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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>The <b>Witch trials in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a></b> (present-day Belgium and Luxembourg minus the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège">Prince-Bishopric of Liège</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bouillon" title="Duchy of Bouillon">Duchy of Bouillon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Princely_Abbey_of_Stavelot-Malmedy" title="Princely Abbey of Stavelot-Malmedy">Princely Abbey of Stavelot-Malmedy</a>) were among the more intense witch-hunts, along with those of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and France.<sup id="cite_ref-Ankarloo,_Bengt_&_Henningsen,_Gustav_(red.)_(1987)_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ankarloo,_Bengt_&_Henningsen,_Gustav_(red.)_(1987)-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an area recently affected by a religious war, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> encouraged witch trials as a method to ensure religious conformity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In this, it was similar to the <a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Latvia_and_Estonia" title="Witch trials in Latvia and Estonia">Witch trials in Latvia and Estonia</a>. </p><p>The Spanish Netherlands is still regarded as a region with a tremendously large number of organised witch hunts. At the same time, emphasis is placed on the total contrast between the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Netherlands" title="Southern Netherlands">Southern Netherlands</a> on the one hand, and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> or the Northern Netherlands (now the Kingdom of the Netherlands) on the other, with witchcraft prosecution being comparatively rare in the North. Archival evidence and the number of people executed as witches at first sight seem to support this contrast. The current state of historical research shows that between 1450 and 1685 at least 1,150 to 1,250 individuals were executed as witches in the South – a number that is a great deal higher than the 160 to 200 persons put to death as witches in the Northern Netherlands between 1450 and 1608. However, within the Southern Netherlands, a clear distinction should be made between prosecutions in Dutch-speaking and in French- and German-speaking areas.<sup id="cite_ref-vanysacker_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanysacker-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witch_trials_in_the_Spanish_Netherlands&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Een_warachtige_beschrijvinge_van_64_tooveressen_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Een_warachtige_beschrijvinge_van_64_tooveressen_%281%29.jpg/220px-Een_warachtige_beschrijvinge_van_64_tooveressen_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Een_warachtige_beschrijvinge_van_64_tooveressen_%281%29.jpg/330px-Een_warachtige_beschrijvinge_van_64_tooveressen_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Een_warachtige_beschrijvinge_van_64_tooveressen_%281%29.jpg/440px-Een_warachtige_beschrijvinge_van_64_tooveressen_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption>Witch burning in Roermond in 1613 (depicted in <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/nl:Een_warachtige_beschrijvinge_van_64_tooveressen" class="extiw" title="s:nl:Een warachtige beschrijvinge van 64 tooveressen">Een warachtige beschrijvinge van 64 tooveressen|Een warachtige beschrijvinge van 64 tooveressen</a></i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Groningen" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Groningen">province of Groningen</a>'s first trials were in 1457, leading to the executions of twenty women and a man. In the 1550s the area between Rhine and Meuse was hit hard, while in the 1560s, and particularly in 1564, prosecutions peaked in the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">County of Holland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vanysacker_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanysacker-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch War of Independence">Dutch War of Independence</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> were divided. The Northern Netherlands became a Protestant republic, while the Southern Netherlands remained under Catholic <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg Spain</a>. In the Northern Netherlands witch trials were rare but peaked earlier than in the Southern Netherlands. Despite significant losses of archival material, it seems that the Northern Netherlands saw most of their trials for sorcery and witchcraft between 1550 and 1575, when prosecutions in the Southern Netherlands were only just beginning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witch_trials_in_the_Spanish_Netherlands&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French-_and_German-speaking_areas_-_south_of_the_language_border">French- and German-speaking areas - south of the language border</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witch_trials_in_the_Spanish_Netherlands&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: French- and German-speaking areas - south of the language border"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Namur, Luxembourg, Walloon Flanders, Artois and Cambrai experienced a first serious wave of witch trials already in the first half of the 16th century. The persecutions were also much more intense: although the region is mostly rural and therefore far less populous, the number of executed witches makes up for 75% of the total number of executions of the Southern Netherlands. The figures are particularly high for Namur and Luxembourg. </p><p>The proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Trier_witch_trials" title="Trier witch trials">Trier witch trials</a>, where between 1581 and 1591 around 350 people were executed, the influence of the demonological treatises of Peter Binsfeld, and local experts in witch-finding (Hexenausschüsse or Monopoles) who trawled the villages looking for every possible rumour concerning witchcraft, all certainly played a decisive role in these high figures. The number of executions in the French-speaking part is estimated at minimum 478 and maximum 578 people, in the German -speaking part - Duchy of Luxembourg - 358 people, bringing the total of this area to 836 to 936.<sup id="cite_ref-vanysacker_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanysacker-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch-speaking_areas_-_north_of_the_language_border">Dutch-speaking areas - north of the language border</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witch_trials_in_the_Spanish_Netherlands&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dutch-speaking areas - north of the language border"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only around 1589 witch trials really broke through the language boundary, with initial peaks to 1612 (Brabant) and 1628 (Flanders), a ‘revival’ around 1630/45 and – at least for Flanders – the final executions after 1650. </p><p>The total number of executions is 314, while the population was considerably higher compared to the French- and German speaking area's. In the merchant city of Antwerp only one woman was burned at the stake in 1603, a remarkably low number for such an important and populous city. The essential difference between the Dutch-speaking regions of the Southern Netherlands and the Northern Netherlands lays more in the chronology than in the intensity of witchcraft prosecutions.<sup id="cite_ref-vanysacker_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanysacker-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_end">The end</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witch_trials_in_the_Spanish_Netherlands&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The end"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Witch trials in the Spanish Netherlands gradually became fewer after the 1630s. In 1684, <a href="/wiki/Martha_van_Wetteren" title="Martha van Wetteren">Martha van Wetteren</a> became the last person to be executed for sorcery in Flanders, and after 1692 no more witch trials were held.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender">Gender</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witch_trials_in_the_Spanish_Netherlands&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The proportion of women executed as witches in the Southern Netherlands is entirely comparable to those for early modern Europe as a whole with an average is 80% women. In the County of Flanders that was the exact proportion (162 of the 202 executed). In the Dutch-speaking parts of Brabant however 94% of those put to death were women. In Hainaut only women were executed and in Namur 92% of executed were women. </p><p>But Luxembourg (75%), Cambrai and Artois (64%) paint a somewhat different picture, although this may also be due to a lack of archival sources.<sup id="cite_ref-vanysacker_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanysacker-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witch_trials_in_the_Spanish_Netherlands&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Witch trials in the early modern period">Witch trials in the early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf_witch_trials" title="Werewolf witch trials">Werewolf witch trials</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witch_trials_in_the_Spanish_Netherlands&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ankarloo,_Bengt_&_Henningsen,_Gustav_(red.)_(1987)-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ankarloo,_Bengt_&_Henningsen,_Gustav_(red.)_(1987)_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ankarloo, Bengt & Henningsen, Gustav (red.), Skrifter. Bd 13, Häxornas Europa 1400-1700 : historiska och antropologiska studier, Nerenius & Santérus, Stockholm, 1987</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vanysacker-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vanysacker_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanysacker_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanysacker_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanysacker_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanysacker_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dries Vanysacker, "Prosecutions for Sorcery and Witchcraft in Europe" in: Renilde Vervoort, "Bruegel's Witches. Witchcraft Images in the Low Countries between 1450 and 1700" Bruges 2016, 11-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rik Opsommer und Jos Monballyu, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historicum.net/themen/hexenforschung/lexikon/alphabetisch/a-g/art/Flandern_Hexe/html/artikel/1617/ca/e9973beb07/">Hexenverfolgungen Flandern, Grafschaft</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211081545/https://www.historicum.net/themen/hexenforschung/lexikon/alphabetisch/a-g/art/Flandern_Hexe/html/artikel/1617/ca/e9973beb07/">Archived</a> 2017-02-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Witch_trials" title="Template:Witch trials"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Witch_trials" title="Template talk:Witch trials"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Witch_trials" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Witch trials"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Witch_trials" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Witch trials in the early modern period">Witch trials</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the British Isles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_early_modern_Britain" title="Witchcraft in early modern Britain">Witchcraft in early modern Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_Witch_Trials" title="Channel Islands Witch Trials">Channel Islands Witch Trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_England" title="Witch trials in England">Witch trials in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Orkney" title="Witchcraft in Orkney">Witchcraft in Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_early_modern_Scotland" title="Witch trials in early modern Scotland">Witch trials in early modern Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_early_modern_Wales" title="Witchcraft in early modern Wales">Witchcraft in early modern Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Witches" title="Windsor Witches">Windsor Witches</a> (1579)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Osyth_Witches" title="St Osyth Witches">St Osyth Witches</a> (1582)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches_of_Warboys" title="Witches of Warboys">Witches of Warboys</a> (1589–1593)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Berwick_witch_trials" title="North Berwick witch trials">North Berwick witch trials</a> (1590)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Scottish_Witch_Hunt_of_1597" title="Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1597">Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1597</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendle_witches" title="Pendle witches">Pendle witches</a> (1612)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire_witch_trials" title="Northamptonshire witch trials">Northamptonshire witch trials</a> (1612)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samlesbury_witches" title="Samlesbury witches">Samlesbury witches</a> (1612)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches_of_Belvoir" title="Witches of Belvoir">Witches of Belvoir</a> (1619)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds_witch_trials" title="Bury St Edmunds witch trials">Bury St Edmunds witch trials</a> (1645, 1662, 1655, 1694)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Scottish_witch_hunt_of_1649%E2%80%9350" title="Great Scottish witch hunt of 1649–50">Great Scottish witch hunt of 1649–50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alloa_witches" title="Alloa witches">Alloa witch trials (1658)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Scottish_Witch_Hunt_of_1661%E2%80%9362" title="Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1661–62">Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1661–62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bute_witches" title="Bute witches">Bute witches</a> (1662)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bideford_witch_trial" title="Bideford witch trial">Bideford witch trial</a> (1682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisley_witches" title="Paisley witches">Paisley witches</a> (1696)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittenweem_witches" title="Pittenweem witches">Pittenweem witches</a> (1704)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islandmagee_witch_trial" title="Islandmagee witch trial">Islandmagee witch trial</a> (1711)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Hungary" title="Witch trials in Hungary">Witch trials in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Poland" title="Witch trials in Poland">Witch trials in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasina_Wielka_witch_trial" title="Kasina Wielka witch trial">Kasina Wielka witch trial</a> (1634)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Moravia_witch_trials" title="Northern Moravia witch trials">Northern Moravia witch trials</a> (1678)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szeged_witch_trials" title="Szeged witch trials">Szeged witch trials</a> (1728–29)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doruch%C3%B3w_witch_trial" title="Doruchów witch trial">Doruchowo witch trial</a> (1783)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_France" title="Witch trials in France">Witch trials in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labourd_witch-hunt_of_1609" title="Labourd witch-hunt of 1609">Labourd witch-hunt of 1609</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence_possessions" title="Aix-en-Provence possessions">Aix-en-Provence possessions</a> (1611)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudun_possessions" title="Loudun possessions">Loudun possessions</a> (1633–34)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louviers_possessions" title="Louviers possessions">Louviers possessions</a> (1647)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_witch_trials" title="Normandy witch trials">Normandy witch trials</a> (1669–70)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affair_of_the_Poisons" title="Affair of the Poisons">Affair of the Poisons</a> (1679–1682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Wizards_of_Lyon" title="Trial of the Wizards of Lyon">Trial of the Wizards of Lyon</a> (1742–1745)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire">Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rottweil_Witch_Trials" title="Rottweil Witch Trials">Rottweil Witch Trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derenburg_witch_trials" title="Derenburg witch trials">Derenburg witch trials</a> (1555)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesensteig_witch_trial" title="Wiesensteig witch trial">Wiesensteig witch trial</a> (1562–1563)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rottenburg_witch_trials" title="Rottenburg witch trials">Rottenburg witch trials</a> (1578–1613)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trier_witch_trials" title="Trier witch trials">Trier witch trials</a> (1581–1593)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pappenheimer_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Pappenheimer family">Pappenheimer family witch trial</a> (1600)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulda_witch_trials" title="Fulda witch trials">Fulda witch trials</a> (1603–1606)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellwangen_witch_trial" title="Ellwangen witch trial">Ellwangen witch trial</a> (1611–1618)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichst%C3%A4tt_witch_trials" title="Eichstätt witch trials">Eichstätt witch trials</a> (1617–1630)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_witch_trials" title="Würzburg witch trials">Würzburg witch trials</a> (1626–1631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamberg_witch_trials" title="Bamberg witch trials">Bamberg witch trials</a> (1626–1631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden-Baden_witch_trials" title="Baden-Baden witch trials">Baden-Baden witch trials</a> (1627–1631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mergentheim_witch_trials" title="Mergentheim witch trials">Mergentheim witch trials</a> (1628–1631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esslingen_witch_trials" title="Esslingen witch trials">Esslingen witch trials</a> (1662–1666)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trial_of_Fuersteneck" title="Witch trial of Fuersteneck">Witch trial of Fuersteneck</a> (1703)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Denmark" title="Witch trials in Denmark">Witch trials in Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Latvia_and_Estonia" title="Witch trials in Latvia and Estonia">Witch trials in Estonia and Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Finland" title="Witch trials in Finland">Witch trials in Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Iceland" title="Witch trials in Iceland">Witch trials in Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Norway" title="Witch trials in Norway">Witch trials in Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Sweden" title="Witch trials in Sweden">Witch trials in Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B5lula_witch_trials" title="Põlula witch trials">Põlula witch trials</a> (1542)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_witch_trials" title="Copenhagen witch trials">Copenhagen witch trials</a> (1590)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyldenstierne-sagen" title="Gyldenstierne-sagen">Gyldenstierne-sagen</a> (1596)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B8ge_Huskors" title="Køge Huskors">Køge Huskors</a> (1608–1615)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finsp%C3%A5ng_witch_trial" title="Finspång witch trial">Finspång witch trial</a> (1617)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vard%C3%B8_witch_trials_(1621)" title="Vardø witch trials (1621)">Vardø witch trials (1621)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akershus_witch_trials" title="Akershus witch trials">Akershus witch trials</a> (1624)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsele_witch_trial" title="Ramsele witch trial">Ramsele witch trial</a> (1634)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosborg_witch_trials" title="Rosborg witch trials">Rosborg witch trials</a> (1639–1642)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vard%C3%B8_witch_trials_(1651%E2%80%931653)" title="Vardø witch trials (1651–1653)">Vardø witch trials (1651–1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkjub%C3%B3l_witch_trial" title="Kirkjuból witch trial">Kirkjuból witch trial</a> (1656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vard%C3%B8_witch_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Vardø witch trials">Vardø witch trials</a> (1662–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastelholm_witch_trials" title="Kastelholm witch trials">Kastelholm witch trials</a> (1665–1668)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mora_witch_trial" title="Mora witch trial">Mora witch trial</a> (1669)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tors%C3%A5ker_witch_trials" title="Torsåker witch trials">Torsåker witch trials</a> (1675)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katarina_witch_trials" title="Katarina witch trials">Katarina witch trials</a> (1676)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rug%C3%A5rd_witch_trials" title="Rugård witch trials">Rugård witch trials</a> (1685–86)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thisted_witch_trial" title="Thisted witch trial">Thisted witch trial</a> (1696–1698)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Italy" title="Witch trials in Italy">Witch trials in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Catalonia" title="Witch trials in Catalonia">Witch trials in Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Portugal" title="Witch trials in Portugal">Witch trials in Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch trials in Sicily">Witch trials in Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Spain" title="Witch trials in Spain">Witch trials in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Camonica_witch_trials" title="Val Camonica witch trials">Val Camonica witch trials</a> (1505, 1518)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirandola_witch_trials" title="Mirandola witch trials">Mirandola witch trials</a> (1522–1525)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarre_witch_trials_(1525%E2%80%9326)" title="Navarre witch trials (1525–26)">Navarre witch trials (1525–26)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_witch_trial" title="Lisbon witch trial">Lisbon witch trial</a> (1559–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benandanti" title="Benandanti">Benandanti</a> (1575–1650)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches_of_Laspa%C3%BAles" title="Witches of Laspaúles">Witches of Laspaúles</a> (1593)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_witch_trials" title="Basque witch trials">Basque witch trials</a> (1609)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrassa_witch_trials" title="Terrassa witch trials">Terrassa witch trials</a> (1615–1619)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trial_of_Nogaredo" title="Witch trial of Nogaredo">Witch trial of Nogaredo</a> (1646–47)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elsewhere <br /> in Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_Netherlands" title="Witch trials in the Netherlands">Witch trials in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Witch trials in the Spanish Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stedelen" title="Stedelen">Stedelen witch trial</a> (1397–1407)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valais_witch_trials" title="Valais witch trials">Valais witch trials</a> (1428–1447)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_witch_trials" title="Geneva witch trials">Geneva witch trials</a> (1571)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amersfoort_and_Utrecht_witch_trials" title="Amersfoort and Utrecht witch trials">Amersfoort and Utrecht witch trials</a> (1591–1595)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bredevoort_witch_trials" title="Bredevoort witch trials">Bredevoort witch trials</a> (1610)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roermond_witch_trial" title="Roermond witch trial">Roermond witch trial</a> (1613)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spa_witch_trial" title="Spa witch trial">Spa witch trial</a> (1616)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukh_witch_trials" title="Lukh witch trials">Lukh witch trials</a> (1656–1660)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzburg_witch_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Salzburg witch trials">Salzburg witch trials</a> (1675–1681)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_witch_trials" title="Liechtenstein witch trials">Liechtenstein witch trials</a> (1679–1682)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outside of Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Virginia" title="Witch trials in Virginia">Witch trials in Virginia</a> (1626–1730)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Witch_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Connecticut Witch Trials">Connecticut Witch Trials</a> (1647–1663)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Witch_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Witch Trials">Maryland Witch Trials</a> (1654–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_New_York" title="Witch trials in New York">Witch trials in New York</a> (1642–1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_witch_trials" title="Salem witch trials">Salem witch trials</a> (1692–1693)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_and_divination_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Witchcraft and divination in the Hebrew Bible">Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament</a> (8th–2nd centuries BC)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Directorium_Inquisitorum" title="Directorium Inquisitorum">Directorium Inquisitorum</a></i> (1376)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_maleficis_mulieribus" class="mw-redirect" title="De maleficis mulieribus">De maleficis mulieribus</a></i> (1440)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Formicarius" title="Formicarius">Formicarius</a></i> (1475)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summis_desiderantes_affectibus" title="Summis desiderantes affectibus">Summis desiderantes affectibus</a></i> (1484)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a></i> (1487)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Lamiis_et_Pythonicis_Mulieribus" class="mw-redirect" title="De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus">De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus</a></i> (1489)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laienspiegel" title="Laienspiegel">Laienspiegel</a></i> (1509)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_praestigiis_daemonum" title="De praestigiis daemonum">De praestigiis daemonum</a></i> (1563)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discoverie_of_Witchcraft" title="The Discoverie of Witchcraft">The Discoverie of Witchcraft</a></i> (1584)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Newes_from_Scotland" title="Newes from Scotland">Newes from Scotland</a></i> (1591)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dialogue_Concerning_Witches_and_Witchcrafts" title="A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts">A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts</a></i> (1593)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonolatreiae_libri_tres" title="Daemonolatreiae libri tres">Daemonolatreiae libri tres</a></i> (1595)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonologie" title="Daemonologie">Daemonologie</a></i> (1597)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magical_Investigations" class="mw-redirect" title="Magical Investigations">Magical Investigations</a></i> (1599)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compendium_Maleficarum" title="Compendium Maleficarum">Compendium Maleficarum</a></i> (1608)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_to_Grand-Jury_Men" title="A Guide to Grand-Jury Men">A Guide to Grand-Jury Men</a></i> (1627)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Witches" class="mw-redirect" title="The Discovery of Witches">The Discovery of Witches</a></i> (1647)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_sur_les_apparitions_des_esprits_et_sur_les_vampires_ou_les_revenans_de_Hongrie,_de_Moravie,_%26c." title="Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.">Treatises on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants</a></i> (1751)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_accusations_against_children" title="Witchcraft accusations against children">accusations against children</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drudenhaus_(prison)" title="Drudenhaus (prison)">Drudenhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf_witch_trials" title="Werewolf witch trials">Werewolf witch trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_Acts" title="Witchcraft Acts">Witchcraft Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_Act_1735" title="Witchcraft Act 1735">Witchcraft Act 1735 (Great Britain)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Witch_trials_in_the_Spanish_Netherlands&oldid=1256135914">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Witch_trials_in_the_Spanish_Netherlands&oldid=1256135914</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_establishments_in_Europe" 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