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class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Placing_Ramism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Placing Ramism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Placing_Ramism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disciplines_and_demarcations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disciplines_and_demarcations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Disciplines and demarcations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disciplines_and_demarcations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laws_and_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laws_and_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Laws and method </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laws_and_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_Cambridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_Cambridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 At Cambridge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_Cambridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_Herborn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_Herborn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 At Herborn </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_Herborn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 In literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ramists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Ramists </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ramists-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ramists subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ramists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Danish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Danish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Danish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Danish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Dutch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scottish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scottish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Scottish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scottish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 French </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 German </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Hungarian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swedish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swedish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.8 Swedish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swedish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swiss" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Theories based on the teachings of Petrus Ramus</div> <table class="toccolours" cellspacing="3px" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2">Part of the series on Modern scholasticism </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_Suarez_(1625)_Operis_de_religione.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Francisco_Suarez_%281625%29_Operis_de_religione.png/125px-Francisco_Suarez_%281625%29_Operis_de_religione.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Francisco_Suarez_%281625%29_Operis_de_religione.png/188px-Francisco_Suarez_%281625%29_Operis_de_religione.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Francisco_Suarez_%281625%29_Operis_de_religione.png/250px-Francisco_Suarez_%281625%29_Operis_de_religione.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="548" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:11px">Title page of the Operis de religione (1625) from <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:11px; background:#bbbbff">Background </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:11px"> <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a> <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> <a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristics</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:11px; background:#bbbbff">Modern scholastics </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:11px"> <a href="/wiki/Second_scholasticism" title="Second scholasticism">Second scholasticism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a> <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Lutheran scholasticism</a> during <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Lutheran orthodoxy</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ramism</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Reformed orthodoxy</a> <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_poets" title="Metaphysical poets">Metaphysical poets</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:11px; background:#bbbbff">Reactions within Christianity </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:11px"> The Jesuits against <a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a> <a href="/wiki/Labadists" title="Labadists">Labadists</a> against the Jesuits <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> against orthodox Lutherans <a href="/wiki/Nadere_Reformatie" title="Nadere Reformatie">Nadere Reformatie</a> within Dutch <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker" title="Richard Hooker">Richard Hooker</a> against the Ramists </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:11px; background:#bbbbff">Reactions within philosophy </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:11px"> <a href="/wiki/Neology" title="Neology">Neologists</a> against <a href="/wiki/Lutherans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutherans">Lutherans</a> <a href="/wiki/Spinozism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinozism">Spinozists</a> against Dutch Calvinists <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deists</a> against <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> against <a href="/wiki/Edward_Stillingfleet" title="Edward Stillingfleet">Bishop Stillingfleet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist">This box: <ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Modern_scholasticism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Modern scholasticism (page does not exist)">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Modern_scholasticism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Modern scholasticism (page does not exist)">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modern_scholasticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modern scholasticism">edit</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> Ramism was a collection of theories on <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">pedagogy</a> based on the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Petrus_Ramus" title="Petrus Ramus">Petrus Ramus</a>, a French academic, philosopher, and <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> convert, who was murdered during the <a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre">St. Bartholomew's Day massacre</a> in August 1572.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1">[1]</a> According to British historian <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Israel" title="Jonathan Israel">Jonathan Israel</a>: <blockquote>"[Ramism], despite its crudity, enjoyed vast popularity in late sixteenth-century Europe, and at the outset of the seventeenth, providing as it did a method of systematizing all branches of knowledge, emphasizing the relevance of theory to practical applications [...]"<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></blockquote> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> Ramus was a cleric and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">professor of philosophy</a> who gained notoriety first by his criticism of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and then by conversion to <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>. He was killed in the <a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre">St Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 1572</a>, and a biography by Banosius (Théophile de Banos) appeared by 1576.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> His status as <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a> certainly had something to do with the early dissemination of his ideas.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> His ideas had influence in some (but not all) parts of Protestant <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, strong in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, and on <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theologians</a> of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">American colonies</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, via Puritan colonists on the <a href="/wiki/Mayflower" title="Mayflower">Mayflower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> He had little effect however on mainstream <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> Calvinists, and was largely ignored in <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> countries.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The progress of Ramism in the half-century from roughly 1575 to 1625 was closely related to, and mediated by, <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">university education</a>: the religious factor came in through the different reception in Protestant and Catholic universities, all over Europe.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Outside France, for example, there was the 1574 English translation by the Scot Roland MacIlmaine of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-yba.llgc.org.uk-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Ramus's works and influence then appeared in the logical textbooks of the <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scottish</a> universities, and equally he had followers in England.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1">[1]</a> Audomarus Talaeus (<a href="/wiki/Omer_Talon" title="Omer Talon">Omer Talon</a>) was one early French disciple and writer on Ramism.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The work of Ramus gained early international attention, with <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ascham" title="Roger Ascham">Roger Ascham</a> corresponding about him with <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sturm" title="Johann Sturm">Johann Sturm</a>, teacher of Ramus and collaborator with Ascham; Ascham supported his stance on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Perion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joachim Perion (page does not exist)">Joachim Perion</a>, one early opponent, but also expressed some reservations. Later Ascham found Ramus' lack of respect for <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, rather than extreme proponents, just unacceptable.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> As late as 1626, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Burgersdyk" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Burgersdyk">Francis Burgersdyk</a> divides the logicians of his day into the Aristotelians, the Ramists and the Semi-Ramists.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> These last endeavoured, like <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Goclenius" title="Rudolph Goclenius">Rudolph Goclenius</a> of <a href="/wiki/Marburg" title="Marburg">Marburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amandus_Polanus" title="Amandus Polanus">Amandus Polanus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, to mediate between the contending parties.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1">[1]</a> Ramism was closely linked to systematic <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>, but the hybrid <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippo-Ramism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippo-Ramism (page does not exist)">Philippo-Ramism</a> (which is where the Semi-Ramists fit in) arose as a blend of Ramus with the logic of <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Melanchthon">Philipp Melanchthon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition">Opposition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Opposition">edit</a>]</div> Ramism, while in fashion, met with considerable hostility. The <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> were completely opposed.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The Calvinist Aristotelian <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beza" title="Theodore Beza">Theodore Beza</a> was also a strong opponent of Ramism.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Similarly the leading Lutheran Aristotelian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Schegk" title="Jakob Schegk">Jakob Schegk</a> resolutely rejected Ramus and opposed his visit to <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a> the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Pace" title="Giulio Pace">Giulio Pace</a> to teach Ramist dialectic to Polish private students were forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Where universities were open to Ramist teaching, there still could be dislike and negative reactions, stemming from the perceived personality of Ramus (arrogant, a natural polemicist), or of that of his supporters (young men in a hurry). There was tacit adoption of some of the techniques such as the epitome, without acceptance of the whole package of reform including junking Aristotle in favour of the new textbooks, and making Ramus an authoritative figure. <a href="/wiki/John_Rainolds" title="John Rainolds">John Rainolds</a> at Oxford was an example of an older academic torn by the issue; his follower <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker" title="Richard Hooker">Richard Hooker</a> was firmly against "Ramystry".<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Johann_Vossius" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerhard Johann Vossius">Gerhard Johann Vossius</a> at <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> wrote massive works on classical rhetoric and opposed Ramism. He defended and enriched the Aristotelian tradition for the seventeenth century.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> He was a representative Dutch opponent; Ramism did not take permanent hold in the universities of the Netherlands, and once <a href="/wiki/William_Ames" title="William Ames">William Ames</a> had died, it declined.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Mid-century, Ramism was still under attack, from Cartesians such as <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Clauberg" title="Johannes Clauberg">Johannes Clauberg</a>, who defended Aristotle against Ramus.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Placing_Ramism">Placing Ramism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Placing Ramism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Frances_Yates" title="Frances Yates">Frances Yates</a> proposed a subtle relationship of Ramism to the legacy of <a href="/wiki/Lullism" title="Lullism">Lullism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Art_of_memory" title="Art of memory">art of memory</a>, and Renaissance <a href="/wiki/Hermetism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermetism">hermetism</a>. She considers that Ramism drew on Lullism, but is more superficial; was opposed to the classical art of memory; and moved in an opposite direction to the occult (reducing rather than increasing the role of images).<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> He "abandoned imagery and the creative imagination".<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Carruthers" title="Mary Carruthers">Mary Carruthers</a> referred back to <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>: <blockquote>"It is one of those ironies of history that Peter Ramus, who, in the sixteenth century, thought he was reacting against <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a> by taking <a href="/wiki/Memoria" title="Memoria">memoria</a> from rhetoric and making it part of dialectic, was essentially remaking a move made 300 years before by two <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> professors who were attempting to reshape memorial study in conformity with Aristotle."<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></blockquote> An alternative to this aspect of Ramism, as belated and diminishing, is the discussion initiated by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ong" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Ong">Walter Ong</a> of Ramus in relation to several evolutionary steps. Ong's position, on the importance of Ramus as historical figure and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance Humanism">humanist</a>, has been summed up as the center of controversies about method (both in teaching and in scientific discovery) and about rhetoric and logic and their role in communication.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The best known of Ong's theses is Ramus the post-<a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Gutenberg</a> writer, in other words the calibration of the indexing and schematics involved in Ramism to the transition away from written manuscripts, and the spoken word.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Extensive charts were instead used, drawing on the resources of typography, to organise material, from left to right across a printed page, particularly in theological treatises.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The cultural impact of Ramism depended on the nexus of printing (trees regularly laid out with <a href="/wiki/Curly_bracket" class="mw-redirect" title="Curly bracket">braces</a>) and rhetoric, forceful and persuasive at least to some <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a>; and it had partly been anticipated in cataloguing and indexing knowledge and its encyclopedism by <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Gesner" class="mw-redirect" title="Conrad Gesner">Conrad Gesner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The term Ramean tree became standard in logic books, applying to the classical <a href="/wiki/Porphyrian_tree" title="Porphyrian tree">Porphyrian tree</a>, or any <a href="/wiki/Binary_tree" title="Binary tree">binary tree</a>, without clear distinction between the underlying structure and the way of displaying it; now scholars use the clearer term Ramist epitome to signify the structure. Ong argued that, a chart being a visual aid and logic having come down to charts, the role of voice and <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a> is placed squarely and rigidly in the domain of rhetoric, and in a lower position.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Two other theses of Ong on Ramism are: the end of copia or profuseness for its own sake in writing, making Ramus an opponent of the <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Copia:_Foundations_of_the_Abundant_Style" title="Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style">Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style</a>; and the beginning of the later <a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesian</a> emphasis on clarity. Ong, though, consistently argues that Ramus is thin, insubstantial as a scholar, a beneficiary of fashion supported by the new medium of printing, as well as a transitional figure.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> These ideas, from the 1950s and 1960s onwards, have been reconsidered. <a href="/wiki/Brian_Vickers_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Vickers (academic)">Brian Vickers</a> summed up the view a generation or so later: dismissive of Yates, he notes that bracketed tables existed in older manuscripts, and states that Ong's emphases are found unconvincing. Further, methodus, the Ramists' major slogan, was specific to <a href="/wiki/Figures_of_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Figures of speech">figures of speech</a>, deriving from <a href="/wiki/Hermogenes_of_Tarsus" title="Hermogenes of Tarsus">Hermogenes of Tarsus</a> via <a href="/wiki/George_of_Trebizond" title="George of Trebizond">George of Trebizond</a>. And the particular moves used by Ramus in the reconfiguration of rhetoric were in no sense innovative by themselves.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Jardine" title="Lisa Jardine">Lisa Jardine</a> agrees with Ong that he was not a first-rank innovator, more of a successful textbook writer adapting earlier insights centred on <a href="/wiki/Topics-logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Topics-logic">topics-logic</a>, but insists on his importance and influence in humanistic logic. She takes the Ramean tree to be a "voguish" pedagogic advance.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> It has been said that: <blockquote>Puritans believed the maps proved well suited to rationalize and order the Christian view of revealed truth and the language and knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/New_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="New learning">new learning</a>, specifically the scientific and philosophical paradigms arising out of the Renaissance.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disciplines_and_demarcations">Disciplines and demarcations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Disciplines and demarcations">edit</a>]</div> Donald R. Kelley writes of the "new learning" (nova doctrina) or opposition in Paris to traditional <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">scholasticism</a> as a "trivial revolution", i.e. growing out of specialist teachers of the <a href="/wiki/Trivium_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivium (education)">trivium</a>. He argues that: <blockquote>The aim was a fundamental change of priorities, the transformation of hierarchy of disciplines into a 'circle' of learning, an 'encyclopedia' embracing human culture in all of its richness and concreteness and organized for persuasive transmission to society as a whole. This was the rationale of the Ramist method, which accordingly emphasized mnemonics and pedagogical technique at the expense of discovery and the advancement of learning.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></blockquote> The need for demarcation was seen in "redundancies and overlapping categories".<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> This was taken to the lengths where it could be mocked in the <a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_Logic" title="Port-Royal Logic">Port-Royal Logic</a> (1662). There, the authors claimed that "everything that is useful to logic belongs to it", with a swipe at the "torments" the Ramists put themselves through.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The method of demarcation was applied within the trivium, made up of <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a> (for which Ramists usually preferred a traditional name, dialectic), and <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>. Logic falls, according to Ramus, into two parts: invention (treating of the notion and definition) and judgment (comprising the judgment proper, <a href="/wiki/Syllogism" title="Syllogism">syllogism</a> and method).<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1">[1]</a> In this he was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Rodolphus_Agricola" title="Rodolphus Agricola">Rodolphus Agricola</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> What Ramus does here in fact redefines rhetoric. There is a new configuration, with logic and rhetoric each having two parts: rhetoric was to cover elocutio (mainly figures of speech) and pronuntiatio (oratorical delivery). In general, Ramism liked to deal with <a href="/wiki/Binary_tree" title="Binary tree">binary trees</a> as method for organising knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Rhetoric, traditionally, had had five parts, of which inventio (invention) was the first. Two others were dispositio (arrangement) and memoria (memory). Ramus proposed transferring those back to the realm of dialectic (logic); and merging them under a new heading, renaming them as iudicium (judgment).<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> This was the final effect: as an intermediate memoria was left with rhetoric.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laws_and_method">Laws and method</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Laws and method">edit</a>]</div> In the end the art of memory was diminished in Ramism, displaced by an idea of "method": better mental organisation would be more methodical, and mnemonic techniques drop away. This was a step in the direction of <a href="/wiki/Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Descartes">Descartes</a>. The construction of disciplines, for Ramus, was subject to some laws, his methodus. There were three, with clear origins in Aristotle, and his <a href="/wiki/Posterior_Analytics" title="Posterior Analytics">Posterior Analytics</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] They comprised the lex veritatis (French du tout, law of truth), lex justitiae (par soi, law of justice), and lex sapientiae (universalité, or law of wisdom). The third was in the terms of Ramus "universel premièrement", or to make the universal the first instance. The "wisdom" is therefore to start with the universal, and set up a ramifying binary tree by subdivision.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> As Ramism evolved, these characteristic binary trees, set up rigidly, were treated differently in various fields. In theology, for example, this procedure was turned on its head, since the search for God, the universal, would appear as the goal rather than the starting point.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Br%C3%A9hier" title="Émile Bréhier">Émile Bréhier</a> wrote that after Ramus, "order" as a criterion of the methodical had become commonplace; Descartes needed only to supply to method the idea of relation, exemplified by the idea of a <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical sequence">mathematical sequence</a> based on a <a href="/wiki/Functional_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional relationship">functional relationship</a> of an element to its successor.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Therefore, for Cartesians, the Ramist insights were quite easily absorbed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] For the <a href="/wiki/Baconian_method" title="Baconian method">Baconian method</a>, on the other hand, the rigidity of Ramist distinctions was a serious criticism. <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>, a Cambridge graduate, was early aware of Ramism, but the near-equation of dispositio with method was unsatisfactory, for Baconians, because arrangement of material was seen to be inadequate for research. The <a href="/wiki/Novum_Organum" title="Novum Organum">Novum Organum</a> implied in its title a further reform of Aristotle, and its aphorism viii of Book I made this exact point.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="At_Cambridge">At Cambridge</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: At Cambridge">edit</a>]</div> A Ramist tradition took root in <a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="Christ's College, Cambridge">Christ's College, Cambridge</a> in the 1570s, when <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Chaderton" title="Laurence Chaderton">Laurence Chaderton</a> became the leading Ramist, and <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Harvey" title="Gabriel Harvey">Gabriel Harvey</a> lectured on the rhetoric of Ramus.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brian_Cummings_2007_p._255-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a>'s dissertation on <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nashe" title="Thomas Nashe">Thomas Nashe</a> (via the <a href="/wiki/Classical_trivium" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical trivium">classical trivium</a>), who was involved in a high-profile literary quarrel with Harvey, was shaped by his interest in aligning Harvey with dialectic and the plain style (logic in the sense of Ramus), and Nashe with the full resources of Elizabethan rhetoric.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> After Chaderton, there was a succession of important theologians using Ramist logic, including <a href="/wiki/William_Perkins_(Puritan)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Perkins (Puritan)">William Perkins</a>,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Ames" title="William Ames">William Ames</a> (Amesius),<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> who made Ramist dialectic integral to his approach.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/William_Temple_(scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Temple (scholar)">William Temple</a> annotated a 1584 reprint of the Dialectics in Cambridge.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Known as an advocate of Ramism, and involved in controversy with <a href="/wiki/Everard_Digby_(scholar)" title="Everard Digby (scholar)">Everard Digby</a> of Oxford,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> he became secretary to <a href="/wiki/Sir_Philip_Sidney" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Philip Sidney">Sir Philip Sidney</a> about a year later, in 1585.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Temple was with Sidney when he died in 1586, and wrote a Latin Ramist commentary on <a href="/wiki/An_Apology_for_Poetry" title="An Apology for Poetry">An Apology for Poetry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Sidney himself is supposed to have learned Ramist theory from <a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a>, and was the dedicatee of the biography by Banosius, but was not in any strict sense a Ramist.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> This Ramist school was influential: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The Ramist system was introduced into Cambridge University by Sir William Temple, in 1580, and contributed to the growth of <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Platonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Platonism">Cambridge Platonism</a>. It became the basis of Congregational apologetics. The Cambridge Puritans were represented by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Richardson_(Puritan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Richardson (Puritan) (page does not exist)">Alexander Richardson</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Downame" title="George Downame">George Downame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wotton" title="Anthony Wotton">Anthony Wotton</a>, and especially by William Ames, whose writings became the favorite philosophy texts of early New England. In 1672, the same year in which Ames's edition of Ramus's Dialectics with Commentary appeared, Milton published his Institutions of the Art of Logic Based on the Method of Peter Ramus. Other Puritan divines who popularized the Ramist philosophy and <a href="/wiki/Covenant_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenant Theology">Covenant Theology</a> were William Perkins, <a href="/wiki/John_Preston_(clergyman)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Preston (clergyman)">John Preston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hooker" title="Thomas Hooker">Thomas Hooker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe" title="Christopher Marlowe">Christopher Marlowe</a> encountered Ramist thought as a student at Cambridge (B.A. in 1584), and made Peter Ramus a character in <a href="/wiki/The_Massacre_at_Paris" title="The Massacre at Paris">The Massacre at Paris</a>. He also cited Ramus in <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Faustus_(play)" title="Doctor Faustus (play)">Dr. Faustus</a>: Bene disserere est finis logices is a line given to Faustus, who states it is from <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, when it is from the Dialecticae of Ramus.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> There is a short treatise by <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>, who was a student at Christ's from 1625, published two years before his death, called Artis Logicae Plenior Institutio ad Petri Rami Methodum concinnata.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> It was one of the last commentaries on Ramist logic.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Although composed in the 1640s, it was not published until 1672. Milton, whose first tutor at Christ's <a href="/wiki/William_Chappell_(bishop)" title="William Chappell (bishop)">William Chappell</a> used Ramist method,<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> can take little enough credit for the content. Most of the text proper is adapted from the 1572 edition of Ramus's logic; most of the commentary is adapted from <a href="/wiki/George_Downham" class="mw-redirect" title="George Downham">George Downham</a>'s Commentarii in P. Rami Dialecticam (1601)<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a>—Downham, also affiliated with Christ's, was a professor of logic at Cambridge.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The biography of Ramus is a cut-down version of that of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Thomas_Freigius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Thomas Freigius (page does not exist)">Johann Thomas Freigius</a> (1543–83).<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="At_Herborn">At Herborn</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: At Herborn">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Herborn_Academy" title="Herborn Academy">Herborn Academy</a> in Germany was founded in 1584, as a Protestant university, and initially was associated with a group of Reformed theologians who developed <a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">covenant theology</a>. It was also a centre of Ramism, and in particular of its encyclopedic form. In turn, it was the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Pansophism" title="Pansophism">pansophism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Alsted" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Alsted">Heinrich Alsted</a> taught there, and <a href="/wiki/John_Amos_Comenius" title="John Amos Comenius">John Amos Comenius</a> studied with him.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Ramism was built into the curriculum, with the professors required to give Ramist treatments of the trivium. <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Piscator" title="Johannes Piscator">Johannes Piscator</a> anticipated the foundation in writing introductory Ramist texts, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Althusius" title="Johannes Althusius">Johannes Althusius</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lazarus_Sch%C3%B6ner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lazarus Schöner (page does not exist)">Lazarus Schöner</a> likewise wrote respectively on social science topics and mathematics, and Piscator later produced a Ramist theology text.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature">In literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In literature">edit</a>]</div> Brian Vickers argues that the Ramist influence did add something to rhetoric: it concentrated more on the remaining aspect of elocutio or effective use of language, and emphasised the role of vernacular European languages (rather than Latin). The outcome was that rhetoric was applied in literature.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In 1588 <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Fraunce" title="Abraham Fraunce">Abraham Fraunce</a>, a protégé of Philip Sidney, published Arcadian Rhetorike, a Ramist-style rhetoric book cut down largely to a discussion of figures of speech (in prose and verse), and referring by its title to Sidney's <a href="/wiki/Countess_of_Pembroke%27s_Arcadia" class="mw-redirect" title="Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia">Arcadia</a>. It was based on a translation of Talon's Rhetoricae, and was a companion to The Lawiers Logike of 1585, an adapted translation of the Dialecticae of Ramus. Through it, Sidney's usage of figures was disseminated as the Ramist "Arcadian rhetoric" of standard English literary components and ornaments, before the source Arcadia had been published. It quickly lent itself to floridity of style. <a href="/wiki/William_Kurtz_Wimsatt,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William Kurtz Wimsatt, Jr.">William Wimsatt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleanth_Brooks" title="Cleanth Brooks">Cleanth Brooks</a> consider that the Ramist reform at least created a tension between the ornamented and the plain style (of preachers and scientific scholars), into the seventeenth century, and contributed to the emergence of the latter.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> With the previous work of <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Fenner" title="Dudley Fenner">Dudley Fenner</a> (1584), and the later book of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Butler_(beekeeper)" title="Charles Butler (beekeeper)">Charles Butler</a> (1598), Ramist rhetoric in Elizabethan England accepts the reduction to elocutio and pronuntiatio, puts all the emphasis on the former, and reduces its scope to the <a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">trope</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hill" title="Geoffrey Hill">Geoffrey Hill</a> classified <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burton_(scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Burton (scholar)">Robert Burton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_Melancholy" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomy of Melancholy">Anatomy of Melancholy</a> (1621) as a "post-Ramist <a href="/wiki/Anatomy_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomy (genre)">anatomy</a>". It is a work (he says against Ong) of a rooted scholar with a "method" but turning Ramism back on itself.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Samuel Taylor Coleridge combined Aristotelian logic with the Holy Trinity to create his "cinque spotted spider making its way upstream by fits & starts," his logical system based on Ramist logic (thesis, antithesis, synthesis, mesothesis, exothesis).<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ramists">Ramists</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ramists">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Danish">Danish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Danish">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Krag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andreas Krag (page does not exist)">Andreas Krag</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch">Dutch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dutch">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius">Jacobus Arminius</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Beeckman" title="Isaac Beeckman">Isaac Beeckman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Snellius" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Snellius">Rudolf Snellius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willebrord_Snellius" title="Willebrord Snellius">Willebrord Snellius</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Lipsius" title="Justus Lipsius">Justus Lipsius</a>, wrote his Politicorum sive Civilis doctrinae on a strict Ramist scheme.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scottish">Scottish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Scottish">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Roland MacIlmaine<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> (University of St Andrews) published <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2">The Logike of the Moste Excellent Philosopher P. Ramus, Martyr</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Logike+of+the+Moste+Excellent+Philosopher+P.+Ramus%2C+Martyr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamism" class="Z3988">, and a Latin edition of this work in 1574.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Martin_(philosopher)" title="James Martin (philosopher)">James Martin</a> has been classified as a Ramist he was a writer against Aristotle, but the classification is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Melville" title="Andrew Melville">Andrew Melville</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: English">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Ames" title="William Ames">William Ames</a> (1576–1633)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Barton_(c._1605-1675)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Barton (c. 1605-1675) (page does not exist)">John Barton (c. 1605-1675)</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Baxter" title="Nathaniel Baxter">Nathaniel Baxter</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Butler_(beekeeper)" title="Charles Butler (beekeeper)">Charles Butler</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Downame" title="George Downame">George Downame</a><a href="#cite_note-Toons-84">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Fenner" title="Dudley Fenner">Dudley Fenner</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Finch_(died_1625)" title="Henry Finch (died 1625)">Henry Finch</a>, jurist, attempted in Nomotexnia to arrange <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> along Ramist lines<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gouge" title="William Gouge">William Gouge</a><a href="#cite_note-Hill-87">[87]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Granger_(clergyman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Granger (clergyman) (page does not exist)">Thomas Granger</a><a href="#cite_note-Brian_Cummings_2007_p._255-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Perkins_(Puritan)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Perkins (Puritan)">William Perkins</a> (1558–1602)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rainolds" title="John Rainolds">John Rainolds</a><a href="#cite_note-Hill-87">[87]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Richardson_(Puritan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Richardson (Puritan) (page does not exist)">Alexander Richardson</a><a href="#cite_note-Toons-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Udall_(Puritan)" title="John Udall (Puritan)">John Udall</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French">French</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: French">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guy_de_Brues&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guy de Brues (page does not exist)">Guy de Brues</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a> in writing on logic.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German">German</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: German">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Alsted" title="Johann Heinrich Alsted">Johann Heinrich Alsted</a>, "the culmination of the Ramist tradition", but also a critic of naive Ramism<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Althusius" title="Johannes Althusius">Johannes Althusius</a> organised his Politics in accordance with Ramist logic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholom%C3%A4us_Keckermann" title="Bartholomäus Keckermann">Bartholomäus Keckermann</a>, constructed a modified Ramist logic.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Piscator" title="Johannes Piscator">Johannes Piscator</a><a href="#cite_note-Toons-84">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Schoppe" title="Caspar Schoppe">Caspar Schoppe</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungarian">Hungarian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hungarian">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Ap%C3%A1czai_Csere" title="János Apáczai Csere">János Apáczai Csere</a>, encyclopedist.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swedish">Swedish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Swedish">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_Gothus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulinus Gothus">Paulinus Gothus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swiss">Swiss</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Swiss">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Wolleb" title="Johannes Wolleb">Johannes Wolleb</a><a href="#cite_note-Toons-84">[84]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Welsh">Welsh</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Welsh">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Perri" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Perri">Henry Perri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-yba.llgc.org.uk-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div 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Kelley, The Beginning of Ideology: Consciousness and society in the French Reformation (1981), p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Skinner" title="Quentin Skinner">Quentin Skinner</a>, Reason and Rhetoric in the Philosophy of Hobbes (1996), p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Jill Vance Burojker (translator and editor), Logic or the Art of Thinking by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Arnauld" title="Antoine Arnauld">Antoine Arnauld</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Nicole" title="Pierre Nicole">Pierre Nicole</a> (1996), p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ramus/">Petreus ramus</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petreus+ramus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Framus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamism" class="Z3988">. of Philosophy)] </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Michael Losonsky, Language and Logic, in Donald Rutherford (editor), The Cambridge Companion to Early Modern Philosophy (2006), p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Paolo Rossi, Logic and the Art of Memory (2000 translation), pp. 99–102. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.science.uva.nl/~seop/entries/ramus/">UVA.nl</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Denis Hollier, R. 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November 1674)," British Rhetoricians and Logicians, 1500–1660, Second Series, volume 281 in the <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Literary_Biography" title="Dictionary of Literary Biography">Dictionary of Literary Biography</a> series, Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2003, pp. 188–200 at 195 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gibson, Kenneth. "Downham, George". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F7977">10.1093/ref:odnb/7977</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Downham%2C+George&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F7977&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamism" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Campbell, Gordon. 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Knoles, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525172.pdf">"Increase Mather's 'Catechismus Logicus': A Translation and an Analysis of the Role of a Ramist Catechism at Harvard,"</a> Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, vol. 109, no. 1, 2001, pp. 183–223</li> <li>K. Meerhoff and J. Moisan, eds. Autour de Ramus: Texte, Theorie, Commentaire, Quebec: Nuit Blanche, 1997</li> <li>K. Meerhoff, Rhétorique et Poétique au XVle siècle en France, Leiden: Brill 1986, pp. 175–330</li> <li>J. J. Murphy, ed., Peter Ramus's Attack on Cicero: Text and Translation of Ramus's Brutinae Quaestiones, Davis, C. A.: Hermagoras Press, 1992</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._J._Ong" class="mw-redirect" title="W. J. Ong">W. J. Ong</a>, A Ramus and Talon Inventory, Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1958</li> <li>W. J. Ong, Ramus, Method and the Decay of Dialogue, Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1958</li> <li>W. J. Ong, Introduction to Peter Ramus's Scholae in liberales artes, Hildesheim: Olms, 1970</li> <li>W. J. Ong, Introduction to Peter Ramus's Collectaneae praefationes, epistolae, orationes, Hildesheim: Olms, 1969</li> <li>S. J. Reid and E. A. Wilson (eds.), Ramus, Pedagogy and the Liberal Arts: Ramism in Britain and the Wider World, Burlington: Ashgate, 2011</li> <li>P. Sharratt, "The Present State of Studies on Ramus," Studi Francesi, vol. 47/48, 1972, pp. 201–203</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharratt1987" class="citation cs2">———— (1987), "Recent Works on Peter Ramus (1970–1986)", Rhetorica, 5 (1): 7–58, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Frh.1987.5.1.7">10.1525/rh.1987.5.1.7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rhetorica&rft.atitle=Recent+Works+on+Peter+Ramus+%281970%E2%80%931986%29&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-58&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Frh.1987.5.1.7&rft.aulast=Sharratt&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharratt1983" class="citation cs2">———— (1983), "The First French Logic", Mélanges a la mémoire de Franco Simone [Varieties in memory of Franco Simone], vol. IV, Geneva: Slatkine, pp. 205–19</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+First+French+Logic&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9langes+a+la+m%C3%A9moire+de+Franco+Simone&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pages=205-19&rft.pub=Slatkine&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Sharratt&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharratt1976" class="citation cs2">———— (1976), "Peter Ramus and the Reform of the University", French Renaissance Studies, 1540–1570, Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP: 4–20</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Renaissance+Studies%2C+1540%E2%80%931570&rft.atitle=Peter+Ramus+and+the+Reform+of+the+University&rft.pages=4-20&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Sharratt&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharratt2000" class="citation cs2">———— (2000), "Ramus 2000", Rhetorica, 18 (4): 399–455, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Frh.2000.18.4.399">10.1525/rh.2000.18.4.399</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257484517">257484517</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rhetorica&rft.atitle=Ramus+2000&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=399-455&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Frh.2000.18.4.399&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257484517%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sharratt&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharratt1991" class="citation cs2">———— (1991), "Ramus", Argumentation, 5 (4): 335–446, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00129135">10.1007/BF00129135</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144442800">144442800</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Argumentation&rft.atitle=Ramus&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=335-446&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00129135&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144442800%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sharratt&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/ramus/bibliography.html">Peter Ramus Conference 2008</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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