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Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%87" title="هيرمان كولبه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيرمان كولبه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%87" title="هرمان کولبه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هرمان کولبه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%8D" title="Адольф Вільгельм Герман Кольбэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Адольф Вільгельм Герман Кольбэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Wilhelm_Hermann_Kolbe" title="Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Kolbe" title="Hermann Kolbe – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hermann Kolbe" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Kolbe" title="Hermann Kolbe – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hermann Kolbe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Kolbe" title="Hermann Kolbe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hermann Kolbe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Wilhelm_Hermann_Kolbe" title="Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Kolbe" title="Hermann Kolbe – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hermann Kolbe" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Wilhelm_Herman_Kolbe" title="Adolf Wilhelm Herman Kolbe – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Adolf Wilhelm Herman Kolbe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%87" title="هرمان کولبه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هرمان کولبه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Kolbe" title="Hermann Kolbe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hermann Kolbe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Kolbe" title="Hermann Kolbe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hermann Kolbe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Wilhelm_Hermann_Kolbe" title="Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A2%D5%A5" title="Հերման Կոլբե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հերման Կոլբե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Kolbe" title="Hermann Kolbe – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hermann Kolbe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Wilhelm_Hermann_Kolbe" title="Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%94" title="הרמן קולבה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרמן קולבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86" title="ಅಡಾಲ್ಫ್ ವಿಲ್‌ಹೆಲ್ಮ್ ಹೆರ್ಮನ್ ಕೊಲ್ಬೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಡಾಲ್ಫ್ ವಿಲ್‌ಹೆಲ್ಮ್ ಹೆರ್ಮನ್ ಕೊಲ್ಬೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermannus_Kolbe" title="Hermannus Kolbe – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hermannus Kolbe" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%87" title="هيرمان كولبه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هيرمان كولبه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Kolbe" title="Hermann Kolbe – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hermann Kolbe" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%99" title="ヘルマン・コルベ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘルマン・コルベ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Wilhelm_Hermann_Kolbe" title="Adolf Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Adolf Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Wilhelm_Hermann_Kolbe" title="Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Wilhelm_Hermann_Kolbe" title="Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Wilhelm_Hermann_Kolbe" title="Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5,_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кольбе, Адольф Вильгельм Герман – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кольбе, Адольф Вильгельм Герман" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Wilhelm_Hermann_Kolbe" title="Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Kolbe" title="Hermann Kolbe – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hermann Kolbe" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hermann_Kolbe" title="Adolf Hermann Kolbe – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Adolf Hermann Kolbe" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Kolbe" title="Hermann Kolbe – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hermann Kolbe" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Kolbe" title="Hermann Kolbe – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hermann Kolbe" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Kolbe" title="Hermann Kolbe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hermann Kolbe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Адольф Вільгельм Герман Кольбе – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Адольф Вільгельм Герман Кольбе" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Kolbe" title="Hermann Kolbe – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hermann Kolbe" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E8%B4%9D" title="阿道夫·威廉·赫尔曼·科尔贝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿道夫·威廉·赫尔曼·科尔贝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q76621#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kolbe" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Hermann_Kolbe" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German chemist (1818–1884)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Hermann Kolbe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermann_Kolbe2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Hermann_Kolbe2.jpg/220px-Hermann_Kolbe2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Hermann_Kolbe2.jpg/330px-Hermann_Kolbe2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Hermann_Kolbe2.jpg/440px-Hermann_Kolbe2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="621" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Kolbe, c. 1860</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1818-09-27</span>)</span>27 September 1818<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Elliehausen, near <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">25 November 1884<span style="display:none">(1884-11-25)</span> (aged 66)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg">University of Marburg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kolbe_electrolysis" title="Kolbe electrolysis">Kolbe electrolysis</a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Kolbe%E2%80%93Schmitt_reaction" title="Kolbe–Schmitt reaction">Kolbe–Schmitt reaction</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Kolbe_nitrile_synthesis" title="Kolbe nitrile synthesis">Kolbe nitrile synthesis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Davy_Medal" title="Davy Medal">Davy Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1884)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_J,_K,_L" title="List of fellows of the Royal Society J, K, L">ForMemRS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1877)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">Chemist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg">University of Marburg</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">University of Leipzig</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">Robert Bunsen</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Griess" title="Peter Griess">Peter Griess</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Mikhailovich_Zaitsev" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Mikhailovich Zaitsev">Aleksandr Mikhailovich Zaitsev</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Curtius" title="Theodor Curtius">Theodor Curtius</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Otto_Beckmann" title="Ernst Otto Beckmann">Ernst Otto Beckmann</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Graebe" title="Carl Graebe">Carl Graebe</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Loew" title="Oscar Loew">Oscar Loew</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Fahlberg" title="Constantin Fahlberg">Constantin Fahlberg</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Menshutkin" title="Nikolai Menshutkin">Nikolai Menshutkin</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Markovnikov" title="Vladimir Markovnikov">Vladimir Markovnikov</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Volhard" title="Jacob Volhard">Jacob Volhard</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mond" title="Ludwig Mond">Ludwig Mond</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Crum_Brown" title="Alexander Crum Brown">Alexander Crum Brown</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Simpson" title="Maxwell Simpson">Maxwell Simpson</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Guthrie_(scientist)" title="Frederick Guthrie (scientist)">Frederick Guthrie</a> [Note, not primary advisor for all in this list]</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe</b> (27 September 1818 – 25 November 1884<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_bio_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_bio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was a major contributor to the birth of modern <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a>. He was a professor at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg">Marburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_University" title="Leipzig University">Leipzig</a>. Kolbe was the first to apply the term <a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">synthesis</a> in a chemical context, and contributed to the philosophical demise of <a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">vitalism</a> through synthesis of the <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic chemical">organic substance</a> acetic acid from <a href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">carbon disulfide</a>, and also contributed to the development of <a href="/wiki/Structural_theory" title="Structural theory">structural theory</a>. This was done via modifications to the idea of "radicals" and accurate prediction of the existence of secondary and tertiary alcohols, and to the emerging array of organic reactions through his <a href="/wiki/Kolbe_electrolysis" title="Kolbe electrolysis">Kolbe electrolysis</a> of carboxylate salts, the <a href="/wiki/Kolbe-Schmitt_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolbe-Schmitt reaction">Kolbe-Schmitt reaction</a> in the preparation of <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kolbe_nitrile_synthesis" title="Kolbe nitrile synthesis">Kolbe nitrile synthesis</a>. After studies with <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Wöhler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">Bunsen</a>, Kolbe was involved with the early internationalization of chemistry through work in London (with <a href="/wiki/Edward_Frankland" title="Edward Frankland">Frankland</a>). He was elected to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and won the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Society of London">Royal Society of London</a>'s Davy Medal in the year of his death. Despite these accomplishments and his training important members of the next generation of chemists (including <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Mikhailovich_Zaitsev" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Mikhailovich Zaitsev">Zaitsev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Curtius" title="Theodor Curtius">Curtius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Otto_Beckmann" title="Ernst Otto Beckmann">Beckmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Graebe" title="Carl Graebe">Graebe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Markovnikov" title="Vladimir Markovnikov">Markovnikov</a>, and others), Kolbe is best remembered for editing the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_f%C3%BCr_praktische_Chemie" class="extiw" title="de:Journal für praktische Chemie"><i>Journal für Praktische Chemie</i></a> for more than a decade, in which his vituperative essays on <a href="/wiki/August_Kekul%C3%A9" title="August Kekulé">Kekulé</a>'s structure of benzene, <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff">van't Hoff</a>'s theory on the origin of <a href="/wiki/Chirality" title="Chirality">chirality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Baeyer" title="Adolf von Baeyer">Baeyer</a>'s reforms of nomenclature were personally critical and linguistically violent. Kolbe died of a heart attack in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> at age 66, six years after the death of his wife, Charlotte. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Kolbe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kolbe was born in Elliehausen, near <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a> (Germany) as the eldest son of a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> pastor. At the age of 13, he entered the Göttingen Gymnasium, residing at the home of one of the professors. He obtained the leaving certificate (the <a href="/wiki/Abitur" title="Abitur">Abitur</a>) six years later. He had become passionate about the study of <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, matriculating at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a> in the spring of 1838 in order to study with the famous chemist <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_bio_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_bio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1842, he became an assistant to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">Robert Bunsen</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg">Philipps-Universität Marburg</a>. He took his doctoral degree in 1843 at the same university. A new opportunity arose in 1845, when he became assistant to <a href="/wiki/Lyon_Playfair,_1st_Baron_Playfair" title="Lyon Playfair, 1st Baron Playfair">Lyon Playfair</a> at the new <i>Museum of Economic Geology</i> in London and a close friend of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Frankland" title="Edward Frankland">Edward Frankland</a>. From 1847, he was engaged in editing the <i>Handwörterbuch der reinen und angewandten Chemie</i> (<i>Dictionary of Pure and Applied Chemistry</i>) edited by <a href="/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig" title="Justus von Liebig">Justus von Liebig</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%C3%B6hler" title="Wöhler">Wöhler</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Poggendorff" title="Johann Christian Poggendorff">Johann Christian Poggendorff</a>, and he also wrote an important textbook. In 1851, Kolbe succeeded Bunsen as professor of chemistry at Marburg and, in 1865, he was called to the <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_University" title="Leipzig University">Universität Leipzig</a>. In 1864, he was elected a foreign member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected as a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1853, he married Charlotte, the daughter of General-Major Wilhelm von Bardeleben. His wife died in 1876 after 23 years of happy marriage. They had four children. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work_in_chemical_research">Work in chemical research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Kolbe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work in chemical research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As late as the 1840s, and despite <a href="/wiki/W%C3%B6hler_synthesis" title="Wöhler synthesis">Friedrich Wöhler's synthesis of urea</a> in 1828, some chemists still believed in the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">vitalism</a>, according to which a special life-force was necessary to create "organic" (i.e., in its original meaning, biologically derived) compounds. Kolbe promoted the idea that <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a> could be derived from substances clearly sourced from outside this "organic" context, directly or indirectly, by substitution processes. (Hence, while by modern definitions, he was converting one <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic molecule</a> to another, by the parlance of his era, he was converting "inorganic"—<i>anorganisch</i>—substances into "organic" ones only thought accessible through vital processes.) He validated his theory by converting <a href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">carbon disulfide (CS<sub>2</sub>)</a> to <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>COOH</span>) in several steps (1843–45). Kolbe also introduced a modified idea of structural <a href="/wiki/Radical_theory" title="Radical theory">radicals</a>, so contributing to the development of <a href="/wiki/Structural_theory" title="Structural theory">structural theory</a>. A dramatic success came when his theoretical prediction of the existence of secondary and tertiary <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohols</a> was confirmed by the synthesis of the first of these classes of organic molecules. Kolbe was the first person to use the word <a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">synthesis</a> in its present-day meaning,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and contributed a number of new chemical reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_bio_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_bio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In particular, Kolbe developed procedures for the <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> of the salts of <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid">carboxylic acids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kolbe_electrolysis" title="Kolbe electrolysis">Kolbe electrolysis</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (July 2014)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and prepared <a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">salicylic acid</a>, a building block of <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a> in a process called <a href="/wiki/Kolbe_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolbe synthesis">Kolbe synthesis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kolbe-Schmitt_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolbe-Schmitt reaction">Kolbe-Schmitt reaction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kolbe-Schmitt_Reaction_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolbe-Schmitt_Reaction-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His method for the synthesis of nitriles is called the <a href="/wiki/Kolbe_nitrile_synthesis" title="Kolbe nitrile synthesis">Kolbe nitrile synthesis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with <a href="/wiki/Edward_Frankland" title="Edward Frankland">Edward Frankland</a> he found that <a href="/wiki/Nitrile" title="Nitrile">nitriles</a> can be hydrolyzed to the corresponding acids.<sup id="cite_ref-Kolbe_Nitrile_Synthesis_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolbe_Nitrile_Synthesis-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to his own bench research and scholarly and editorial work, Kolbe oversaw student research at Leipzig and especially at Marburg; students spending time under his tutelage included <a href="/wiki/Peter_Griess" title="Peter Griess">Peter Griess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Mikhailovich_Zaitsev" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Mikhailovich Zaitsev">Aleksandr Mikhailovich Zaitsev</a> (known for <a href="/wiki/Zaitsev%27s_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaitsev's rule">Zaitsev's rule</a> predicting the product composition of elimination reactions), <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Curtius" title="Theodor Curtius">Theodor Curtius</a> (discoverer of <a href="/wiki/Diazo" title="Diazo">diazo</a> compounds, <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazines</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Curtius_rearrangement" title="Curtius rearrangement">Curtius rearrangement</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Otto_Beckmann" title="Ernst Otto Beckmann">Ernst Otto Beckmann</a> (discoverer of the <a href="/wiki/Beckmann_rearrangement" title="Beckmann rearrangement">Beckmann rearrangement</a>), <a href="/wiki/Carl_Graebe" title="Carl Graebe">Carl Graebe</a> (discoverer of <a href="/wiki/Alizarin" title="Alizarin">alizarin</a>), <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Loew" title="Oscar Loew">Oscar Loew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Fahlberg" title="Constantin Fahlberg">Constantin Fahlberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Menshutkin" title="Nikolai Menshutkin">Nikolai Menshutkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Markovnikov" title="Vladimir Markovnikov">Vladimir Markovnikov</a> (first to describe <a href="/wiki/Carbocycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbocycle">carbocycles</a> smaller and larger than <a href="/wiki/Cyclohexane" title="Cyclohexane">cyclohexane</a>, and known for <a href="/wiki/Markovnikov%27s_rule" title="Markovnikov's rule">Markovnikov's rule</a> describing addition reactions to alkenes), <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Volhard" title="Jacob Volhard">Jacob Volhard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mond" title="Ludwig Mond">Ludwig Mond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Crum_Brown" title="Alexander Crum Brown">Alexander Crum Brown</a> (first to describe the double bond of ethylene), <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Simpson" title="Maxwell Simpson">Maxwell Simpson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Guthrie_(scientist)" title="Frederick Guthrie (scientist)">Frederick Guthrie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-worldofchemicals.com_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldofchemicals.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work_as_journal_editor">Work as journal editor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Kolbe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Work as journal editor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides his work for <a href="/wiki/Periodical" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodical">periodicals</a> he wrote numerous books<sup id="cite_ref-goodreads_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goodreads-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kolbe served for more than a decade as what, in modern terms, would be understood the senior editor of the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_f%C3%BCr_praktische_Chemie" class="extiw" title="de:Journal für praktische Chemie"><i>Journal für Praktische Chemie</i></a> (<i>Journal of practical chemistry</i>, from 1870 to 1884), Kolbe was sometimes so severely critical of the work of others, especially after about 1874, that some wondered whether he might have been suffering a mental illness. He was intolerant of what he regarded as loose speculation parading as theory, and sought through his writings to save his beloved science of chemistry from what he regarded as the scourge of modern structural theory.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_bio_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_bio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> His rejection of structural chemistry, especially the theories of the structure of benzene by <a href="/wiki/August_Kekul%C3%A9" title="August Kekulé">August Kekulé</a>, the theory of the <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_carbon_atom" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymmetric carbon atom">asymmetric carbon atom</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff">J.H. van't Hoff</a>, and the reform of chemical nomenclature by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Baeyer" title="Adolf von Baeyer">Adolf von Baeyer</a>, was expressed in his vituperative articles in the <i>Journal für Praktische Chemie</i>. Some translated quotes illustrate his manner of articulating the deep conflict between his interpretation of chemistry and that of the structural chemists: </p><blockquote><p>«<i>...Baeyer is an excellent experimentor, but he is only an empiricist, lacking sense and capability, and his interpretations of his experiments show particular deficiency in his familiarity with the principles of true science...»</i><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_bio_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_bio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The violence of his language worked to limit his posthumous reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-Today_In_Science_History_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Today_In_Science_History-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Kolbe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=7863532"><i>Untersuchungen über die Elektrolyse organischer Verbindungen</i></a>. Edinburgh: Livingstone. 1947.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Untersuchungen+%C3%BCber+die+Elektrolyse+organischer+Verbindungen&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Livingstone&rft.date=1947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D7863532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermann+Kolbe" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Kolbe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocke,_Alan_J.1993" class="citation book cs1">Rocke, Alan J. (1993). <i>The Quiet Revolution: Hermann Kolbe and the Science of Organic Chemistry</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08110-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08110-9"><bdi>978-0-520-08110-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quiet+Revolution%3A+Hermann+Kolbe+and+the+Science+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08110-9&rft.au=Rocke%2C+Alan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermann+Kolbe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Meyer,_E.1884" class="citation journal cs1">von Meyer, E. (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1427902">"Zur Erinnerung an Hermann Kolbe"</a>. <i>Journal für Praktische Chemie</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 417–467. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fprac.18850300143">10.1002/prac.18850300143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+f%C3%BCr+Praktische+Chemie&rft.atitle=Zur+Erinnerung+an+Hermann+Kolbe&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=417-467&rft.date=1884&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fprac.18850300143&rft.au=von+Meyer%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1427902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermann+Kolbe" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Kolbe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Britannica_bio-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_bio_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_bio_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_bio_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_bio_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_bio_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_J._Rocke" class="citation web cs1">Alan J. Rocke. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hermann-Kolbe">"Hermann Kolbe – German chemist"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hermann+Kolbe+%E2%80%93+German+chemist&rft.au=Alan+J.+Rocke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FHermann-Kolbe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermann+Kolbe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocke1993" class="citation book cs1">Rocke, Alan J. (1993). <i>The Quiet Revolution: Hermann Kolbe and the Science of Organic Chemistry</i>. Berkeley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08110-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08110-9"><bdi>978-0-520-08110-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quiet+Revolution%3A+Hermann+Kolbe+and+the+Science+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08110-9&rft.aulast=Rocke&rft.aufirst=Alan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermann+Kolbe" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?year=1874;smode=advanced;startDoc=1">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fyear%3D1874%3Bsmode%3Dadvanced%3BstartDoc%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermann+Kolbe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kolbe wrote the word "synthesis" describing his project to transform carbon disulfide into acetic acid. See: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolbe1845" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kolbe, H. (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112025847093;view=1up;seq=161">"Beiträge zur Kenntniß der gepaarten Verbindungen"</a> [Contributions to [our] knowledge of paired compounds]. <i>Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie</i> (in German). <b>54</b> (2): 145–188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjlac.18450540202">10.1002/jlac.18450540202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Chemie+und+Pharmacie&rft.atitle=Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+Kenntni%C3%9F+der+gepaarten+Verbindungen&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=145-188&rft.date=1845&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjlac.18450540202&rft.aulast=Kolbe&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duiug.30112025847093%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermann+Kolbe" class="Z3988"></span> From pp. 145–146: <i>"Im Gegensatz zu den bis jetzt bekannten gepaarten organischen Säuren, welche durch Zersetzung organischer Materien von meist complicierter Zusammensetzung unter Einwirkung kräftiger Agentien und unter Verhältnissen entstanden sind, welche eine mehrfache Auslegung der Zersetzungserscheinungen gestatten, werden diejenigen, welche den Gegenstand der nachstehenden Betrachtungen ausmachen, durch Synthese aus Körpern von möglichst einfacher Zusammensetzung gebildet, so daß sie uns über ihre Constitution kaum im Zweifel lassen, und können deshalb gewissermaßen als Prototypen jener Körperreihe angesehen werden."</i> (In contrast to the paired organic acids known until now, which have been formed by the decomposition of organic matter of the most complicated composition during the reaction of strong agencies and under conditions that admit multiple interpretations of decomposition phenomena, those [compounds] that constitute the object of the following observations are formed by synthesis from substances of the simplest possible composition, so that they leave us hardly in doubt about their constitution, and thus can be viewed in a way as prototypes of those series of substances.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermann_Kolbe1849" class="citation journal cs1">Hermann Kolbe (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1427016">"Untersuchungen über die Elektrolyse organischer Verbindungen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Annalen_der_Chemie_und_Pharmacie" class="mw-redirect" title="Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie">Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie</a></i>. <b>69</b> (3): 257–372. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjlac.18490690302">10.1002/jlac.18490690302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Chemie+und+Pharmacie&rft.atitle=Untersuchungen+%C3%BCber+die+Elektrolyse+organischer+Verbindungen&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=257-372&rft.date=1849&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjlac.18490690302&rft.au=Hermann+Kolbe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1427016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermann+Kolbe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindseyJeskey1957" class="citation journal cs1">Lindsey, Alan; Jeskey, Harold (1957). "The Kolbe Schmitt Reaction". <i>Chem Rev</i>. <b>57</b> (4): 583–620. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr50016a001">10.1021/cr50016a001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chem+Rev&rft.atitle=The+Kolbe+Schmitt+Reaction&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=583-620&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcr50016a001&rft.aulast=Lindsey&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Jeskey%2C+Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermann+Kolbe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermann_Kolbe1860" class="citation journal cs1">Hermann Kolbe (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1427141">"Ueber Synthese der Salicylsäure"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Annalen_der_Chemie_und_Pharmacie" class="mw-redirect" title="Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie">Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie</a></i>. <b>113</b> (1): 125–127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjlac.18601130120">10.1002/jlac.18601130120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Chemie+und+Pharmacie&rft.atitle=Ueber+Synthese+der+Salicyls%C3%A4ure&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=125-127&rft.date=1860&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjlac.18601130120&rft.au=Hermann+Kolbe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1427141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermann+Kolbe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolbe-Schmitt_Reaction-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kolbe-Schmitt_Reaction_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.organic-chemistry.org/namedreactions/kolbe-schmitt-reaction.shtm">"Kolbe-Schmitt Reaction"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kolbe-Schmitt+Reaction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.organic-chemistry.org%2Fnamedreactions%2Fkolbe-schmitt-reaction.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermann+Kolbe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4TBWg3dIyKQC&q=kolbe+nitrile%25&pg=PA537">Electrochemical Dictionary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolbe_Nitrile_Synthesis-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kolbe_Nitrile_Synthesis_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.organic-chemistry.org/namedreactions/kolbe-nitrile-synthesis.shtm">"Kolbe Nitrile Synthesis"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kolbe+Nitrile+Synthesis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.organic-chemistry.org%2Fnamedreactions%2Fkolbe-nitrile-synthesis.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermann+Kolbe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldofchemicals.com-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-worldofchemicals.com_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819135758/http://www.worldofchemicals.com/495/chemistry-articles/adolph-wilhelm-hermann-kolbe-developer-of-kolbe-synthesis.html">"Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe – developer of Kolbe synthesis"</a>. 11 June 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldofchemicals.com/495/chemistry-articles/adolph-wilhelm-hermann-kolbe-developer-of-kolbe-synthesis.html">the original</a> on 19 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adolph+Wilhelm+Hermann+Kolbe+%E2%80%93+developer+of+Kolbe+synthesis&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldofchemicals.com%2F495%2Fchemistry-articles%2Fadolph-wilhelm-hermann-kolbe-developer-of-kolbe-synthesis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermann+Kolbe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goodreads-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-goodreads_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goodreads.com/author/list/4504758.Hermann_Kolbe">"Books by Hermann Kolbe"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Books+by+Hermann+Kolbe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fauthor%2Flist%2F4504758.Hermann_Kolbe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermann+Kolbe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermann_Kolbe1882" class="citation journal cs1">Hermann Kolbe (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1427894">"Begründung meiner Urtheile über Ad. Baeyer's wissenschaftliche Qualification"</a>. <i>Journal für Praktische Chemie</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 308–323. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fprac.18820260121">10.1002/prac.18820260121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+f%C3%BCr+Praktische+Chemie&rft.atitle=Begr%C3%BCndung+meiner+Urtheile+%C3%BCber+Ad.+Baeyer%27s+wissenschaftliche+Qualification&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=308-323&rft.date=1882&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fprac.18820260121&rft.au=Hermann+Kolbe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1427894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermann+Kolbe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Today_In_Science_History-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Today_In_Science_History_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sciencenotes.org/today-science-history-september-27-adolph-wilhelm-hermann-kolbe/">"Today In Science History – September 27 – Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe"</a>. 27 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Today+In+Science+History+%E2%80%93+September+27+%E2%80%93+Adolph+Wilhelm+Hermann+Kolbe&rft.date=2014-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsciencenotes.org%2Ftoday-science-history-september-27-adolph-wilhelm-hermann-kolbe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermann+Kolbe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Kolbe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Kurzes Lehrbuch der Chemie . 1.Anorganische Chemie</i> . Vieweg, Braunschweig 2. verb. Aufl. 1884 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-7908">Digital edition</a> by the <a href="/wiki/University_and_State_Library_D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="University and State Library Düsseldorf">University and State Library Düsseldorf</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1615-4169/issues">Wiley online library: <i>Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis</i>, ultimate descendant of the <i>Journal für Praktische Chemie</i></a>, accessed 2 July 2014.</li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_f%C3%BCr_praktische_Chemie" class="extiw" title="de:Journal für praktische Chemie"><i>Journal für Praktische Chemie</i></a>, the article on the original German journal and its descendants, German Wikipedia, accessed 2 July 2014.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Kolbe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mjlphd.net/translations.html">Translations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201018004942/https://www.mjlphd.net/translations.html">Archived</a> 18 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> English Translation of Kolbe's seminal 1860 German article in <i>Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie</i>. English title: "On the syntheses of salicylic acid"; German title "Ueber Synthese der Salicylsäure".</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76621#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76621#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76621#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000080819761">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2551354">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/238123/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbGWqK3wmPcXB8g9kTfv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119151375">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88129996">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12373901z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12373901z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kolbe, Hermann"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CUBV147753">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35249797">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0070208&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p139932178">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90781396">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=241420">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810617207605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007278037005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515547006706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA12995763?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=141931">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/881945">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119151375.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119151375">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032775172">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w66h5s8v">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Kolbe&oldid=1245880590">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Kolbe&oldid=1245880590</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_German_chemists" title="Category:19th-century German 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