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class="mw-page-title-main">Pappenheimer witch trial</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famiglia_Pappenheimer" title="Famiglia Pappenheimer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Famiglia Pappenheimer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fam%C3%ADlia_Pappenheimer" title="Família Pappenheimer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Família Pappenheimer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familjen_Pappenheimer" title="Familjen Pappenheimer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Familjen Pappenheimer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">16th-century family tried and executed for witchcraft</div> <p>The <b>Pappenheimer Case</b> centered around a family who were tried and executed for <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a> in 1600 in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. The family were executed, along with accomplices they were forced to name under torture, after a <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">show trial</a> as <a href="/wiki/Scapegoat" title="Scapegoat">scapegoats</a> for a number of unsolved crimes committed years back in a display of extreme torture intended to deter the public from crime.<sup id="cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunze,_Michael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The witch trial resulted in the death of twelve people: four of the Pappenheimer family and two of their accused accomplices in the first trial, followed by the remaining member of the family and five other accomplices in the second trial.<sup id="cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunze,_Michael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trial was of one of the most well-publicized witch trials in German history.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns,_William_E-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappenheimer_witch_trial&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Pappenheimer family consisted of Paulus and Anna Gämperl and their three sons: the adult sons Michel (sometimes called Jacob) and Gummprecht Gämperl, and their youngest son, ten-year-old Hansel (sometimes called Hoel) Gämperl. While their last name is individually given as Gämperl or Pämb, the family as a whole are often referred to, and became known in history as, the Pappenheimer family.<sup id="cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunze,_Michael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They belonged to the lower class in society, and were vagrant beggars from <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabia</a>. They supported themselves as traveling emptier of privies and by digging graves, which at this time belonged to the very lowest of professions.<sup id="cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunze,_Michael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arrest">Arrest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappenheimer_witch_trial&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Arrest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At this time, the government in Bavaria conducted a campaign against vagrants and criminals. There had been many crimes committed by vagrants, whom the government had been unable to arrest. </p><p>An arrested thief pointed out the two adult sons of the family, Michel and Gumpprecht, as his accomplices in the murder of pregnant women, and denounced the whole family as robbers and murderers prior to his execution.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns,_William_E-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local officials of the Danubian provinces of Bavaria were informed to look out for the family. </p><p>In February 1600, the family was arrested and imprisoned in Altmannstein under the custody of prefect Alexander von Haslang zu Haslangsreut, Grosshausen und Reid. They were arrested in the middle of the night, taken from their beds and taken to jail. Initially, only the adults of the family were arrested and the ten-year-old Hansel was left with their landlord, who shortly after brought him to his parents in jail, not knowing what else to do with him.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns,_William_E-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interrogation_and_trial">Interrogation and trial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappenheimer_witch_trial&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Interrogation and trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the order of <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Elector_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria">Maximilian I (Elector of Bavaria)</a>, they were taken from Altmannstein to the Bavarian capital of Munich, where they were imprisoned in Munich's Falcon Tower. </p><p>A leading official in the trial was the duke's councillor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Sigismund_Wagnereckh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Sigismund Wagnereckh (page does not exist)">Johann Sigismund Wagnereckh</a>, who had long made unsuccessful attempts to promote witch trials in Bavaria, but with the exception of some trials in 1589–90, witch trials had been uncommon in Bavaria because of the general opposition to such trials among the Bavarian elite. Wagnereckh conducted several interrogations of the family by use of severe torture.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns,_William_E-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A main concern of Wagnereckh was the charge that the Pappenheimers had murdered children to grind their hands to a powder they could eat, which would give them magical powers and help them in their murders and robberies.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns,_William_E-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It appears that the Duke's government wished to make an example of the family in a period of many vagrant crimes, which the government had been unable to solve.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns,_William_E-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Witchcraft was a crime which could include many other crimes, which made it useful as a general charge in a show trial toward scapegoats. The Pappenheimers appear to have been subjected to a show trial and meant to be made an example of, and "As many as possible of the unsolved crimes of the past few years were to be put down to the account of the accused."<sup id="cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunze,_Michael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hansel was tortured first because he, as a child, was expected to break first.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns,_William_E-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were tortured by the <a href="/wiki/Strappado" title="Strappado">strappado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squassation" class="mw-redirect" title="Squassation">squassation</a>, rope burns, and torch burnings while Hansel, as a child, was beaten with a cane.<sup id="cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunze,_Michael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, they denied the charges, but they were exposed to <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> so fierce and so prolonged that all but Hansel confessed to anything of which they were accused. They confessed to having sexual intercourse with the Devil and to making a pact with him, promising to aid him in exchange for money and possessions.<sup id="cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunze,_Michael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They made the pact by giving the Devil hair from the left side of their head, their armpit, and their private parts as well as a piece of nail from the big toe of their left foot and "powder of children's hands."<sup id="cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunze,_Michael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Devil then scratched them on their left side, drawing blood, "which he collected in a little box; took out a sheet of paper, which he placed on his knee; and put a pen into" their hand for them to sign.<sup id="cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunze,_Michael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because they were illiterate, he guided their hands as they wrote. "Then he wrapped up in the paper all the things that" they "had given him, and took them with him".<sup id="cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunze,_Michael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The torture made the family confess to a great number of crimes, encompassing almost every unsolved major and minor crime of the last decade. The family appear to have been purposely subjected to a show trial and meant to be made an example of, and "As many as possible of the unsolved crimes of the past few years were to be put down to the account of the accused."<sup id="cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunze,_Michael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This included a confession that they had murdered pregnant women to secure the hands of their unborn children for use in witchcraft.<sup id="cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunze,_Michael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>"Of Paulus Gämperl it was said that he had 'crippled and slain one hundred young children and ten old people by dint of vile sorcery.' The crowd also heard how 'he had entered the cellars of innkeepers and other folk, shamelessly devouring such victuals and drink as he might lay his hands on.' He had further confessed to having 'committed ten robberies from churches, violently slain forty-four persons by his hand alone, set fire to homes or barns eight times, broken into houses by night fourteen times, pillaging and robbing the tenants, robbed wayfarers on the highway five times, and committed four other thefts'" (Kunze 399).</dd> <dd>"In like manner, his wife...Anna Gämperl, being sixty years of age, has assailed one hundred infants and nineteen old people with her spells, crippling them and killing them in godless fashion; she has entered cellars on eight occasions, has committed one murder by her own hand, set fire twice to the homes of others, has caused four gales and hailstorms, and has poisoned meadows and afflicted cattle so often that she herself cannot tell the number" (Kunze 399).</dd> <dd>"The elder of her two sons, called Gumpprecht,...has caused the death of thirty children and adults by means of sorcery: has entered cellars on twelve occasions, burgled and robbed nine churches, committed twenty-four murders, set fire to nine homes, broken in by night and robbed fold six times. He has four times committed highway robbery, poisoned and ruined fields and cattle without number, and caused strife between God-fearing spouses on four occasions" (Kunze 400).</dd> <dd>"The other, her son Jacob, aged twenty-one years, has slain sixty-five infants and five adults by sorcery, has ten times entered cellars, has committed five thefts from churches, has put to death and murdered thirty-three persons by his own hand, set five fires, broken in five times by night, committed four other thefts, caused ten gales and hailstorms, poisoned fields and beasts twenty-six times".<sup id="cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunze,_Michael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>They were also tortured to name accomplices, and implicated over four hundred other people, including people who did not appear to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunze,_Michael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Summer of 1600, two more men were arrested as their accomplices: the farmer Ulrich Schülz and the tailor Georg Schmülz.<sup id="cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunze,_Michael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Executions">Executions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappenheimer_witch_trial&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Executions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_execution">First execution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappenheimer_witch_trial&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First execution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The four adults of the family, the parents and their two eldest sons, were all sentenced to death, along with the two men who had been charged with them. Paulus Gämperl was considered the leader of the group. </p><p>Hansel Gämperl, being ten years old, was not sentenced to death, but Wagnereckh ordered that he should be made to attend his family's execution and watch them die, as this was regarded to provide a salutary effect on him.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns,_William_E-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sheriff took Hansel to the execution on his horse and allowed him to mix with the spectators under watch and under the order to note how he behaved and what he said.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns,_William_E-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All six were ripped, six times, with red hot tongs. Anna Gämperl's breasts were cut from her body, a highly unusual punishment, and the severed breasts were rubbed around Anna's mouth, and the mouths of her sons.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns,_William_E-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this, the six condemned were transported by cart to the place of execution. According to the sheriff, the child Hansel, watching the two carts, said: </p> <dl><dd>"Look, look! What a grand wedding for my father and mother! They've got so many men-at-arms--the duke doesn't have as many himself!"<sup id="cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunze,_Michael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The carts temporarily stopped by a cross by the Neuhaus gate where they were, according to custom, led in chains to say a prayer. The condemned were led to the cross, and on their way back to the carts, given vine by two municipal officials before proceeding to the place of execution.<sup id="cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunze,_Michael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the place of execution, the five males had their arms <a href="/wiki/Breaking_wheel" title="Breaking wheel">broken on the wheel</a>. According to the sheriff's notes, Hansel cried 'Look how they're thumping my father's arms!'.<sup id="cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunze,_Michael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The father Paulus Gämperl was executed by <a href="/wiki/Impalement" title="Impalement">impalement</a>, a sharp stake being inserted into his anus and through his intestines — a punishment normally no longer used at this point in time.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns,_William_E-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, they were executed by burning.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns,_William_E-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Normally in Bavaria, the execution by burning was performed by first strangling the condemned, but the law made provision for burning people alive if it was deemed necessary as a deterrent.<sup id="cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunze,_Michael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the sheriff's notes, Hansel, on the sheriff's horse, burst into heart-rending cries: 'My mother is squirming!' he cried in despair."<sup id="cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunze,_Michael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hansel was re-baptized and renamed Cyprian following the execution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_execution">Second execution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappenheimer_witch_trial&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second execution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first execution was followed by the arrest, interrogation and trial of the people named by the Pappenheimer's as their accomplices under torture. Six additional people: two men and three women (a mother and her daughters) were condemned to be burned for witchcraft after having been tortured to confess and name accomplices. The remaining condemned was the ten year old Hansel Gämperl. After having examined the report made by the sheriff of Hansel's behaviour and comments during the execution, Hansel Gämperl was himself sentenced to death, despite his age.<sup id="cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunze,_Michael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 November 1600, the execution of the ten year old Hansel Gämperl and the five other condemned took place in Munich.<sup id="cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunze,_Michael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_end">The end</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappenheimer_witch_trial&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The end"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hansel Gämperl and the other recently executed had named accomplices under torture, and Johann Sigismund Wagnereckh wished to continue the witch hunt by arresting those named.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns,_William_E-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, some Bavarian lawyers and officials questioned if it was legally justified to subject anyone to torture after a denunciation made under torture.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns,_William_E-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the people denounced were of higher social position, with the knowledge, contacts and ability to defend themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns,_William_E-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this situation, the Duke ordered a stop to the witch hunt referring to irregularities in the legal procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns,_William_E-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, no one was punished, and Johann Sigismund Wagnereckh continued to have a successful career in government hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns,_William_E-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath_and_legacy">Aftermath and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappenheimer_witch_trial&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aftermath and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Pappenheimer Case became infamous in contemporary Europe; it was widely publicized throughout Germany, and was discussed in the academic witchcraft debate among demonologists such as Martin del Rio.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns,_William_E-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johann Sigismund Wagnereckh continued to promote the use of witch trials in Bavaria, but continued opposition ensured that they remained uncommon: with the exception of a witch trial with 39 victims in <a href="/wiki/Wemding" title="Wemding">Wemding</a> in 1629–1630, the cases in Bavaria were few until Veronica Zerritsch became the last witchcraft execution in Bavaria in 1756.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns,_William_E-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accounts">Accounts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappenheimer_witch_trial&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hormayr,_Baron_zu_Hortenburg" title="Joseph Hormayr, Baron zu Hortenburg">Joseph Hormayr, Baron zu Hortenburg</a> provides a detailed excerpt from an old chronicle depicting these events in the 1844 edition of <i>Taschenbuch für die vaterländische Geschichte</i>, pages 331–332. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In Münich 29. July 1600, six persons were executed in the following manner: The vagabond and beggar Paul Gämperl was impaled, his wife had her breasts cut off, and both herself and two of her sons had those breasts smeared onto their mouths. In addition, two other men and associates were executed, and all six were pinched with glowing pincers. Their arms were broken on the wheel, and they were afterwards burnt alive. They had confessed to being devoted to the Devil, and with his help, in particular by making a devilish, magic salve, to have contributed to the deaths of at least 400 children and more than 50 old people by having applied that salve. Paul Gämperl was condemned for being directly responsible for 44 murders; in total, the six were condemned for 74 murders. </p><p>In addition, they had been charged with many acts of robbery, theft and nightly burglaries, where they had plundered houses and killed the people in the houses. They had also, according to the charges, put on fire diverse hamlets and marketplaces, principally in order to get away with goods in the ensuing confusion. Also, they had conjured up bad weather, killed cows in the field, robbed churches and sold to the Jews the holy wafers. </p><p> On 27 November 1600, the next group were executed. This was a mother and her two daughters, as well as two other men. The last to be executed was the 12-year-old son of Paul Gämperl, who in the intervening time had been baptized and given the name Cyprian. However, that did not help him, he was first strangled, and then his corpse was burned. The other five were burnt alive. Cyprian was condemned for having performed 8 murders on his own. The members of the whole group had, under torture, admitted to having contributed to the deaths of over 400 children, having killed, by means of sorcery, 39 individuals, and admitted 62 murders besides.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some divergences, such as Anna Gämperl having died prior to being burnt, rather than burning alive in the Hormayr account, in the chronicle used by Hormayr can be seen relative to an English account of the trial already in 1601 (translated from a Dutch copy of the German original), <i>A Strange Report of Sixe most notorious Witches</i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading_and_sources">Further reading and sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappenheimer_witch_trial&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading and sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHorn2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Horn, Michael (2009). "Das Leben und gewaltsame Ende der Landstreicherfamilie Pämb, genannt die Pappenheimer". <i>Historische Serienmörder</i> (in German). Vol. 2. Arnstadt: Kirchschlager Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-934277-25-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-934277-25-0"><bdi>978-3-934277-25-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Das+Leben+und+gewaltsame+Ende+der+Landstreicherfamilie+P%C3%A4mb%2C+genannt+die+Pappenheimer&rft.btitle=Historische+Serienm%C3%B6rder&rft.place=Arnstadt&rft.pub=Kirchschlager+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-934277-25-0&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappenheimer+witch+trial" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuir2005" class="citation book cs1">Muir, Edward (2005) [1997]. <i>Ritual in Early Modern Europe</i>. New Approaches to European History, No. 33. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 118–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84153-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84153-5"><bdi>978-0-521-84153-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ritual+in+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=New+Approaches+to+European+History%2C+No.+33&rft.pages=118-119&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84153-5&rft.aulast=Muir&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappenheimer+witch+trial" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurtonGrandy2004" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Dan E.; Grandy, David A. (2004). <i>Magic, Mystery, and Science: The Occult in Western Civilization</i>. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21656-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21656-4"><bdi>978-0-253-21656-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magic%2C+Mystery%2C+and+Science%3A+The+Occult+in+Western+Civilization&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21656-4&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Dan+E.&rft.au=Grandy%2C+David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappenheimer+witch+trial" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughesHughes1997" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Sarah Shaver; Hughes, Brady (1997). <i>Women in World History: Volume 2, Readings from 1500 to the Present</i>. Vol. 2. Armonk: <a href="/wiki/M.E._Sharpe" class="mw-redirect" title="M.E. Sharpe">M.E. Sharpe</a>. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-313-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-313-4"><bdi>978-1-56324-313-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+World+History%3A+Volume+2%2C+Readings+from+1500+to+the+Present&rft.place=Armonk&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-313-4&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Shaver&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Brady&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappenheimer+witch+trial" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunze1987" class="citation book cs1">Kunze, Michael (1987). <i>Highroad to the Stake: A Tale of Witchcraft</i>. Translated by Yuill, William E. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46211-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46211-0"><bdi>978-0-226-46211-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Highroad+to+the+Stake%3A+A+Tale+of+Witchcraft&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-226-46211-0&rft.aulast=Kunze&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappenheimer+witch+trial" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BE8IEAAAQBAJ&dq=Pappenheimer+family+witch&pg=PT216">A History of Magic and Witchcraft: Sabbats, Satan & Superstitions in the West</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappenheimer_witch_trial&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kunze,_Michael-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kunze,_Michael_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kunze, Michael. Highroad to the Stake: A Tale of Witchcraft. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns,_William_E-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns,_William_E_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Burns, William E., Witch hunts in Europe and America: an encyclopedia, Greenwood, Westport, Conn., 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHormayrMednyanszky1844" class="citation book cs1">Hormayr, Joseph, Freiherr von; Mednyanszky, Alois, Freiherr von (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nH5UAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA331"><i>Taschenbuch für die vaterländische Geschichte (volume 23 of whole series, volume 15 in new series)</i></a>. Berlin: G.Reimer. pp. 331–332.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taschenbuch+f%C3%BCr+die+vaterl%C3%A4ndische+Geschichte+%28volume+23+of+whole+series%2C+volume+15+in+new+series%29&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=331-332&rft.pub=G.Reimer&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Hormayr&rft.aufirst=Joseph%2C+Freiherr+von&rft.au=Mednyanszky%2C+Alois%2C+Freiherr+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnH5UAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappenheimer+witch+trial" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous1601" class="citation book cs1">Anonymous (1601). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GyMSAAAAYAAJ"><i>A Strange Report of Sixe most notorious Witches</i></a>. London: T. Pauier.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Strange+Report+of+Sixe+most+notorious+Witches&rft.place=London&rft.pub=T.+Pauier&rft.date=1601&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGyMSAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappenheimer+witch+trial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappenheimer_witch_trial&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5UvVj92IlmAC">Historische Serienmörder Band 2</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the British Isles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_early_modern_Britain" title="Witchcraft in early modern Britain">Witchcraft in early modern Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_Witch_Trials" title="Channel Islands Witch Trials">Channel Islands Witch Trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_England" title="Witch trials in England">Witch trials in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Orkney" title="Witchcraft in Orkney">Witchcraft in Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_early_modern_Scotland" title="Witch trials in early modern Scotland">Witch trials in early modern Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_early_modern_Wales" title="Witchcraft in early modern Wales">Witchcraft in early modern Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Witches" title="Windsor Witches">Windsor Witches</a> (1579)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Osyth_Witches" title="St Osyth Witches">St Osyth Witches</a> (1582)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches_of_Warboys" title="Witches of Warboys">Witches of Warboys</a> (1589–1593)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Berwick_witch_trials" title="North Berwick witch trials">North Berwick witch trials</a> (1590)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Scottish_Witch_Hunt_of_1597" title="Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1597">Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1597</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendle_witches" title="Pendle witches">Pendle witches</a> (1612)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire_witch_trials" title="Northamptonshire witch trials">Northamptonshire witch trials</a> (1612)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samlesbury_witches" title="Samlesbury witches">Samlesbury witches</a> (1612)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches_of_Belvoir" title="Witches of Belvoir">Witches of Belvoir</a> (1619)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds_witch_trials" title="Bury St Edmunds witch trials">Bury St Edmunds witch trials</a> (1645, 1662, 1655, 1694)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Scottish_witch_hunt_of_1649%E2%80%9350" title="Great Scottish witch hunt of 1649–50">Great Scottish witch hunt of 1649–50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alloa_witches" title="Alloa witches">Alloa witch trials (1658)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Scottish_Witch_Hunt_of_1661%E2%80%9362" title="Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1661–62">Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1661–62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bute_witches" title="Bute witches">Bute witches</a> (1662)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bideford_witch_trial" title="Bideford witch trial">Bideford witch trial</a> (1682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisley_witches" title="Paisley witches">Paisley witches</a> (1696)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittenweem_witches" title="Pittenweem witches">Pittenweem witches</a> (1704)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islandmagee_witch_trial" title="Islandmagee witch trial">Islandmagee witch trial</a> (1711)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Hungary" title="Witch trials in Hungary">Witch trials in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Poland" title="Witch trials in Poland">Witch trials in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasina_Wielka_witch_trial" title="Kasina Wielka witch trial">Kasina Wielka witch trial</a> (1634)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Moravia_witch_trials" title="Northern Moravia witch trials">Northern Moravia witch trials</a> (1678)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szeged_witch_trials" title="Szeged witch trials">Szeged witch trials</a> (1728–29)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doruch%C3%B3w_witch_trial" title="Doruchów witch trial">Doruchowo witch trial</a> (1783)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_France" title="Witch trials in France">Witch trials in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labourd_witch-hunt_of_1609" title="Labourd witch-hunt of 1609">Labourd witch-hunt of 1609</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence_possessions" title="Aix-en-Provence possessions">Aix-en-Provence possessions</a> (1611)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudun_possessions" title="Loudun possessions">Loudun possessions</a> (1633–34)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louviers_possessions" title="Louviers possessions">Louviers possessions</a> (1647)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_witch_trials" title="Normandy witch trials">Normandy witch trials</a> (1669–70)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affair_of_the_Poisons" title="Affair of the Poisons">Affair of the Poisons</a> (1679–1682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Wizards_of_Lyon" title="Trial of the Wizards of Lyon">Trial of the Wizards of Lyon</a> (1742–1745)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire">Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rottweil_Witch_Trials" title="Rottweil Witch Trials">Rottweil Witch Trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derenburg_witch_trials" title="Derenburg witch trials">Derenburg witch trials</a> (1555)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesensteig_witch_trial" title="Wiesensteig witch trial">Wiesensteig witch trial</a> (1562–1563)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rottenburg_witch_trials" title="Rottenburg witch trials">Rottenburg witch trials</a> (1578–1613)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trier_witch_trials" title="Trier witch trials">Trier witch trials</a> (1581–1593)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pappenheimer_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Pappenheimer family">Pappenheimer family witch trial</a> (1600)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulda_witch_trials" title="Fulda witch trials">Fulda witch trials</a> (1603–1606)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellwangen_witch_trial" title="Ellwangen witch trial">Ellwangen witch trial</a> (1611–1618)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichst%C3%A4tt_witch_trials" title="Eichstätt witch trials">Eichstätt witch trials</a> (1617–1630)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_witch_trials" title="Würzburg witch trials">Würzburg witch trials</a> (1626–1631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamberg_witch_trials" title="Bamberg witch trials">Bamberg witch trials</a> (1626–1631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden-Baden_witch_trials" title="Baden-Baden witch trials">Baden-Baden witch trials</a> (1627–1631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mergentheim_witch_trials" title="Mergentheim witch trials">Mergentheim witch trials</a> (1628–1631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esslingen_witch_trials" title="Esslingen witch trials">Esslingen witch trials</a> (1662–1666)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trial_of_Fuersteneck" title="Witch trial of Fuersteneck">Witch trial of Fuersteneck</a> (1703)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Denmark" title="Witch trials in Denmark">Witch trials in Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Latvia_and_Estonia" title="Witch trials in Latvia and Estonia">Witch trials in Estonia and Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Finland" title="Witch trials in Finland">Witch trials in Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Iceland" title="Witch trials in Iceland">Witch trials in Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Norway" title="Witch trials in Norway">Witch trials in Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Sweden" title="Witch trials in Sweden">Witch trials in Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B5lula_witch_trials" title="Põlula witch trials">Põlula witch trials</a> (1542)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_witch_trials" title="Copenhagen witch trials">Copenhagen witch trials</a> (1590)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyldenstierne-sagen" title="Gyldenstierne-sagen">Gyldenstierne-sagen</a> (1596)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B8ge_Huskors" title="Køge Huskors">Køge Huskors</a> (1608–1615)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finsp%C3%A5ng_witch_trial" title="Finspång witch trial">Finspång witch trial</a> (1617)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vard%C3%B8_witch_trials_(1621)" title="Vardø witch trials (1621)">Vardø witch trials (1621)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akershus_witch_trials" title="Akershus witch trials">Akershus witch trials</a> (1624)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsele_witch_trial" title="Ramsele witch trial">Ramsele witch trial</a> (1634)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosborg_witch_trials" title="Rosborg witch trials">Rosborg witch trials</a> (1639–1642)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vard%C3%B8_witch_trials_(1651%E2%80%931653)" title="Vardø witch trials (1651–1653)">Vardø witch trials (1651–1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkjub%C3%B3l_witch_trial" title="Kirkjuból witch trial">Kirkjuból witch trial</a> (1656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vard%C3%B8_witch_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Vardø witch trials">Vardø witch trials</a> (1662–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastelholm_witch_trials" title="Kastelholm witch trials">Kastelholm witch trials</a> (1665–1668)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mora_witch_trial" title="Mora witch trial">Mora witch trial</a> (1669)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tors%C3%A5ker_witch_trials" title="Torsåker witch trials">Torsåker witch trials</a> (1675)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katarina_witch_trials" title="Katarina witch trials">Katarina witch trials</a> (1676)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rug%C3%A5rd_witch_trials" title="Rugård witch trials">Rugård witch trials</a> (1685–86)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thisted_witch_trial" title="Thisted witch trial">Thisted witch trial</a> (1696–1698)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Italy" title="Witch trials in Italy">Witch trials in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Catalonia" title="Witch trials in Catalonia">Witch trials in Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Portugal" title="Witch trials in Portugal">Witch trials in Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch trials in Sicily">Witch trials in Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Spain" title="Witch trials in Spain">Witch trials in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Camonica_witch_trials" title="Val Camonica witch trials">Val Camonica witch trials</a> (1505, 1518)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirandola_witch_trials" title="Mirandola witch trials">Mirandola witch trials</a> (1522–1525)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarre_witch_trials_(1525%E2%80%9326)" title="Navarre witch trials (1525–26)">Navarre witch trials (1525–26)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_witch_trial" title="Lisbon witch trial">Lisbon witch trial</a> (1559–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benandanti" title="Benandanti">Benandanti</a> (1575–1650)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches_of_Laspa%C3%BAles" title="Witches of Laspaúles">Witches of Laspaúles</a> (1593)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_witch_trials" title="Basque witch trials">Basque witch trials</a> (1609)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrassa_witch_trials" title="Terrassa witch trials">Terrassa witch trials</a> (1615–1619)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trial_of_Nogaredo" title="Witch trial of Nogaredo">Witch trial of Nogaredo</a> (1646–47)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elsewhere <br /> in Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_Netherlands" title="Witch trials in the Netherlands">Witch trials in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_Spanish_Netherlands" title="Witch trials in the Spanish Netherlands">Witch trials in the Spanish Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stedelen" title="Stedelen">Stedelen witch trial</a> (1397–1407)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valais_witch_trials" title="Valais witch trials">Valais witch trials</a> (1428–1447)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_witch_trials" title="Geneva witch trials">Geneva witch trials</a> (1571)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amersfoort_and_Utrecht_witch_trials" title="Amersfoort and Utrecht witch trials">Amersfoort and Utrecht witch trials</a> (1591–1595)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bredevoort_witch_trials" title="Bredevoort witch trials">Bredevoort witch trials</a> (1610)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roermond_witch_trial" title="Roermond witch trial">Roermond witch trial</a> (1613)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spa_witch_trial" title="Spa witch trial">Spa witch trial</a> (1616)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukh_witch_trials" title="Lukh witch trials">Lukh witch trials</a> (1656–1660)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzburg_witch_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Salzburg witch trials">Salzburg witch trials</a> (1675–1681)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_witch_trials" title="Liechtenstein witch trials">Liechtenstein witch trials</a> (1679–1682)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outside of Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Virginia" title="Witch trials in Virginia">Witch trials in Virginia</a> (1626–1730)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Witch_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Connecticut Witch Trials">Connecticut Witch Trials</a> (1647–1663)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Witch_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Witch Trials">Maryland Witch Trials</a> (1654–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_New_York" title="Witch trials in New York">Witch trials in New York</a> (1642–1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_witch_trials" title="Salem witch trials">Salem witch trials</a> (1692–1693)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_and_divination_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Witchcraft and divination in the Hebrew Bible">Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament</a> (8th–2nd centuries BC)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Directorium_Inquisitorum" title="Directorium Inquisitorum">Directorium Inquisitorum</a></i> (1376)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_maleficis_mulieribus" class="mw-redirect" title="De maleficis mulieribus">De maleficis mulieribus</a></i> (1440)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Formicarius" title="Formicarius">Formicarius</a></i> (1475)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summis_desiderantes_affectibus" title="Summis desiderantes affectibus">Summis desiderantes affectibus</a></i> (1484)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a></i> (1487)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Lamiis_et_Pythonicis_Mulieribus" class="mw-redirect" title="De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus">De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus</a></i> (1489)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laienspiegel" title="Laienspiegel">Laienspiegel</a></i> (1509)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_praestigiis_daemonum" title="De praestigiis daemonum">De praestigiis daemonum</a></i> (1563)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discoverie_of_Witchcraft" title="The Discoverie of Witchcraft">The Discoverie of Witchcraft</a></i> (1584)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Newes_from_Scotland" title="Newes from Scotland">Newes from Scotland</a></i> (1591)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dialogue_Concerning_Witches_and_Witchcrafts" title="A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts">A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts</a></i> (1593)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonolatreiae_libri_tres" title="Daemonolatreiae libri tres">Daemonolatreiae libri tres</a></i> (1595)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonologie" title="Daemonologie">Daemonologie</a></i> (1597)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magical_Investigations" class="mw-redirect" title="Magical Investigations">Magical Investigations</a></i> (1599)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compendium_Maleficarum" title="Compendium Maleficarum">Compendium Maleficarum</a></i> (1608)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_to_Grand-Jury_Men" title="A Guide to Grand-Jury Men">A Guide to Grand-Jury Men</a></i> (1627)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Witches" class="mw-redirect" title="The Discovery of Witches">The Discovery of Witches</a></i> (1647)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_sur_les_apparitions_des_esprits_et_sur_les_vampires_ou_les_revenans_de_Hongrie,_de_Moravie,_%26c." title="Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.">Treatises on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants</a></i> (1751)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_accusations_against_children" title="Witchcraft accusations against children">accusations against children</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drudenhaus_(prison)" title="Drudenhaus (prison)">Drudenhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf_witch_trials" title="Werewolf witch trials">Werewolf witch trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_Acts" title="Witchcraft Acts">Witchcraft Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_Act_1735" title="Witchcraft Act 1735">Witchcraft Act 1735 (Great Britain)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367436#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367436#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367436#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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