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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Emblem of Gondwana State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emblem_of_Gondwana_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gondwana_Express" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gondwana_Express"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gondwana Express</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gondwana_Express-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Popular movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gondwana (India)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" 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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="গোণ্ডোয়ানা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গোণ্ডোয়ানা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana_(pa%C3%ADs)" title="Gondwana (país) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gondwana (país)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana_(Indien)" title="Gondwana (Indien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gondwana (Indien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana_(India)" title="Gondwana (India) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gondwana (India)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondw%C3%A2na" title="Gondwâna – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gondwâna" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8_(%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF)" title="ഗോണ്ട്വാന (ഇന്ത്യ) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗോണ്ട്വാന (ഇന്ത്യ)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana_(India)" title="Gondwana (India) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gondwana (India)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana_(India)" title="Gondwana (India) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gondwana (India)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana_(Indien)" title="Gondwana (Indien) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gondwana (Indien)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE_(%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE)" title="கோண்டுவானா (இந்தியா) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோண்டுவானா (இந்தியா)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE_(%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82)" title="గోండ్వానా (భారతదేశం) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గోండ్వానా (భారతదేశం)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gondwana_(India)&params=21_N_81_E_type:city_region:IN"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°N</span> <span class="longitude">81°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21°N 81°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">21; 81</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region in India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the region in India. For the supercontinent, see <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gondwana_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gondwana (disambiguation)">Gondwana (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Proposed state in India</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Gondwana</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Proposed_states_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Proposed states and union territories of India">Proposed state</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_in_1525_Joppen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gondwana kingdom 1525, as depicted in central India, on a map drawn in 1907"><img alt="Gondwana kingdom 1525, as depicted in central India, on a map drawn in 1907" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/India_in_1525_Joppen.jpg/250px-India_in_1525_Joppen.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/India_in_1525_Joppen.jpg/375px-India_in_1525_Joppen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/India_in_1525_Joppen.jpg/500px-India_in_1525_Joppen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1251" data-file-height="1824" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Gondwana kingdom 1525, as depicted in central India, on a map drawn in 1907</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gondwana_(India)&params=21_N_81_E_type:city_region:IN"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°N</span> <span class="longitude">81°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21°N 81°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">21; 81</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">India</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proposed <a href="/wiki/Capital_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital (political)">capital</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proposed Divisions</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Vidarbha" title="Vidarbha">Vidarbha</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Parts of <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">MP</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">West of <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Northern <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">western <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> and</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">southern <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gondi_language" title="Gondi language">Gondi</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gondwana</b>, also known as <b>Gondaranya, the land of Gondwana</b>, is a region of India named after the <a href="/wiki/Gond_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gond people">Gond people</a> who live there (though they can also be found in other parts of India). The name of the supercontinent of <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwanaland</a> which existed 420 Million years ago, during the <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a> Period was derived from Gondwana, because some of the earliest rock formations of this continent were first investigated in part of the region in modern <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>. </p><p>As Gondi people are spread widely across central India and are a minority almost everywhere, the region has no unambiguous boundary. However, the core region can be considered to be the eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Vidarbha" title="Vidarbha">Vidarbha</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garha_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Garha Kingdom">Garha Kingdom</a> the parts of <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> immediately to the north of it, and parts of the west of <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a>. The wider region extends into parts of northern <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>. </p><p>The region is part of the northern <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan plateau</a>, with an average height of about 600–700 metres. Geologically it is mostly Pre-Cambrian rock, with some areas dated to <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> periods. Part of it is overlaid with alluvium, and in the west, it is overlaid with the igneous rocks of the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Traps" title="Deccan Traps">Deccan Traps</a>. The landscape is generally rugged and hilly. </p><p>The climate is hot and semi-arid. Large sections are forest, specifically dry monsoon forest and monsoon scrub forest. Gondwana contains several national parks with <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tiger</a> populations. </p><p>Gondwana has a relatively high proportion of people of the "scheduled tribes" of India, including the Gonds. The scheduled tribes are recognised as economically and socially disadvantaged, forming most of the population in many districts. </p><p>Gonds are followers of religion based on Gondi, koitur, according to nature <a href="/wiki/Gondi_people" title="Gondi people">Gondi people</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gondwana_(India)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of old kingdoms were established by, or together with, ruling families of the Gondis and other scheduled tribes in this region. The first of these is mentioned in 1398, when <a href="/wiki/Narsingh_Rai" title="Narsingh Rai">Narsingh Rai</a>, King of Kherla, Madhya Pradesh, is said by a <a href="/wiki/Ferishta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferishta">Ferishta</a> to have ruled all the hills of Gondwana. He was finally overthrown and killed by <a href="/wiki/Hoshang_Shah" title="Hoshang Shah">Hoshang Shah</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Malwa_Sultanate" title="Malwa Sultanate">Malwa</a>. Between the 14th and the 18th centuries, three main Gond kingdoms existed; <a href="/wiki/Garha" title="Garha">Garha</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mandla" title="Mandla">Mandla</a> occupied the upper <a href="/wiki/Narmada_River" title="Narmada River">Narmada River</a> Valley, <a href="/wiki/Deogarh,_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Deogarh, Madhya Pradesh">Deogarh</a>-<a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a> occupied the <a href="/wiki/Kanhan_River" title="Kanhan River">Kanhan River</a> and upper <a href="/wiki/Wainganga_River" title="Wainganga River">Wainganga River</a> valleys, and Chandra-Sirpur occupied present-day <a href="/wiki/Chandrapur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrapur District">Chandrapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gadchiroli_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadchiroli District">Gadchiroli</a>, and eastern <a href="/wiki/Adilabad_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Adilabad District">Adilabad</a> districts. </p><p>The three Gondi principalities of <a href="/wiki/Garha_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Garha Kingdom">Garha-Mandla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gonds_of_Deogarh" title="Gonds of Deogarh">Deogarh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Chanda" title="Kingdom of Chanda">Chanda-Sirpur</a> were nominally subject to the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> emperors. In addition to the acquisitions made in the north at the expense of Garha-Mandla, the Mughals, after the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Berar_Subah" title="Berar Subah">Berar</a> in 1595, established governors at Paunar in <a href="/wiki/Wardha_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Wardha District">Wardha District</a> and Kherla in <a href="/wiki/Betul_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Betul District">Betul District</a>. Having thus hemmed in the Gond states, however, they could not assert any effective sovereignty over them; the Gond kings enjoyed practical independence within their dominions. After the defeat and subsequent fall of the Mughals, Gondwana came under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Bundela" title="Bundela">Bundela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Maratha</a> empires. </p><p>In the 17th century <a href="/wiki/Chhatar_Sal" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhatar Sal">Chhatar Sal</a>, the Bundela chieftain, deprived the <a href="/wiki/Garha_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Garha Kingdom">Mandla principality</a> of part of the <a href="/wiki/Vindhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vindhya">Vindhyan Plateau</a> and the Narmada Valley. In 1733 the Maratha <a href="/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwa</a> won <a href="/wiki/Bundelkhand" title="Bundelkhand">Bundelkhand</a>; and in 1735 the Marathas had <a href="/wiki/Marathas_of_Saugor" title="Marathas of Saugor">established their power in Saugor</a>. In 1742 the Peshwa advanced to Mandla and exacted tribute, and from this time until 1781, when Gond dynasty of Garha-Mandla was finally overthrown, Garha-Mandla remained practically a Maratha dependency. Meanwhile, the other independent principalities of Gondwana had in turn succumbed. In 1743 <a href="/wiki/Raghoji_Bhonsle" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghoji Bhonsle">Raghoji Bhonsle</a> of Berar established himself at Nagpur and by 1751 had conquered the territories of Deogarh, Chanda, and <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a>. </p><p>The economic disadvantage to which the tribal people are now subject is often ascribed to the <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Maratha</a> conquest of the region in the 18th century <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="By who and on what basis? (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British</a> imposition of the permanent settlement in the 19th century. A number of rebellions against British rule took place throughout the 19th century. Some of these rebellions focused on the protection of forests against commercial logging. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emblem_of_Gondwana_State">Emblem of Gondwana State</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gondwana_(India)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Emblem of Gondwana State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:290px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gondwana (India) is located in South Asia"><img alt="Gondwana (India) is located in South Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/290px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/435px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/580px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a></span><div id="annotation_230x5" style="position:absolute; 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left:210px; top:99px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kamata_Kingdom" title="Kamata Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KAMATAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_180x95" style="position:absolute; left:180px; top:95px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Oiniwar_dynasty" title="Oiniwar dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SUGAUNAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_205x118" style="position:absolute; left:205px; top:118px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF">BENGAL<br />SULTANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_175x140" style="position:absolute; left:175px; top:140px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Gajapati_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Gajapati Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">GAJAPATI<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_150x125" style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:125px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">GONDWANA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_90x153" style="position:absolute; left:90px; top:153px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate" title="Ahmadnagar Sultanate"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF">AHMADNAGAR<br />SULTANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_110x200" style="position:absolute; left:110px; top:200px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">VIJAYANAGARA<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_100x170" style="position:absolute; left:100px; top:170px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijapur Sultanate"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF">BIJAPUR<br />SULTANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_125x153" style="position:absolute; left:125px; top:153px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Bidar_Sultanate" title="Bidar Sultanate"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF">BIDAR<br />SULTANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_140x170" style="position:absolute; left:140px; top:170px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Golkonda_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Golkonda Sultanate"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF">GOLKONDA<br />SULTANATE</span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" title="File:South Asia non political, with rivers.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Gondwana circa 1525, with neighbouring polities.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div> <p>For over a millennium in South Asia, the visual trope of a triumphant lion vanquishing one or several elephants has been common in architectural sculpture, both in the round and in relief. In the rather limited scholarship on this motif, diverse interpretations have been offered. Although its presence has remained fairly stable through time, there exist many minor variations on this motif, including the use of leonine creatures variously described as vyālas or yālīs, and the incorporation of other fantastic creatures known popularly as makaras in such combats. In <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, the myth of the fantastic composite animal called the Śarabha furthers this imagery. Yet, the simple image of a lion victorious over one or more elephants was strategically situated within specific architectural programs for periods and places. For example, <a href="/wiki/Gondwana_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gondwana Kingdom">Gondwana Kingdom</a> forts, Deccani forts constructed between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries carried this representation on their barbicans and gateways. While tracing the history of this visual motif. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gondwana_Express">Gondwana Express</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gondwana_(India)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gondwana Express"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Raigarh%E2%80%93Hazrat_Nizamuddin_Gondwana_Express" title="Raigarh–Hazrat Nizamuddin Gondwana Express">Gondwana express</a> train runs between <a href="/wiki/Raigarh" title="Raigarh">Raigarh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hazrat_Nizamuddin_railway_station" title="Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station">Hazrat Nizamuddin</a> in India. It is a 5-day service. It operates as train number 12409 from Raigarh to Hazrat Nizamuddin and as train number 12410 in the reverse direction after the name of Gondwana kingdom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_movements">Popular movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gondwana_(India)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Popular movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Political and communal movements against the dominant political structure still occur in the region, including the Gondwana Praja Party, founded in 2014 in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> state. Gondwana Praja Party was founded to demand the new formation of the old Gondwana State for the tribal people of central India instead of the old Vidarbha region. <a href="/wiki/Gondwana_Ganatantra_Party" title="Gondwana Ganatantra Party">Gondwana Ganatantra Party</a> is also established. The founder of Gondwana Gadtantra Party is Heera Singh Markam. He is the only Member of Parliament of this party. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gondwana_(India)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMehta1984" class="citation web cs1">Mehta, Behram H. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X2gpF5bsAjUC&pg=PA155">"Gonds of the Central Indian Highlands"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gonds+of+the+Central+Indian+Highlands&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Behram+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX2gpF5bsAjUC%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGondwana+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=186"><i>A Historical atlas of South Asia</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 147, map XIV.4 (a). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210" title="Special:BookSources/0226742210"><bdi>0226742210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+atlas+of+South+Asia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=147%2C+map+XIV.4+%28a%29&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0226742210&rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Fpager.html%3Fobject%3D186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGondwana+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gondwana_(India)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>McEldowney, Philip F. (1980) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/Ideas/CP/intro.html"><i>Colonial Administration and Social Developments in middle India: The Central Provinces, 1861-1921</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070305230224/http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/Ideas/CP/intro.html">Archived</a> 5 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Virginia.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gondwana"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gondwana">"Gondwana" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gondwana&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGondwana+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Proposed_states_and_union_territories_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:85%;">(Madhya Pradesh)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Madhya Pradesh)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindhya_Pradesh" title="Vindhya Pradesh">Vindhya Pradesh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Madhya Pradesh)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proposed_states_and_territories_of_India.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Proposed_states_and_territories_of_India.png/200px-Proposed_states_and_territories_of_India.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Proposed_states_and_territories_of_India.png/300px-Proposed_states_and_territories_of_India.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Mithila_(proposed_Indian_state)" title="Mithila (proposed Indian state)">Mithila</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bihar)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rarh_region" title="Rarh region">Rarhbhumi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Odisha)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh Pradesh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Uttar Pradesh)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braj" title="Braj">Braj Pradesh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Uttar Pradesh)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harit_Pradesh" title="Harit Pradesh">Harit Pradesh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Uttar Pradesh)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu Division">Jammu</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jammu and Kashmir)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Valley" title="Kashmir Valley">Kashmir</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jammu and Kashmir)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panun_Kashmir" title="Panun Kashmir">Panun Kashmir</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jammu and Kashmir)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purvanchal" title="Purvanchal">Purvanchal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Uttar Pradesh)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodoland_Territorial_Region" title="Bodoland Territorial Region">Bodoland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Assam)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimaraji" title="Dimaraji">Dimaraji</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Assam/Nagaland)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_Hills" title="Garo Hills">Garoland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Meghalaya)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_Anglong" class="mw-redirect" title="Karbi Anglong">Karbi Anglong</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Assam)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipraland" title="Tipraland">Tipraland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tripura)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Karnataka" title="North Karnataka">Karu Nadu</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Karnataka)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyana-Karnataka" title="Kalyana-Karnataka">Kalyana-Karnataka</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Karnataka)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodagu_district" title="Kodagu district">Kodagu</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Karnataka)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongu_Nadu" title="Kongu Nadu">Kongu Nadu</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tamil Nadu)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaikal_district" title="Karaikal district">Karaikal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Puducherry)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kerala)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayalaseema" title="Rayalaseema">Rayalaseema</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Andhra Pradesh)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_Nadu" title="Tulu Nadu">Tulu Nadu</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Karnataka/Kerala)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_India" class="mw-redirect" title="West India">West India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khandesh" title="Khandesh">Khandesh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Maharashtra)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Goa/Karnataka/Maharashtra)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutch">Kutch</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Gujarat)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathwada" title="Marathwada">Marathwada</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Maharashtra)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maru_Pradesh" title="Maru Pradesh">Maru Pradesh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Rajasthan)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)" title="Saurashtra (region)">Saurashtra</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Gujarat)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidarbha" title="Vidarbha">Vidarbha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Maharashtra)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">Current states and union territories of India</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1537074#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1537074#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1537074#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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