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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Governance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Authority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Authority</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Modern politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Colonial influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matai_title" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matai_title"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><i>Matai</i> title</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Matai_title-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <i>Matai</i> title subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Matai_title-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aliʻi,_Tulafale_&_Tulafale-alii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aliʻi,_Tulafale_&_Tulafale-alii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Aliʻi, Tulafale & Tulafale-alii</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aliʻi,_Tulafale_&_Tulafale-alii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fine_mats:_ʻIe_Tōga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fine_mats:_ʻIe_Tōga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fine mats: <i>ʻIe Tōga</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fine_mats:_ʻIe_Tōga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Customary_land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Customary_land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Customary land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Customary_land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matai_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matai_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span><i>Matai</i> selection</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Matai_selection-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <i>Matai</i> selection subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Matai_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Title_bestowal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_bestowal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Title bestowal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_bestowal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Samoans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Samoans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Non-Samoans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-Samoans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naming_convention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming_convention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Naming convention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming_convention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_matai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_matai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Women <i>matai</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_matai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Old age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Untitled_men" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Untitled_men"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Untitled men</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Untitled_men-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disputes_resolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputes_resolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Disputes resolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disputes_resolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matai_(samoanischer_Titel)" title="Matai (samoanischer Titel) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Matai (samoanischer Titel)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%27amatai" title="Fa'amatai – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fa'amatai" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matai" title="Matai – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Matai" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a 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Samoa</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Samoan_chiefs_including_two_orators_-_unknown_photographer_and_date.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Three_Samoan_chiefs_including_two_orators_-_unknown_photographer_and_date.jpg/220px-Three_Samoan_chiefs_including_two_orators_-_unknown_photographer_and_date.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Three_Samoan_chiefs_including_two_orators_-_unknown_photographer_and_date.jpg/330px-Three_Samoan_chiefs_including_two_orators_-_unknown_photographer_and_date.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Three_Samoan_chiefs_including_two_orators_-_unknown_photographer_and_date.jpg/440px-Three_Samoan_chiefs_including_two_orators_-_unknown_photographer_and_date.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3624" data-file-height="2205" /></a><figcaption>Three <i>matai</i>, the two older men bearing the symbols of orator chief status – the <i><a href="/wiki/Fijian_i-roi_(Fly_whisk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fijian i-roi (Fly whisk)">fue</a></i> (flywhisk made of organic <a href="/wiki/Sennit" title="Sennit">sennit</a> rope with a wooden handle) over their left shoulder. The central elder holds the orator's wooden staff (<i>toʻotoʻo</i>) of office and wears an <a href="/wiki/%27ie_toga" class="mw-redirect" title="'ie toga">ʻie toga</a>, fine matting. The other two men wear <a href="/wiki/Tapa_cloth" title="Tapa cloth">tapa cloth</a> with patterned design</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samoa_houses_circa_1930s-photographer_and_location_unknown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Samoa_houses_circa_1930s-photographer_and_location_unknown.jpg/220px-Samoa_houses_circa_1930s-photographer_and_location_unknown.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Samoa_houses_circa_1930s-photographer_and_location_unknown.jpg/330px-Samoa_houses_circa_1930s-photographer_and_location_unknown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Samoa_houses_circa_1930s-photographer_and_location_unknown.jpg/440px-Samoa_houses_circa_1930s-photographer_and_location_unknown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3518" data-file-height="2763" /></a><figcaption>In the <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Samoa" title="Architecture of Samoa">architecture of Samoa</a> there are seating areas for <i>matai</i> and orators according to their status, rank, role and ceremony</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Faʻamatai</b></i> is the indigenous political ('chiefly') system of <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, central to the organization of Samoan society.<sup id="cite_ref-af_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-af-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the traditional indigenous form of governance in both <a href="/wiki/Samoan_Islands" title="Samoan Islands">Samoas</a>, comprising <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Independent State of Samoa</a>. The term comprises the prefix <i>faʻa</i> (<a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> for "in the way of") and the word <i>matai</i> (family name or title). </p><p>Of central importance in the system are the <i>matai</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the holders of family chief titles, and their role in looking after their family. <i>Faʻamatai</i> is the key <a href="/wiki/Socio-political" class="mw-redirect" title="Socio-political">socio-political</a> system of governance and way of life (<i><a href="/wiki/Fa%27a_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Fa'a Samoa">faʻa Samoa</a></i>) in Samoan culture. Inherent in the <i>faʻamatai</i> system is the welfare and well-being of the extended family (<i><a href="/wiki/%27aiga" class="mw-redirect" title="'aiga">ʻaiga</a></i>) and the protection of family property, consisting most importantly of <a href="/wiki/Customary_land" title="Customary land">customary land</a>. About 81% (567,000 acres), is under customary ownership, with the rest under the national government (<i>malo</i>) as public lands with another 4% <a href="/wiki/Freehold_(law)" title="Freehold (law)">freehold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-af_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-af-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the apex of this system are the four major title holders – <a href="/wiki/Tupua_Tamasese" title="Tupua Tamasese">Tupua Tamasese</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Malietoa" title="Malietoa">Malietoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mata%27afa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mata'afa">Mataʻafa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuimaleali%27ifano" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuimaleali'ifano">Tuimalealiʻifano</a> - known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Tama%CA%BB%C4%81iga" title="Tamaʻāiga">tamaʻāiga</a></i> ("sons of the families") that afford them leadership over the royal families of Samoa. All heads of state of Samoa have been drawn from the <i>tamaʻāiga</i>. In addition, these four paramount chiefs are often accorded <i>pāpā</i> titles - titles that indicate sovereignty or leadership over a designated territory or kinship network. These titles are <a href="/wiki/Atua_(district)" title="Atua (district)">Tui Ātua</a>, <a href="/wiki/A%CA%BBana" title="Aʻana">Tui Aʻana</a>, Gatoaitele and Vaetamasoalii. The Tui Ātua is currently held by <a href="/wiki/Tui_%C4%80tua_Tupua_Tamasese_Efi" title="Tui Ātua Tupua Tamasese Efi">Tui Ātua Tupua Tamasese Efi</a>, former prime minister and head of state of Samoa. The Gatoaitele title is currently held by <a href="/wiki/Savea_Sano_Malifa" title="Savea Sano Malifa">Savea Sano Malifa</a>, a respected journalist and owner of the <i><a href="/wiki/Samoa_Observer" title="Samoa Observer">Samoa Observer</a></i> newspaper. There are no official holders of the other two pāpā titles.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 49-seat <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Samoa" title="Legislative Assembly of Samoa">Legislative Assembly of Samoa</a>, all 47 Samoan members are also <i>matai</i>, performing dual roles as chiefs and modern politicians, with the exception of the two seats reserved for non-Samoans.<sup id="cite_ref-usp_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usp-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2006 <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> of Samoa identified 15,783 <i>matai</i> out of a total population of 180,741 (8.7%); 12,589 (79.8%) were male and 3,194 (20.2%) were female.<sup id="cite_ref-figs_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-figs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Former_system_of_government">Former system of government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fa%CA%BBamatai&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Former system of government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two great families comprise what may be termed the aristocracy of Samoa: <i>Sa <a href="/wiki/Malietoa" title="Malietoa">Malietoa</a></i>, and <i>Sa <a href="/wiki/Tupua_Tamasese" title="Tupua Tamasese">Tupua</a>.</i> For a great length of time, the title of <i>Tupu</i> (Sovereign) was confined to members of the latter since the reign of <a href="/wiki/Salamasina" title="Salamasina">Queen Salamasina</a>. </p><p>On the death of the Safe-o-fafine, the last king in the Sa Tupua line, the title remained in abeyance for a long time, as the line of succession was broken after Atua's defeat in war and the seat of power moved briefly from Lufilufi to Manono.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new malo was led by the Manono high chief Leiʻataua Lelologa, His son Tamafaiga, succeeded him and assumed the attributes of a god as well as those of a king. He was actually worshipped as a god and developed into a tyrant. In the hope of escaping from his tyranny, the people of <a href="/wiki/A%CA%BBana" title="Aʻana">Aʻana</a> conferred their title of <a href="/wiki/A%CA%BBana" title="Aʻana">Tui Aʻana</a> upon him, but only to further smart under his oppressive rule. Whereas the Tonumaipeʻa clan had earlier taken all the royal titles and left the districts to run their own affairs, the reverse happened in Manono's case. The Manono/Tonumaipeʻa party ignored the royal titles but took the malo (executive power). This was a political move, as claiming the Tafaʻifa was irrelevant to the substance of power and would only validate his defeated foes' traditional authority to distribute patronage.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>And so for the first time for many generations, the dignity passed from the family of Fonoti and thus from the line of the ancient Queen Salamasina. Aʻana not only lost the prestige it had so long held in this connection but the royal residence no longer was situated in the province, the new king continuing to reside on Manono. As his tyranny increased, in like proportion increased the hatred of the people of Aʻana, and at length they rose against him and he was killed in 1829. This was just before the missionary John Williams visited Samoa for the first time<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="A reference was requested 3 years ago, but none provided. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. A bloody war ensued and Aʻana's power was broken and the district laid waste.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fa%CA%BBamatai&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Round_Samoan_houses_with_blue_roofs,_Lepea_village_with_Mt_Vaea_beyond.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Round_Samoan_houses_with_blue_roofs%2C_Lepea_village_with_Mt_Vaea_beyond.JPG/250px-Round_Samoan_houses_with_blue_roofs%2C_Lepea_village_with_Mt_Vaea_beyond.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Round_Samoan_houses_with_blue_roofs%2C_Lepea_village_with_Mt_Vaea_beyond.JPG/375px-Round_Samoan_houses_with_blue_roofs%2C_Lepea_village_with_Mt_Vaea_beyond.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Round_Samoan_houses_with_blue_roofs%2C_Lepea_village_with_Mt_Vaea_beyond.JPG/500px-Round_Samoan_houses_with_blue_roofs%2C_Lepea_village_with_Mt_Vaea_beyond.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lepea" title="Lepea">Lepea</a> village with round meeting houses where <i>matai</i> meetings take place and open commons area (<i>malae</i>) for outdoor ceremonies.</figcaption></figure> <p>Samoa's chiefly system revolves around family and extended clans of kinship (<i><a href="/wiki/%27aiga" class="mw-redirect" title="'aiga">ʻaiga</a></i>), based on the culture's communal and extended family relationships. The term ʻa<i>iga</i> includes not only the immediate family (father, mother and children), but also the whole union of families of a clan and even those who although not related are subject to the family control.<sup id="cite_ref-teo_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the local level, much of the country's civil and criminal matters are dealt with by some 360 village chief councils, <i>Fono o Matai</i>, according to traditional law, a practice further strengthened by the 1990 Village Fono Law.<sup id="cite_ref-fw_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fw-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Samoans live in villages consisting of groups of families with close ties and history. The influence of the <i>matai</i> is felt not only in the village but also in the district and even beyond. The active factor in the life of the village is the village council or <i>fono o matai</i> and its members are the <i>matai</i>. The <i>fono of matai</i> is the executive and <a href="/wiki/Judicial" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial">judicial</a> authority<sup id="cite_ref-dunlop_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunlop-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of every village in Samoa. If a matter is of importance the assembly is held on the <i>malae</i>, the open space in front of the village. </p><p>The speakers address the assembly and stand to do so.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The listeners are comfortably seated on mats. Those not taking part in these assemblies are described as <i>tagatanuʻu</i> (people of the village) and include untitled men, women and children.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Democratic ideas do not prevail at these <i>fono</i>s and decisions are independent of majority or minority rule.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The decision of one or more <i>matai sili</i> (senior <i>matai</i>) is decisive. The remainder who are merely at the <i>fono</i> to listen, agree with the decisions given. It is permissible for the minor <i>matai</i> to discuss the matter with and endeavour to try to influence the <i>matai sili</i> before the <i>fono</i> commences.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Before the <i>fono</i> commences preliminary councils are held (<i>taupulega</i>) by the different groups and at these councils the single family heads exchange opinions and endeavour to convince each other and to create harmony in order that when the actual <i>fono</i> eventuates everything will move smoothly. Some <i>matai</i> are permitted to speak at these <i>fono</i> without having any right to make a decision.<sup id="cite_ref-teo_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2006 census of <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> also revealed that 96% of the country's <i>matai</i> were actively involved in village activities as part of their <i>matai</i> responsibilities. The 4% 'not active' was explained as possibly due to the <i>matai</i> holding more than one title or living away from the village where their title belonged.<sup id="cite_ref-figs_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-figs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authority">Authority</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fa%CA%BBamatai&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Authority"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The authority of the <i>matai</i> has some limits. They are called upon to discuss all important matters with everyone of significance belonging to the family union. If the matter is of minor importance and only of interest to the immediate village family, more distant relations may be omitted from discussion. <i>Matai</i> subject to a senior <i>matai</i> (<i>matai sili</i>) are independent in family matters concerning their own single family unless they have a <i>tuaigoa</i> shared title name only, in which case they are not referred to at all in family matters and may be deprived of their names at the will of their superior at any time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_politics">Modern politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fa%CA%BBamatai&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samoa_government_building_2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Samoa_government_building_2010.JPG/250px-Samoa_government_building_2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Samoa_government_building_2010.JPG/375px-Samoa_government_building_2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Samoa_government_building_2010.JPG/500px-Samoa_government_building_2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1093" /></a><figcaption>Government Building in the capital <a href="/wiki/Apia" title="Apia">Apia</a> housing administrative ministerial offices.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Samoa" title="Politics of Samoa">Politics of Samoa</a></div> <p>The <i>faʻamatai</i> system is entrenched in Samoan politics. From the country's independence in 1962, only <i>matai</i> could vote and stand as candidates in elections to parliament. In 1990, the voting system was changed by the Electoral Amendment Act which introduced <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> and the right to vote for adults aged 21-years and over. However, the right to stand for elections remains with <i>matai</i>, who are themselves selected by consensus of their families, including non-matai family members. Therefore, every Samoan Member of Parliament is also a <i>matai</i>, performing dual roles as a 'chief' as well as duties in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Samoa" title="Legislative Assembly of Samoa">Samoan parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-usp_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usp-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This applies to most Samoans in positions of public responsibility from the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Samoa" title="Prime Minister of Samoa">Prime Minister of Samoa</a> to the country's Head of State, who is referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/O_le_Ao_o_le_Malo" title="O le Ao o le Malo">O le Ao o le Malo</a></i> (the chieftain of the government). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_influences">Colonial influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fa%CA%BBamatai&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Colonial influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As <i>matai</i> head their families and represent their villages, communities and districts, important high-ranking title-holders came to play significant roles in <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial</a> politics with the advent of western powers and rivalry in the 19th century. </p><p>The colonial era saw <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> supporting different <i>matai</i> (such as <a href="/wiki/Mata%27afa_Iosefo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mata'afa Iosefo">Mataʻafa Iosefo</a> and the youthful <a href="/wiki/Malietoa_Tanumafili_I" title="Malietoa Tanumafili I">Malietoa Tanumafili I</a>) in order to gain political influence in Samoa. This led to the colonial powers bestowing the European title of <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a> upon their own candidate during the tumultuous years of the late 19th century, leading to warring among competing high-ranking <i>matai</i> in different districts. </p><p>The Samoan term <i>tupu</i>, referring to paramount status over a particular region or the entire island group, has sometimes been translated incorrectly to the English language as "king" in the European sense.<sup id="cite_ref-malama_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malama-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relatively brief usage of the term "king" died out with the end of colonialism. </p><p>In the early 20th century, <i>matai</i> leadership played a pivotal role in the pro-independence <a href="/wiki/Mau_movement" title="Mau movement">Mau movement</a> which eventually led to Western Samoa's independence in 1962. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Matai_title"><i>Matai</i> title</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fa%CA%BBamatai&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Matai title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seumanutafa_Pogai,_photograph_by_Thomas_Andrew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Seumanutafa_Pogai%2C_photograph_by_Thomas_Andrew.jpg/190px-Seumanutafa_Pogai%2C_photograph_by_Thomas_Andrew.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Seumanutafa_Pogai%2C_photograph_by_Thomas_Andrew.jpg/285px-Seumanutafa_Pogai%2C_photograph_by_Thomas_Andrew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Seumanutafa_Pogai%2C_photograph_by_Thomas_Andrew.jpg/380px-Seumanutafa_Pogai%2C_photograph_by_Thomas_Andrew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5696" data-file-height="7144" /></a><figcaption>High chief Seumanutafa Pogai of <a href="/wiki/Apia" title="Apia">Apia</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1890–1910</span>. (photo by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Andrew_(photographer)" title="Thomas Andrew (photographer)">Thomas Andrew</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Each <i>matai</i> has a name (<span title="Samoan-language romanization"><i lang="sm-Latn">suafa</i></span>) by and through which they exercise their rights in the family over which they preside. <i>Matai</i> names are for the most part very old ones and are handed down from generation to generation. <i>Matai</i> titles can be bestowed on one person or numerous family members who are distinguished from each other by their <a href="/wiki/Christian_name" title="Christian name">Christian name</a>. </p><p>It is common for each ʻa<i>iga</i> to have a number of <i>matai</i> titles, but one particular title will be the most important and serve as the main <i>matai</i> title. The title of a family <i>matai</i> which is peculiar and particular to that family is the subject of tradition and is faithfully recorded by the family and passed on from generation to generation. </p><p>It sometimes happens that new names are for some reason taken and the old ones discarded or passed on to lesser or junior chiefs. </p><p>In Samoan culture, the concept of serving and taking on the responsibility for the welfare of the family is integral to the <i>faʻamatai</i> system. Various members of the family are called upon in turn to support their <i>matai</i> in carrying out their role and responsibilities according to Samoan tradition, cultural obligations and duty.<sup id="cite_ref-teo_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This often involves the family contributing money and important cultural items such as <i><a href="/wiki/%27ie_toga" class="mw-redirect" title="'ie toga">ʻie toga</a></i> (fine mats) as well as food which the <i>matai</i> presents on behalf of the ʻa<i>iga</i> to ensure the family's obligations are met in their village or wider community. </p><p>Men and women have equal rights to <i>matai</i> titles in Samoa, although the role of women in Samoan society means female <i>matai</i> comprise a relatively small percentage. </p><p>Before the advent of European contact and influence, the authority (<i>pule</i>) of the <i>matai</i> extended to life and limb but this power has been altered and absorbed by a Western-style modern government (referred to as the <i>malo</i>) where the <i>matai'</i>s authority is confined and balanced against the national governance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aliʻi,_Tulafale_&_Tulafale-alii"><span id="Ali.CA.BBi.2C_Tulafale_.26_Tulafale-alii"></span>Aliʻi, Tulafale & Tulafale-alii</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fa%CA%BBamatai&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aliʻi, Tulafale & Tulafale-alii"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_American_Samoa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Seal_of_American_Samoa.svg/190px-Seal_of_American_Samoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Seal_of_American_Samoa.svg/285px-Seal_of_American_Samoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Seal_of_American_Samoa.svg/380px-Seal_of_American_Samoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>Seal of <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> showing the symbols of <i>matai</i> status – <i>toʻotoʻo</i> orator's staff and <i>fue</i> fly whisk. The round <i>tanoa</i> (or <i>laulau</i>) vessel represents the <a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">ʻava</a> ceremony, central to Samoan traditions.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two different ranks within the Samoan chief system. There is the 'high' or 'sacred' chief known as the Aliʻi and ʻorator' chief known as Tulafale. The system is found in every district throughout Samoa. In some places, there is also the Tulafale-alii, a chief of high rank who, owing to their status and antiquity, carry the dual functions of orator-chief. These are also referred to as 'matua' (elder), most notable of which are the Fuataga and Tafua of Aleipata, Moeono and 'Iuli of Falefa, Tofuaʻiofoʻia and Talo of Falealili, Teʻo and Maugatai of Safata.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In former times the term <i>matai</i> applied only to <i>tulafale</i>, but over time the term has become applied to <i>aliʻi</i> generally.<sup id="cite_ref-teo_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wife of an <i>aliʻi</i> is referred to as <i>faletua</i>. The wife of a <i>tulafale</i> (orator status <i>matai</i>) is referred to as <i>tausi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-tagaloa104_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tagaloa104-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Central to Samoan culture is the recording of history and genealogy which was achieved through oral history before the introduction of a written language. Orator chiefs (<i>tulafale</i>) and speakers (<i>failauga</i> – 'speech-maker') are terms used for Samoans holding the position of speakers or mouthpieces of chiefs and they are found in all villages. They are also described as 'wayfinders who negotiate the relationships between different parties'.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Important <i>matai</i> titles are also tied to certain orator <i>matai</i> titles. Orators serve the means of conveying the wishes of chiefs to the people or speaking on behalf of the family, village or district on important occasions. The orator is the recorder of family histories and pedigree (<i>faʻalupega</i>), genealogies (<i>gafa</i>) and events and is indispensable at public ceremonies. </p><p>Tulafale have a number of ceremonial items associated with them. The <i>fue</i> (whisk), a specific necklace <i>ʻulafala</i> made from carpels of the pandanus fruit, and <i>toʻotoʻo</i> (long wooden staffs).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The power balance this system carries is often depicted in cultural and social settings. Aliʻi are known to not to say much during these meetings as the Tulafale are the traditional mouthpiece tasked with interpreting the will of the Aliʻi. In doing so, tulafale have over the centuries become a powerful group, able to utilise their speaking platform to wield considerable influence over the aiga, the village and in their dealings with other aiga and districts. This led to the rise of the Tumua ma Pule institution, the influential group of orators from both Savaii and Upolu. The orators of Leulumoega and Lufilufi have wielded considerable power over the centuries as it is only through their consent that the royal aliʻi title of Tui Aʻana and Tui Ātua titles could be bestowed. </p><p>Men and women both have equal rights to the matai title. The Chiefs are responsible for their village/family, whenever needed, they must be there to support them. (Faʻalavelave) .<sup id="cite_ref-malama_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malama-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samoan <i>gafa</i> (pedigree, ancestors, descent) is central to family kinship and will usually commence from the person who first brought the name into prominence and caused it to be respected. It does not necessarily mean that the family commenced from the institution of a name or that the individual holding the title was the founder of the family. Former <i>matai</i> of the family have by comparison become unimportant and their names have fallen into disuse or become uninfluential. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fine_mats:_ʻIe_Tōga"><span id="Fine_mats:_.CA.BBIe_T.C5.8Dga"></span>Fine mats: <i>ʻIe Tōga</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fa%CA%BBamatai&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fine mats: ʻIe Tōga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many Samoan public events at which the distribution of mats will take place. Many of these mats, particularly the fine mats (<i><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBIe_t%C5%8Dga" title="ʻIe tōga">ʻie tōga</a></i>), are valued very highly both from a monetary point of view and also from a historical and sentimental viewpoint. The more important mats bear respected names. The most noteworthy occasions on which mats are presented are marriages, births and deaths and the bestowal of a chiefly title.<sup id="cite_ref-teo_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Customary_land">Customary land</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fa%CA%BBamatai&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Customary land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Savaii_Village_1,_Samoa,_Polynesia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Savaii_Village_1%2C_Samoa%2C_Polynesia.JPG/220px-Savaii_Village_1%2C_Samoa%2C_Polynesia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Savaii_Village_1%2C_Samoa%2C_Polynesia.JPG/330px-Savaii_Village_1%2C_Samoa%2C_Polynesia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Savaii_Village_1%2C_Samoa%2C_Polynesia.JPG/440px-Savaii_Village_1%2C_Samoa%2C_Polynesia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>View in <a href="/wiki/Safune" title="Safune">Safune</a> village.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apolima.village,Apolima.Island.circa_1890-1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Apolima.village%2CApolima.Island.circa_1890-1910.jpg/220px-Apolima.village%2CApolima.Island.circa_1890-1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Apolima.village%2CApolima.Island.circa_1890-1910.jpg/330px-Apolima.village%2CApolima.Island.circa_1890-1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Apolima.village%2CApolima.Island.circa_1890-1910.jpg/440px-Apolima.village%2CApolima.Island.circa_1890-1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apolima_Tai" title="Apolima Tai">Apolima Tai</a> village in <a href="/wiki/Apolima" title="Apolima">Apolima Island</a> (1890–1910).</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>matai</i> of the family is the administrator and representative of the family property which includes <a href="/wiki/Customary_land" title="Customary land">customary land</a>. Most of the population in <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, 65% overall, live with their families in villages on customary land. However, the 2006 Samoa census showed that 34 out of 48 political districts had more than 80% of households living on customary land with the lowest figures (25%) in the more densely concentrated urbanised area around the capital <a href="/wiki/Apia" title="Apia">Apia</a>. On the island of <a href="/wiki/Savai%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Savai'i">Savaiʻi</a>, where there are fewer people and fewer signs of western material culture, 93% of the 43,142 population live on customary land.<sup id="cite_ref-figs_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-figs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Looking after the collective family land is one of the most important responsibilities of Samoan families and their <i>matai</i>. </p><p>A <i>matai</i> may make their wishes known and bequeath certain property to others such as a married daughter, but they cannot transfer land rights beyond their own.<sup id="cite_ref-teo_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the management of one or more <i>matai</i> the lands are divided amongst the various families for their own use and are viewed by these family members as their unassailable rights. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Samoan_proverbs" title="Samoan proverbs">Samoan proverb</a> highlighting the importance of land in Samoa reads, <i>E le soifua umi le tagata faʻatau fanua</i> (The man who sells family land will not live to an old age – devils will bring about his early death). </p><p>With most of the country's land under customary ownership, the position of the <i>matai</i> is significant in modern-day politics in Samoa in terms of the nation's economic development, conservation, sustainability, tourism, national infrastructure and access to natural resources such as water, forestry, road access, agriculture and farming. </p><p>An example in recent years is the <i>matai</i> from the village of <a href="/wiki/Sili,_Samoa" title="Sili, Samoa">Sili</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Savai%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Savai'i">Savaiʻi</a> turning down a government proposal to build a <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric">hydroelectric</a> plant on village land because of environmental concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-rnzi_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rnzi-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the <i>matai</i> in <a href="/wiki/Sasina,_Samoa" title="Sasina, Samoa">Sasina</a> have agreed with government support to an unprecedented 120-year lease of prime oceanfront land to an American company to build a tourism resort estimated to cost US$450–500 million.<sup id="cite_ref-test_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-test-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In conservation, the villages of <a href="/wiki/Uafato" title="Uafato">Uafato</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Va%27a-o-Fonoti" class="mw-redirect" title="Va'a-o-Fonoti">Vaʻa-o-Fonoti</a> district at the east end of <a href="/wiki/Upolu" title="Upolu">Upolu</a><sup id="cite_ref-undp_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-undp-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> island and <a href="/wiki/Falealupo" title="Falealupo">Falealupo</a> at the west end of Savaiʻi have agreed to conservation covenants for their native forests. </p><p>Much of the land under the government today was alienated or sold during colonialism<sup id="cite_ref-mm_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mm-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later came under the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Samoa" title="Legislative Assembly of Samoa">Samoa government</a> when the colonial era ended. This includes large tracts of plantation land from the 19th century as well as later periods of colonial administration including <a href="/wiki/German_Samoa" title="German Samoa">German Samoa</a> (1900–1914) followed by the New Zealand administration. </p><p>This has resulted in ongoing court cases for land claims between <i>matai</i> and the government, such as that of the village of <a href="/wiki/Satapuala" title="Satapuala">Satapuala</a> over land by <a href="/wiki/Faleolo_International_Airport" title="Faleolo International Airport">Faleolo International Airport</a>, disputes which directly impact upon the country's national infrastructure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Matai_selection"><i>Matai</i> selection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fa%CA%BBamatai&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Matai selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3_Samoan_girls_making_ava_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/3_Samoan_girls_making_ava_1909.jpg/190px-3_Samoan_girls_making_ava_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/3_Samoan_girls_making_ava_1909.jpg/285px-3_Samoan_girls_making_ava_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/3_Samoan_girls_making_ava_1909.jpg/380px-3_Samoan_girls_making_ava_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2164" data-file-height="1410" /></a><figcaption>Young <a href="/wiki/Samoans" title="Samoans">Samoan</a> women preparing <i><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAva_ceremony" title="ʻAva ceremony">ʻava</a></i>, 1909</figcaption></figure> <p>In effect, every Samoan, men and women, is an heir to a <i>matai</i> title pertaining to their kinship and ancestry. However, <i>matai</i> titles are not automatically passed from a <i>matai</i> to their children or direct descendants but are bestowed upon those whom the extended family agree will best serve their needs while also ensuring that different branches of the family are represented. A recent example of this Samoan custom and law is the stripping of the important <a href="/wiki/Malietoa" title="Malietoa">Malietoa</a> title from the son of the previous title holder, the late Head of State, <a href="/wiki/Malietoa_Tanumafili_II" title="Malietoa Tanumafili II">Malietoa Tanumafili II</a> (1913–2007). Following Malietoa Tanumafili II's death in 2007, one branch of the family bestowed the title upon his son Papaliʻi Faʻamausili Moli in the village of <a href="/wiki/Malie" title="Malie">Malie</a>. The other branches of the family filed petitions at the <a href="/wiki/Land_and_Titles_Court_of_Samoa" title="Land and Titles Court of Samoa">Land and Titles Court of Samoa</a> claiming the bestowal invalid in breach of Samoan law. In June 2008, the court agreed and ruled the bestowal of the Malietoa title upon the son illegal,<sup id="cite_ref-moli_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moli-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> highlighting the unique nature of <i>matai</i> selection based on consensus, merit, custom and due process rather than automatic hereditary selection. A similar situation arose during the bestowal of the <a href="/wiki/Tupua_Tamasese" title="Tupua Tamasese">Tupua Tamasese</a> title on its current holder. Having not secured the consent of the title's governing family, Sā Fenunuivao of Falefa and Salani, it would not be until their acquiescence in 1986 that eventually led to an agreement for <a href="/wiki/Tui_Atua_Tupua_Tamasese_Efi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Efi">Tui Ātua Tupua Tamasese Efi</a> to be bestowed with the title. Other cultural factors can also play a part in the complex decision making process including seniority in age (an important factor in Samoan society), leadership qualities, oratory and an individual's ability to contribute to the family's overall circumstances and well-being. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_bestowal">Title bestowal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fa%CA%BBamatai&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Title bestowal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Samoa_%27ava_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoa 'ava ceremony">Samoa 'ava ceremony</a></div><p><i>Matai</i> titles (<span title="Samoan-language romanization"><i lang="sm-Latn">suafa</i></span>, literally "formal name") are bestowed upon family members during a cultural ceremony called a <i>saofaʻi</i> which occurs only after discussion and consensus within the family. The <i>saofaʻi</i> is a solemn ceremony which marks the formal acceptance of a new <i>matai</i> by their family and village into the circle of chiefs and orators. It involves the gathering of chiefs and orators in a <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Samoa" title="Architecture of Samoa"><i>fale tele</i></a> meeting house, the exchanging of oratory speeches, the reciting of genealogies and a <a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">kava</a> ceremony followed by a feast provided by the new <i>matai'</i>s family.<sup id="cite_ref-fj_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fj-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Samoa" title="Architecture of Samoa">Architecture of Samoa</a> dictates seating positions inside the meeting house during the title bestowal including the position of those making the kava being situated at the rear. Once the ceremony is completed, the new <i>matai</i> is henceforth called by their new name. </p><p>In New Zealand, more people born in Samoa than any other foreign country officially <a href="/wiki/Name_change" title="Name change">change their names</a> with the Department of Internal Affairs and it is believed that many of these are adding <i>matai</i> titles.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-Samoans">Non-Samoans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fa%CA%BBamatai&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Non-Samoans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Matai</i> titles are sometimes conferred upon non-Samoans as an honour by Samoan families and their villages. An example is the title of <b>Seiuli</b> conferred in 1993 by Samoa's Head of State, <a href="/wiki/Malietoa_Tanumafili_II" title="Malietoa Tanumafili II">Malietoa Tanumafili II</a> upon <a href="/wiki/Barry_Curtis_(mayor)" title="Barry Curtis (mayor)">Barry Curtis</a>, at the time <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Manukau" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Manukau">Mayor of Manukau</a>, a New Zealand city with a large Samoan population. Other non-Samoan New Zealanders bestowed with <i>matai</i> titles include prime ministers <a href="/wiki/Robert_Muldoon" title="Robert Muldoon">Robert Muldoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Lange" title="David Lange">David Lange</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Bolger" title="Jim Bolger">Jim Bolger</a>, politician <a href="/wiki/Winston_Peters" title="Winston Peters">Winston Peters</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a> businessman <a href="/wiki/Dick_Hubbard" title="Dick Hubbard">Dick Hubbard</a> who holds the title <b>Galumalemana</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988, American ethnobotanist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Alan_Cox" title="Paul Alan Cox">Paul Alan Cox</a> received the legendary title <b>Nafanua</b> from the village of <a href="/wiki/Falealupo" title="Falealupo">Falealupo</a>, where Cox had lived for many years and later helped to set up a covenant to protect the native rainforest.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1978, the Governor-General of <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, Ratu Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Cakobau" title="George Cakobau">George Cakobau</a> was bestowed the title <b>Peseta</b> by <a href="/wiki/Matautu" title="Matautu">Matautu</a> on <a href="/wiki/Savai%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Savai'i">Savaiʻi</a> island during his visit to <a href="/wiki/Tui_Fiti" title="Tui Fiti">Tui Fiti</a>'s sacred ground.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a> was given the title <i>Prince Tupua Ban Ki-moon of Siupapa Saleapaga</i> on 2 September 2014 during the United Nations' Small Island Development Conference while serving as the Secretary General of the United Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming_convention">Naming convention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fa%CA%BBamatai&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Naming convention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>matai</i> title is always first in naming convention as the most important name for a titled individual. When a person is appointed a <i>matai</i>, they retain their Christian name in addition to their new <i>matai</i> title. The <i>matai</i> title is appended to the beginning of their name so that their Christian name follows their new <i>matai</i> title.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As one person may hold a number of different <i>matai</i> names from different branches of their genealogy, the new names are also added before their Christian name, with no set order in terms of general usage. An example is <a href="/wiki/Mata%27afa_Faumuina_Fiame_Mulinu%27u_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mata'afa Faumuina Fiame Mulinu'u I">Mataʻafa Faumuina Fiame Mulinuʻu I</a> whose first three names reveal individual high chief titles and thereby his genealogy and the different villages and families to which he belonged; the <b>Faumuina</b> title from <a href="/wiki/Lepea" title="Lepea">Lepea</a>, the <b>Fiame</b> title from <a href="/wiki/Lotofaga" title="Lotofaga">Lotofaga</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mata%CA%BBafa" title="Mataʻafa">Mataʻafa</a> title, one of the <a href="/wiki/Paramount_chief" title="Paramount chief">paramount</a> names in the country. </p><p>As more than one family member can be bestowed the same <i>matai</i> title, each person's Christian name serves to distinguish them from each other. Dividing a family title so that it is shared among more than one family member is also agreed upon by consensus. The Samoans explain this by saying that a man has a <i>fasi igoa</i> – a piece of the title.<sup id="cite_ref-teo_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Usoaliʻi</i> refers to brother chiefs, those men in the family union holding <i>matai</i> names. They may all enjoy the same rights or be under the control of one <i>matai</i> who is termed <i>sao</i>, in which case the other chiefs are referred to as <i>tuaigoa</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women_matai">Women <i>matai</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fa%CA%BBamatai&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Women matai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>'s total population of 192,126 (2016 census), 93,463 were female, comprising 48.6% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, there were 1,766 female <i>matai</i>, 10.5% of the 16,787 <i>matai</i> living in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-figs_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-figs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A woman can hold a <i>matai</i> name and have the <i>pule</i> (authority) of the family but this does not often occur. Should she have both she will usually bestow her <i>matai</i> title on one of her family, probably her husband, and retain the <i>pule</i>. In 2017, New Zealand-based <a href="/wiki/Pacific_studies" title="Pacific studies">Pacific studies</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Fairbairn-Dunlop" title="Peggy Fairbairn-Dunlop">Tagaloatele Peggy Dunlop</a> urged more women to put themselves forward.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prominent women <i>matai</i> in Samoa include scholar and historian <a href="/wiki/Aiono_Fanaafi_Le_Tagaloa" title="Aiono Fanaafi Le Tagaloa">Aiono Fanaafi Le Tagaloa</a> (<i>matai</i> title <b>Aiono</b>), high chief and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Fiam%C4%93_Naomi_Mata%CA%BBafa" title="Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa">Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa</a> (<i>matai</i> title <b>Fiame</b>), former politician <a href="/wiki/Gatoloaifaana_Amataga_Alesana-Gidlow" title="Gatoloaifaana Amataga Alesana-Gidlow">Gatoloaifaana Amataga Alesana-Gidlow</a> (<i>matai</i> title <b>Gatoloaifaana</b>) and writer <a href="/wiki/Emma_Kruse_Va%27ai" title="Emma Kruse Va'ai">Letuimanuʻasina Emma Kruse Vaʻai</a> (<i>matai</i> title <b>Letuimanuʻasina</b>). </p><p>With many Samoans also living overseas in other countries, other prominent Samoan female <i>matai</i> include New Zealand former Member of Parliament Luamanuvao <a href="/wiki/Winnie_Laban" title="Winnie Laban">Winnie Laban</a> (<i>matai</i> title <b>Luamanuvao</b>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Old_age">Old age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fa%CA%BBamatai&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Old age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seniority in years and old age is a respected status in Samoan society where elders, whether familiars or complete strangers, are referred to as <i>tamā</i> (father) or <i>tinā</i> (mother). In this cultural context, a retired <i>matai</i> usually enjoys the respect of their family and is referred to as the <i>faʻatonutonu folau</i>, the steersperson of the boat. In this case they do not actually do the steering but their advice is listened to and their family profits from their ripe experience. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Untitled_men">Untitled men</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fa%CA%BBamatai&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Untitled men"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Manaia,_son_of_a_Samoan_matai_photo_Andrew.Thomas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/A_Manaia%2C_son_of_a_Samoan_matai_photo_Andrew.Thomas.jpg/200px-A_Manaia%2C_son_of_a_Samoan_matai_photo_Andrew.Thomas.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/A_Manaia%2C_son_of_a_Samoan_matai_photo_Andrew.Thomas.jpg/300px-A_Manaia%2C_son_of_a_Samoan_matai_photo_Andrew.Thomas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/A_Manaia%2C_son_of_a_Samoan_matai_photo_Andrew.Thomas.jpg/400px-A_Manaia%2C_son_of_a_Samoan_matai_photo_Andrew.Thomas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>Young man dressed as a <i>manaia</i>, the son of a Samoan chief, in ceremonial attire including an elaborate headdress (<i>tuiga</i>), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1890–1910</span>. (photo by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Andrew_(photographer)" title="Thomas Andrew (photographer)">Thomas Andrew</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Samoan appellation for a male person who is not a <i>matai</i> is a <i>tauleʻaleʻa</i>. The real meaning of the word, which is derived from the word <i>leʻaleʻa</i> (immature), is a young man who has not reached maturity. It is nowadays applied to any male person who is not a <i>matai</i>. In the past the term was sometimes used to indicate that any male person, even a <i>matai</i>, was not an old man. In this sense, <i>tauleʻaleʻa</i> signifies young or comparatively young, just as <i>toeaʻina</i> is used to signify that a man is aged or elderly (a respectful status in Samoa) whether he be a <i>matai</i> or a <i>tauleʻaleʻa</i>. </p><p>It is permissible for a <i>tauleʻaleʻa</i> (an untitled man) to change his name as often as he wishes. A chance remark or an outstanding incident will often be the determining factor in naming a <i>tauleʻaleʻa</i>. This can apply to everyone else, including females in Samoa, where a family member, especially a child, might be called a new name to commemorate an important occasion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disputes_resolution">Disputes resolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fa%CA%BBamatai&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Disputes resolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Disputes over <i>matai</i> titles which cannot be resolved among family members within the wide extended <a href="/wiki/%27aiga" class="mw-redirect" title="'aiga">ʻaiga</a> are dealt with by the <a href="/wiki/Land_and_Titles_Court_of_Samoa" title="Land and Titles Court of Samoa">Land and Titles Court of Samoa</a> which consists of cultural and judicial experts appointed by the Judicial Services Commission. </p><p>The Land and Titles Court hears disputes over <i>matai</i> title succession as well as disagreements pertaining to customary land.<sup id="cite_ref-court_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-court-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court derives from the Native Land and Titles Court put in place under the colonial German administration in 1901. Samoa's political stability is thought to be due in large part to the success of this court in hearing disputes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fa%CA%BBamatai&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Royalty_and_chieftains_of_Samoa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Royalty and chieftains of Samoa">Royalty and chieftains of Samoa</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuli_Le%E2%80%99iato" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuli Le’iato">Malietoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mata%27afa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mata'afa">Mataʻafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%27imaleali%27ifano" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu'imaleali'ifano">Tuʻimalealiʻifano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupua_Tamasese" title="Tupua Tamasese">Tupua Tamasese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tui_Manu%27a" title="Tui Manu'a">Tui Manuʻa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuli_Le%E2%80%99iato" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuli Le’iato">Tuli Leʻiato</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fa%CA%BBamatai&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-af-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-af_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-af_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFana'afi_Le_Tagaloa1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fana'afi Le Tagaloa, Aiono (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wNDgF7Y9hr4C&dq=Land%20rights%20of%20Pacific%20women%E2%80%8E&pg=PA103">"Western Samoa: the sacred covenant"</a>. <i>Land Rights of Pacific Women</i>. Institute of Pacific Studies of the University of the South Pacific. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/982-02-0012-1" title="Special:BookSources/982-02-0012-1"><bdi>982-02-0012-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Western+Samoa%3A+the+sacred+covenant&rft.btitle=Land+Rights+of+Pacific+Women&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Institute+of+Pacific+Studies+of+the+University+of+the+South+Pacific&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=982-02-0012-1&rft.aulast=Fana%27afi+Le+Tagaloa&rft.aufirst=Aiono&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwNDgF7Y9hr4C%26dq%3DLand%2520rights%2520of%2520Pacific%2520women%25E2%2580%258E%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFa%CA%BBamatai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteLamont_Lindstrom1997" class="citation book cs1">White, Geoffrey Miles; Lamont Lindstrom (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F8aiAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA76"><i>Chiefs Today: Traditional Pacific Leadership and the Postcolonial State</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2851-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-2851-8"><bdi>0-8047-2851-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chiefs+Today%3A+Traditional+Pacific+Leadership+and+the+Postcolonial+State&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8047-2851-8&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+Miles&rft.au=Lamont+Lindstrom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF8aiAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFa%CA%BBamatai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuaalii-SauniTuagaluKirifi-AlaiFuamatu" class="citation book cs1">Suaalii-Sauni, Tamasailau M.; Tuagalu, I'uogafa; Kirifi-Alai, Tofilau Nina; Fuamatu, Naomi (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1051928755"><i>Su'esu'e Manogi: In Search of Fragrance. : Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Ta'isi and the Samoan Indigenous Reference</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77550-359-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77550-359-0"><bdi>978-1-77550-359-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1051928755">1051928755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Su%27esu%27e+Manogi%3A+In+Search+of+Fragrance.+%3A+Tui+Atua+Tupua+Tamasese+Ta%27isi+and+the+Samoan+Indigenous+Reference.&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1051928755&rft.isbn=978-1-77550-359-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1051928755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFa%CA%BBamatai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuimaleali'ifano,_Morgan_A._(19..-....)._Auteur.2006" class="citation book cs1">Tuimaleali'ifano, Morgan A. (19..-....). Auteur. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/494614506"><i>O tama a 'aiga = he politics of succession to Samoa's paramount titles</i></a>. Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-982-02-0377-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-982-02-0377-8"><bdi>978-982-02-0377-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/494614506">494614506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O+tama+a+%27aiga+%3D+he+politics+of+succession+to+Samoa%27s+paramount+titles&rft.pub=Institute+of+Pacific+Studies%2C+University+of+the+South+Pacific&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F494614506&rft.isbn=978-982-02-0377-8&rft.au=Tuimaleali%27ifano%2C+Morgan+A.+%2819..-....%29.+Auteur.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F494614506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFa%CA%BBamatai" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/301481/samoa-editor-confirmed-paramount-title-holder">"Samoa editor confirmed paramount title holder"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/RNZ" class="mw-redirect" title="RNZ">RNZ</a></i>. 14 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RNZ&rft.atitle=Samoa+editor+confirmed+paramount+title+holder&rft.date=2016-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.co.nz%2Finternational%2Fpacific-news%2F301481%2Fsamoa-editor-confirmed-paramount-title-holder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFa%CA%BBamatai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usp-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usp_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usp_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrage1994" class="citation book cs1">Drage, Jean (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUpmpeJz-8gC"><i>New Politics in the South pacific</i></a>. Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789820201156" title="Special:BookSources/9789820201156"><bdi>9789820201156</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Politics+in+the+South+pacific&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Institute+of+Pacific+Studies%2C+University+of+the+South+Pacific&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9789820201156&rft.aulast=Drage&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZUpmpeJz-8gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFa%CA%BBamatai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-figs-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-figs_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-figs_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-figs_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-figs_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110101200714/http://www.sbs.gov.ws/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=xZE7Ip3423g%3D&tabid=3615&language=en-US">"Final Population and Housing Census 2011"</a>. <i>Samoa Bureau of Statistics</i>. July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbs.gov.ws/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=xZE7Ip3423g%3d&tabid=3615&language=en-US">the original</a> on 1 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Samoa+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=Final+Population+and+Housing+Census+2011&rft.date=2012-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.gov.ws%2FLinkClick.aspx%3Ffileticket%3DxZE7Ip3423g%253d%26tabid%3D3615%26language%3Den-US&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFa%CA%BBamatai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>The Cyclopedia of Samoa</i>, McCarron, Stewart & Co., 1907, p. 29</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cyclopedia+of+Samoa&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=McCarron%2C+Stewart+%26+Co.&rft.date=1907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFa%CA%BBamatai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-teo-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-teo_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-teo_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-teo_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-teo_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-teo_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-teo_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-teo_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuvale1918" class="citation book cs1">Tuvale, Te'o (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-TuvAcco-t1-body1-d26.html"><i>An Account of Samoan History up to 1918</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Account+of+Samoan+History+up+to+1918&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Tuvale&rft.aufirst=Te%27o&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-TuvAcco-t1-body1-d26.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFa%CA%BBamatai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fw-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fw_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaratnycky1998" class="citation book cs1">Karatnycky, Adrian (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-KUKTqttkkQC&pg=PA528"><i>Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights & Civil Liberties, 1996–1997</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 528. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7658-0422-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7658-0422-0"><bdi>0-7658-0422-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+in+the+World%3A+The+Annual+Survey+of+Political+Rights+%26+Civil+Liberties%2C+1996%E2%80%931997&rft.pages=528&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7658-0422-0&rft.aulast=Karatnycky&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-KUKTqttkkQC%26pg%3DPA528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFa%CA%BBamatai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dunlop-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dunlop_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairbairn-Dunlop2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Fairbairn-Dunlop" title="Peggy Fairbairn-Dunlop">Fairbairn-Dunlop, Peggy</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tckqy2TMjqoC"><i>Samoan women: widening choices</i></a>. University of the South Pacific. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/982-02-0360-0" title="Special:BookSources/982-02-0360-0"><bdi>982-02-0360-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samoan+women%3A+widening+choices&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=University+of+the+South+Pacific&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=982-02-0360-0&rft.aulast=Fairbairn-Dunlop&rft.aufirst=Peggy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTckqy2TMjqoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFa%CA%BBamatai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-malama-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-malama_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malama_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeleisea1987" class="citation book cs1">Meleisea, Malama (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kMKgKanykIUC&pg=PA146"><i>The Making of Modern Samoa</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Samoa&rft.pub=University+of+the+South+Pacific&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=982-02-0031-8&rft.aulast=Meleisea&rft.aufirst=Malama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkMKgKanykIUC%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFa%CA%BBamatai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tagaloa104-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tagaloa104_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFana'afi_Le_Tagaloa1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fana'afi Le Tagaloa, Aiono (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wNDgF7Y9hr4C&dq=Land%20rights%20of%20Pacific%20women%E2%80%8E&pg=PA103">"Western Samoa: the sacred covenant"</a>. <i>Land Rights of Pacific Women</i>. Institute of Pacific Studies of the University of the South Pacific. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wNDgF7Y9hr4C&dq=Land%20rights%20of%20Pacific%20women%E2%80%8E&pg=PA104">104</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/982-02-0012-1" title="Special:BookSources/982-02-0012-1"><bdi>982-02-0012-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Village-based+women+urged+to+seek+Samoan+chiefly+titles&rft.pub=RNZ&rft.date=2017-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.co.nz%2Finternational%2Fpacific-news%2F345651%2Fvillage-based-women-urged-to-seek-samoan-chiefly-titles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFa%CA%BBamatai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-court-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-court_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=40076">"Samoa Lands and Titles Court to announce on Malietoa title on 18th June"</a>. <i>Radio New Zealand International</i>. 29 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+New+Zealand+International&rft.atitle=Samoa+Lands+and+Titles+Court+to+announce+on+Malietoa+title+on+18th+June&rft.date=2008-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnzi.com%2Fpages%2Fnews.php%3Fop%3Dread%26id%3D40076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFa%CA%BBamatai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fa%CA%BBamatai&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110101200714/http://www.sbs.gov.ws/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=xZE7Ip3423g%3D&tabid=3615&language=en-US">Final 2006 Samoa Census Report, Samoa Bureau of Statistics, July 2008</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fa%CA%BBamatai&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Vaai, Saleimoa (1999). <i>Samoa Faʻamatai and the Rule of Law</i>. Samoa : National University of Samoa. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/982-9003-09-4" title="Special:BookSources/982-9003-09-4">982-9003-09-4</a></li> <li>Tuimalealiʻifano, Morgan (2006). <i>O Tama a ʻāiga: The Politics of Succession to Sāmoa's Paramount Titles</i>. Fiji: University of the South Pacific. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-982-02-0377-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-982-02-0377-8">978-982-02-0377-8</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nobility_by_nation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobility by nation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nobility_by_nation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> by nation</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>(*) : state where <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> still exists</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahib-ul-Ma%27ali" title="Sahib-ul-Ma'ali">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mamluk_titles_and_appellations" title="List of Mamluk titles and appellations">Mamluks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Eswatini" title="List of monarchs of Eswatini">Eswatini</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_aristocratic_and_court_titles" title="Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Chieftaincy" title="Nigerian Chieftaincy">Nigeria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_traditional_rulers" title="Nigerian traditional rulers">Rulers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriana" title="Andriana">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_aristocratic_and_court_titles" title="Somali aristocratic and court titles">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_royal_family" title="Zulu royal family">South Africa (Zulu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharifism" title="Sharifism">Morocco</a>*</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Princely_Hat.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Princely_Hat.svg/70px-Princely_Hat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Princely_Hat.svg/105px-Princely_Hat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Princely_Hat.svg/140px-Princely_Hat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peers_and_baronets" title="Canadian peers and baronets">Canada</a>*</li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pipiltin" title="Pipiltin">pre-Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_nobility" title="Mexican nobility">post-Columbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_nobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban nobility">Cuba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_nobility" title="Brazilian nobility">Brazil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nobility" title="Lebanese nobility">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ottoman_families" title="Template:Ottoman families">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nobility" title="Chinese nobility">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">Mongolia</a></li> <li>Japan* <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuge" title="Kuge">Kuge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">Daimyō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Meiji</a></li></ul></li> <li>Korea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_nobility" title="Korean nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yangban" title="Yangban">Yangban</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_peers_and_baronets" title="Indian peers and baronets">Indo-European</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Indonesia* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Kshatriya" title="Balinese Kshatriya">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabang_Atas" title="Cabang Atas">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priyayi" title="Priyayi">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titles" title="Malay styles and titles">Malay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titles" title="Malay styles and titles">Malaysia</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titles" title="Malay styles and titles">Brunei</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_nobility" title="Khmer nobility">Cambodia</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal%C3%ADa" title="Principalía">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_nobility" title="Thai nobility">Thailand</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_nobility" title="Vietnamese nobility">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_nobility" title="Danish nobility">Denmark</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_nobility" title="Finnish nobility">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_in_Iceland" title="Nobility in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_of_Norway" title="Aristocracy of Norway">Norway</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_nobility" title="Swedish nobility">Sweden</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_nobility" title="Belgian nobility">Belgium</a>*</li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_the_First_French_Empire" title="Nobility of the First French Empire">Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_nobility" title="Dutch nobility">The Netherlands</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_nobility" title="Swiss nobility">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nobility" title="British nobility">United Kingdom</a>* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Scotland" title="Peerage of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain" title="Peerage of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li>Ireland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_nobility_of_Ireland" title="Gaelic nobility of Ireland">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" title="Normans in Ireland">Norman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_nobility" title="Papal nobility">Holy See</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_nobility" title="Portuguese nobility">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nobility" title="Spanish nobility">Spain</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central, Eastern<br />and Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nobility" title="Albanian nobility">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_nobility" title="Armenian nobility">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nobility" title="Austrian nobility">Austria</a></li> <li>Baltic countries <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baltic_German_nobility" title="Baltic German nobility">Ritterschaft</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_nobility" title="Lithuanian nobility">Lithuania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nobility" title="Croatian nobility">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_nobility" title="Czech nobility">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Nobility of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nobility" title="German nobility">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nobility" title="Hungarian nobility">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nobility" title="Montenegrin nobility">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyars_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Boyars of Moldavia and Wallachia">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nobility" title="Serbian nobility">Serbia</a></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_nobility" title="Ruthenian nobility">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia" title="Ukrainian nobility of Galicia">Galicia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_peers_and_baronets" title="Australian peers and baronets">Australia</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratu" title="Ratu">Fiji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iroijlaplap" title="Iroijlaplap">Marshall Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ariki" title="Ariki">Polynesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fa%27amatai" class="mw-redirect" title="Fa'amatai">Samoan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_nobles" title="Tongan nobles">Tonga</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali%CA%BBi" title="Aliʻi">Hawai‘i</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Samoa_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Samoa_topics" title="Template:Samoa topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Samoa_topics" title="Template talk:Samoa topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Samoa_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Samoa topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Samoa_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Samoa" title="History of Samoa">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Samoa" title="Archaeology of Samoa">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Civil_War" title="Samoan Civil War">First Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_crisis" title="Samoan crisis">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1889_Apia_cyclone" title="1889 Apia cyclone">1889 Apia cyclone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Samoan_Civil_War" title="Second Samoan Civil War">Second Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Samoa" title="List of colonial governors of Samoa">Colonial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Convention" title="Tripartite Convention">Tripartite Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Samoa" title="German Samoa">German Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">New Zealand occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Base_Upolu" title="Naval Base Upolu">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Western_Samoa" title="Territory of Western Samoa">Trust Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_movement" title="Mau movement">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Samoa_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami">2009 earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Samoan_constitutional_crisis" title="2021 Samoan constitutional crisis">2021 constitutional crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Samoa" title="Flag of Samoa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/100px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/150px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/200px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Samoa" title="Geography of Samoa">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_in_Samoa" title="List of bays in Samoa">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities,_towns_and_villages_in_Samoa" title="List of cities, towns and villages in Samoa">Cities, towns and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Samoa" title="Districts of Samoa">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Samoa" title="List of earthquakes in Samoa">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Samoa" title="Category:Fauna of Samoa">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Samoan_plant_common_names" title="List of Samoan plant common names">Samoan plant names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_hotspot" title="Samoa hotspot">Hotspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Samoa" title="List of protected areas of Samoa">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Samoa" title="List of rivers of Samoa">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Islands" title="Samoan Islands">Samoan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silisili" title="Silisili">Silisili (mountain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Samoa" title="Politics of Samoa">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Samoa" title="Cabinet of Samoa">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Samoa" title="Constitution of Samoa">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Samoa" title="Elections in Samoa">Elections</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Faʻamatai</i> (chiefly system)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Samoa" title="Foreign relations of Samoa">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_Police_Service" title="Samoa Police Service">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Samoa" title="Military of Samoa">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_ministries_of_Samoa" title="Government ministries of Samoa">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_le_Ao_o_le_Malo" title="O le Ao o le Malo"><i>O le Ao o le Malo</i> (head of state)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Samoa" title="Legislative Assembly of Samoa">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Samoa" title="List of political parties in Samoa">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Samoa" title="Prime Minister of Samoa">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Samoa" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Samoa">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Samoa" title="Economy of Samoa">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_t%C4%81l%C4%81" title="Samoan tālā">Tālā (currency)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Samoan_pound" title="Western Samoan pound">Western Samoan pound</a> (historic)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Samoa" title="Telecommunications in Samoa">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.ws" title=".ws">.ws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Samoa" title="Transport in Samoa">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Samoa" title="Category:Society of Samoa">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Banner_of_Freedom" title="The Banner of Freedom">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Samoa" title="Architecture of Samoa">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Samoa" title="Cinema of Samoa">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Samoa" title="Coat of arms of Samoa">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoan culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Samoan_dances" title="Category:Samoan dances">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Samoa" title="Demographics of Samoa">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoans" title="Samoans">Ethnicity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_S%C4%81moa" title="Faʻa Sāmoa">Faʻa Sāmoa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Samoa" title="Flag of Samoa">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_literature" title="Samoan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Samoa">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_proverbs" title="Samoan proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Samoa" title="Public holidays in Samoa">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Samoa" title="Sport in Samoa">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAva_ceremony" title="ʻAva ceremony">ʻAva ceremony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Samoa" title="Outline of Samoa">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Samoa" title="Category:Samoa">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faʻamatai&oldid=1258880333">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faʻamatai&oldid=1258880333</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Samoa" title="Category:Culture of Samoa">Culture of Samoa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Samoa" title="Category:Politics of Samoa">Politics of Samoa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Samoan_words_and_phrases" title="Category:Samoan words and 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