></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="display:table-caption;caption-side:bottom;box-sizing:border-box;">The original Digital Research logo, used from 1977 to the early 1980s </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1974–1979:_Founding_and_incorporation"><span id="1974.E2.80.931979:_Founding_and_incorporation"></span>1974–1979: Founding and incorporation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Research&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1974–1979: Founding and incorporation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1972, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Kildall" title="Gary Kildall">Gary Kildall</a>, an instructor at the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School" title="Naval Postgraduate School">Naval Postgraduate School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Monterey,_California" title="Monterey, California">Monterey, California</a>, began working at <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Consultant" title="Consultant">consultant</a> under the business name <b>Microcomputer Applications Associates</b> (MAA).<sup id="cite_ref-collegial_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collegial-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1974, he had developed Control Program/Monitor, or <a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Disk_operating_system" title="Disk operating system">disk operating system</a> for <a href="/wiki/Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">microcomputers</a>. </p><p>In 1974 he incorporated as <b>Intergalactic Digital Research</b>, with his wife handling the business side of the operation.<sup id="cite_ref-collegial_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collegial-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company soon began operating under its shortened name Digital Research.<sup id="cite_ref-collegial_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collegial-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company's operating systems, starting with <a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a> for <a href="/wiki/Intel_8080" title="Intel 8080">8080</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zilog_Z80" title="Zilog Z80">Z80</a>-based microcomputers, were the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> standard of their era. Digital Research's product suite included the original 8-bit CP/M and its various offshoots like <a href="/wiki/MP/M" title="MP/M">MP/M</a> (1979), a multi-tasking multi-user version of CP/M.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980–1990:_CP/M,_CP/M-86"><span id="1980.E2.80.931990:_CP.2FM.2C_CP.2FM-86"></span>1980–1990: CP/M, CP/M-86</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Research&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1980–1990: CP/M, CP/M-86"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Microsoft present <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> that was based on <a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a>, Digital Research released <a href="/wiki/CP/M-86" title="CP/M-86">CP/M-86</a>, which was the first <a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit system</a> (1981, adapted to the IBM PC in early 1982), which was meant as direct competitor to <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>. There followed the multi-tasking <a href="/wiki/MP/M-86" class="mw-redirect" title="MP/M-86">MP/M-86</a> (1981), and <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_CP/M" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent CP/M">Concurrent CP/M</a> (1982), a single-user version featuring virtual consoles from which applications could be launched to run concurrently.<sup id="cite_ref-Kildall_1982_8-bit_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kildall_1982_8-bit-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1983 Digital Research announced that it would offer PC DOS versions of all of its languages and utilities.<sup id="cite_ref-hughes198307_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hughes198307-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It remained influential, with <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>45 million in 1983 sales making Digital Research the fourth-largest microcomputer software company.<sup id="cite_ref-caruso19840402_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caruso19840402-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Admitting that it had "lost" the 8088 software market but hoped to succeed with the <a href="/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286">Intel 80286</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">Motorola 68000</a>, by 1984 the company formed a partnership with <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">AT&T Corporation</a> to develop software for <a href="/wiki/Unix_System_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Unix System V">Unix System V</a> and sell its own and third-party products in retail stores.<sup id="cite_ref-shea19840220_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shea19840220-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Pournelle" title="Jerry Pournelle">Jerry Pournelle</a> warned later that year, however, that "Many people of stature seem to have left or are leaving Digital Research. DR had better get its act together."<sup id="cite_ref-byte198503_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byte198503-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a parallel development Digital Research also produced a selection of <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compilers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreters</a> for their OS-supported platforms, including <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>, <a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a>, <a href="/wiki/FORTRAN" class="mw-redirect" title="FORTRAN">FORTRAN</a>, <a href="/wiki/PL/I" title="PL/I">PL/I</a>, <a href="/wiki/PL/M" title="PL/M">PL/M</a>, <a href="/wiki/CBASIC" title="CBASIC">CBASIC</a>, <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Logo_(programming_language)" title="Logo (programming language)">Logo</a>. </p><p>Digital Research developed <a href="/wiki/CP/M-86" title="CP/M-86">CP/M-86</a> as an alternative to MS-DOS and it was made available through IBM in early 1982. The company later created an MS-DOS clone with advanced features called <a href="/wiki/DR_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="DR DOS">DR DOS</a>, which pressured Microsoft to further improve its own DOS. </p><p>At the time the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM Personal Computer</a> was being developed, Digital Research's CP/M was the dominant operating system of the day. In 1980, IBM asked Digital Research to supply a version of CP/M written for the <a href="/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">Intel 8086</a> microprocessor as the standard operating system for the PC, which would use the code-compatible <a href="/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088">Intel 8088</a> chip. Digital Research, uneasy about the conditions related to making such an agreement with IBM, refused.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> seized this opportunity to supply an OS, in addition to other software (e.g., <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>) for the new IBM PC. When the IBM PC arrived in late 1981, it came with <a href="/wiki/PC_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="PC DOS">PC DOS</a>, an OEM version of <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>, which was developed from <a href="/wiki/86-DOS" title="86-DOS">86-DOS</a>, which Microsoft had acquired for this purpose. By mid-1982, <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> was also marketed for use in hardware-compatible non-IBM computers. This one decision resulted in Microsoft becoming the leading name in computer software. </p><p>This story is detailed from the point of view of Microsoft and IBM in the <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Nerds" title="Triumph of the Nerds">Triumph of the Nerds</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Triumph_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Triumph-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from the point of view of Gary Kildall's friends and coworkers in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Computer_Chronicles" class="mw-redirect" title="The Computer Chronicles">The Computer Chronicles</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chronicles_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chronicles-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The competition between MS-DOS and DR DOS is one of the more controversial chapters of microcomputer history. Microsoft offered better licensing terms to any computer manufacturer that committed to selling MS-DOS with every system they shipped, making it uneconomical for them to offer systems with another OS, since the manufacturer would still be required to pay a license fee to Microsoft for that system. This practice led to a US Department of Justice investigation, resulting in a decision in 1994 that barred Microsoft from "per-processor" licensing.<sup id="cite_ref-Corcoran_1994_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corcoran_1994-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Successive revisions of Concurrent CP/M incorporated <a href="/wiki/PC-MODE" class="mw-redirect" title="PC-MODE">MS-DOS API emulation</a> (since 1983), which gradually added more support for DOS applications and the <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file system">FAT file system</a>. These versions were named <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent DOS">Concurrent DOS</a> (1984), with <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_PC_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent PC DOS">Concurrent PC DOS</a> (1984) being the version adapted to run on IBM compatible PCs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1985, soon after the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/80286" class="mw-redirect" title="80286">80286</a>-based <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC/AT" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC/AT">IBM PC/AT</a>, Digital Research introduced a real-time system, initially called <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_DOS_286" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent DOS 286">Concurrent DOS 286</a>. </p><p>Other single-user operative systems were launched: <a href="/wiki/DOS_Plus" title="DOS Plus">DOS Plus</a> (1985) and <a href="/wiki/DR_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="DR DOS">DR DOS</a> (1988). The latter system was marketed as a direct MS-DOS/PC DOS replacement with added functionality. In order to achieve this, it gave up built-in support to run CP/M applications and was changed to use DOS-compatible internal structures. It became a successful product line in itself.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphics_Environment_Manager_(1985)"><span id="Graphics_Environment_Manager_.281985.29"></span>Graphics Environment Manager (1985)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Research&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Graphics Environment Manager (1985)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_PC_GEM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/IBM_PC_GEM.jpg/240px-IBM_PC_GEM.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/IBM_PC_GEM.jpg/360px-IBM_PC_GEM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/IBM_PC_GEM.jpg/480px-IBM_PC_GEM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1881" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>Graphics Environment Manager (GEM) Graphic User Interface (GUI) in 1985</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1985 Digital Research also produced a microcomputer version of the <a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">GKS</a> graphics standard (related to <a href="/wiki/NAPLPS" title="NAPLPS">NAPLPS</a>) called <a href="/wiki/Graphics_System_Extension" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics System Extension">GSX</a>, and later used this as the basis of their <a href="/wiki/Graphics_Environment_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics Environment Manager">GEM</a> <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">GUI</a>. Less known are their application programs, limited largely to the GSX-based DR DRAW and a small suite of GUI programs for GEM. After the development of GEM, Microsoft introduced <a href="/wiki/Windows_1.0" title="Windows 1.0">Windows 1.0</a>. </p><p>Digital Research (and later its successor <a href="/wiki/Caldera_(company)" title="Caldera (company)">Caldera</a>) accused Microsoft of announcing <a href="/wiki/Vaporware" title="Vaporware">vaporware</a> versions of MS-DOS to suppress sales of DR DOS.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FlexOS,_Concurrent_DOS_XM_and_Concurrent_DOS_386"><span id="FlexOS.2C_Concurrent_DOS_XM_and_Concurrent_DOS_386"></span>FlexOS, Concurrent DOS XM and Concurrent DOS 386</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Research&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: FlexOS, Concurrent DOS XM and Concurrent DOS 386"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_PC_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent PC DOS">Concurrent PC DOS</a> later evolved into the modular <a href="/wiki/FlexOS" title="FlexOS">FlexOS</a> (1986). This exploited the greater memory addressing capability of the new <a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a> to provide a more flexible multi-tasking environment. There was a small but powerful set of system <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">APIs</a>, each with a synchronous and an asynchronous variant. <a href="/wiki/Named_pipe" title="Named pipe">Pipes</a> were supported, and all named resources could be aliased by setting <a href="/wiki/Environment_variable" title="Environment variable">environment variables</a>. This system was to enjoy enduring favour in point-of-sale systems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Other successors of Concurrent DOS were <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_DOS_XM" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent DOS XM">Concurrent DOS XM</a> (1986) and the 32-bit <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_DOS_386" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent DOS 386">Concurrent DOS 386</a> (1987). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990_and_1991:_Multiuser_DOS">1990 and 1991: Multiuser DOS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Research&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1990 and 1991: Multiuser DOS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1062633282"> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="display:table;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Digital_Research_logo_1990.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of Digital Research used briefly toward the end of its independent existence, from March 1990[18] to 1991"><img alt="Logo of Digital Research used briefly toward the end of its independent existence, from March 1990[18] to 1991" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Digital_Research_logo_1990.svg/220px-Digital_Research_logo_1990.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Digital_Research_logo_1990.svg/330px-Digital_Research_logo_1990.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Digital_Research_logo_1990.svg/440px-Digital_Research_logo_1990.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="29" /></a></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="display:table-caption;caption-side:bottom;box-sizing:border-box;">Logo of Digital Research used briefly toward the end of its independent existence, from March 1990<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 1991 </div> </div> </div> <p>In 1991 DR presented <a href="/wiki/Multiuser_DOS" title="Multiuser DOS">Multiuser DOS</a>. Digital Research's multi-user family of operating systems was sidelined with the previous single user operative systems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In one <a href="/wiki/Beta_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta release">beta release</a> of <a href="/wiki/Windows_3.1" title="Windows 3.1">Windows 3.1</a>, Microsoft included hidden code (later called the <a href="/wiki/AARD_code" title="AARD code">AARD code</a>) that detected DR DOS and displayed a cryptic error message.<sup id="cite_ref-Schulman_1993_AARD_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulman_1993_AARD-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1991–2014:_Acquisition_by_Novell"><span id="1991.E2.80.932014:_Acquisition_by_Novell"></span>1991–2014: Acquisition by Novell</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Research&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1991–2014: Acquisition by Novell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/FlexOS" title="FlexOS">FlexOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novell" title="Novell">Novell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caldera_(company)" title="Caldera (company)">Caldera (company)</a></div> <p><b>Digital Research</b> was purchased by <a href="/wiki/Novell" title="Novell">Novell</a> for US$80 million in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>primarily for Novell to gain access to the operating system line. <a href="/wiki/FlexOS" title="FlexOS">FlexOS</a>, this operative system had already been adopted as the basis for the following systems: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_S5-DOS/MT" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens S5-DOS/MT">Siemens S5-DOS/MT</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_4680_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 4680 OS">IBM 4680 OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_4690_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 4690 OS">4690 OS</a>.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_employees">Notable employees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Research&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notable employees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several notable employees worked at Digital Research, some of which later made important contributions to the IT industry, such as: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Kildall" title="Gary Kildall">Gary Kildall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Strutynski" title="Kathryn Strutynski">Kathryn Strutynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Eubanks" title="Gordon Eubanks">Gordon Eubanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Rolander" title="Tom Rolander">Tom Rolander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_R._McCracken" title="Edward R. McCracken">Edward R. McCracken</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acquisitions">Acquisitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Research&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Acquisitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compiler_Systems,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler Systems, Inc.">Compiler Systems, Inc.</a> (1981) for <a href="/wiki/CBASIC" title="CBASIC">CBASIC</a><sup id="cite_ref-Digital_Research_1981_News_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Digital_Research_1981_News-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_MicroSYSTEMS,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="MT MicroSYSTEMS, Inc.">MT MicroSYSTEMS, Inc.</a> (1981) for <a href="/wiki/Pascal/MT%2B" title="Pascal/MT+">Pascal/MT+</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Research&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiuser_DOS_Federation" title="Multiuser DOS Federation">Multiuser DOS Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novell_Digital_Research_Systems_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Novell Digital Research Systems Group">Novell Digital Research Systems Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldera_Digital_Research_Systems_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldera Digital Research Systems Group">Caldera Digital Research Systems Group</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Research&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Markoff_1991-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Markoff_1991_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarkoff1991" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gregory_Markoff" class="mw-redirect" title="John Gregory Markoff">Markoff, John Gregory</a> (1991-07-17). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/17/business/pc-software-maker-novell-to-buy-digital-research.html?mcubz=0">"PC Software Maker Novell To Buy Digital Research"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. 8. Section D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200218124856/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/17/business/pc-software-maker-novell-to-buy-digital-research.html?mcubz=0">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-02-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=PC+Software+Maker+Novell+To+Buy+Digital+Research&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1991-07-17&rft.aulast=Markoff&rft.aufirst=John+Gregory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F07%2F17%2Fbusiness%2Fpc-software-maker-novell-to-buy-digital-research.html%3Fmcubz%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+Research" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caruso19840402-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-caruso19840402_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caruso19840402_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaruso1984" class="citation news cs1">Caruso, Denise (1984-04-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kC4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA80">"Company Strategies Boomerang"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a> - The Newsweekly for Microcomputer Users</i>. Vol. 6, no. 14. <a href="/wiki/Popular_Computing,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Computing, Inc.">Popular Computing, Inc.</a> pp. 80–83. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0199-6649">0199-6649</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld+-+The+Newsweekly+for+Microcomputer+Users&rft.atitle=Company+Strategies+Boomerang&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=80-83&rft.date=1984-04-02&rft.issn=0199-6649&rft.aulast=Caruso&rft.aufirst=Denise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkC4EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+Research" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BW_1991-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BW_1991_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BW_1991_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BW_1991_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech-insider.org/personal-computers/research/1991/0717.html">"Novell and Digital Research sign definitive merger agreement"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Wire" title="Business Wire">Business Wire</a></i>. 1991-07-17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180818133749/https://tech-insider.org/personal-computers/research/1991/0717.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-08-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Wire&rft.atitle=Novell+and+Digital+Research+sign+definitive+merger+agreement&rft.date=1991-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech-insider.org%2Fpersonal-computers%2Fresearch%2F1991%2F0717.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+Research" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulmanBrownMaxeyMichels1994" class="citation book cs1">Schulman, Andrew; <a href="/wiki/Ralf_D._Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralf D. Brown">Brown, Ralf D.</a>; Maxey, David; Michels, Raymond J.; Kyle, Jim (1994) [November 1993]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/undocumenteddosp00andr_0/page/11"><i>Undocumented DOS: A programmer's guide to reserved MS-DOS functions and data structures - expanded to include MS-DOS 6, Novell DOS and Windows 3.1</i></a></span> (2 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Addison_Wesley" class="mw-redirect" title="Addison Wesley">Addison Wesley</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/undocumenteddosp00andr_0/page/11">11</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/undocumenteddosp00andr_0/page/182">182</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/undocumenteddosp00andr_0/page/183">183</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-63287-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-63287-X"><bdi>0-201-63287-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Undocumented+DOS%3A+A+programmer%27s+guide+to+reserved+MS-DOS+functions+and+data+structures+-+expanded+to+include+MS-DOS+6%2C+Novell+DOS+and+Windows+3.1&rft.pages=11%2C+182-183&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-201-63287-X&rft.aulast=Schulman&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Brown%2C+Ralf+D.&rft.au=Maxey%2C+David&rft.au=Michels%2C+Raymond+J.&rft.au=Kyle%2C+Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fundocumenteddosp00andr_0%2Fpage%2F11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+Research" class="Z3988"></span> (xviii+856+vi pages, 3.5-inch floppy) Errata: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417215556/http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/ralf/pub/books/UndocumentedDOS/errata.ud2">[1]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417212906/https://www.pcjs.org/pubs/pc/programming/Undocumented_DOS/#errata-2nd-edition">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DRI_1982_Expansion-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DRI_1982_Expansion_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DRI_1982_Expansion_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DRI_1982_Expansion_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DRI_1982_Expansion_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amaus.net/static/S100/software/DRI/Digital%20Dialogue/01x01%20198208%20Digital%20Dialogue.pdf">"Rapid expansion marks DRI history"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Digital_Dialogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Dialogue">Digital Dialogue</a></i>. Vol. 1, no. 1. Digital Research. August 1982. pp. 7–8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://amaus.net/static/S100/software/DRI/Digital%20Dialogue/01x01%20198208%20Digital%20Dialogue.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digital+Dialogue&rft.atitle=Rapid+expansion+marks+DRI+history&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-8&rft.date=1982-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famaus.net%2Fstatic%2FS100%2Fsoftware%2FDRI%2FDigital%2520Dialogue%2F01x01%2520198208%2520Digital%2520Dialogue.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+Research" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200225202039/http://www.digitalresearch.biz/images/Reunion.Book.25.Year.pdf">[3]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200225205551/http://www.retrotechnology.com/dri/kildall_digital_dialog.txt">[4]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200223212031/http://www.retrotechnology.com/dri/d_dri_refs.html">[5]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caruso_1984_Rebounds-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Caruso_1984_Rebounds_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caruso_1984_Rebounds_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caruso_1984_Rebounds_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caruso_1984_Rebounds_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaruso1984" class="citation news cs1">Caruso, Denise (1984-04-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hy4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA56">"Digital Research Rebounds - New products are leading the software maker's resurgence"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a> - The Newsweekly for Microcomputer Users</i>. The Industry. Vol. 6, no. 17. <a href="/wiki/Popular_Computing,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Computing, Inc.">Popular Computing, Inc.</a>, <a href="/wiki/CW_Communications_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="CW Communications Inc.">CW Communications Inc.</a> pp. 56–57. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0199-6649">0199-6649</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217102517/https://books.google.de/books?id=hy4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA56&lpg=PA56&dq=%2522Digital+Research%2522+number+of+employees&source=bl&ots=_F-XruJhyQ&sig=ACfU3U3MdFwYYh8VCEGppvgcSGh1uPZaeQ&hl=de&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiXjM7dq9jnAhXF16QKHbqLDPg4ChDoATAFegQIChAB">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld+-+The+Newsweekly+for+Microcomputer+Users&rft.atitle=Digital+Research+Rebounds+-+New+products+are+leading+the+software+maker%27s+resurgence&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=56-57&rft.date=1984-04-23&rft.issn=0199-6649&rft.aulast=Caruso&rft.aufirst=Denise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhy4EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+Research" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burton_1985_Short-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burton_1985_Short_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burton_1985_Short_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton1985" class="citation news cs1">Burton, Kathleen (1985-07-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Huij24Zmr0C&pg=PA72">"Cash-short Digital Research cuts staff, seeks investors"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a> - The Newsweekly for the Computer Community</i>. Computer Industry. Vol. XIX, no. 30. Monterey, California, USA: <a href="/wiki/CW_Communications,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="CW Communications, Inc.">CW Communications, Inc.</a> p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4841">0010-4841</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217102442/https://books.google.de/books?id=2Huij24Zmr0C&pg=PA72&lpg=PA72&ots=4yuH63ttiz&focus=viewport&dq=%2522Digital+Research%2522+total+revenue&hl=de">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld+-+The+Newsweekly+for+the+Computer+Community&rft.atitle=Cash-short+Digital+Research+cuts+staff%2C+seeks+investors&rft.volume=XIX&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=72&rft.date=1985-07-29&rft.issn=0010-4841&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Huij24Zmr0C%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+Research" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watt_1986_Reorg-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watt_1986_Reorg_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watt_1986_Reorg_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt1986" class="citation news cs1">Watt, Peggy (1986-10-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nI091j0HhhwC&pg=PA95">"Digital Research tighens belt with layoffs, reorganization - Realign business units, product lines"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a> - The Newsweekly for the Computer Community</i>. Computer Industry. Vol. XX, no. 43. Monterey, California, USA: <a href="/wiki/CW_Communications,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="CW Communications, Inc.">CW Communications, Inc.</a> p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4841">0010-4841</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200216233625/https://books.google.de/books?id=nI091j0HhhwC&pg=PA95&lpg=PA95&redir_esc=y">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-02-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld+-+The+Newsweekly+for+the+Computer+Community&rft.atitle=Digital+Research+tighens+belt+with+layoffs%2C+reorganization+-+Realign+business+units%2C+product+lines&rft.volume=XX&rft.issue=43&rft.pages=95&rft.date=1986-10-27&rft.issn=0010-4841&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=Peggy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnI091j0HhhwC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+Research" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-InfoWorld_May_1981-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-InfoWorld_May_1981_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole1981" class="citation news cs1">Cole, Maggie (1981-05-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3j4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA52">"Gary Kildall and the Digital Research Success Story"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a> - The Newspaper for the Microcomputing Community</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld+-+The+Newspaper+for+the+Microcomputing+Community&rft.atitle=Gary+Kildall+and+the+Digital+Research+Success+Story&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=52-53&rft.date=1981-05-25&rft.issn=0199-6649&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3j4EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+Research" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-collegial-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-collegial_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-collegial_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-collegial_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwaine1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Swaine_(technical_author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Swaine (technical author)">Swaine, Michael</a> (Spring 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalresearch.biz/DR/Gary/DDJ-GK02.HTM">"Gary Kildall and Collegial Entrepreneurship"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Dobb%27s_Special_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Dobb's Special Report">Dr. Dobb's Special Report</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dr.+Dobb%27s+Journal&rft.atitle=Examining+the+Windows+AARD+Detection+Code+-+A+serious+message--and+the+code+that+produced+it&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=42%2C+44-48%2C+89&rft.date=1993-09&rft.aulast=Schulman&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ddj.com%2Fdocuments%2Fs%3D1030%2Fddj9309d%2F9309d.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+Research" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchives1996" class="citation web cs1">Archives, L. A. Times (1996-07-25). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-07-25-fi-27767-story.html">"Novell Founder Noorda Pushes Antitrust Suit Against Microsoft"</a></span>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-16</span></span>. <q>Novell purchased Digital Research for $80 million in 1991 as part of Noorda's strategy to compete directly with Microsoft across a broad..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Novell+Founder+Noorda+Pushes+Antitrust+Suit+Against+Microsoft&rft.date=1996-07-25&rft.aulast=Archives&rft.aufirst=L.+A.+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1996-07-25-fi-27767-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+Research" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Digital_Research_1981_News-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Digital_Research_1981_News_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amaus.net/static/S100/software/DRI/Digital%20Research%20News/01x01%201981%20Digital%20Research%20News.pdf">"Compiler Systems Acquired; Language Division Formed Under Gordon Eubanks, Jr. - Digital Research Acquires Compiler Systems; Will Now Provide the Microcomputer Industry with One-stop Shopping for Total Systems Support"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Digital Research News - for Digital Research Users Everywhere</i>. <b>1</b> (1). Pacific Grove, California, USA: <a href="/wiki/Digital_Research,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Research, Inc.">Digital Research, Inc.</a>: 1, 7. November 1981. Fourth Quarter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://amaus.net/static/S100/software/DRI/Digital%20Research%20News/01x01%201981%20Digital%20Research%20News.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digital+Research+News+-+for+Digital+Research+Users+Everywhere&rft.atitle=Compiler+Systems+Acquired%3B+Language+Division+Formed+Under+Gordon+Eubanks%2C+Jr.+-+Digital+Research+Acquires+Compiler+Systems%3B+Will+Now+Provide+the+Microcomputer+Industry+with+One-stop+Shopping+for+Total+Systems+Support&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1%2C+7&rft.date=1981-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famaus.net%2Fstatic%2FS100%2Fsoftware%2FDRI%2FDigital%2520Research%2520News%2F01x01%25201981%2520Digital%2520Research%2520News.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+Research" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Research&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkel1996" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marc_Perkel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marc Perkel (page does not exist)">Perkel, Marc</a> (1996-10-18) [1991-03-20, 1991-05-23, 1991-07-21, 1991-07-24, 1991-08-02]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctyme.com/dri.htm">"Digital Research - The Untold Story"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190419190806/http://www.ctyme.com/dri.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+Research+-+The+Untold+Story&rft.date=1996-10-18&rft.aulast=Perkel&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctyme.com%2Fdri.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+Research" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190419191036/http://www.ctyme.com/dri1.htm">[6]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190419191113/http://www.ctyme.com/dri2.htm">[7]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190419144412/http://www.ctyme.com/dri3.htm">[8]</a> (NB. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marc_Perkel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marc Perkel (page does not exist)">Marc Perkel</a> claimed to have inspired <a href="/wiki/Novell" title="Novell">Novell</a> in February 1991 to buy Digital Research and develop something he called "<a href="/wiki/NovOS" class="mw-redirect" title="NovOS">NovOS</a>".)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethw.org/w/images/a/a8/GaryKildallConferenceRoomDedication%2821-April-17%29.pdf"><i>"Gary Kildall Conference Room" Dedication Ceremony</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School" title="Naval Postgraduate School">Naval Postgraduate School</a> (NPS). 2017-04-21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102232814/https://ethw.org/w/images/a/a8/GaryKildallConferenceRoomDedication%2821-April-17%29.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-01-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Gary+Kildall+Conference+Room%22+Dedication+Ceremony&rft.pub=Naval+Postgraduate+School+%28NPS%29&rft.date=2017-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fethw.org%2Fw%2Fimages%2Fa%2Fa8%2FGaryKildallConferenceRoomDedication%252821-April-17%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+Research" class="Z3988"></span> (18 pages)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Research&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Digital_Research" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Digital Research">Digital Research</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.DigitalResearch.biz">Digital Research's history website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/digitalResearch/">Various Digital Research manuals</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joewein.de/dri.html">Joe Wein's page on Digital Research</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intel-vintage.info/apps/videos/videos/show/18129431-intel-ipds-100-cp-m">Intel iPDS-100 Using CP/M-Video</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131007025338/http://www.intel-vintage.info/apps/videos/videos/show/18129431-intel-ipds-100-cp-m">Archived</a> 2013-10-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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