CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Outline of philosophy - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c1fb3c24-98b6-417e-b095-d501ad3bd317","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Outline_of_philosophy","wgTitle":"Outline of philosophy","wgCurRevisionId":1256992625,"wgRevisionId":1256992625,"wgArticleId":3073531,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Pages using sidebar with the child parameter","Articles containing Russian-language text","Pages using Sister project links with default search","Outlines of philosophy topics","Outlines"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Outline_of_philosophy","wgRelevantArticleId":3073531,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q6120329","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics": true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap", "ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Outline of philosophy - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Outline_of_philosophy rootpage-Outline_of_philosophy skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Outline+of+philosophy" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Outline+of+philosophy" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Outline+of+philosophy" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Outline+of+philosophy" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Branches_of_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branches_of_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Branches of philosophy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Branches_of_philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Branches of philosophy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Branches_of_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aesthetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aesthetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Aesthetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aesthetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epistemology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epistemology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Epistemology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epistemology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ethics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Logic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metaphysics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metaphysics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Metaphysics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metaphysics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophic_traditions_by_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophic_traditions_by_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Philosophic traditions by region</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophic_traditions_by_region-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Philosophic traditions by region subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophic_traditions_by_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africana_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africana_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Africana philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africana_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Eastern philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Eastern_Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Eastern_Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Middle Eastern Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Eastern_Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_American_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_American_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Indigenous American philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_American_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Western philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History of philosophy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of philosophy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Timeline_of_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Timeline of philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_and_classical_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_and_classical_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ancient and classical philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_and_classical_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greek_and_Roman_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greek_and_Roman_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Ancient Greek and Roman philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greek_and_Roman_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_Chinese_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_Chinese_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Classical Chinese philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_Chinese_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_Indian_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_Indian_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Classical Indian philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_Indian_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_and_post-classical_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_and_post-classical_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Medieval and post-classical philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_and_post-classical_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christian_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Christian philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Islamic philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Jewish philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-classical_Chinese_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-classical_Chinese_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Post-classical Chinese philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-classical_Chinese_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_and_contemporary_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_and_contemporary_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Modern and contemporary philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_and_contemporary_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Renaissance_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Renaissance philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Early modern philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Contemporary philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophical_schools_of_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical_schools_of_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Philosophical schools of thought</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophical_schools_of_thought-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Philosophical schools of thought subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_schools_of_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aesthetical_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aesthetical_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Aesthetical movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aesthetical_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epistemological_stances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epistemological_stances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Epistemological stances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epistemological_stances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethical_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethical_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ethical theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethical_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logical_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logical_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Logical systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logical_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metaphysical_stances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metaphysical_stances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Metaphysical stances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metaphysical_stances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_philosophies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_philosophies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Political philosophies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_philosophies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy_of_language_theories_and_stances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_of_language_theories_and_stances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Philosophy of language theories and stances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_of_language_theories_and_stances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy_of_mind_theories_and_stances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_of_mind_theories_and_stances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Philosophy of mind theories and stances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_of_mind_theories_and_stances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy_of_religion_stances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_of_religion_stances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Philosophy of religion stances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_of_religion_stances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy_of_science_theories_and_stances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_of_science_theories_and_stances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Philosophy of science theories and stances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_of_science_theories_and_stances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophical_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Philosophical literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophical_literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Philosophical literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reference_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Reference works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_introduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_introduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>General introduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_introduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topical_introductions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topical_introductions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Topical introductions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topical_introductions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-African" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>African</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Eastern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Islamic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_introductions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_introductions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Historical introductions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_introductions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Ancient</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span>Medieval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_and_contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_and_contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.4</span> <span>Modern and contemporary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_and_contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Lists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Outline of philosophy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9" title="خلاصة علم الفلسفة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خلاصة علم الفلسفة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE" title="দর্শনের রূপরেখা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দর্শনের রূপরেখা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="رئوس مطالب فلسفه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رئوس مطالب فلسفه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE" title="दर्शनशास्त्र की रूपरेखा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दर्शनशास्त्र की रूपरेखा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E3%81%AE%E6%A6%82%E7%95%A5" title="哲学の概略 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="哲学の概略" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%C4%83_cu_domenii_filozofice_de_baz%C4%83" title="Listă cu domenii filozofice de bază – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Listă cu domenii filozofice de bază" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoznamy_z%C3%A1kladn%C3%BDch_filozofick%C3%BDch_t%C3%A9m" title="Zoznamy základných filozofických tém – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zoznamy základných filozofických tém" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%B7_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%97" title="Нарис з філософії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нарис з філософії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1" title="哲學大綱 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哲學大綱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6120329#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Outline_of_philosophy" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Outline_of_philosophy" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Outline_of_philosophy" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&oldid=1256992625" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Outline_of_philosophy&id=1256992625&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOutline_of_philosophy"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOutline_of_philosophy"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Outline_of_philosophy&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6120329" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1234152309">.mw-parser-output .philosophy-sidebar{max-width:22em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-phi-pre{padding-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-phi-title{font-weight:bold;padding-bottom:0em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-phi-title a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-phi-img{padding:0.8em 0.8em 1em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-phi-above{padding:0.5em 1.5em 0.5em;display:block;background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-phi button{padding:0 0.2em}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks philosophy-sidebar plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle sidebar-phi-pre">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle sidebar-phi-title"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image sidebar-phi-img"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uc_phi_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Greek_uc_phi_icon.svg/80px-Greek_uc_phi_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Greek_uc_phi_icon.svg/120px-Greek_uc_phi_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Greek_uc_phi_icon.svg/160px-Greek_uc_phi_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above sidebar-phi-above"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Philosophy_and_thinking" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Philosophy and thinking">Contents</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy" title="Index of philosophy">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_philosophy" title="Glossary of philosophy">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy" title="Category:Philosophy">Categories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophical_schools_and_traditions" title="Category:Philosophical schools and traditions">Philosophies</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_by_period" title="Category:Philosophy by period">By period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Philosophic_traditions_by_region">By region</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_philosophy" title="Ethiopian philosophy">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Eastern philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_philosophy" title="Indonesian philosophy">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_philosophy" title="Japanese philosophy">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_philosophy" title="Korean philosophy">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_philosophy" title="Vietnamese philosophy">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_American_philosophy" title="Indigenous American philosophy">Indigenous American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_philosophy" title="Aztec philosophy">Aztec philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_philosophy" title="Middle Eastern philosophy">Middle Eastern philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Iranian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_philosophy" title="British philosophy">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_philosophy" title="Russian philosophy">Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">By religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_philosophy" title="Taoist philosophy">Taoist</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Branches_of_philosophy" title="Category:Branches of philosophy">Branches</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphilosophy" title="Metaphilosophy">Meta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Science</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_philosophers" title="Lists of philosophers">Philosophers</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aestheticians" title="List of aestheticians">Aesthetic philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epistemologists" title="List of epistemologists">Epistemologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethicists" title="List of ethicists">Ethicists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_logicians" title="List of logicians">Logicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" title="List of metaphysicians">Metaphysicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophers_of_mind" title="List of philosophers of mind">Philosophers of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociopolitical_thinkers" title="Index of sociopolitical thinkers">Social and political philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_philosophy" title="Women in philosophy">Women in philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_sidebar" title="Template:Philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_sidebar" title="Template talk:Philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></b> is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as <a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">existence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">values</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is distinguished from other ways of addressing fundamental questions (such as <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a>) by being critical and generally systematic and by its reliance on <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">rational argument</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It involves <a href="/wiki/Logical_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical analysis">logical analysis</a> of language and clarification of the meaning of words and concepts. </p><p>The word "philosophy" comes from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i>philosophia</i> (φιλοσοφία), which literally means "love of wisdom".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branches_of_philosophy">Branches of philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Branches of philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The branches of philosophy and their sub-branches that are used in contemporary philosophy are as follows. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Aesthetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_aesthetics" title="Outline of aesthetics">Aesthetics</a> is study of the nature of beauty, art, and taste, and the creation of personal kinds of truth. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics#Aesthetics_and_the_philosophy_of_art" title="Aesthetics">Philosophy of art</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epistemology">Epistemology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Epistemology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_epistemology" title="Outline of epistemology">Epistemology</a> is the branch of philosophy that studies the source, nature and validity of <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_epistemology" title="Social epistemology">Social epistemology</a> – inquiry into the social aspects of knowledge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_epistemology" title="Formal epistemology">Formal epistemology</a> – the application of formal models to study knowledge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaepistemology" title="Metaepistemology">Metaepistemology</a> – studying the foundations of epistemology itself.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethics">Ethics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ethics" title="Outline of ethics">Ethics</a> – study of <a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics)">value</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_ethics" title="Applied ethics">Applied ethics</a> – philosophical examination, from a moral standpoint, of particular issues in private and public life that are matters of moral judgment. It is thus the attempts to use philosophical methods to identify the morally correct course of action in various fields of human life. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bioethics</a> – analysis of controversial ethical issues emerging from advances in medicine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">Environmental ethics</a> – studies ethical issues concerning the non-human world. It exerts influence on a large range of disciplines including environmental law, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">environmental sociology</a>, ecotheology, <a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">ecological economics</a>, ecology and environmental geography.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">Medical ethics –</a> studies ethical issues concerning medicine and medical research.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_ethics" title="Professional ethics">Professional ethics</a> – ethics to improve professionalism.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_ethics" title="Discourse ethics">Discourse ethics</a> – discovery of ethical principles through the study of language.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative ethics</a> – study of ethical theories that prescribe how people ought to act.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaethics" title="Metaethics">Metaethics</a> – branch of ethics that seeks to understand the nature of ethical properties, statements, attitudes, and judgments.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logic">Logic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Logic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_logic" title="Outline of logic">Logic</a> – the systematic study of the form of valid <a href="/wiki/Inference" title="Inference">inference</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reasoning</a>. </p><p><i>Also regarded as the separate <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_formal_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of formal science">formal science</a>.</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_logic" title="Classical logic">Classical logic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propositional_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Propositional logic">Propositional logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-order_logic" title="First-order logic">First-order logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-order_logic" title="Second-order logic">Second-order logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher-order_logic" title="Higher-order logic">Higher-order logic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-classical_logic" title="Non-classical logic">Non-classical logic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Description_logic" title="Description logic">Description logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital logic">Digital logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzzy_logic" title="Fuzzy logic">Fuzzy logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuitionistic_logic" title="Intuitionistic logic">Intuitionistic logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Many-valued_logic" title="Many-valued logic">Many-valued logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_logic" title="Modal logic">Modal logic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alethic_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Alethic logic">Alethic logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontic_logic" title="Deontic logic">Deontic logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxastic_logic" title="Doxastic logic">Doxastic logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistemic logic">Epistemic logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_logic" title="Temporal logic">Temporal logic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraconsistent_logic" title="Paraconsistent logic">Paraconsistent logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substructural_logic" title="Substructural logic">Substructural logic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalogic" title="Metalogic">Metalogic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Metaphysics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_metaphysics" title="Outline of metaphysics">Metaphysics</a> – concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world that encompasses it. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology –</a> the study of the nature and origins of the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a> – philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence, or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meta-ontology" title="Meta-ontology">Meta-ontology –</a> study of the ontological foundations of ontology itself.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of space and time</a> – branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphilosophy" title="Metaphilosophy">Metaphilosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of action">Philosophy of action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of law">Philosophy of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">Philosophy of mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anthropology" title="Philosophical anthropology">Philosophical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_archaeology" title="Philosophy of archaeology">Philosophy of archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_biology" title="Philosophy of biology">Philosophy of biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_chemistry" title="Philosophy of chemistry">Philosophy of chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_computer_science" title="Philosophy of computer science">Philosophy of computer science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_geography" title="Philosophy of geography">Philosophy of geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_medicine" title="Philosophy of medicine">Philosophy of medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_physics" title="Philosophy of physics">Philosophy of physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Interpretations of quantum mechanics">Interpretations of quantum mechanics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">Philosophy of social science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of economics">Philosophy of economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">Philosophy of psychology</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophic_traditions_by_region">Philosophic traditions by region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Philosophic traditions by region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Regional variations of philosophy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africana_philosophy">Africana philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Africana philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Africana_philosophy" title="Africana philosophy">Africana philosophy</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_philosophy" title="Akan philosophy">Akan philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_philosophy" title="Ethiopian philosophy">Ethiopian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">Ubuntu philosophy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_philosophy">Eastern philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Eastern philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Eastern philosophy</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_philosophy" title="Indonesian philosophy">Indonesian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_philosophy" title="Japanese philosophy">Japanese philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_philosophy" title="Korean philosophy">Korean philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_philosophy" title="Vietnamese philosophy">Vietnamese philosophy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Eastern_Philosophy">Middle Eastern Philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Middle Eastern Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_philosophy" title="Middle Eastern philosophy">Middle Eastern philosophy</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Iranian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy" title="Pakistani philosophy">Pakistani philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish philosophy">Turkish philosophy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_American_philosophy">Indigenous American philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Indigenous American philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_American_philosophy" title="Indigenous American philosophy">Indigenous American philosophy</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_philosophy" title="Aztec philosophy">Aztec philosophy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_philosophy">Western philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Western philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">American philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_philosophy" title="Australian philosophy">Australian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_philosophy" title="British philosophy">British philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian philosophy">Canadian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_philosophy" title="Czech philosophy">Czech philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_philosophy" title="Danish philosophy">Danish philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_philosophy" title="Dutch philosophy">Dutch philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">French philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Greek philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">German philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Italian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Maltese philosophy">Maltese philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish philosophy">Polish philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_philosophy" title="Romanian philosophy">Romanian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_philosophy" title="Russian philosophy">Russian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_philosophy" title="Scottish philosophy">Scottish philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovene philosophy">Slovene philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_philosophy" title="Spanish philosophy">Spanish philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_philosophy" title="Yugoslav philosophy">Yugoslav philosophy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_philosophy">History of philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: History of philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">History of philosophy</a></div><p>The history of philosophy in specific contexts of time and space. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline_of_philosophy">Timeline of philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Timeline of philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of philosophers">Timeline of philosophers</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_philosophy" title="List of years in philosophy">List of years in philosophy</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11th_century_in_philosophy" title="11th century in philosophy">11th century in philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_century_in_philosophy" title="12th century in philosophy">12th century in philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_century_in_philosophy" title="13th century in philosophy">13th century in philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_century_in_philosophy" title="14th century in philosophy">14th century in philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_century_in_philosophy" title="15th century in philosophy">15th century in philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_century_in_philosophy" title="16th century in philosophy">16th century in philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_century_in_philosophy" title="17th century in philosophy">17th century in philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_century_in_philosophy" title="18th century in philosophy">18th century in philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th-century_philosophy" title="19th-century philosophy">19th-century philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_and_classical_philosophy">Ancient and classical philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ancient and classical philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient philosophy</a></div><p>Philosophies during <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient history</a>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Greek_and_Roman_philosophy">Ancient Greek and Roman philosophy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ancient Greek and Roman philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_philosophy" title="Ancient Roman philosophy">Ancient Roman philosophy</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Pre-Socratic philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milesian_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Milesian school">Milesian school</a> - <a href="/wiki/Thales" class="mw-redirect" title="Thales">Thales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophanes" title="Xenophanes">Xenophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleatics" title="Eleatics">Eleatics</a> - <a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Melissus_of_Samos" title="Melissus of Samos">Melissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralist_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluralist school">Pluralists</a> - <a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomists" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomists">Atomists</a> - <a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophists" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophists">Sophists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Greek philosophy">Classical Greek philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socratic schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Megarian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretrian_school" title="Eretrian school">Eretrian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaics" title="Cyrenaics">Cyrenaics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_skepticism" title="Academic skepticism">Academic skepticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Academy">Middle Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="New Academy">New Academy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_philosophy" title="Ancient Roman philosophy">Ancient Roman philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical_Chinese_philosophy">Classical Chinese philosophy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Classical Chinese philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Schools_of_Thought" title="Hundred Schools of Thought">Hundred Schools of Thought</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Naturalists" title="School of Naturalists">School of Naturalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">School of Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Diplomacy" title="School of Diplomacy">School of Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturalism" title="Agriculturalism">Agriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Syncretism (Chinese philosophy)">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangism" title="Yangism">Yangism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical_Indian_philosophy">Classical Indian philosophy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Classical Indian philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Orthodox schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Heterodox schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_and_post-classical_philosophy">Medieval and post-classical philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Medieval and post-classical philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval philosophy</a></div> <p>Philosophies during <a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">post-classical history</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christian_philosophy">Christian philosophy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Christian philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Christianity" title="Neoplatonism and Christianity">Neoplatonism Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islamic_philosophy">Islamic philosophy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Islamic philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early Islamic philosophy</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Illuminationism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jewish_philosophy">Jewish philosophy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Jewish philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy#Medieval_Jewish_philosophy_after_Maimonides" title="Jewish philosophy">Medieval Jewish philosophy</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Islamic_philosophies_(800%E2%80%931400)" title="Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)">Judeo-Islamic philosophies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-classical_Chinese_philosophy">Post-classical Chinese philosophy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Post-classical Chinese philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanxue" title="Xuanxue">Xuanxue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_and_contemporary_philosophy">Modern and contemporary philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Modern and contemporary philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern philosophy</a></div><p>Philosophies during the <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modern era</a>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Renaissance_philosophy">Renaissance philosophy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Renaissance philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance philosophy</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy#Renaissance_Jewish_philosophy_and_philosophers" title="Jewish philosophy">Renaissance Jewish philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli#Major_works" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neostoicism" title="Neostoicism">Neostoicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramism" title="Ramism">Ramism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_modern_philosophy">Early modern philosophy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Early modern philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern philosophy</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary_philosophy">Contemporary philosophy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Contemporary philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary philosophy</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logicism" title="Logicism">Logicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Contemporary Asian philosophy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_School" title="Kyoto School">Kyoto School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary Islamic philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transcendent_theosophy" title="Transcendent theosophy">Transcendent theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophical_schools_of_thought">Philosophical schools of thought</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Philosophical schools of thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">List of philosophies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_philosophy" title="Glossary of philosophy">Glossary of philosophy</a></div><p>Philosophical schools of thought not tied to particular historic contexts. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aesthetical_movements">Aesthetical movements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Aesthetical movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epistemological_stances">Epistemological stances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Epistemological stances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructivist epistemology">Constructivist epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contextualism" title="Contextualism">Contextualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embodied_cognition" title="Embodied cognition">Embodied cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallibilism" title="Fallibilism">Fallibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinitism" title="Infinitism">Infinitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innatism" title="Innatism">Innatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" title="Internalism and externalism">Internalism and externalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_realism" title="Naïve realism">Naïve realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Naturalized epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_(Ayn_Rand)#Epistemology:_reason" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivism (Ayn Rand)">Objectivist epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliabilism" title="Reliabilism">Reliabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Representative realism">Representative realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situated_cognition" title="Situated cognition">Situated cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Forms" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of Forms">Theory of Forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianism" title="Uniformitarianism">Uniformitarianism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethical_theories">Ethical theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Ethical theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontological_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Deontological ethics">Deontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_relativism" title="Moral relativism">Moral relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Error theory">Error theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cognitivism" title="Non-cognitivism">Non-cognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">Ethical egoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">Cultural relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Evolutionary ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_morality" title="Evolution of morality">Evolution of morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face-to-face_(philosophy)" title="Face-to-face (philosophy)">Face-to-face</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logical_systems">Logical systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Logical systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_logic" title="Classical logic">Classical logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_logic" title="Intermediate logic">Intermediate logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuitionistic_logic" title="Intuitionistic logic">Intuitionistic logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_logic" title="Minimal logic">Minimal logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relevant_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Relevant logic">Relevant logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affine_logic" title="Affine logic">Affine logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_logic" title="Linear logic">Linear logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_logic_(linear_logic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordered logic (linear logic)">Ordered logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialetheism" title="Dialetheism">Dialetheism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metaphysical_stances">Metaphysical stances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Metaphysical stances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">Absurdism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_(philosophy_of_mind)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualism (philosophy of mind)">Cartesian dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">Meaning of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">Essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">Compatibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_pessimism" title="Philosophical pessimism">Philosophical pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic idealism">Platonic idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu idealism">Hindu idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirsig%27s_metaphysics_of_Quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirsig's metaphysics of Quality">MOQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">Substance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_theory" title="Type theory">Type theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergentism" title="Emergentism">Emergentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_philosophies">Political philosophies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Political philosophies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy_of_language_theories_and_stances">Philosophy of language theories and stances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Philosophy of language theories and stances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causal_theory_of_reference" title="Causal theory of reference">Causal theory of reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_theory_of_meaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrast theory of meaning">Contrast theory of meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrastivism" title="Contrastivism">Contrastivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventionalism" title="Conventionalism">Conventionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cratylism" title="Cratylism">Cratylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptivist_theory_of_names" title="Descriptivist theory of names">Descriptivist theory of names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_reference_theory" title="Direct reference theory">Direct reference theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatism" title="Dramatism">Dramatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressivism" title="Expressivism">Expressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_determinism" title="Linguistic determinism">Linguistic determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_atomism" title="Logical atomism">Logical atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediated_reference_theory" title="Mediated reference theory">Mediated reference theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cognitivism" title="Non-cognitivism">Non-cognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phallogocentrism" title="Phallogocentrism">Phallogocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(philosophy)" title="Quietism (philosophy)">Quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relevance_theory" title="Relevance theory">Relevance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_externalism" title="Semantic externalism">Semantic externalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_holism" title="Semantic holism">Semantic holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supposition_theory" title="Supposition theory">Supposition theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosism" title="Symbiosism">Symbiosism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Theological noncognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions" title="Theory of descriptions">Theory of descriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verification_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Verification theory">Verification theory</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy_of_mind_theories_and_stances">Philosophy of mind theories and stances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Philosophy of mind theories and stances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_naturalism" title="Biological naturalism">Biological naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disjunctivism" title="Disjunctivism">Disjunctivism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dualism_(philosophy_of_mind)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualism (philosophy of mind)">Dualism</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminative_materialism" title="Eliminative materialism">Eliminative materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_materialism" title="Emergent materialism">Emergent materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enactivism" title="Enactivism">Enactivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphenomenalism" title="Epiphenomenalism">Epiphenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_physicalism" title="Type physicalism">Identity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactionism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Interactionism (philosophy of mind)">Interactionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_monism" title="Neutral monism">Neutral monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panpsychism" title="Panpsychism">Panpsychism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_dualism" title="Property dualism">Property dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representational_theory_of_mind" class="mw-redirect" title="Representational theory of mind">Representational theory of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_data" title="Sense data">Sense datum theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Substance dualism">Substance dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualia theory">Qualia theory</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy_of_religion_stances">Philosophy of religion stances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Philosophy of religion stances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories of religion">Theories of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">Dualistic cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnostic_existentialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostic existentialism">Agnostic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_existentialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist existentialism">Atheist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">Inclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic naturalism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy_of_science_theories_and_stances">Philosophy of science theories and stances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Philosophy of science theories and stances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_holism" title="Confirmation holism">Confirmation holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contextualism" title="Contextualism">Contextualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventionalism" title="Conventionalism">Conventionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deductive-nomological_model" title="Deductive-nomological model">Deductive-nomological model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallibilism" title="Fallibilism">Fallibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetico-deductive_model" title="Hypothetico-deductive model">Hypothetico-deductive model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinitism" title="Infinitism">Infinitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentalism" title="Instrumentalism">Instrumentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_view_of_theories" title="Received view of theories">Received view of theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_view_of_theories" title="Semantic view of theories">Semantic view of theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Scientific anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianism_(science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniformitarianism (science)">Uniformitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophical_literature">Philosophical literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Philosophical literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_and_literature" title="Philosophy and literature">Philosophy and literature</a></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Companion_to_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Companion to Philosophy">Blackwell Companion to Philosophy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Western_Philosophy" title="A History of Western Philosophy">A History of Western Philosophy</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Philosophy_(Copleston)" title="A History of Philosophy (Copleston)">A History of Philosophy</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reference_works">Reference works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Reference works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i> – one of the major English <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">encyclopedias</a> of philosophy. The second edition, edited by Donald M. Borchert, was published in ten volumes in 2006 by <a href="/wiki/Thomson-Gale" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomson-Gale">Thomson Gale</a>. Volumes 1–9 contain <a href="/wiki/Alphabetical_order" title="Alphabetical order">alphabetically ordered</a> articles.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i> – a free online encyclopedia on philosophical topics and philosophers founded by <a href="/wiki/James_Fieser" title="James Fieser">James Fieser</a> in 1995. The current general editors are James Fieser (Professor of Philosophy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_at_Martin" title="University of Tennessee at Martin">University of Tennessee at Martin</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Bradley_Dowden" title="Bradley Dowden">Bradley Dowden</a> (Professor of Philosophy at <a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_Sacramento" title="California State University, Sacramento">California State University, Sacramento</a>). The staff also includes numerous area editors as well as volunteers.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Routledge_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i> – encyclopedia of philosophy edited by Edward Craig that was first published by Routledge in 1998 (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415073103" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415073103">978-0415073103</a>). Originally published in both 10 volumes of print and as a CD-ROM, in 2002 it was made available online on a subscription basis. The online version is regularly updated with new articles and revisions to existing articles. It has 1,300 contributors providing over 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholarly article">scholarly articles.</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i> – combines an online encyclopedia of philosophy with peer reviewed publication of original papers in philosophy, freely-accessible to internet users. Each entry is written and maintained by an expert in the field, including professors from many academic institutions worldwide.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wing-tsit_Chan" title="Wing-tsit Chan">Chan, Wing-tsit</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dzmMaVTvUzAC"><i>A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01964-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01964-2"><bdi>978-0-691-01964-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Source+Book+in+Chinese+Philosophy&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01964-2&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Wing-tsit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdzmMaVTvUzAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang1999" class="citation book cs1">Huang, Siu-chi (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sjzPPg8eK7sC"><i>Essentials of Neo-Confucianism: Eight Major Philosophers of the Song and Ming Periods</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26449-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26449-8"><bdi>978-0-313-26449-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Neo-Confucianism%3A+Eight+Major+Philosophers+of+the+Song+and+Ming+Periods&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26449-8&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Siu-chi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsjzPPg8eK7sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy</i> by Robert Audi</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Edwards_(philosopher)" title="Paul Edwards (philosopher)">Edwards, Paul</a>, ed. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uqaajgEACAAJ"><i>The Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a>. Macmillan & Free Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Macmillan+%26+Free+Press&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuqaajgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span>; in 1996, a ninth supplemental volume appeared that updated the classic 1967 encyclopedia.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/International_Directory_of_Philosophy_and_Philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="International Directory of Philosophy and Philosophers">International Directory of Philosophy and Philosophers</a></i>. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Directory_of_American_Philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Directory of American Philosophers">Directory of American Philosophers</a></i>. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.</li> <li><i>Routledge History of Philosophy</i> (10 vols.) edited by John Marenbon</li> <li><i>History of Philosophy</i> (9 vols.) by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a></li> <li><i>A History of Western Philosophy</i> (5 vols.) by <a href="/w/index.php?title=W.T._Jones_(philosopher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W.T. Jones (philosopher) (page does not exist)">W.T. Jones</a></li> <li><i>History of Italian Philosophy</i> (2 vols.) by <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Garin" title="Eugenio Garin">Eugenio Garin</a>. Translated from Italian and Edited by Giorgio Pinton. Introduction by Leon Pompa.</li> <li><i>Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophies</i> (8 vols.), edited by Karl H. Potter et al. (first 6 volumes out of print)</li> <li><i>Indian Philosophy</i> (2 vols.) by <a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><i>A History of Indian Philosophy</i> (5 vols.) by <a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Dasgupta" title="Surendranath Dasgupta">Surendranath Dasgupta</a></li> <li><i>History of Chinese Philosophy</i> (2 vols.) by Fung Yu-lan, Derk Bodde</li> <li><i>Instructions for Practical Living and Other Neo-Confucian Writings by Wang Yang-ming</i> by Chan, Wing-tsit</li> <li><i>Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy</i> edited by Antonio S. Cua</li> <li><i>Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion</i> by Ingrid Fischer-Schreiber, Franz-Karl Ehrhard, Kurt Friedrichs</li> <li><i>Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy</i> by Brian Carr, Indira Mahalingam</li> <li><i>A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English</i> by John A. Grimes</li> <li><i>History of Islamic Philosophy</i> edited by Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Oliver Leaman</li> <li><i>History of Jewish Philosophy</i> edited by Daniel H. Frank, Oliver Leaman</li> <li><i>A History of Russian Philosophy: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Centuries</i> by Valerii Aleksandrovich Kuvakin</li> <li>Ayer, A.J. et al., Ed. (1994) <i>A Dictionary of Philosophical Quotations</i>. Blackwell Reference Oxford. Oxford, Basil Blackwell Ltd.</li> <li>Blackburn, S., Ed. (1996)<i>The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy</i>. Oxford, Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Mautner, T., Ed. <i>The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy</i>. London, Penguin Books.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunes1942" class="citation book cs1">Runes, D., ed. (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/runes/"><i>The Dictionary of Philosophy</i></a>. New York: The Philosophical Library, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140424155352/http://www.ditext.com/runes/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Philosophy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Philosophical+Library%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1942&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ditext.com%2Frunes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Angeles, P.A., Ed. (1992). <i>The HarperCollins Dictionary of Philosophy</i>. New York, Harper Perennial.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunninTsui-James2008" class="citation book cs1">Bunnin, Nicholas; Tsui-James, Eric, eds. (15 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HNWIcgEswrsC"><i>The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99787-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99787-1"><bdi>978-0-470-99787-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Philosophy&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008-04-15&rft.isbn=978-0-470-99787-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHNWIcgEswrsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hoffman, Eric, Ed. (1997) <i>Guidebook for Publishing Philosophy</i>. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.</li> <li>Popkin, R.H. (1999). <i>The Columbia History of Western Philosophy</i>. New York, Columbia University Press.</li> <li>Bullock, Alan, and Oliver Stallybrass, <i>jt. eds</i>. <i>The Harper Dictionary of Modern Thought</i>. New York: Harper & Row, 1977. xix, 684 p. <i>N.B</i>.: First published in England under the title, "<i>The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought</i>". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-010578-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-010578-5">978-0-06-010578-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Reese" title="William L. Reese">Reese, W.L.</a> <i>Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion: Eastern and Western Thought</i>. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1980. iv, 644 p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-00688-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-00688-1">978-0-391-00688-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_introduction">General introduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: General introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle1941" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (1941). <a href="/wiki/Richard_McKeon" title="Richard McKeon">Richard McKeon</a> (ed.). <i>The Basic Works of Aristotle</i>. New York: Random House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Basic+Works+of+Aristotle&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1941&rft.au=Aristotle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Blumenau, Ralph. <i>Philosophy and Living</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907845-33-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-907845-33-1">978-0-907845-33-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Craig_(philosopher)" title="Edward Craig (philosopher)">Craig, Edward</a>. <i>Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285421-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285421-6">978-0-19-285421-6</a></li> <li>Harrison-Barbet, Anthony, <i>Mastering Philosophy</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-69343-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-69343-8">978-0-333-69343-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell, Bertrand</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040807090338/http://philosophy.hku.hk/think/phil/russell/">The Problems of Philosophy</a></i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511552-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511552-9">978-0-19-511552-9</a></li> <li>Sinclair, Alistair J. <i>What is Philosophy? An Introduction</i>, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903765-94-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903765-94-4">978-1-903765-94-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Sober" title="Elliott Sober">Sober, Elliott</a>. (2001). <i>Core Questions in Philosophy: A Text with Readings</i>. Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-189869-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-189869-1">978-0-13-189869-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Solomon" title="Robert C. Solomon">Solomon, Robert C.</a> <i>Big Questions: A Short Introduction to Philosophy</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-16708-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-534-16708-0">978-0-534-16708-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Warburton" title="Nigel Warburton">Warburton, Nigel</a>. <i>Philosophy: The Basics</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14694-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14694-4">978-0-415-14694-4</a></li> <li>Nagel, Thomas. <i>What Does It All Mean? A Very Short Introduction to Philosophy</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505292-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505292-3">978-0-19-505292-3</a></li> <li><i>Classics of Philosophy (Vols. 1, 2, & 3)</i> by Louis P. Pojman</li> <li>Cottingham, John. Western Philosophy: An Anthology. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2008. Print. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Tarnas" title="Richard Tarnas">Tarnas, Richard</a>. <i>The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our World View</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-36809-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-36809-6">978-0-345-36809-6</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topical_introductions">Topical introductions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Topical introductions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="African">African</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: African"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Imbo, Samuel Oluoch. <i>An Introduction to African Philosophy.</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8841-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8841-8">978-0-8476-8841-8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern">Eastern</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Eastern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>A Source Book in Indian Philosophy</i> by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Charles A. Moore</li> <li>Hamilton, Sue. <i>Indian Philosophy: a Very Short Introduction</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285374-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285374-5">978-0-19-285374-5</a></li> <li>Kupperman, Joel J. <i>Classic Asian Philosophy: A Guide to the Essential Texts</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513335-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513335-6">978-0-19-513335-6</a></li> <li>Lee, Joe and Powell, Jim. <i>Eastern Philosophy For Beginners</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86316-282-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86316-282-4">978-0-86316-282-4</a></li> <li>Smart, Ninian. <i>World Philosophies</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22852-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22852-7">978-0-415-22852-7</a></li> <li>Copleston, Frederick. <i>Philosophy in Russia: From Herzen to Lenin and Berdyaev</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-268-01569-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-268-01569-5">978-0-268-01569-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islamic">Islamic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Islamic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Medieval Islamic Philosophical Writings</i> edited by Muhammad Ali Khalidi</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeaman2000" class="citation book cs1">Leaman, Oliver (2000-04-14). <i>A Brief Introduction to Islamic Philosophy</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-1960-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-1960-6"><bdi>978-0-7456-1960-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Introduction+to+Islamic+Philosophy&rft.date=2000-04-14&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-1960-6&rft.aulast=Leaman&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbin2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Corbin" title="Henry Corbin">Corbin, Henry</a> (23 June 2014) [1993]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UNfgAwAAQBAJ"><i>History Of Islamic Philosophy</i></a>. Translated by Sherrard, Liadain; <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sherrard" title="Philip Sherrard">Sherrard, Philip</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-19888-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-19888-6"><bdi>978-1-135-19888-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Of+Islamic+Philosophy&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014-06-23&rft.isbn=978-1-135-19888-6&rft.aulast=Corbin&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUNfgAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAminrazaviNasrNasr,_PH.D.2013" class="citation book cs1">Aminrazavi, Mehdi Amin Razavi; Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Nasr, PH.D., Seyyed Hossein (16 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WNVcAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Islamic Intellectual Tradition in Persia</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78105-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78105-6"><bdi>978-1-136-78105-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+Intellectual+Tradition+in+Persia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-12-16&rft.isbn=978-1-136-78105-6&rft.aulast=Aminrazavi&rft.aufirst=Mehdi+Amin+Razavi&rft.au=Nasr%2C+Seyyed+Hossein&rft.au=Nasr%2C+PH.D.%2C+Seyyed+Hossein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWNVcAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_introductions">Historical introductions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Historical introductions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General">General</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOizerman1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Teodor_Oizerman" title="Teodor Oizerman">Oizerman, Teodor</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306000629/http://su-ltd.mylivepage.ru/file/2715/6529_OizermanT.I.-Main_trends_in_Philosophy.pdf"><i>The Main Trends in Philosophy. A Theoretical Analysis of the History of Philosophy</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. translated by H. Campbell Creighton, M.A., Oxon (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>: <a href="/wiki/Progress_Publishers" title="Progress Publishers">Progress Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-01-000506-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-01-000506-1"><bdi>978-5-01-000506-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://su-ltd.mylivepage.ru/file/2715/6529_OizermanT.I.-Main_trends_in_Philosophy.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(DjVu, etc.)</span> on 2012-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Main+Trends+in+Philosophy.+A+Theoretical+Analysis+of+the+History+of+Philosophy&rft.place=Moscow&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-5-01-000506-1&rft.aulast=Oizerman&rft.aufirst=Teodor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsu-ltd.mylivepage.ru%2Ffile%2F2715%2F6529_OizermanT.I.-Main_trends_in_Philosophy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span> First published in Russian as <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Главные философские направления</span></span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Higgins" title="Kathleen Higgins">Higgins, Kathleen M.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Solomon" title="Robert C. Solomon">Solomon, Robert C.</a> <i>A Short History of Philosophy</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510196-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510196-6">978-0-19-510196-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Durant, Will</a>, <i>Story of Philosophy: The Lives and Opinions of the World's Greatest Philosophers</i>, Pocket, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-73916-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-73916-4">978-0-671-73916-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOizerman1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Teodor_Oizerman" title="Teodor Oizerman">Oizerman, Teodor</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706145426/http://leninist.biz/en/1973/PHP462/index.html"><i>Problems of the History of Philosophy</i></a>. translated from Russian by Robert Daglish (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>: <a href="/wiki/Progress_Publishers" title="Progress Publishers">Progress Publishers</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leninist.biz/en/1973/PHP462/index.html">the original</a> on 6 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Problems+of+the+History+of+Philosophy&rft.place=Moscow&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Oizerman&rft.aufirst=Teodor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fleninist.biz%2Fen%2F1973%2FPHP462%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span> First published in Russian as <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Проблемы историко-философской науки</span></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient">Ancient</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Ancient"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Knight, Kelvin. <i>Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics and Politics from Aristotle to MacIntyre</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-1977-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-1977-4">978-0-7456-1977-4</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medieval">Medieval</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Medieval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Phenomenology Reader</i> by Dermot Moran, Timothy Mooney</li> <li>Kim, J. and Ernest Sosa, Ed. (1999). <i>Metaphysics: An Anthology</i>. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies. Oxford, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusserlWelton1999" class="citation book cs1">Husserl, Edmund; Welton, Donn (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hC2Ac8VGLacC"><i>The Essential Husserl: Basic Writings in Transcendental Phenomenology</i></a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21273-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21273-3"><bdi>978-0-253-21273-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Husserl%3A+Basic+Writings+in+Transcendental+Phenomenology&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21273-3&rft.aulast=Husserl&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft.au=Welton%2C+Donn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhC2Ac8VGLacC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_and_contemporary">Modern and contemporary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Modern and contemporary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The English Philosophers from Bacon to Mill</i> by Edwin Arthur</li> <li><i>European Philosophers from Descartes to Nietzsche</i> by Monroe Beardsley</li> <li><i>Existentialism: Basic Writings (Second Edition)</i> by Charles Guignon, Derk Pereboom</li> <li>Curley, Edwin, <i>A Spinoza Reader</i>, Princeton, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00067-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00067-1">978-0-691-00067-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bullock" title="Alan Bullock">Bullock, Alan</a>, R.B. Woodings, and John Cumming, <i>eds</i>. <i>The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thinkers</i>, in series, <i>Fontana Original[s]</i>. Hammersmith, Eng.: Fontana Press, 1992 [1983]. xxv, 867 p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-636965-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-636965-3">978-0-00-636965-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton, Roger</a>. <i>A Short History of Modern Philosophy</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26763-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26763-2">978-0-415-26763-2</a></li> <li><i>Contemporary Analytic Philosophy: Core Readings</i> by James Baillie</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">Appiah, Kwame Anthony</a>. <i>Thinking it Through  – An Introduction to Contemporary Philosophy</i>, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513458-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513458-2">978-0-19-513458-2</a></li> <li>Critchley, Simon. <i>Continental Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285359-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285359-2">978-0-19-285359-2</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lists">Lists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Lists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy" title="Index of philosophy">Index of philosophy</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_philosophy" title="List of important publications in philosophy">List of important publications in philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophy_awards" title="List of philosophy awards">List of philosophy awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_philosophers" title="Lists of philosophers">Lists of philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy" title="Index of philosophy">Index of philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_science_articles" title="Index of philosophy of science articles">Index of philosophy of science articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Western_philosophers" title="Timeline of Western philosophers">Timeline of Western philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_philosophers" title="Timeline of Eastern philosophers">Timeline of Eastern philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsolved_problems_in_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsolved problems in philosophy">Unsolved problems in philosophy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ethics" title="Outline of ethics">Outline of ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_logic" title="Outline of logic">Outline of logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of philosophy of artificial intelligence">Outline of philosophy of artificial intelligence</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenny Teichmann and Katherine C. Evans, <i>Philosophy: A Beginner's Guide</i> (Blackwell Publishing, 1999), p. 1: "Philosophy is a study of problems which are ultimate, abstract and very general. These problems are concerned with the nature of existence, knowledge, morality, reason and human purpose."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/A.C._Grayling" class="mw-redirect" title="A.C. Grayling">A.C. Grayling</a>, <i>Philosophy 1: A Guide through the Subject</i> (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 1: "The aim of philosophical inquiry is to gain insight into questions about knowledge, truth, reason, reality, meaning, mind, and value."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony Quinton, in T. Honderich (ed.), <i>The Oxford Companion to Philosophy</i> (Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 666: "Philosophy is rationally critical thinking, of a more or less systematic kind about the general nature of the world (metaphysics or theory of existence), the justification of belief (epistemology or theory of knowledge), and the conduct of life (ethics or theory of value). Each of the three elements in this list has a non-philosophical counterpart, from which it is distinguished by its explicitly rational and critical way of proceeding and by its systematic nature. Everyone has some general conception of the nature of the world in which they live and of their place in it. Metaphysics replaces the unargued assumptions embodied in such a conception with a rational and organized body of beliefs about the world as a whole. Everyone has occasion to doubt and question beliefs, their own or those of others, with more or less success and without any theory of what they are doing. Epistemology seeks by argument to make explicit the rules of correct belief formation. Everyone governs their conduct by directing it to desired or valued ends. Ethics, or moral philosophy, in its most inclusive sense, seeks to articulate, in rationally systematic form, the rules or principles involved."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23111487">Philosophia, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, at Perseus</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=philosophy&searchmode=none">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The definition of philosophy is: "1.orig., love of, or the search for, wisdom or knowledge 2.theory or logical analysis of the principles underlying conduct, thought, knowledge, and the nature of the universe". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Webster's New World Dictionary</i> (Second College ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+New+World+Dictionary&rft.edition=Second+College&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Philosophy</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Philosophy" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Philosophy">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Philosophy" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Philosophy">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Philosophy" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Philosophy">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Philosophy" class="extiw" title="q:Philosophy">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Philosophy" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Philosophy">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Subject:Philosophy" class="extiw" title="b:Subject:Philosophy">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Philosophy" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Philosophy">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://consc.net/taxonomy.html"><i>Taxonomy of Philosophy</i></a> – topic outline developed by <a href="/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a> as the category structure for the table of contents of the <i><a href="/wiki/PhilPapers" title="PhilPapers">PhilPapers</a></i> academic directory.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philpapers.org/">PhilPapers</a> – comprehensive directory of online philosophical articles and books.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/index.htm">Dictionary of Philosophical Terms and Names</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/gpi/index.htm">Guide to Philosophy on the Internet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/">The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ismbook.com/">The Ism Book</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galilean-library.org/philosophy.html">Introducing Philosophy Series. By Paul Newall (for beginners)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070203102753/http://www.db.dk/jni/lifeboat/Concepts/Position.htm">Philosophical positions</a> (philosophy, movement, school, theory, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Problems_of_Philosophy" title="The Problems of Philosophy">The Problems of Philosophy</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> (links provided to full text)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_outlines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Outline_footer" title="Template:Outline footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Outline_footer" title="Template talk:Outline footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Outline_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Outline footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_outlines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines">Wikipedia outlines</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines#General_reference" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines">General reference</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines#Culture_and_the_arts" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines">Culture and the arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines#Geography_and_places" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines">Geography and places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines#Health_and_fitness" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines">Health and fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines#History_and_events" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines">History and events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines#Mathematics_and_logic" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines">Mathematics and logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines#Natural_and_physical_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines">Natural and physical sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines#People_and_self" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines">People and self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines#Philosophy_and_thinking" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines">Philosophy and thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines#Religion_and_belief_systems" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines">Religion and belief systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines#Society_and_social_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines">Society and social sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines#Technology_and_applied_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines">Technology and applied sciences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&oldid=1256992625">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&oldid=1256992625</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Outlines_of_philosophy_topics" title="Category:Outlines of philosophy topics">Outlines of philosophy topics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Outlines" title="Category:Outlines">Outlines</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_sidebar_with_the_child_parameter" title="Category:Pages using sidebar with the child parameter">Pages using sidebar with the child parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 November 2024, at 16:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-7pnpd","wgBackendResponseTime":219,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.969","walltime":"1.184","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7988,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":78932,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4774,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":26,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":138417,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 951.534 1 -total"," 18.33% 174.403 27 Template:ISBN"," 14.66% 139.467 13 Template:Cite_book"," 14.60% 138.929 1 Template:Philosophy_sidebar"," 14.24% 135.455 2 Template:Lang"," 11.15% 106.052 1 Template:Sisterlinks"," 10.65% 101.309 27 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"," 8.51% 81.015 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.18% 58.841 20 Template:Main"," 5.11% 48.640 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.524","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20686233,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-nqzb9","timestamp":"20241122142805","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Outline of philosophy","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Outline_of_philosophy","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6120329","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6120329","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-11-03T23:53:06Z","dateModified":"2024-11-12T16:45:43Z","headline":"Wikimedia list article"}</script> </body> </html>