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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Before_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Before independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awadh_under_the_Mughals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awadh_under_the_Mughals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Awadh under the Mughals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awadh_under_the_Mughals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_the_hereditary_Nawabs_of_Awadh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_the_hereditary_Nawabs_of_Awadh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Under the hereditary Nawabs of Awadh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_the_hereditary_Nawabs_of_Awadh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>British rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sham-e-Awadh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sham-e-Awadh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sham-e-Awadh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sham-e-Awadh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awadhi_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awadhi_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Awadhi cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awadhi_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%87" title="أوده – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوده" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A7" title="अवध – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="अवध" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aud_(Hindistan)" title="Aud (Hindistan) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aud (Hindistan)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A7" title="अवध – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अवध" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avadh" title="Avadh – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Avadh" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudh" title="Oudh – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oudh" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%87" title="اوده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Awadh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%99%80%EB%93%9C" title="아와드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아와드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A7" title="अवध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अवध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Awadh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%93" title="אווד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אווד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅವಧ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅವಧ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98)" title="აუდი (ინდოეთი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აუდი (ინდოეთი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aud_%C3%A1llam" title="Aud állam – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Aud állam" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%8D" title="അവധ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അവധ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A7" title="अवध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अवध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avadh" title="Avadh – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Avadh" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A7" title="अवध – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अवध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A7" title="अवध – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अवध" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudh" title="Oudh – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oudh" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aud" title="Aud – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aud" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%A7" title="ਅਵਧ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਵਧ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%BE" title="اودھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اودھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Awadh" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oude" title="Oude – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oude" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B4_(%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Ауд (Индия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ауд (Индия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Awadh" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Awadh" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D" title="அவத் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அவத்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%98" title="อวัธ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อวัธ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Ауд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ауд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%BE" title="اودھ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اودھ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%93%A6%E5%BE%B7" title="阿瓦德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿瓦德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q248705#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Awadh&params=26_53_N_80_58_E_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">26°53′N</span> <span class="longitude">80°58′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">26.883°N 80.967°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">26.883; 80.967</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region in Uttar Pradesh</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the cultural and historical region in India. For the state during the British Raj, see <a href="/wiki/Oudh_State" title="Oudh State">Oudh State</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Awadh" title="Special:EditPage/Awadh">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Awadh%22">"Awadh"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Awadh%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Awadh%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Awadh%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Awadh%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Awadh%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region in India, Asia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Awadh</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">Region</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style=";height:162px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarayu_River_night_view,_Ayodhya_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sarayu_River_night_view%2C_Ayodhya_001.jpg/288px-Sarayu_River_night_view%2C_Ayodhya_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sarayu_River_night_view%2C_Ayodhya_001.jpg/432px-Sarayu_River_night_view%2C_Ayodhya_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sarayu_River_night_view%2C_Ayodhya_001.jpg/576px-Sarayu_River_night_view%2C_Ayodhya_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Ram_ki_Paidi" title="Ram ki Paidi">Ram ki Paidi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div style=";height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bada_Imambara_aka_Bhool_Bhulaiya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bada_Imambara_aka_Bhool_Bhulaiya.jpg/126px-Bada_Imambara_aka_Bhool_Bhulaiya.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bada_Imambara_aka_Bhool_Bhulaiya.jpg/189px-Bada_Imambara_aka_Bhool_Bhulaiya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bada_Imambara_aka_Bhool_Bhulaiya.jpg/252px-Bada_Imambara_aka_Bhool_Bhulaiya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Bara_Imambara" title="Bara Imambara">Bara Imambara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div style=";height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1167_main-ghat-at-bithoor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/1167_main-ghat-at-bithoor.jpg/158px-1167_main-ghat-at-bithoor.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/1167_main-ghat-at-bithoor.jpg/237px-1167_main-ghat-at-bithoor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/1167_main-ghat-at-bithoor.jpg/316px-1167_main-ghat-at-bithoor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="682" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Brahmavart Ghat, <a href="/wiki/Kanpur" title="Kanpur">Kanpur</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div style=";height:86px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kathak_Group_Performance_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Kathak_Group_Performance_%283%29.jpg/130px-Kathak_Group_Performance_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Kathak_Group_Performance_%283%29.jpg/195px-Kathak_Group_Performance_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Kathak_Group_Performance_%283%29.jpg/260px-Kathak_Group_Performance_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div style=";height:86px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Kanpur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Kanpur.jpg/154px-Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Kanpur.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Kanpur.jpg/231px-Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Kanpur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Kanpur.jpg/308px-Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Kanpur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="464" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/IIT_Kanpur" title="IIT Kanpur">IIT Kanpur</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style=";height:192px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaving_the_cold_desolation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Leaving_the_cold_desolation.jpg/288px-Leaving_the_cold_desolation.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Leaving_the_cold_desolation.jpg/432px-Leaving_the_cold_desolation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Leaving_the_cold_desolation.jpg/576px-Leaving_the_cold_desolation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Katarniaghat_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary">Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AwadhIndiamap.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Modern map of the Awadh region"><img alt="Modern map of the Awadh region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/AwadhIndiamap.png/300px-AwadhIndiamap.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/AwadhIndiamap.png/450px-AwadhIndiamap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/AwadhIndiamap.png/600px-AwadhIndiamap.png 2x" data-file-width="2104" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Modern map of the Awadh region</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Awadh&params=26_53_N_80_58_E_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">26°53′N</span> <span class="longitude">80°58′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">26.883°N 80.967°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">26.883; 80.967</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Continent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Covering territory</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_division" title="Lucknow division">Lucknow division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_division" title="Ayodhya division">Ayodhya division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayagraj_division" title="Prayagraj division">Prayagraj division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur_division" title="Kanpur division">Kanpur division</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">68,006 km<sup>2</sup> (26,257 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2011)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">55,119,236<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2,023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest Cities</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur" title="Kanpur">Kanpur</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lalbagh_gate_faizabad_c.1801.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lalbagh_gate_faizabad_c.1801.jpg/250px-Lalbagh_gate_faizabad_c.1801.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lalbagh_gate_faizabad_c.1801.jpg/375px-Lalbagh_gate_faizabad_c.1801.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lalbagh_gate_faizabad_c.1801.jpg/500px-Lalbagh_gate_faizabad_c.1801.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Lal Bagh entrance in Faizabad, Municipal Corporation of <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a>, as depicted in <i>Gate of the Loll-Baug at Fyzabad</i> by Thomas and William Daniell, 1801* (BL).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Awadh</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Hindi:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[əˈʋədʱ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f4\/Hi-Awadh.ogg\/Hi-Awadh.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Hi-Awadh.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f4/Hi-Awadh.ogg/Hi-Awadh.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Hi-Awadh.ogg" title="File:Hi-Awadh.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>), known in British historical texts as <b>Avadh</b> or <b>Oudh</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Historical_region" title="Historical region">historical region</a> in northern India, now constituting the northeastern portion of <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>. It is roughly synonymous with the ancient <a href="/wiki/Kosala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosala">Kosala</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scriptures">Hindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist scriptures">Buddhist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jain_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain scriptures">Jain scriptures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was a province of all the major <a href="/wiki/Muslim_period_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent">Islamic dynasties in India</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>. With the decline of late Mughal <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, Awadh became a major source of literary, artistic, religious, and architectural patronage in northern India under the rule of its eleven rulers, called <a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawabs</a>. From 1720 to 1856, the nawabs presided over Awadh, with <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faizabad" title="Faizabad">Faizabad</a> serving as the region's initial capitals.<sup id="cite_ref-Gopal1993_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gopal1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the capital was relocated to <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>, which is now the capital of <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British conquered Awadh in 1856, which infuriated Indians and was recognised as a factor causing the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Mutiny (1857-58)</a>, the biggest Indian uprising against British rule.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awadh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>Awadh</i> is inherited from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a> meaning "not to be warred against, irresistible".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awadh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Awadh, known as the granary of India, was important strategically for the control of the <a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Doab</a>, a fertile plain between the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a> rivers. It was a wealthy kingdom, able to maintain its independence against threats from the <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Marathas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghans</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient">Ancient</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awadh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kosala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosala">Kosala</a></div> <p>Awadh's political unity can be traced back to the ancient <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kosala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosala">Kosala</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a> as its early capital in traditional history, though in Buddhist times (6th–5th century <small>BCE</small>) <a href="/wiki/Shravasti" title="Shravasti">Shravasti</a> became the kingdom's capital city.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern Awadh finds historical mention only in the Mughal time of <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>, in the late 16th century. </p><p>In prehistoric times, Awadh, reputedly the kingdom of Bikukshi, contained five main divisions :<sup id="cite_ref-Irwin_106_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irwin_106-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kosala" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttara Kosala">Uttara Kosala</a> or the trans-<a href="/wiki/Ghaghra" title="Ghaghra">Ghaghra</a> districts, now known as <a href="/wiki/Bahraich" title="Bahraich">Bahraich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gonda_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonda District">Gonda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basti_district" title="Basti district">Basti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gorakhpur_district" title="Gorakhpur district">Gorakhpur</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silliana" title="Silliana">Silliana</a>, consisting of lower range of hills to the north of Uttara Kosala, now belonging to <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Tarai" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarai">Tarai</a> at its base.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachhimrath" title="Pachhimrath">Pachhimrath</a>, which may be roughly described as the country between Ghaghra and <a href="/wiki/Gomti" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomti">Gomti</a> west to the line from <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sultanpur_district" title="Sultanpur district">Sultanpur</a>. This division included about third of present district of Ayodhya (including <a href="/wiki/Ambedkar_Nagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambedkar Nagar">Ambedkar Nagar</a>), a small portion of the north of <a href="/wiki/Sultanpur_district" title="Sultanpur district">Sultanpur</a>, greater part of <a href="/wiki/Barabanki_district" title="Barabanki district">Barabanki</a>, and sections of the Lucknow and <a href="/wiki/Sitapur" title="Sitapur">Sitapur</a> districts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purabrath" title="Purabrath">Purabrath</a>, which may be roughly described as the country between Ghaghra and Gomti east to the line from Ayodhya to Sultanpur. This division included about two-thirds of present district of Ayodhya (including <a href="/wiki/Ambedkarnagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambedkarnagar">Ambedkarnagar</a>), the north-eastern corner of Sultanpur, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Mirzapur_district" title="Mirzapur district">Mirzapur district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pratapgarh_district,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh">Pratapgarh District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaunpur_district" title="Jaunpur district">Jaunpur</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbar" title="Arbar">Arbar</a>, extended southwards from Gomti to the <a href="/wiki/Sai_River_(Uttar_Pradesh)" title="Sai River (Uttar Pradesh)">Sai river</a>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_independence">Before independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awadh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Before independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since AD 1350 different parts of the Awadh region were ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaunpur_Sultanate" title="Jaunpur Sultanate">Sharqi Sultanate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Awadh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawabs of Awadh">Nawabs of Awadh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honourable_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Honourable East India Company">East India Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kanpur" title="Kanpur">Kanpur</a> was one of the major centres of <a href="/wiki/Indian_rebellion_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian rebellion of 1857">Indian rebellion of 1857</a>, participated actively in <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">India's Independence movement</a>, and emerged as an important city of <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>. </p><p>For about eighty-four years (from 1394 to 1478), Awadh was part of the <a href="/wiki/Jaunpur_Sultanate" title="Jaunpur Sultanate">Sharqi Sultanate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jaunpur,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh">Jaunpur</a>; emperor <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a> made it a part of the Mughal Empire around 1555. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Jehangir" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehangir">Jehangir</a> granted an estate in Awadh to a nobleman, Sheik Abdul Rahim, who had won his favour. Sheik Abdul Rahim later built Machchi Bhawan in this estate; this later became the seat of power from where his descendants, the Sheikhzades, controlled the region. Until 1719, the <a href="/wiki/Subah_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subah (province)">Subah</a> of Awadh (bordering (Old) Delhi, Agra, Illahabad and Bihar) was a province of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, administered by a Nazim or Subah Nawab (governor) appointed by the Emperor. Nawab –the plural of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> word '<a href="/wiki/Naib" class="mw-redirect" title="Naib">Naib</a>', meaning 'assistant'– was the term given to <i>subahdars</i> (provincial governors) appointed by the Mughal emperor all over India to assist him in managing the empire. In the absence of expeditious transport and communication facilities, they were practically independent rulers of their territory and wielded the power of life and death over their subjects. Persian adventurer <a href="/wiki/Saadat_Ali_Khan_I" title="Saadat Ali Khan I">Saadat Khan</a>, also called Burhan-ul-Mulk, was appointed the Nazim of Awadh in 1722 and he established his court in <a href="/wiki/Faizabad" title="Faizabad">Faizabad</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> near <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Lucknow" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawabs of Lucknow">Nawabs of Lucknow</a> were in fact the Nawabs of Awadh, but were so referred to because after the reign of the third Nawab, Lucknow became the capital of their realm, where the British station <a href="/wiki/Resident_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident (title)">Residents</a> ('diplomatic' colonial Agents) from 1773. The city was "North India's cultural capital"; its nawabs, best remembered for their refined and extravagant lifestyles, were patrons of the arts. Under them music and dance flourished, and many monuments were erected.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the monuments standing today, the <a href="/wiki/Bara_Imambara" title="Bara Imambara">Bara Imambara</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chhota_Imambara" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhota Imambara">Chhota Imambara</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rumi_Darwaza" title="Rumi Darwaza">Rumi Darwaza</a> are notable examples. One of the more lasting contributions by the Nawabs is the <a href="/wiki/Syncretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretic">syncretic</a> composite culture that has come to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Ganga-Jamuni_Tehzeeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb">Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awadh_under_the_Mughals">Awadh under the Mughals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awadh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Awadh under the Mughals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the pre-historic period to the time of <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>, the limits of the <a href="/wiki/Subah" title="Subah">subah</a> (imperial top-level province) and its internal divisions seem to have been constantly changing, and the name of Oudh, or Awadh, seems to have been applicable to only one of the ancient divisions or <i><a href="/wiki/Sarkar_(administrative_division)" title="Sarkar (administrative division)">Sarkars</a></i>, nearly corresponding to old <a href="/wiki/Pachhimrath" title="Pachhimrath">Pachhimrath</a>. The title of Subehdar (governor) of Awadh is mentioned as early as 1280 AD, but it can only have denoted the governor of the tract of the country above defined. The Awadh of Mughal Badshah (emperor) <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> was one of the twelve (or fifteen) <i>subahs</i> into which he divided the Mughal Empire as it stood in 1590. As constituted at the end of the sixteenth century, the <i>Subah</i> contained five <i>sarkars</i>, viz. Awadh, Lucknow, <a href="/wiki/Bahraich" title="Bahraich">Bahraich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khairabad,_Sitapur" title="Khairabad, Sitapur">Khairabad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gorakhpur,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh">Gorakhpur</a>, which in turn were divided in numerous <i><a href="/wiki/Pargana" title="Pargana">mahals</a></i> and <i><span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dastur" title="Dastur">dasturs</a></i></span></i> (districts). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Khan_Zaman_Khan_Ali_Asghar" title="Khan Zaman Khan Ali Asghar">Khan Zaman Khan Ali Asghar</a> son of <a href="/wiki/Qazi_Ghulam_Mustafa" title="Qazi Ghulam Mustafa">Qazi Ghulam Mustafa</a> was appointed as <a href="/wiki/Subahdar" title="Subahdar">Subahdar</a> of Awadh during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Farrukhsiyar" title="Farrukhsiyar">Farrukhsiyar</a>. This appointment was made in place of 'Aziz Khan Chughtai'.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on, Mahabat Khan was appointed as <a href="/wiki/Subahdar" title="Subahdar">Subahdar</a> of Awadh in place of Khan Zaman Khan Ali Asghar, who was all over again transferred to <a href="/wiki/Azimabad" title="Azimabad">Azimabad</a> (Patna) as <a href="/wiki/Subahdar" title="Subahdar">Subahdar</a> in place of 'Sar Buland Khan'.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahi_Maraatib_fish_emblazoned_over_the_gateway_to_Safdarjung%27s_tomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Mahi_Maraatib_fish_emblazoned_over_the_gateway_to_Safdarjung%27s_tomb.jpg/220px-Mahi_Maraatib_fish_emblazoned_over_the_gateway_to_Safdarjung%27s_tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Mahi_Maraatib_fish_emblazoned_over_the_gateway_to_Safdarjung%27s_tomb.jpg/330px-Mahi_Maraatib_fish_emblazoned_over_the_gateway_to_Safdarjung%27s_tomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Mahi_Maraatib_fish_emblazoned_over_the_gateway_to_Safdarjung%27s_tomb.jpg/440px-Mahi_Maraatib_fish_emblazoned_over_the_gateway_to_Safdarjung%27s_tomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption>Mahi Maraatib fish emblazoned over the gateway to Safdarjung's tomb</figcaption></figure> <p>It seems to have been of nearly the same extent as the <i>Province of Oudh</i> at the time of annexation to <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> in 1858, and to have differed only in including Gorakhpur, <a href="/wiki/Basti,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Basti, Uttar Pradesh">Basti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Azamgarh" title="Azamgarh">Azamgarh</a>, and in excluding Tanda, Aldemau, <a href="/wiki/Rajesultanpur" title="Rajesultanpur">Rajesultanpur</a> and Manikpur, or the territory to the east and South of Faizabad, <a href="/wiki/Sultanpur,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh">Sultanpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pratapgarh,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh">Pratapgarh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IHC_107_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHC_107-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_the_hereditary_Nawabs_of_Awadh">Under the hereditary Nawabs of Awadh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awadh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Under the hereditary Nawabs of Awadh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Awadh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawabs of Awadh">Nawabs of Awadh</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Faizabad" title="History of Faizabad">History of Faizabad</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saadat_Ali_Khan_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Saadat_Ali_Khan_I.jpg/150px-Saadat_Ali_Khan_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Saadat_Ali_Khan_I.jpg/225px-Saadat_Ali_Khan_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Saadat_Ali_Khan_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="226" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saadat_Ali_Khan_II" title="Saadat Ali Khan II">Saadat Ali Khan</a>, the first Nawab of Awadh, who laid the foundation of Faizabad.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Safdarjung,_second_Nawab_of_Awadh,_Mughal_dynasty._India._early_18th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Safdarjung%2C_second_Nawab_of_Awadh%2C_Mughal_dynasty._India._early_18th_century.jpg/150px-Safdarjung%2C_second_Nawab_of_Awadh%2C_Mughal_dynasty._India._early_18th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Safdarjung%2C_second_Nawab_of_Awadh%2C_Mughal_dynasty._India._early_18th_century.jpg/225px-Safdarjung%2C_second_Nawab_of_Awadh%2C_Mughal_dynasty._India._early_18th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Safdarjung%2C_second_Nawab_of_Awadh%2C_Mughal_dynasty._India._early_18th_century.jpg/300px-Safdarjung%2C_second_Nawab_of_Awadh%2C_Mughal_dynasty._India._early_18th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Safdarjung" class="mw-redirect" title="Safdarjung">Safdarjung</a>, the second <a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a> of Awadh, who made Faizabad a military headquarters.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nawab_shuja_ud_daulah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Nawab_shuja_ud_daulah.jpg/150px-Nawab_shuja_ud_daulah.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Nawab_shuja_ud_daulah.jpg/225px-Nawab_shuja_ud_daulah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Nawab_shuja_ud_daulah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a>, the third <a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a> in Faizabad, pictured with Four Sons, General Barker and other Military Officers.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GulabBari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/GulabBari.jpg/150px-GulabBari.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/GulabBari.jpg/225px-GulabBari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/GulabBari.jpg/300px-GulabBari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Bari" title="Gulab Bari">Gulab Bari</a> in Faizabad is the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a>, The third Nawab of Awadh.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adnanwiki.badaimambada1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Adnanwiki.badaimambada1.JPG/150px-Adnanwiki.badaimambada1.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Adnanwiki.badaimambada1.JPG/225px-Adnanwiki.badaimambada1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Adnanwiki.badaimambada1.JPG/300px-Adnanwiki.badaimambada1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bara_Imambara" title="Bara Imambara">Bara Imambara</a> in Lucknow is the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Asaf-ud-Daula" title="Asaf-ud-Daula">Asaf-ud-Daula</a>, the fourth Nawab of Awadh.</figcaption></figure> <p>As the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> power declined and the emperors lost their paramountcy and they became first the puppets and then the prisoners of their feudatories, so Awadh grew stronger and more independent. Its capital city was Faizabad. <a href="/wiki/Saadat_Ali_Khan_I" title="Saadat Ali Khan I">Saadat Khan</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a> of Awadh, laid the foundation of Faizabad at the outskirt of ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a>. Faizabad developed as a township during the reign of Safdar Jang, the second nawab of Avadh (1739–54), who made it his military headquarters while his successor <a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-daula" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuja-ud-daula">Shuja-ud-daula</a> made it a full-fledged capital city. Shuja-ud-Daula, the third Nawab of Awadh, built a fort known as "Chhota Calcutta", now in ruins. In 1765 he built the Chowk and Tir-paulia and subsequently laid out the Angoori Bagh and Motibagh to the south of it, Asafbagh and Bulandbagh to the west of the city. During the reign of Shuja-Ud-Daula, Faizabad attained such a prosperity which it never saw again. The Nawabs graced Faizabad with several notable buildings, including the <a href="/wiki/Gulab_Bari" title="Gulab Bari">Gulab Bari</a>, Moti Mahal and the <a href="/wiki/Bahu_Begum_ka_Maqbara" title="Bahu Begum ka Maqbara">tomb of Bahu Begum</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gulab_Bari" title="Gulab Bari">Gulab Bari</a> stands in a garden surrounded by a wall, approachable through two large gateways. These buildings are particularly interesting<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> for their assimilative architectural styles. Shuja-ud-daula's wife was the well known Bahu Begum, who married the Nawab in 1743 and continued to reside in Faizabad, her residence being the Moti-Mahal. Close by at Jawaharbagh lies her Maqbara, where she was buried after her death in 1816. It is considered to be one of the finest buildings of its kind in Awadh, which was built at the cost of three lakh rupees by her chief advisor Darab Ali Khan. A fine view of the city is obtainable from top of the begum's tomb. Bahu Begum was a woman of great distinction and rank, bearing dignity. Most of the Muslim buildings of Faizabad are attributed to her. From the date of Bahu Begum's death in 1815 till the annexation of Avadh, the city of Faizabad gradually fell into decay. The glory of Faizabad finally eclipsed with the shifting of capital from Faizabad to Lucknow by Nawab <a href="/wiki/Asaf-ud-daula" class="mw-redirect" title="Asaf-ud-daula">Asaf-ud-daula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nawabs of Awadh were a <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> Muslim dynasty from <a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who not only encouraged the existing Persian-language belle-lettrist activity to shift from Delhi, but also invited, and received, a steady stream of scholars, poets, jurists, architects, and painters from <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Avadh_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avadh-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus Persian was used in government, in academic instruction, in high culture, and in court.<sup id="cite_ref-Avadh_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avadh-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Saadat_Ali_Khan_I" title="Saadat Ali Khan I">Saadat Khan</a> Burhanul Mulk was appointed Nawab in 1722 and established his court in <a href="/wiki/Faizabad" title="Faizabad">Faizabad</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> near Lucknow. He took advantage of a weakening <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> to lay the foundation of the Awadh dynasty. His successor was <a href="/wiki/Safdarjung" class="mw-redirect" title="Safdarjung">Safdarjung</a> the very influential noble at the Mughal court in Delhi. Until 1819, Awadh was a province of the Mughal Empire administered by a <a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a>. </p><p>Awadh was known as the granary of India and was important strategically for the control of the <a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Doab</a>, the fertile plain between the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a> rivers. It was a wealthy kingdom, able to maintain its independence against threats from the <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Marathas</a>, the British and the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Afghanistan" title="Demographics of Afghanistan">Afghans</a>. </p><p>The third Nawab, <a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a> fell out with the British after aiding <a href="/wiki/Mir_Qasim" title="Mir Qasim">Mir Qasim</a> the fugitive <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Bengal">Nawab of Bengal</a>. He was comprehensively defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a> by the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a>, after which he was forced to pay heavy penalties and cede parts of his territory. The British appointed a resident at Lucknow in 1773, and over time gained control of more territory and authority in the state. They were disinclined to capture Awadh outright, because that would bring them face to face with the Marathas and the remnants of the Mughal Empire. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asifportrait2_-_Asuf_ud_Daula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Asifportrait2_-_Asuf_ud_Daula.jpg/150px-Asifportrait2_-_Asuf_ud_Daula.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Asifportrait2_-_Asuf_ud_Daula.jpg/225px-Asifportrait2_-_Asuf_ud_Daula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Asifportrait2_-_Asuf_ud_Daula.jpg/300px-Asifportrait2_-_Asuf_ud_Daula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Asaf-Ud-Dowlah" class="mw-redirect" title="Asaf-Ud-Dowlah">Asaf-Ud-Dowlah</a>, The fourth <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Awadh" title="Nawab of Awadh">Nawab of Awadh</a>, who shifted the capital of Awadh from Faizabad to Lucknow.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Hyder_Beg_Khan,_the_Minister_to_the_Nawab_of_A_Wadh,_Asaf-Au-Daula_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Portrait_of_Hyder_Beg_Khan%2C_the_Minister_to_the_Nawab_of_A_Wadh%2C_Asaf-Au-Daula_crop.jpg/150px-Portrait_of_Hyder_Beg_Khan%2C_the_Minister_to_the_Nawab_of_A_Wadh%2C_Asaf-Au-Daula_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Portrait_of_Hyder_Beg_Khan%2C_the_Minister_to_the_Nawab_of_A_Wadh%2C_Asaf-Au-Daula_crop.jpg/225px-Portrait_of_Hyder_Beg_Khan%2C_the_Minister_to_the_Nawab_of_A_Wadh%2C_Asaf-Au-Daula_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Portrait_of_Hyder_Beg_Khan%2C_the_Minister_to_the_Nawab_of_A_Wadh%2C_Asaf-Au-Daula_crop.jpg/300px-Portrait_of_Hyder_Beg_Khan%2C_the_Minister_to_the_Nawab_of_A_Wadh%2C_Asaf-Au-Daula_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="1087" /></a><figcaption>Hyder Beg Khan, minister to Nawab of Awadh, <a href="/wiki/Asaf-ud-Daula" title="Asaf-ud-Daula">Asaf-ud-Daula</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Asaf-ud-Daula" title="Asaf-ud-Daula">Asaf-ud-Daula</a>, the fourth Nawab and son of Shuja-ud-Daula, moved the capital from Faizabad to Lucknow in 1775 and laid the foundation of a great city. His rule saw the building of the <a href="/wiki/Asafi_Imambara" class="mw-redirect" title="Asafi Imambara">Asafi Imambara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rumi_Darwaza" title="Rumi Darwaza">Rumi Darwaza</a>, built by <a href="/wiki/Raja_Tikait_Rai" title="Raja Tikait Rai">Raja Tikait Rai</a> Nawab Wazir (Diwan) of Awadh, which till date are the biggest architectural marvels in the city. Asaf-ud-Daula made Lucknow one of the most prosperous and glittering cities in all India. It is said, he moved because he wanted to get away from the control of a dominant mother. On such a thread did the fate of the city of <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a> depend. </p><p>In 1798, the fifth Nawab <a href="/wiki/Wazir_Ali_Khan" title="Wazir Ali Khan">Wazir Ali Khan</a> alienated both his people and the British, and was forced to abdicate. The British then helped <a href="/wiki/Saadat_Ali_Khan_II" title="Saadat Ali Khan II">Saadat Ali Khan</a> to the throne. Saadat Ali Khan was a puppet king, who in the treaty of 1801 ceded half of Awadh to the British East India Company and also agreed to disband his troops in favour of a hugely expensive, British-run army. This treaty effectively made part of the state of Awadh a vassal to the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a>, though they continued to be part of the Mughal Empire in name till 1819. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_rupee_of_Awadh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Silver_rupee_of_Awadh.jpg/250px-Silver_rupee_of_Awadh.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Silver_rupee_of_Awadh.jpg/375px-Silver_rupee_of_Awadh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Silver_rupee_of_Awadh.jpg/500px-Silver_rupee_of_Awadh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1629" data-file-height="809" /></a><figcaption>Silver rupee of Awadh, struck in the name of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Shah Alam II</a> at Lucknow in AH 1229 (=1814–15 CE). The coin features a stylised fish on the reverse, the dynastic symbol of the Nawabs of Awadh, seen also on the <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Awadh" title="Nawab of Awadh">Awadh flag</a>. At this time, the fiction that Awadh was subject to the Mughal emperor was maintained.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rupee_of_Wajid_Ali_Shah_of_Awadh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Rupee_of_Wajid_Ali_Shah_of_Awadh.jpg/250px-Rupee_of_Wajid_Ali_Shah_of_Awadh.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Rupee_of_Wajid_Ali_Shah_of_Awadh.jpg/375px-Rupee_of_Wajid_Ali_Shah_of_Awadh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Rupee_of_Wajid_Ali_Shah_of_Awadh.jpg/500px-Rupee_of_Wajid_Ali_Shah_of_Awadh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>Silver rupee of <a href="/wiki/Wajid_Ali_Shah" title="Wajid Ali Shah">Wajid Ali Shah</a>, struck at Lucknow in AH 1267 (1850–51 CE) and showing the Awadh coat of arms. Starting in 1819, coins no longer mentioned the Mughal emperor, but were struck in the nawab's own name.</figcaption></figure> <p>Coins were struck under the nawab's control for the first time in 1737, at a new mint opened in <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Banaras</a>, although the coins named the Mughal emperor, not the Nawab.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Battle of Buxar, the British seized Banaras, and so the mint was moved in 1776 to Lucknow. From there, coins in the name of the Mughal emperor continued to be struck, and they continued to name Muhammadabad Banaras as the mint. It was only in 1819 that <a href="/wiki/Ghazi-ud-Din_Haider" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghazi-ud-Din Haider">Nawab Ghaziuddin Haidar</a> finally started to strike coins in his own name. Soon thereafter, Awadhi coins started to feature the kingdom's European style coat of arms. </p><p>The wars and transactions in which Shuja-ud-Daula was engaged, both with and against the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a>, led to the addition of <a href="/wiki/Kara-Manikpur" title="Kara-Manikpur">Karra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatehgarh" title="Fatehgarh">Fatehgarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanpur" title="Kanpur">Kanpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etawah" title="Etawah">Etawah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mainpuri" title="Mainpuri">Mainpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farrukhabad" title="Farrukhabad">Farrukhabad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rohilkhand" title="Rohilkhand">Rohilkhand</a>, to the Oudh dimensions, and thus they remained until the treaty of 1801 with Saadat Ali Khan, by which province was reduced considerably as half of Oudh was ceded to the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a>. Khairigarh, Kanchanpur, and what is now the Nepal Terai, were ceded in 1816, in liquidation of <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_ud_din_Haider" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghazi ud din Haider">Ghazi ud din Haider</a>'s loan of a million sterling towards the expense of <a href="/wiki/Nepal_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal War">Nepal War</a>; and at the same time pargana of <a href="/wiki/Nawabganj,_Gonda" title="Nawabganj, Gonda">Nawabganj</a> was added to <a href="/wiki/Gonda_district" title="Gonda district">Gonda district</a> in exchange for Handia, or Kawai, which was transferred from <a href="/wiki/Pratapgarh,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh">Pratapgarh</a> to Allahabad.<sup id="cite_ref-IHC_107_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHC_107-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_rule">British rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awadh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: British rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Oudh_State" title="Oudh State">Oudh State</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gates_of_Palace_at_Lucknow_William_Daniell_1801.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gates_of_Palace_at_Lucknow_William_Daniell_1801.jpg/220px-Gates_of_Palace_at_Lucknow_William_Daniell_1801.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gates_of_Palace_at_Lucknow_William_Daniell_1801.jpg/330px-Gates_of_Palace_at_Lucknow_William_Daniell_1801.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gates_of_Palace_at_Lucknow_William_Daniell_1801.jpg/440px-Gates_of_Palace_at_Lucknow_William_Daniell_1801.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Gates of the Palace at Lucknow by <a href="/wiki/William_Daniell" title="William Daniell">W. Daniell</a>, 1801</figcaption></figure> <p>The treaty of 1801 formed an arrangement that was very beneficial to the company. They were able to use Awadh's vast treasuries, repeatedly digging into them for loans at reduced rates. In addition, the revenues from running Awadh's armed forces brought them useful revenues while it acted as a <a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">buffer state</a>. The Nawabs were ceremonial kings, limited to pomp and show but with little influence over matters of state. By the mid-19th century, however, the British had grown impatient with the arrangement and wanted direct control. They started looking about for an excuse, which the powerless Nawabs had to provide. On 1 May 1816, a British <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> was signed. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Provinces_1903.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/United_Provinces_1903.gif/250px-United_Provinces_1903.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/United_Provinces_1903.gif/375px-United_Provinces_1903.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/United_Provinces_1903.gif/500px-United_Provinces_1903.gif 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces of Agra and Oudh</a>, 1903</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1856 the East India Company annexed the state under the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Lapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of Lapse">Doctrine of Lapse</a>, which was placed under a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Commissioners_of_Oudh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Commissioners of Oudh">Chief Commissioner</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wajid_Ali_Shah" title="Wajid Ali Shah">Wajid Ali Shah</a>, the then Nawab, was imprisoned, and then exiled by the company to <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> (Bengal). In the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of 1857">Revolt of 1857</a>, his 14-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Birjis_Qadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Birjis Qadra">Birjis Qadra</a> son of <a href="/wiki/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal" title="Begum Hazrat Mahal">Begum Hazrat Mahal</a> was crowned ruler, and Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Montgomery_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Montgomery Lawrence">Henry Lawrence</a> killed in the hostilities. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a> (also known as the <a href="/wiki/First_War_of_Indian_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="First War of Indian Independence">First War of Indian Independence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Mutiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Mutiny">Indian Mutiny</a>), the rebels took control of Awadh, and it took the British 18 months to reconquer the region, months which included the famous <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lucknow" title="Siege of Lucknow">Siege of Lucknow</a>. </p><p>The <i>Tarai</i> to the north of <a href="/wiki/Bahraich" title="Bahraich">Bahraich</a> including large quantity of valuable forest and grazing ground, was made over to the <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> <i>Darbar</i> in 1860, in recognition of their services during the <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of 1857">Revolt of 1857</a>, and in 1874 some further cessions, on a much smaller scale, but without any apparent reason, were made in favour of the same Government.<sup id="cite_ref-IHC_107_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHC_107-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mussulman_woman_of_rank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mussulman_woman_of_rank.jpg/220px-Mussulman_woman_of_rank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mussulman_woman_of_rank.jpg/330px-Mussulman_woman_of_rank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mussulman_woman_of_rank.jpg/440px-Mussulman_woman_of_rank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1875" /></a><figcaption>Muslim woman of rank at ease</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1877 the offices of lieutenant-governor of the <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Provinces" title="North-Western Provinces">North-Western Provinces</a> and chief commissioner of Oudh were combined in the same person; and in 1902, when the new name of <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces of Agra and Oudh</a> was introduced, the title of chief commissioner was dropped, though Oudh still retained some marks of its former independence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rulers">Rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awadh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Awadh" title="Special:EditPage/Awadh">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Subadar Nawabs <ul><li>1732 – 19 March 1739 Borhan al-Molk Mir Mohammad Amin Musawi Sa`adat `Ali Khan I (b. c. 1680 – d. 1739)</li> <li>19 March 1739 – 28 April 1748 Abu´l Mansur Mohammad Moqim Khan (1st time) (b. c. 1708 – d. 1754)</li></ul></li> <li>Nawab Wazir al-Mamalik <ul><li>28 April 1748 – 13 May 1753 Abu´l Mansur Mohammad Moqim Khan (s.a.) (acting to 29 June 1748)</li></ul></li> <li>Subadar Nawabs <ul><li>5 November 1753 – 5 October 1754 Abu´l Mansur Mohammad Moqim Khan (s.a.) (2nd time)</li> <li>5 October 1754 – 15 February 1762 Jalal ad-Din Shoja` ad-Dowla Haydar (b. 1732 – d. 1775)</li></ul></li> <li>Nawab Wazir al-Mamalik <ul><li>15 February 1762 – 26 January 1775 Jalal ad-Din Shoja` ad-Dowla Haydar (s.a.)</li> <li>26 January 1775 – 21 September 1797 Asaf ad-Dowla Amani (b. 1748 – d. 1797)</li> <li>21 September 1797 – 21 January 1798 Mirza Wazir `Ali Khan (b. 1780 – d. 1817)</li> <li>21 January 1798 – 11 July 1814 Yamin ad-Dowla Nazem al-Molk Sa`adat `Ali Khan II Bahadur (b. bf. 1752 – d. 1814)</li> <li>11 July 1814 – 19 October 1818 Ghazi ad-Din Rafa`at ad-Dowla Abu´l-Mozaffar Haydar Khan (b. 1769 – d. 1827)</li></ul></li> <li>Kings (title Padshah-e Awadh, Shah-e Zaman) <ul><li>19 October 1818 – 19 October 1827 Ghazi ad-Din Mo`izz ad-Din Abu´l-Mozaffar Haydar Shah (s.a.)</li> <li>19 October 1827 – 7 July 1837 Naser ad-Din Haydar Solayman Jah Shah (b. 1803 – d. 1837)</li> <li>7 July 1837 – 17 May 1842 Mo`in ad-Din Abu´l-Fath Mohammad `Ali Shah (b. 1777 – d. 1842)</li> <li>17 May 1842 – 13 February 1847 Naser ad-Dowla Amjad `Ali Thorayya Jah Shah (b. 1801 – d. 1847)</li> <li>13 February 1847 – 7 February 1856 Naser ad-Din `Abd al-Mansur Mohammad Wajed `Ali Shah (b. 1822 – d. 1887)</li> <li>5 July 1857 – 3 March 1858 <i>Berjis Qadr, son of the above (in rebellion)</i> (b. c. 1845 – d. 1893)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awadh&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awadh&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A vast majority of the population practices <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. It is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi" title="Ram Janmabhoomi">Ram Janmabhoomi</a>, an important pilgrimage site in Hinduism that marks where the deity <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> was born. The <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> community has a strong presence in the urban areas of Awadh, such as <a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a> and the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>, which has a large <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> Muslim population. Other than that they are mostly concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Devipatan_division" title="Devipatan division">Devipatan division</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awadh&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The region of Awadh is considered to be the center of <a href="/wiki/Ganga-Jamuni_tehzeeb" title="Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb">Ganga-Jamuni culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ref44qicar_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref44qicar-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sham-e-Awadh">Sham-e-Awadh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awadh&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sham-e-Awadh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sham-e-Awadh is a popularised term referring to the "glorious evenings" in the Awadh capitals of Faizabad and later (and even today and to a greater extent) Lucknow.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Awadh was established in 1722. with Faizabad as its capital. <a href="/wiki/Nawab_Shuja-ud-Daula" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula">Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula</a>'s son <a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a> <a href="/wiki/Asaf-ud-Daula" title="Asaf-ud-Daula">Asaf-ud-Daula</a>, the fourth <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Awadh" title="Nawab of Awadh">Nawab of Awadh</a>, shifted the capital from Faizabad to Lucknow; this led to the decline of Faizabad and rise of Lucknow. </p><p>Just as Banares (<a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>) is known for its mornings, so Lucknow is for its evenings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many of its well-known buildings were erected on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Gomti_River" title="Gomti River">Gomti River</a> in the time of Nawabs. The Nawabs used to take in a view of the river Gomti and its architecture in the evening hours, giving rise to Sham-e-Awadh's romantic reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a saying:'Subah-e-Benares', 'Sham-e-Awadh', 'Shab-e-Malwa' meaning mornings of the Benares, evenings of the Awadh and nights of Malwa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awadhi_cuisine">Awadhi cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awadh&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Awadhi cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_cuisine" title="Awadhi cuisine">Awadhi cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galawati_Kebabs.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Galawati_Kebabs.JPG/220px-Galawati_Kebabs.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Galawati_Kebabs.JPG/330px-Galawati_Kebabs.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Galawati_Kebabs.JPG/440px-Galawati_Kebabs.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Kebabs are an important part of Awadhi cuisine</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Awadhi Cuisine</b> is primarily from the city of Lucknow and its environs. The cooking patterns of the city are similar to those of Central Asia, the Middle East, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern India">Northern India</a> as well. The cuisine consists of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes. Awadh has been greatly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Mughal cooking techniques</a>, and the cuisine of Lucknow bears similarities to those of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a>; and the city is famous for its <a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawabi</a> foods. </p><p>The <i><span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chef" title="Chef">bawarchis</a></i></span></i> and <i><span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">rakabdars</i></span></i> of Awadh gave birth to the <a href="/wiki/Dum_Pukht" class="mw-redirect" title="Dum Pukht">dum style of cooking</a> or the art of cooking over a slow fire, which has become synonymous with Lucknow today.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their spread would consist of elaborate dishes like <a href="/wiki/Kebabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Kebabs">kebabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korma" title="Korma">kormas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biryani" title="Biryani">biryani</a>, kaliya, <a href="/wiki/Kulcha" title="Kulcha">nahari-kulchas</a>, zarda, sheermal, Taftan, <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Roti" title="Roti">roomali rotis</a></i></span> and <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Paratha" title="Paratha">warqi parathas</a></i></span>. The richness of Awadh cuisine lies not only in the variety of cuisine but also in the ingredients used like <a href="/wiki/Mutton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutton">mutton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paneer" title="Paneer">paneer</a>, and rich spices including <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awadh&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The events surrounding the 1856 overthrow of Wajid Ali Shah and the annexation of Awadh by the British are depicted in the 1977 film <i><a href="/wiki/Shatranj_Ke_Khilari" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatranj Ke Khilari">The Chess Players</a></i> by the acclaimed Indian director <a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a>. This film is based on famous <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> story <a href="/wiki/Shatranj_Ke_Khilari" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatranj Ke Khilari">Shatranj Ke Khilari</a> by the great Hindi-Urdu novelist writer <a href="/wiki/Munshi_Premchand" class="mw-redirect" title="Munshi Premchand">Munshi Premchand</a>. </p><p>The 1961 film <i><a href="/wiki/Gunga_Jumna" title="Gunga Jumna">Gunga Jumna</a></i> is portrayed in Awadh and was noted for its use of the <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a> dialect in <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">mainstream Hindi cinema</a>. </p><p>The novel <i><a href="/wiki/Umrao_Jaan_Ada" title="Umrao Jaan Ada">Umrao Jaan Ada</a></i> as well as the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Umrao_Jaan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Umrao Jaan (disambiguation)">films</a> are based on two cultural cities of Awadh, <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faizabad" title="Faizabad">Faizabad</a>. </p><p>The region has been in the center of various period films of Bollywood and modern films like <i><a href="/wiki/Main,_Meri_Patni_Aur_Woh" title="Main, Meri Patni Aur Woh">Main, Meri Patni Aur Woh</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Paa_(film)" title="Paa (film)">Paa</a></i> to name a few. It has also been shot in various songs of <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awadh&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Awadh" title="Nawab of Awadh">Nawab of Awadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_commissioners_of_Oudh" title="List of chief commissioners of Oudh">List of chief commissioners of Oudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tulsipur" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Tulsipur">House of Tulsipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasi_(caste)" title="Pasi (caste)">Pasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruwar_(Rajput_clan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baruwar (Rajput clan)">Baruwar (Rajput clan)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awadh&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019xzz000004323u00003000.html">"Gate of the Loll-Baug at Fyzabad"</a>. British Library, Online Gallery. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111212071149/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019xzz000004323u00003000.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gate+of+the+Loll-Baug+at+Fyzabad&rft.pub=British+Library%2C+Online+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fonlinegallery%2Fonlineex%2Fapac%2Fother%2F019xzz000004323u00003000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAwadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Awadh"><i>Awadh, historic region, India</i></a>. 31 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120143008/https://www.britannica.com/place/Awadh">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Awadh%2C+historic+region%2C+India&rft.date=2013-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FAwadh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAwadh" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gopal1993-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gopal1993_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarvepalli_Gopal1993" class="citation book cs1">Sarvepalli Gopal (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=47AARF595dUC&pg=PA39"><i>Anatomy of a Confrontation: Ayodhya and the Rise of Communal Politics in India</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 39–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85649-050-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85649-050-4"><bdi>978-1-85649-050-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240209112831/https://books.google.com/books?id=47AARF595dUC&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+a+Confrontation%3A+Ayodhya+and+the+Rise+of+Communal+Politics+in+India&rft.pages=39-&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-85649-050-4&rft.au=Sarvepalli+Gopal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D47AARF595dUC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAwadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_com_26360">"Awadh"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_com_26360">10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_com_26360</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310055129/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_26360">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+THREE&rft.atitle=Awadh&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_com_26360&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_com_26360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAwadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Awadh">"Awadh | historic region, India | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221019041608/https://www.britannica.com/place/Awadh">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Awadh+%7C+historic+region%2C+India+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FAwadh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAwadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamed_nasr" class="citation book cs1">Mohamed nasr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/SubahOfAwadhUnderTheMughals15821724"><i>Subah Of Awadh Under The Mughals 1582 1724</i></a>. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Subah+Of+Awadh+Under+The+Mughals+1582+1724&rft.pages=1&rft.au=Mohamed+nasr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSubahOfAwadhUnderTheMughals15821724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAwadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V24_138.gif">"Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 24, page 132 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library"</a>. <i>dsal.uchicago.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220629061359/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V24_138.gif">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dsal.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Imperial+Gazetteer2+of+India%2C+Volume+24%2C+page+132+--+Imperial+Gazetteer+of+India+--+Digital+South+Asia+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fgazetteer%2Fpager.html%3Fobjectid%3DDS405.1.I34_V24_138.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAwadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sanskritdictionary.com/?q=ayodhya">"Sanskrit Dictionary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221229224756/https://www.sanskritdictionary.com/?q=ayodhya">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sanskrit+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanskritdictionary.com%2F%3Fq%3Dayodhya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAwadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Ayodhya">"Ayodhya | History & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221229094816/https://www.britannica.com/place/Ayodhya">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Ayodhya+%7C+History+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FAyodhya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAwadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irwin_106-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Irwin_106_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrwin1880" class="citation book cs1">Irwin, Henry Crossly (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.63152"><i>The Garden of India. Or, Chapters on Oudh History and Affairs</i></a>. London: W. H. Allen. p. 106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garden+of+India.+Or%2C+Chapters+on+Oudh+History+and+Affairs&rft.place=London&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=W.+H.+Allen&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=Henry+Crossly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.63152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAwadh" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/65/fa/FaizabdInd.html">"Faizabad, town, India"</a>. <i>The Columbia Encyclopedia</i>, 6th Edition. 2001–07 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050907162402/http://www.bartleby.com/65/fa/FaizabdInd.html">Archived</a> 7 September 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226035738/http://www.laxys.com/lucknow.html%20">"Lucknow City"</a>. Laxys.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laxys.com/lucknow.html">the original</a> on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lucknow+City&rft.pub=Laxys.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laxys.com%2Flucknow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAwadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tazkirat us-Salatin Chaghta – A Mughal Chronicle of Post Aurangzeb Period (1707–1724) by Muhammad Hadi Kamwar Khan; edited Persian text and with an Introduction by Muzaffar Alam (1980), Centre of Advanced Study Department of History, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (U.P.) -202001, India(page 234)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tazkirat us-Salatin Chaghta – A Mughal Chronicle of Post Aurangzeb Period (1707–1724) by Muhammad Hadi Kamwar Khan; edited Persian text and with an Introduction by Muzaffar Alam (1980), Centre of Advanced Study Department of History, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (U.P.) -202001, India(page 236)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IHC_107-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IHC_107_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHC_107_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHC_107_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrwin1880" class="citation book cs1">Irwin, Henry Crossly (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.63152"><i>The Garden of India. Or, Chapters on Oudh History and Affairs</i></a>. London: W. H. Allen. p. 107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garden+of+India.+Or%2C+Chapters+on+Oudh+History+and+Affairs&rft.place=London&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=W.+H.+Allen&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=Henry+Crossly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.63152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAwadh" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111228201603/http://faizabad.nic.in/history.htm">"Welcome to Faizabad History"</a>. official website of Faizabad district. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faizabad.nic.in/history.htm">the original</a> on 28 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Faizabad+History&rft.pub=official+website+of+Faizabad+district&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaizabad.nic.in%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAwadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ntarP5hrza0C&pg=PA8">Sacred space and holy war: the politics, culture and history of Shi'ite Islam</a> By Juan Ricardo Cole</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7BaVwfpWZgUC&pg=RA2-PA17">Art and culture: endeavours in interpretation</a> By Ahsan Jan Qaisar, Som Prakash Verma, Mohammad Habib</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Avadh-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Avadh_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avadh_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avadh-english-also-audh-or-oudh-an-ancient-cultural-and-administrative-region-lying-between-the-himalayas-and-the-ganges-i">"Avadh"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517012521/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avadh-english-also-audh-or-oudh-an-ancient-cultural-and-administrative-region-lying-between-the-himalayas-and-the-ganges-i">Archived</a> 17 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, E. Yarshater</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/65/fa/FaizabdInd.html">"Faizabad, town, India"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050907162402/http://www.bartleby.com/65/fa/FaizabdInd.html">Archived</a> 7 September 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>The Columbia Encyclopedia</i>, 6th Edition. 2001–07</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P.L. Gupta: <i>Coins</i>, 4th ed., New Delhi: National Book Trust, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref44qicar-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref44qicar_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalika_Mohammada2007" class="citation cs2">Malika Mohammada (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dwzbYvQszf4C"><i>The foundations of the composite culture in India</i></a>, Aakar Books, 2007, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89833-18-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-89833-18-3"><bdi>978-81-89833-18-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310054947/https://books.google.com/books?id=dwzbYvQszf4C">archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2016</span>, <q>... developed in Awadh as a genre of composite creativity. ... of multiple Indian cultural traditions and provided glimpses of the Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb of north India with Lucknow as its centre ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+foundations+of+the+composite+culture+in+India&rft.pub=Aakar+Books%2C+2007&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-89833-18-3&rft.au=Malika+Mohammada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdwzbYvQszf4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAwadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lucknow.me/Shaam-e-Awadh.html">"Lucnow revisited again"</a>. lucknowrevisited.blogspot.com Monday, 26 February 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120611165244/http://lucknow.me/Shaam-e-Awadh.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lucnow+revisited+again&rft.pub=lucknowrevisited.blogspot.com+Monday%2C+26+February+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flucknow.me%2FShaam-e-Awadh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAwadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030713/spectrum/main2.htm">The Sunday Tribune – Spectrum – Lead Article</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130614192620/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030713/spectrum/main2.htm">Archived</a> 14 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Tribuneindia.com (13 July 2003). Retrieved on 18 July 2013.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awadh&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V19_283.gif">"Oudh"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India" title="The Imperial Gazetteer of India">The Imperial Gazetteer of India</a></i>. 1909. p. 277.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Imperial+Gazetteer+of+India&rft.atitle=Oudh&rft.pages=277&rft.date=1909&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fgazetteer%2Fpager.html%3Fobjectid%3DDS405.1.I34_V19_283.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAwadh" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awadh&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html">WorldStatesmen – India – Princely States A-J</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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.navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output 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this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Proposed_states_and_union_territories_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Proposed_states_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Proposed states and union territories of India">Proposed states and union territories of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghelkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghelkhand">Baghelkhand</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Madhya Pradesh/Uttar Pradesh)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundelkhand" title="Bundelkhand">Bundelkhand</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Madhya Pradesh/Uttar Pradesh)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondwana_(India)" title="Gondwana (India)">Gondwana</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Chhattisgarh/Madhya Pradesh/Odisha)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakoshal" title="Mahakoshal">Mahakoshal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Madhya Pradesh)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Madhya Pradesh)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindhya_Pradesh" title="Vindhya Pradesh">Vindhya Pradesh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Madhya Pradesh)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proposed_states_and_territories_of_India.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Proposed_states_and_territories_of_India.png/200px-Proposed_states_and_territories_of_India.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Proposed_states_and_territories_of_India.png/300px-Proposed_states_and_territories_of_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Proposed_states_and_territories_of_India.png/400px-Proposed_states_and_territories_of_India.png 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="1535" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_region" title="Bhojpuri region">Bhojpur</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bihar/Uttar Pradesh)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorkhaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorkhaland">Gorkhaland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(West Bengal)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamtapur" title="Kamtapur">Kamtapur</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(West Bengal)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Odisha" title="Western Odisha">Kosal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Odisha)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithila_(proposed_Indian_state)" title="Mithila (proposed Indian state)">Mithila</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bihar)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rarh_region" title="Rarh region">Rarhbhumi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Odisha)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Awadh Pradesh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Uttar Pradesh)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braj" title="Braj">Braj Pradesh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Uttar Pradesh)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harit_Pradesh" title="Harit Pradesh">Harit Pradesh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Uttar Pradesh)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu Division">Jammu</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jammu and Kashmir)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Valley" title="Kashmir Valley">Kashmir</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jammu and Kashmir)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panun_Kashmir" title="Panun Kashmir">Panun Kashmir</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jammu and Kashmir)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purvanchal" title="Purvanchal">Purvanchal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Uttar Pradesh)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodoland_Territorial_Region" title="Bodoland Territorial Region">Bodoland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Assam)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimaraji" title="Dimaraji">Dimaraji</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Assam/Nagaland)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_Hills" title="Garo Hills">Garoland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Meghalaya)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_Anglong" class="mw-redirect" title="Karbi Anglong">Karbi Anglong</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Assam)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipraland" title="Tipraland">Tipraland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tripura)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Karnataka" title="North Karnataka">Karu Nadu</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Karnataka)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyana-Karnataka" title="Kalyana-Karnataka">Kalyana-Karnataka</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Karnataka)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodagu_district" title="Kodagu district">Kodagu</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Karnataka)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongu_Nadu" title="Kongu Nadu">Kongu Nadu</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tamil Nadu)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaikal_district" title="Karaikal district">Karaikal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Puducherry)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kerala)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayalaseema" title="Rayalaseema">Rayalaseema</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Andhra Pradesh)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_Nadu" title="Tulu Nadu">Tulu Nadu</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Karnataka/Kerala)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_India" class="mw-redirect" title="West India">West India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khandesh" title="Khandesh">Khandesh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Maharashtra)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Goa/Karnataka/Maharashtra)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutch">Kutch</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Gujarat)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathwada" title="Marathwada">Marathwada</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Maharashtra)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maru_Pradesh" title="Maru Pradesh">Maru Pradesh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Rajasthan)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)" title="Saurashtra (region)">Saurashtra</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Gujarat)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidarbha" title="Vidarbha">Vidarbha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Maharashtra)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">Current states and union territories of India</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_regions_of_North_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_regions_of_North_India" title="Template:Historical regions of North India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_regions_of_North_India" title="Template talk:Historical regions of North India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_regions_of_North_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical regions of North India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_regions_of_North_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical regions of <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahirwal" title="Ahirwal">Ahirwal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Awadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagelkhand" title="Bagelkhand">Bagelkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagar_region" title="Bagar region">Bagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltistan" title="Baltistan">Baltistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_region" title="Bhojpuri region">Bhojpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braj" title="Braj">Braj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundelkhand" title="Bundelkhand">Bundelkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardistan" title="Dardistan">Dardistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doaba" title="Doaba">Doaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundhar" title="Dhundhar">Dhundhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_division" title="Garhwal division">Garhwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorwar" title="Gorwar">Gorwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadoti" title="Hadoti">Hadoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_division" title="Jammu division">Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Valley" title="Kashmir Valley">Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaon_division" title="Kumaon division">Kumaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majha" title="Majha">Majha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwar" title="Marwar">Marwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewar" title="Mewar">Mewar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewat" title="Mewat">Mewat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malwa_(Punjab)" title="Malwa (Punjab)">Malwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purvanchal" title="Purvanchal">Purvanchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohilkhand" title="Rohilkhand">Rohilkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhawati" title="Shekhawati">Shekhawati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagad" title="Vagad">Vagad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q248705#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/265166541">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqBmFTqdVgJgB88Kpyjmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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