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<span>Reflective religious philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reflective_religious_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-God" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#God"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>God</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-God-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle God subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-God-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ontological_arguments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ontological_arguments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ontological arguments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ontological_arguments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concept_of_God" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concept_of_God"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Concept of God</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concept_of_God-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare_and_Bioethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare_and_Bioethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Healthcare and Bioethics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Healthcare_and_Bioethics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Healthcare and Bioethics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Healthcare_and_Bioethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medical_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Medical care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Euthanasia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Euthanasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Euthanasia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Euthanasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Abortion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islamic_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Islamic philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Christian philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Jewish philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindu_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindu_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Hindu philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindu_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhist_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Buddhist philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taoist_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taoist_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Taoist philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taoist_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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philosophy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="فلسفة دينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلسفة دينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="ধর্মীয় দর্শন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধর্মীয় দর্শন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Рэлігійная філасофія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэлігійная філасофія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_religiosa" title="Filosofia religiosa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Filosofia religiosa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1bo%C5%BEensk%C3%A1_filozofie" title="Náboženská filozofie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Náboženská filozofie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa_religiosa" title="Filosofía religiosa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Filosofía religiosa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_erlijioso" title="Filosofia erlijioso – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Filosofia erlijioso" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="فلسفه دینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلسفه دینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A2%85%EA%B5%90%EC%A0%81_%EC%B2%A0%ED%95%99" title="종교적 철학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="종교적 철학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%83%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կրոնական փիլիսոփայություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կրոնական փիլիսոփայություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="धार्मिक दर्शन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="धार्मिक दर्शन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religijska_filozofija" title="Religijska filozofija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Religijska filozofija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsafa_ya_kidini" title="Falsafa ya kidini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Falsafa ya kidini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophia_religiosa" title="Philosophia religiosa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Philosophia religiosa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religieuze_filosofie" title="Religieuze filosofie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Religieuze filosofie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Религиозная философия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Религиозная философия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religiozna_filozofija" title="Religiozna filozofija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Religiozna filozofija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilosopiyang_panrelihiyon" title="Pilosopiyang panrelihiyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pilosopiyang panrelihiyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சமயத்துக்குரிய மெய்யியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சமயத்துக்குரிய மெய்யியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Релігійна філософія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Релігійна філософія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="宗教信仰哲學 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="宗教信仰哲學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2054106#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Philosophical thinking inspired by a particular religion</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid 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philosophy">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_philosophy" title="Ethiopian philosophy">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Eastern philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_philosophy" title="Indonesian philosophy">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_philosophy" title="Japanese philosophy">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_philosophy" title="Korean philosophy">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_philosophy" title="Vietnamese philosophy">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_American_philosophy" title="Indigenous American philosophy">Indigenous American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_philosophy" title="Aztec philosophy">Aztec philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_philosophy" title="Middle Eastern philosophy">Middle Eastern philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Iranian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_philosophy" title="British philosophy">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_philosophy" title="Russian philosophy">Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">By religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_philosophy" title="Taoist philosophy">Taoist</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Branches_of_philosophy" title="Category:Branches of philosophy">Branches</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphilosophy" title="Metaphilosophy">Meta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Science</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_philosophers" title="Lists of philosophers">Philosophers</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aestheticians" title="List of aestheticians">Aesthetic philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epistemologists" title="List of epistemologists">Epistemologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethicists" title="List of ethicists">Ethicists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_logicians" title="List of logicians">Logicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" title="List of metaphysicians">Metaphysicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophers_of_mind" title="List of philosophers of mind">Philosophers of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociopolitical_thinkers" title="Index of sociopolitical thinkers">Social and political philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_philosophy" title="Women in philosophy">Women in philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religions_by_country_sidebar" title="Template:Religions by country sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religions_by_country_sidebar" title="Template talk:Religions by country sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religions_by_country_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religions by country sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Religious philosophy</b> is philosophical thinking that is influenced and directed as a consequence of teachings from a particular <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>. It can be done objectively, but it may also be done as a persuasion tool by believers in that <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a>. Religious <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> is concerned with the nature of religion, <a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">theories of salvation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">conceptions of god</a>, gods, and/or the divine.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the historical development of religions, many religions share commonalities concerning their philosophies. These philosophies are often considered to be universal and include beliefs about concepts such as the <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">souls</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miracles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophical_commonalities">Philosophical commonalities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_philosophy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Philosophical commonalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Religious faith and philosophical reflection are connected to one another. Religious tradition influences the philosophical thinking and beliefs of followers of that religion.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many philosophical commonalities have arisen among religions due to their core historical foundations. For example, <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>, which encompass <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baha'i Faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yezidi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a>, share philosophical commonalities, although they differ in their presentation of these philosophical concepts through their respective <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">religious texts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also philosophical concepts and reasoning in religious teachings that were conceived independently from one another but are still similar and reflect analogous ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the arguments and reasoning for the existence of an omniscient <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">god</a> or multiple gods can be found in several religions, including Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism. Another example includes the philosophical concept of <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>, which is present in both <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a> religions.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_philosophy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intuitive_religious_philosophy">Intuitive religious philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_philosophy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Intuitive religious philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many religious concepts are considered to be "cross-culturally ubiquitous"<sup id="cite_ref-:5_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as they are "cognitively natural."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are deemed intuitive, meaning that they arise without much direction, instruction, or coaching in the early stages of our intellectual development<sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and do not necessarily originate from cultural influence.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such religious concepts include beliefs concerning the "afterlife, souls, <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> agents, and miraculous events."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reflective_religious_philosophy">Reflective religious philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_philosophy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reflective religious philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some religious concepts require deliberate teaching to ensure the transmission of their ideas and beliefs to others.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These beliefs are categorised as reflective and are often stored in a linguistic format that allows for ease of transmission. Reflective philosophies are thought to contribute significantly to the continuation of cultural and religious beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such religious philosophies include <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a>, divine immanent justice, or providence, and also encompass theological concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> in Christianity or <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> in Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="God">God</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_philosophy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: God"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Religious philosophy is predominantly concerned with the conceptions of god, gods, and/or the divine.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ontological_arguments">Ontological arguments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_philosophy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ontological arguments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological argument</a></div> <p>Ontological arguments are arguments based on reason with the conclusion that God exists.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many notable contributors to the development of various ontological arguments. </p><p>In the 11th century C.E., <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Saint Anselm of Canterbury</a> (1033–1109) reasoned in his work <i><a href="/wiki/Proslogion" title="Proslogion">Proslogion</a></i> about the existence of God in an ontological argument based on the idea that there is a 'being than which no greater can be conceived'.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1225</span>–1274) extracted components of philosophical teaching relevant to Christianity, using philosophy as a means to demonstrate God's existence.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his work <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></i>, Aquinas presents five arguments for the existence of God, known as '<a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">quinque viae</a>' or 'five ways'.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg/220px-Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg/330px-Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg/440px-Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of René Descartes</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> (1596–1650) proposed similar arguments to those of Saint Anselm of Canterbury. For example, in his work <i><a href="/wiki/Meditations_on_First_Philosophy" title="Meditations on First Philosophy">Fifth Meditation</a></i>, he provides an ontological argument based on the reasoning that if we are able to conceive the idea of a supremely perfect being (i.e., that we have an idea of a supremely perfect being), then, he claims, we are able to reach the conclusion that there exists a supremely perfect being.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two versions of Descartes' ontological argument exist:<sup id="cite_ref-:9_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Version A:</li></ul> <ol><li>Whatever I clearly and distinctly perceive to be contained in the idea of something is true of that thing.</li> <li>I clearly and distinctly perceive that necessary existence is contained in the idea of God.</li> <li>Therefore, God exists.</li></ol> <ul><li>Version B:</li></ul> <ol><li>I have an idea of a supremely perfect being, i.e. a being having all perfections.</li> <li>Necessary existence is perfection.</li> <li>Therefore, a supremely perfect being exists.</li></ol> <p>In the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a> (1646–1716) further developed Descartes ontological argument by attempting to satisfy a shortcoming in Descartes' proposal, which did not address the coherence of a supremely perfect being. Leibniz reasoned that perfections are compatible as they are unable to be analysed, and therefore are able to exist in a single entity, thereby validating Descartes argument.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, individuals such as <a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Malcolm" title="Norman Malcolm">Norman Malcolm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a> have proposed ontological arguments, many of which elaborate on or are connected to older ontological arguments presented by individuals such as St. Anselm, Descartes, and Leibniz.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Kurt Godel (1905–1978) used modal logic to elaborate and clarify Leibniz's version of Saint Anselm of Canterbury's ontological proof of the existence of God, known as <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del%27s_ontological_proof" title="Gödel's ontological proof">Godel's Ontological Proof</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concept_of_God">Concept of God</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_philosophy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Concept of God"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></div> <p>An individual's perception of the concept of God influences their <a href="/wiki/Coping" title="Coping">coping</a> style.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are four main religiously affiliated coping mechanisms, as follows: </p> <ol><li>Self-directing style: the individual does not involve God directly and instead individually adopts a problem-solving method.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Deferring style: the individual submits their issue and the required problem-solving to God.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Collaborative style: both the individual and God are involved in the problem-solving process.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Surrender style: the individual works collaboratively with God in the problem-solving process but values God's direction above their own.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Healthcare_and_Bioethics">Healthcare and Bioethics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_philosophy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Healthcare and Bioethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_care">Medical care</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_philosophy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Medical care"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An individual's religious philosophy is important in the consideration of their medical care and medical decisions, and taking that into account improves the quality of their medical treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly in the case of <a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">palliative care</a>, understanding different religious philosophical foundations allows for the proper spiritual care to be obtained by the patient.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious philosophy is also a necessary consideration in the <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapeutic</a> treatment of <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">psychiatric disorders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consideration of <a href="/wiki/Organ_donation" title="Organ donation">organ donation</a> post-death is related to an individual's religious philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_philosophy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many religions follow dietary habits. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarian</a> diet is adhered to by individuals who follow Buddhism, Hinduism, Seventh-day Adventist.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:19_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emphasis on sanctity of all life in the ethical doctrine known as <i><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a></i> (non-injury to living beings) in Buddhist and Hindu philosophies encompass human as well as animal life, and influence this vegetarian tradition, with modern influence including the concept of <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a> of various forms (exclusion of specific foods or food groups, or exclusion of food for certain periods of time) are undertaken by individuals who follow philosophies of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Eastern Orthodox, Islam, Roman Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some religions require for food to be invoked in God's name.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:20_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in Islam, meat must be from properly slaughtered 'clean' animals, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a></i>, although it is forbidden to consume <a href="/wiki/Scavenger" title="Scavenger">scavenger</a> animals.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:20_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The religious philosophical purpose behind Islamic dietary laws derived from the commandments of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> (Quran and <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> of Muhammad) is the concept of purity, where Muslims consume what is considered pure and clean to be pure both in a physical and spiritual sense.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:21_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example includes Jewish <a href="/wiki/Kosher_foods" title="Kosher foods">Kosher</a> laws, where individuals must observe kosher food laws derived from <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> religious scripture texts.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:21_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_philosophy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Euthanasia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></div> <p>Consideration of euthanasia is influenced by an individual's religious philosophy. Much of the opposition towards legislation of euthanasia is due to religious beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals who express a belief in God as an entity who controls <a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">destiny</a> were more opposed to legalisation of euthanasia and physician <a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">assisted suicide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, religions such as Christian Science, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Hinduism, Islam, Jehovah's Witness, Seventh-day Adventist generally do not allow for or practice euthanasia.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abortion">Abortion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_philosophy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Abortion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_abortion" title="Religion and abortion">Religion and abortion</a></div> <p>Many religions hold philosophical value toward life of all forms and are thus completely against abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However abortion is tolerated in specific cases, such as rape or when the mother's life is in danger.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religions">Religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_philosophy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Religious philosophy influences many aspects of an individual's conception and outlook on life. For example, empirical studies concentrating on the philosophical concept of <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a> at or near the end of life, conducted in India, found that individuals who follow Indian philosophical concepts are influenced by these concepts in their 'perception of spirituality'.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Considerations concerning <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">medical care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>, diet, and <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> differ among followers of various religions due to their respective philosophies.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_philosophy">Islamic philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_philosophy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Islamic philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Islamic philosophies forbid the violation of the human body,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however simultaneously place importance on selflessness; </p> <blockquote><p>And whoever saves one - it is as if he had saved mankind entirely. (<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> 5:32)</p></blockquote> <p>Organ donation is generally endorsed,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through the principle that necessity overrides prohibition known as <i>al-darurat tubih al-mahzurat.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:4_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Objections to organ donation in Islamic religion is mainly originated on cultural foundations rather than religious philosophical ones, with their altruistic principle allowing for exceptions in regard to medical intervention, for example; involving porcine <a href="/wiki/Bone_grafting" title="Bone grafting">bone grafts</a> and pork <a href="/wiki/Insulin_(medication)" title="Insulin (medication)">insulin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formal decisions have been made regarding organ donation in association with Islamic teachings, for example, the UK Muslim Law Council in 1996 issued a <i><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></i> (religious ruling) that defined organ transplantation within the scope of the Islamic following, and Islamic Jurisprudence Assembly Council in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> in 1988 approving organ donation, with similar formal decisions made in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Islamic jurisprudence does not condone or allow for an individual to die voluntarily.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islamic philosophies indicate that life is a divine, sacred gift, with Allah deciding how long each individual will live.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The moment of death, known as <i>ajal</i>, cannot be hastened by any form of passive or active voluntary intervention (e.g. in the form of euthanasia) as this is completely under the control of Allah.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:25_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only Allah has the absolute authority and ability to give life as well as take it away.<sup id="cite_ref-:25_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islamic philosophies emphasise that life does not belong to the human, but to Allah.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Qur'an states "Nor take life – which Allah has made sacred – except for just cause" (Quran 17:33), <i><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a></i> literature indicates that despite intolerable pain and suffering, euthanasia is not condoned.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, according to <i><a href="/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" title="Sahih Muslim">Sahih Muslim</a>,</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Battle of Hunayn</a> a Muslim warrior committed <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> due to the pain of his wound however Muhammad declared that this act negated his courage and service to God and doomed him to Hell.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_philosophy">Christian philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_philosophy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Christian philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_philosophy&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Christian philosophies generally endorse organ donation although reasoning and opinion differ amongst sects.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian theologians reference the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><sup id="cite_ref-:3_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in regard to organ donation, particularly; </p> <blockquote><p>Heal the sick, cleanse the lepers, raise the dead, cast out devils: Freely you have received, freely give. (Matthew 10:8)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greater love hath no man than this, that he lay down his life for his friends. (John 15:13)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Most Christian scholar sanction organ transplantation as it is deemed an act of selflessness, with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant Church</a> endorsing organ donation in a joint declaration in 1990, promoting the action as an act of Christian love.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_philosophy">Jewish philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_philosophy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Jewish philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jewish philosophies hold great importance on the intact burial of the deceased persons due to <i><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakhic</a></i> foundations.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, much like Islam, <a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">altruism</a> in the form of saving a life, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Pikuach_nefesh" title="Pikuach nefesh">pikuach nefesh</a></i> in Jewish law, overrides all other commandments and prohibition;<sup id="cite_ref-:15_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Whoever destroys a soul, it is considered as if he destroyed an entire world. And whoever saves a life, it is considered as if he saved an entire world. (Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, tractate Sanhedrin 37a)</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Organ_donation_in_Jewish_law" title="Organ donation in Jewish law">Organ donation</a> is endorsed by most Jewish scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:15_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jewish philosophies in Rabbinical works <a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_abortion" title="Judaism and abortion">generally condemn abortion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foeticide" title="Foeticide">foeticide</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Infanticide" title="Infanticide">infanticide</a> as it is viewed as an immoral action on human life.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:17_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, 'abortion appears as an option for Jewish women from the earliest sources of the Bible and Mishnaic commentary',<sup id="cite_ref-:18_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the Talmud indicates that a mother's life is prioritised if her life or wellbeing is put at risk by the child, thereby permitting abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish laws do not condone abortion in scenarios involving <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a> or <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindu_philosophy">Hindu philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_philosophy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hindu philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hindu philosophies prohibit abortion, in line with <i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">dharmasastras</a></i>. Hindu philosophy regarding conception involve the belief that both physical and spiritual qualities, like an individual's past karma, exist and enter the human <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a> from the moment of conception.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhist_philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_philosophy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Buddhist philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Buddhist philosophies, much like Hindu philosophies, there is a morally negative view towards abortion<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in accordance to the <a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five Precepts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the intention behind an action is an important consideration,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and therefore many Buddhists accept the idea of abortion if under the pretence of good intention.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taoist_philosophy">Taoist philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_philosophy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Taoist philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taoist philosophy expresses a desire to find and maintain a balance between populations and their resources.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, due to these philosophies, population management were of national interests observed in China's <a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">'one child' policy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, abortion is not encouraged as it would 'corrupt the body and would wrongly negate the body's capacity to give life'.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_philosophy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></span></li></ul> <p>Each religion also has unique philosophies that distinguish them from other religions, and these philosophies are guided through the concepts and values behind the teaching pertaining to that belief-system. Different religious philosophies include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_philosophy" title="Aztec philosophy">Aztec philosophy</a> – School of philosophy that developed out of Aztec culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a> – Buddhist philosophical tradition</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a> – Philosophy carried out by Christians</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a> – Philosophical tradition in Muslim culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain philosophy</a> – Indian philosophical tradition within Jainism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophy</a> – Philosophy carried out by Jews, or in relation to the religion of Judaism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh philosophy">Sikh philosophy</a> – Religion originating in Punjab, India<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_philosophy" title="Taoist philosophy">Taoist philosophy</a> – Various philosophical traditions of Taoism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian philosophy">Zoroastrian philosophy</a> – Iranian religion founded by Zoroaster<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_philosophy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTaliaferro2007" class="citation journal cs1">Taliaferro, Charles (2007-03-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2019/entries/philosophy-religion/">"Philosophy of Religion"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210702013613/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2019/entries/philosophy-religion/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Philosophy+of+Religion&rft.date=2007-03-12&rft.aulast=Taliaferro&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Ffall2019%2Fentries%2Fphilosophy-religion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Cruz2014" class="citation journal cs1">De Cruz, Helen (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11245-013-9168-9">"Cognitive Science of Religion and the Study of Theological Concepts"</a>. <i>Topoi</i>. <b>33</b> (2): 487. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11245-013-9168-9">10.1007/s11245-013-9168-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-7411">0167-7411</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144668135">144668135</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230717154738/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11245-013-9168-9">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Topoi&rft.atitle=Cognitive+Science+of+Religion+and+the+Study+of+Theological+Concepts&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=487&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144668135%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0167-7411&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11245-013-9168-9&rft.aulast=De+Cruz&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs11245-013-9168-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Cruz2014" class="citation journal cs1">De Cruz, Helen (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11245-013-9168-9">"Cognitive Science of Religion and the Study of Theological Concepts"</a>. <i>Topoi</i>. <b>33</b> (2): 487–497. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11245-013-9168-9">10.1007/s11245-013-9168-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-7411">0167-7411</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144668135">144668135</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230717154738/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11245-013-9168-9">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Topoi&rft.atitle=Cognitive+Science+of+Religion+and+the+Study+of+Theological+Concepts&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=487-497&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144668135%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0167-7411&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11245-013-9168-9&rft.aulast=De+Cruz&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs11245-013-9168-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVitkovic2018" class="citation journal cs1">Vitkovic, Scott (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18769%2Fijasos.455673">"The Similarities and Differences Between Abrahamic Religions"</a>. <i>IJASOS- International e-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences</i>. <b>4</b> (11): 456. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18769%2Fijasos.455673">10.18769/ijasos.455673</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2411-183X">2411-183X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IJASOS-+International+e-Journal+of+Advances+in+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Similarities+and+Differences+Between+Abrahamic+Religions&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=456&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18769%2Fijasos.455673&rft.issn=2411-183X&rft.aulast=Vitkovic&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18769%252Fijasos.455673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunstThomsen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kunst, Jonas R.; Thomsen, Lotte (2015-10-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10508619.2014.937965">"Prodigal Sons: Dual Abrahamic Categorization Mediates the Detrimental Effects of Religious Fundamentalism on Christian–Muslim Relations"</a>. <i>The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion</i>. <b>25</b> (4): 293–306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10508619.2014.937965">10.1080/10508619.2014.937965</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10852%2F43723">10852/43723</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1050-8619">1050-8619</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53625066">53625066</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728143805/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10508619.2014.937965">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+for+the+Psychology+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Prodigal+Sons%3A+Dual+Abrahamic+Categorization+Mediates+the+Detrimental+Effects+of+Religious+Fundamentalism+on+Christian%E2%80%93Muslim+Relations&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=293-306&rft.date=2015-10-02&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10852%2F43723&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53625066%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1050-8619&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10508619.2014.937965&rft.aulast=Kunst&rft.aufirst=Jonas+R.&rft.au=Thomsen%2C+Lotte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F10508619.2014.937965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Cruz2014" class="citation journal cs1">De Cruz, Helen (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11245-013-9168-9">"Cognitive Science of Religion and the Study of Theological Concepts"</a>. <i>Topoi</i>. <b>33</b> (2): 491. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11245-013-9168-9">10.1007/s11245-013-9168-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-7411">0167-7411</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144668135">144668135</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230717154738/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11245-013-9168-9">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Topoi&rft.atitle=Cognitive+Science+of+Religion+and+the+Study+of+Theological+Concepts&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=491&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144668135%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0167-7411&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11245-013-9168-9&rft.aulast=De+Cruz&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs11245-013-9168-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCauley,_Robert_N.2013" class="citation book cs1">McCauley, Robert N. (November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/869781247"><i>Why religion is natural and science is not</i></a>. Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-934154-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-934154-2"><bdi>978-0-19-934154-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/869781247">869781247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+religion+is+natural+and+science+is+not&rft.place=Oxford&rft.date=2013-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F869781247&rft.isbn=978-0-19-934154-2&rft.au=McCauley%2C+Robert+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F869781247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Cruz2014" class="citation journal cs1">De Cruz, Helen (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11245-013-9168-9">"Cognitive Science of Religion and the Study of Theological Concepts"</a>. <i>Topoi</i>. <b>33</b> (2): 488. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11245-013-9168-9">10.1007/s11245-013-9168-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-7411">0167-7411</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144668135">144668135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Topoi&rft.atitle=Cognitive+Science+of+Religion+and+the+Study+of+Theological+Concepts&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=488&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144668135%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0167-7411&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11245-013-9168-9&rft.aulast=De+Cruz&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs11245-013-9168-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSperber2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sperber, Dan (2008-06-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1468-0017.1997.tb00062.x">"Intuitive and Reflective Beliefs"</a>. <i>Mind & Language</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 67–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0017.1997.tb00062.x">10.1111/j.1468-0017.1997.tb00062.x</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230717154804/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-0017.1997.tb00062.x">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mind+%26+Language&rft.atitle=Intuitive+and+Reflective+Beliefs&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-83&rft.date=2008-06-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0017.1997.tb00062.x&rft.aulast=Sperber&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0017.1997.tb00062.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSperber2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sperber, Dan (2008-06-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1468-0017.1997.tb00062.x">"Intuitive and Reflective Beliefs"</a>. <i>Mind & Language</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0017.1997.tb00062.x">10.1111/j.1468-0017.1997.tb00062.x</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230717154804/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-0017.1997.tb00062.x">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mind+%26+Language&rft.atitle=Intuitive+and+Reflective+Beliefs&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83&rft.date=2008-06-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0017.1997.tb00062.x&rft.aulast=Sperber&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0017.1997.tb00062.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOppy1996" class="citation journal cs1">Oppy, Graham (1996-02-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2020/entries/ontological-arguments/">"Ontological Arguments"</a>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200824203105/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2020/entries/ontological-arguments/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ontological+Arguments&rft.date=1996-02-08&rft.aulast=Oppy&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2020%2Fentries%2Fontological-arguments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2000" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Thomas (2000-05-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/anselm/">"Saint Anselm"</a>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008025051/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/anselm/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saint+Anselm&rft.date=2000-05-18&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2016%2Fentries%2Fanselm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/aq-ph-th/">"Aquinas' Philosophical Theology | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201120071723/https://iep.utm.edu/aq-ph-th/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aquinas%27+Philosophical+Theology+%7C+Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Faq-ph-th%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcInernyO'Callaghan1999" class="citation journal cs1">McInerny, Ralph; O'Callaghan, John (1999-07-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/aquinas/">"Saint Thomas Aquinas"</a>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190527180840/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/aquinas/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saint+Thomas+Aquinas&rft.date=1999-07-12&rft.aulast=McInerny&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft.au=O%27Callaghan%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fsum2018%2Fentries%2Faquinas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolan2001" class="citation journal cs1">Nolan, Lawrence (2001-06-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2020/entries/descartes-ontological/">"Descartes' Ontological Argument"</a>. 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(2016-04-21), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9781118663219.wbegss267">"Abortion and Religion"</a>, in Wong, Angela; Wickramasinghe, Maithree; hoogland, renee; Naples, Nancy A (eds.), <i>The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies</i>, Singapore: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., p. 3, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118663219.wbegss267">10.1002/9781118663219.wbegss267</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9694-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9694-9"><bdi>978-1-4051-9694-9</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230717161401/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118663219.wbegss267">archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-20</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abortion+and+Religion&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Gender+and+Sexuality+Studies&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2016-04-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118663219.wbegss267&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9694-9&rft.aulast=Maguire&rft.aufirst=Daniel+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1002%2F9781118663219.wbegss267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZoloth2003" class="citation book cs1">Zoloth, Laurie (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50080419"><i>Sacred rights : the case for contraception and abortion in world religions</i></a>. Maguire, Daniel C. Oxford University Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195160002" title="Special:BookSources/0195160002"><bdi>0195160002</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50080419">50080419</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230717161747/https://www.worldcat.org/title/50080419">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+rights+%3A+the+case+for+contraception+and+abortion+in+world+religions&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50080419&rft.isbn=0195160002&rft.aulast=Zoloth&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F50080419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaguire2003" class="citation book cs1">Maguire, Daniel C. (2003-04-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195160017.001.0001/acprof-9780195160017"><i>Sacred Rights</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195160017.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195160017.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516001-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516001-7"><bdi>978-0-19-516001-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210711133600/https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195160017.001.0001/acprof-9780195160017">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Rights&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003-04-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195160017.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516001-7&rft.aulast=Maguire&rft.aufirst=Daniel+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxford.universitypressscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195160017.001.0001%2Facprof-9780195160017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaguire,_Daniel_C.2010" class="citation book cs1">Maguire, Daniel C. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Buddhist+Approaches+to+Abortion&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-50&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09552369108575334&rft.issn=0955-2367&rft.aulast=Florida&rft.aufirst=R.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F09552369108575334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaguire2016" class="citation cs2">Maguire, Daniel C. 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