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id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Content </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Content-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Content subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Prapāṭhaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Prapāṭhaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 First Prapāṭhaka </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Prapāṭhaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_chant_of_Om,_the_essence_of_all" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_chant_of_Om,_the_essence_of_all"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 The chant of Om, the essence of all </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_chant_of_Om,_the_essence_of_all-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Good_and_evil_may_be_everywhere,_yet_life-principle_is_inherently_good" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Good_and_evil_may_be_everywhere,_yet_life-principle_is_inherently_good"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Good and evil may be everywhere, yet life-principle is inherently good </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Good_and_evil_may_be_everywhere,_yet_life-principle_is_inherently_good-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space:_the_origin_and_the_end_of_everything" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space:_the_origin_and_the_end_of_everything"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Space: the origin and the end of everything </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space:_the_origin_and_the_end_of_everything-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_ridicule_and_satire_on_egotistic_nature_of_priests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_ridicule_and_satire_on_egotistic_nature_of_priests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 A ridicule and satire on egotistic nature of priests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_ridicule_and_satire_on_egotistic_nature_of_priests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_of_language_and_cosmic_correspondences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_of_language_and_cosmic_correspondences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.5 Structure of language and cosmic correspondences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_of_language_and_cosmic_correspondences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Prapāṭhaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Prapāṭhaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Second Prapāṭhaka </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Prapāṭhaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_significance_of_chant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_significance_of_chant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 The significance of chant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_significance_of_chant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Everything_in_Universe_chants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Everything_in_Universe_chants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Everything in Universe chants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Everything_in_Universe_chants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_nature_of_Dharma_and_Ashramas_(stages)_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_nature_of_Dharma_and_Ashramas_(stages)_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 The nature of Dharma and Ashramas (stages) theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_nature_of_Dharma_and_Ashramas_(stages)_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Prapāṭhaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Prapāṭhaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Third Prapāṭhaka </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Prapāṭhaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brahman_is_the_sun_of_all_existence,_Madhu_Vidya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brahman_is_the_sun_of_all_existence,_Madhu_Vidya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Brahman is the sun of all existence, Madhu Vidya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brahman_is_the_sun_of_all_existence,_Madhu_Vidya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gayatri_mantra:_symbolism_of_all_that_is" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gayatri_mantra:_symbolism_of_all_that_is"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Gayatri mantra: symbolism of all that is </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gayatri_mantra:_symbolism_of_all_that_is-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Ultimate_exists_within_oneself" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Ultimate_exists_within_oneself"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 The Ultimate exists within oneself </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Ultimate_exists_within_oneself-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individual_Self_and_the_infinite_Brahman_is_same,_one's_Self_is_God,_Sandilya_Vidya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individual_Self_and_the_infinite_Brahman_is_same,_one's_Self_is_God,_Sandilya_Vidya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.4 Individual Self and the infinite Brahman is same, one's Self is God, Sandilya Vidya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individual_Self_and_the_infinite_Brahman_is_same,_one's_Self_is_God,_Sandilya_Vidya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Universe_is_an_imperishable_treasure_chest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Universe_is_an_imperishable_treasure_chest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.5 The Universe is an imperishable treasure chest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Universe_is_an_imperishable_treasure_chest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_is_a_festival,_ethics_is_one's_donation_to_it" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_is_a_festival,_ethics_is_one's_donation_to_it"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.6 Life is a festival, ethics is one's donation to it </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_is_a_festival,_ethics_is_one's_donation_to_it-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_Prapāṭhaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_Prapāṭhaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Fourth Prapāṭhaka </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_Prapāṭhaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Samvargavidya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samvargavidya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Samvargavidya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samvargavidya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satyakama's_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satyakama's_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 Satyakama's education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satyakama's_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penance_is_unnecessary,_Brahman_as_life_bliss_joy_and_love,_the_story_of_Upakosala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penance_is_unnecessary,_Brahman_as_life_bliss_joy_and_love,_the_story_of_Upakosala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.3 Penance is unnecessary, Brahman as life bliss joy and love, the story of Upakosala </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penance_is_unnecessary,_Brahman_as_life_bliss_joy_and_love,_the_story_of_Upakosala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fifth_Prapāṭhaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_Prapāṭhaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Fifth Prapāṭhaka </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifth_Prapāṭhaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_noblest_and_the_best" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_noblest_and_the_best"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1 The noblest and the best </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_noblest_and_the_best-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_five_fires_and_two_paths_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_five_fires_and_two_paths_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.2 The five fires and two paths theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_five_fires_and_two_paths_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Who_is_our_Atman_(Self),_what_is_the_Brahman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Who_is_our_Atman_(Self),_what_is_the_Brahman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.3 Who is our Atman (Self), what is the Brahman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Who_is_our_Atman_(Self),_what_is_the_Brahman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sixth_Prapāṭhaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixth_Prapāṭhaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Sixth Prapāṭhaka </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sixth_Prapāṭhaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atman_exists,_Svetaketu's_education_on_the_key_to_all_knowledge_-_Tat_Tvam_Asi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atman_exists,_Svetaketu's_education_on_the_key_to_all_knowledge_-_Tat_Tvam_Asi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.1 Atman exists, Svetaketu's education on the key to all knowledge - Tat Tvam Asi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atman_exists,_Svetaketu's_education_on_the_key_to_all_knowledge_-_Tat_Tvam_Asi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oneness_in_the_world,_the_immanent_reality_and_of_Man" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oneness_in_the_world,_the_immanent_reality_and_of_Man"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.2 Oneness in the world, the immanent reality and of Man </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oneness_in_the_world,_the_immanent_reality_and_of_Man-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seventh_Prapāṭhaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventh_Prapāṭhaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Seventh Prapāṭhaka </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventh_Prapāṭhaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_knowledge_of_the_outer_world_to_the_knowledge_of_the_inner_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_knowledge_of_the_outer_world_to_the_knowledge_of_the_inner_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.1 From knowledge of the outer world to the knowledge of the inner world </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_knowledge_of_the_outer_world_to_the_knowledge_of_the_inner_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Narada's_education_on_progressive_meditation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narada's_education_on_progressive_meditation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.2 Narada's education on progressive meditation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narada's_education_on_progressive_meditation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_Ativadin_to_self-knowledge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Ativadin_to_self-knowledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.3 From Ativadin to self-knowledge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Ativadin_to_self-knowledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eighth_Prapāṭhaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eighth_Prapāṭhaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Eighth Prapāṭhaka </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eighth_Prapāṭhaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_nature_of_knowledge_and_Atman_(Self)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_nature_of_knowledge_and_Atman_(Self)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8.1 The nature of knowledge and Atman (Self) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_nature_of_knowledge_and_Atman_(Self)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_means_to_knowledge_and_Atman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_means_to_knowledge_and_Atman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8.2 The means to knowledge and Atman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_means_to_knowledge_and_Atman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_false_and_true_in_relation_to_the_Atman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_false_and_true_in_relation_to_the_Atman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8.3 The false and true in relation to the Atman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_false_and_true_in_relation_to_the_Atman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_paean_for_the_learning,_a_reverence_for_the_Self" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_paean_for_the_learning,_a_reverence_for_the_Self"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8.4 A paean for the learning, a reverence for the Self </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_paean_for_the_learning,_a_reverence_for_the_Self-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Chandogya Upanishad</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" > 25 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D" title="ছান্দোগ্যোপনিষদ্ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ছান্দোগ্যোপনিষদ্" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandogya-Upanishad" title="Chandogya-Upanishad – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chandogya-Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C4%81ndogya-upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Chāndogya-upaniṣad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Chāndogya-upaniṣad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C4%81ndogya_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Chāndogya Upaniṣad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chāndogya Upaniṣad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88andogja_upani%C5%9Dado" title="Ĉandogja upaniŝado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉandogja upaniŝado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%87" title="اوپانیشاد چاندوگیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوپانیشاد چاندوگیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C4%81ndogya_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Chāndogya Upaniṣad – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chāndogya Upaniṣad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6" title="छांदोग्य उपनिषद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="छांदोग्य उपनिषद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C4%81ndogya_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Chāndogya Upaniṣad – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chāndogya Upaniṣad" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9B%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D" title="ಛಾಂದೋಗ್ಯೋಪನಿಷತ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಛಾಂದೋಗ್ಯೋಪನಿಷತ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Chandogja_Upani%C5%A1ada" title="Čhandogja Upanišada – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čhandogja Upanišada" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ഛാന്ദോഗ്യോപനിഷത്ത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഛാന്ദോഗ്യോപനിഷത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6" title="छांदोग्योपनिषद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="छांदोग्योपनिषद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D" title="छान्दोग्य उपनिषद् – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="छान्दोग्य उपनिषद्" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_(%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D)" title="छान्दोग्य (उपनिषद्) – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="छान्दोग्य (उपनिषद्)" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%83%91%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%89" title="チャーンドーギヤ・ウパニシャッド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャーンドーギヤ・ウパニシャッド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C4%81ndogya_upanishad" title="Chāndogya upanishad – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chāndogya upanishad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9B%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%AF_%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A6" title="ਛਾਂਦੋਗਯ ਉਪਨਿਸ਼ਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਛਾਂਦੋਗਯ ਉਪਨਿਸ਼ਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AF" title="چھاندوگی اپنشد – Western 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#FFC569;">Chandogya</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandogya_Upanishad_verses_1.1.1-1.1.9,_Samaveda,_Sanskrit,_Devanagari_script,_1849_CE_manuscript.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Chandogya_Upanishad_verses_1.1.1-1.1.9%2C_Samaveda%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_script%2C_1849_CE_manuscript.jpg/250px-Chandogya_Upanishad_verses_1.1.1-1.1.9%2C_Samaveda%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_script%2C_1849_CE_manuscript.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Chandogya_Upanishad_verses_1.1.1-1.1.9%2C_Samaveda%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_script%2C_1849_CE_manuscript.jpg/375px-Chandogya_Upanishad_verses_1.1.1-1.1.9%2C_Samaveda%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_script%2C_1849_CE_manuscript.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Chandogya_Upanishad_verses_1.1.1-1.1.9%2C_Samaveda%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_script%2C_1849_CE_manuscript.jpg/500px-Chandogya_Upanishad_verses_1.1.1-1.1.9%2C_Samaveda%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_script%2C_1849_CE_manuscript.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2333" data-file-height="1022" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The Chandogya Upanishad verses 1.1.1-1.1.9 (Sanskrit, Devanagari script)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></th><td class="infobox-data">छान्दोग्य</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Chāndogya</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">8th to 6th century BCE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mukhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya">Mukhya Upanishad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Linked <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Veda</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chapters</th><td class="infobox-data">Eight</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Philosophy</th><td class="infobox-data">Oneness of the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commented by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Popular verse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tat_tvam_asi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tat tvam asi">Tat tvam asi</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.5em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu scriptures and texts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/150px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/200px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Shruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smriti</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">List</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> Divisions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;">Rig vedic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> Sama vedic <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> Yajur vedic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> Atharva vedic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Other scriptures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Āgama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;"> Related Hindu texts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;">Brahma puranas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmānda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahmavaivarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya</a></li></ul> Vaishnava puranas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya</a></li></ul> Shaiva puranas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul> Shakta puranas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Ramayana">Historicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Mahabharata" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Mahabharata">Historicity</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Saiva Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugazh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugazh">Thiruppugazh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aathichoodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aathichoodi">Aathichoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Anthadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Anthadhi">Abhirami Anthadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_Shastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vastu Shastra">Vastu Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedantasara_(of_Sadananda)" title="Vedantasara (of Sadananda)">Vedantasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Timeline</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template talk:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Chandogya Upanishad (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: छान्दोग्योपनिषद्, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: Chāndogyopaniṣad) is a Sanskrit text embedded in the Chandogya Brahmana of the <a href="/wiki/Sama_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama Veda">Sama Veda</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-patrickolivellepreface-1">[1]</a> It is one of the oldest Upanishads.<a href="#cite_note-stephenphillips-2">[2]</a> It lists as number 9 in the <a href="/wiki/Muktika" class="mw-redirect" title="Muktika">Muktika</a> canon of 108 Upanishads.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The Upanishad belongs to the Tandya school of the Samaveda.<a href="#cite_note-patrickolivellepreface-1">[1]</a> Like <a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a>, the Chandogya is an anthology of texts that must have pre-existed as separate texts, and were edited into a larger text by one or more ancient Indian scholars.<a href="#cite_note-patrickolivellepreface-1">[1]</a> The precise chronology of Chandogya Upanishad is uncertain, and it is variously dated to have been composed by the 8th to 6th century BCE in India.<a href="#cite_note-stephenphillips-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-olivelleintro-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> It is one of the largest Upanishadic compilations, and has eight Prapathakas (literally lectures, chapters), each with many volumes, and each volume contains many verses.<a href="#cite_note-klauswitz-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-humefull-7">[7]</a> The volumes are a motley collection of stories and themes. As part of the poetic and chants-focussed Samaveda, the broad unifying theme of the Upanishad is the importance of speech, language, song and chants to man's quest for knowledge and salvation, to metaphysical premises and questions, as well as to rituals.<a href="#cite_note-patrickolivellepreface-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Chandogya Upanishad is one of the most cited texts in later Bhasyas (reviews and commentaries) by scholars from the diverse schools of Hinduism, with chapter six verse 8-16 containing the damous dictum Tat Tvam Asi, "that('s how) you are."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008152,_349_n.8.7-16.3-9">[9]</a> According to Deutsch and Dalvi, "the entire sixth chapter is no doubt the most influential of the entire corpus of the Upanishads."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi20048-10">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The name of the Upanishad is derived from the word Chanda or chandas, which means "poetic meter, prosody".<a href="#cite_note-klauswitz-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The nature of the text relates to the patterns of structure, stress, rhythm and intonation in language, songs and chants. The text is sometimes known as Chandogyopanishad.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology">Chronology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chronology">edit</a>]</div> Chandogya Upanishad was in all likelihood composed in the earlier part of 1st millennium BCE, and is one of the oldest Upanishads.<a href="#cite_note-olivelleintro-4">[4]</a> The exact century of the Upanishad composition is unknown, uncertain and contested.<a href="#cite_note-stephenphillips-2">[2]</a> The chronology of early Upanishads is difficult to resolve due to scant evidence, an analysis of archaism, style, and repetitions across texts, driven by assumptions about likely evolution of ideas, and on presumptions about which philosophy might have influenced which other Indian philosophies.<a href="#cite_note-stephenphillips-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Patrick Olivelle</a> states, "in spite of claims made by some, in reality, any dating of these documents (early Upanishads) that attempts a precision closer than a few centuries is as stable as a house of cards".<a href="#cite_note-olivelleintro-4">[4]</a> The chronology and authorship of Chandogya Upanishad, along with the Brihadaranyaka and Kaushitaki Upanishads, is further complicated because they are compiled anthologies of literature that must have existed as independent texts before they became part of these Upanishads.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Scholars have offered different estimates ranging from 800 BCE to 600 BCE, all preceding Buddhism. According to a 1998 review by Patrick Olivelle. Chandogya was composed by 7th or 6th century BCE, give or take a century or so.<a href="#cite_note-olivelleintro-4">[4]</a> Phillips states that Chandogya was completed after Brihadaranyaka, both probably in early part of the 8th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-stephenphillips-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structure">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.5em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu scriptures and texts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/150px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/200px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Shruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smriti</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">List</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> Divisions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;">Rig vedic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> Sama vedic <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> Yajur vedic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> Atharva vedic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Other scriptures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Āgama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;"> Related Hindu texts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;">Brahma puranas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmānda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahmavaivarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya</a></li></ul> Vaishnava puranas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya</a></li></ul> Shaiva puranas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul> Shakta puranas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Ramayana">Historicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Mahabharata" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Mahabharata">Historicity</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Saiva Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugazh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugazh">Thiruppugazh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aathichoodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aathichoodi">Aathichoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Anthadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Anthadhi">Abhirami Anthadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_Shastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vastu Shastra">Vastu Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedantasara_(of_Sadananda)" title="Vedantasara (of Sadananda)">Vedantasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Timeline</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template talk:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The text has eight Prapathakas (प्रपाठक, lectures, chapters), each with varying number of Khandas (खण्ड, volume).<a href="#cite_note-humefull-7">[7]</a> Each Khanda has varying number of verses. The first chapter includes 13 volumes each with varying number of verses, the second chapter has 24 volumes, the third chapter contains 19 volumes, the fourth is composed of 17 volumes, the fifth has 24, the sixth chapter has 16 volumes, the seventh includes 26 volumes, and the eight chapter is last with 15 volumes.<a href="#cite_note-humefull-7">[7]</a> The Upanishad comprises the last eight chapters of a ten chapter Chandogya <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a> text.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussencbcu-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerintro-15">[15]</a> The first chapter of the Brahmana is short and concerns ritual-related hymns to celebrate a marriage ceremony<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> and the birth of a child.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussencbcu-14">[14]</a> The second chapter of the Brahmana is short as well and its mantras are addressed to divine beings at life rituals. The last eight chapters are long, and are called the Chandogya Upanishad.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussencbcu-14">[14]</a> A notable structural feature of Chandogya Upanishad is that it contains many nearly identical passages and stories also found in Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, but in precise meter.<a href="#cite_note-klauswitzstr-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The Chandogya Upanishad, like other Upanishads, was a <a href="/wiki/Living_document" title="Living document">living document</a>. Every chapter shows evidence of insertion or interpolation at a later age, because the structure, meter, grammar, style and content is inconsistent with what precedes or follows the suspect content and section. Additionally, supplements were likely attached to various volumes in a different age.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Klaus Witz[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] structurally divides the Chandogya Upanishad into three natural groups. The first group comprises chapters I and II, which largely deal with the structure, stress and rhythmic aspects of language and its expression (speech), particularly with the syllable Om (ॐ, Aum).<a href="#cite_note-klauswitzstr-17">[17]</a> The second group consists of chapters III-V, with a collection of more than 20 Upasanas and Vidyas on premises about the universe, life, mind and spirituality. The third group consists of chapters VI-VIII that deal with metaphysical questions such as the nature of reality and Self.<a href="#cite_note-klauswitzstr-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Content">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Prapāṭhaka">First Prapāṭhaka</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First Prapāṭhaka">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_chant_of_Om,_the_essence_of_all">The chant of Om, the essence of all</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The chant of Om, the essence of all">edit</a>]</div> The Chandogya Upanishad opens with the recommendation that "let a man meditate on <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a>".<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller11-20">[20]</a> It calls the syllable Om the udgitha (उद्गीथ, song, chant), and asserts that the significance of the syllable is this: the essence of all beings is earth, the essence of earth is water, the essence of water are the plants, the essence of plants is man, the essence of man is speech, the essence of speech is the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rig Veda</a>, the essence of the Rig Veda is the Sama Veda, and the essence of Sama Veda is udgitha.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen11-21">[21]</a> Rik (ऋच्, Ṛc) is speech, states the text, and Sāman (सामन्) is breath; they are pairs, and because they have love and desire for each other, speech and breath find themselves together and mate to produce song.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller11-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen11-21">[21]</a> The highest song is <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a>, asserts volume 1.1 of Chandogya Upanishad. It is the symbol of awe, of reverence, of threefold knowledge because <a href="/wiki/Vedic_priesthood" title="Vedic priesthood">Adhvaryu</a> invokes it, the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_priesthood" title="Vedic priesthood">Hotr</a> recites it, and <a href="/wiki/Vedic_priesthood" title="Vedic priesthood">Udgatr</a> sings it.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen11-21">[21]</a> In section 1.4, the text highlights the importance of Om in the High Chant.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Good_and_evil_may_be_everywhere,_yet_life-principle_is_inherently_good">Good and evil may be everywhere, yet life-principle is inherently good</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Good and evil may be everywhere, yet life-principle is inherently good">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Om symbol</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><table style="border-collapse:collapse;text-align:center;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;margin:auto;width:200px"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:100px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:100px;height:80px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Om_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/78px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="78" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/116px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/155px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></div><div style="padding:1px"></div></td><td style="width:100px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:100px;height:80px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Bali_Omkara_Red.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bali_Omkara_Red.png/60px-Bali_Omkara_Red.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bali_Omkara_Red.png/90px-Bali_Omkara_Red.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bali_Omkara_Red.png/120px-Bali_Omkara_Red.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="267" /></a></div><div style="padding:1px"></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:100px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:100px;height:80px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tamil_Om.svg/80px-Tamil_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tamil_Om.svg/120px-Tamil_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tamil_Om.svg/160px-Tamil_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></div><div style="padding:1px"></div></td><td style="width:100px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:100px;height:80px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Om_in_telugu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Om_in_telugu.png/100px-Om_in_telugu.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Om_in_telugu.png 1.5x" data-file-width="137" data-file-height="94" /></a></div><div style="padding:1px"></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="infobox-caption">The significance of Om syllable is discussed in the Chandogya Upanishad, as well as other principal Upanishads. Chandogya's exposition of syllable Om in its first chapter combines etymological speculations, symbolism, metric structure and philosophical themes.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The second volume of the first chapter continues its discussion of syllable Om, explaining its use as a struggle between <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> (gods) and <a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asuras</a> (demons) – both being races derived from one <a href="/wiki/Prajapati" title="Prajapati">Prajapati</a> (creator of life).<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen12-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Muller</a> states that this struggle between deities and demons is considered allegorical by ancient scholars, as good and evil inclinations within man, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller12-26">[26]</a> The Prajapati is man in general, in this allegory.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller12-26">[26]</a> The struggle is explained as a legend, that is also found in a more complete and likely original ancient version in the <a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a> (chapter 1.3).<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen12-25">[25]</a> The legend in section 1.2 of Chandogya Upanishad states that gods took the Udgitha (song of Om) unto themselves, thinking, "with this [song] we shall overcome the demons".<a href="#cite_note-hume12-27">[27]</a> The gods revered the Udgitha as sense of smell, but the demons cursed it and ever since one smells both good-smelling and bad-smelling, because it is afflicted with good and evil.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen12-25">[25]</a> The deities thereafter revered the Udgitha as speech, but the demons afflicted it and ever since one speaks both truth and untruth, because speech has been struck with good and evil.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller12-26">[26]</a> The deities next revered the Udgitha as sense of sight (eye), but the demons struck it and ever since one sees both what is harmonious, sightly and what is chaotic, unsightly, because sight is afflicted with good and evil.<a href="#cite_note-hume12-27">[27]</a> The gods then revered the Udgitha as sense of hearing (ear), but the demons afflicted it and ever since one hears both what is worth hearing and what is not worth hearing, because hearing is afflicted with good and evil.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen12-25">[25]</a> The gods thereafter revered the Udgitha as Manas (mind), but the demons afflicted it and therefore one imagines both what is worth imagining and what is not worth imagining, because mind is afflicted with good and evil.<a href="#cite_note-hume12-27">[27]</a> Then the gods revered the Udgitha as <a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">Prāṇa</a> (vital breath, breath in the mouth, life-principle), and the demons struck it but they fell into pieces. Life-principle is free from evil, it is inherently good.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen12-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller12-26">[26]</a> The deities inside man – the body organs and senses of man are great, but they all revere the life-principle because it is the essence and the lord of all of them. Om is the Udgitha, the symbol of life-principle in man.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen12-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Space:_the_origin_and_the_end_of_everything">Space: the origin and the end of everything</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Space: the origin and the end of everything">edit</a>]</div> The Chandogya Upanishad, in eighth and ninth volumes of the first chapter, describes the debate between three men proficient in Udgitha, about the origins and support of Udgitha and all of empirical existence.<a href="#cite_note-roberthume19-28">[28]</a> The debaters summarize their discussion as, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> What is the origin of this world?<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller19-29">[29]</a> Space, said he. Verily, all things here arise out of space. They disappear back into space, for space alone is greater than these, space is the final goal. This is the most excellent Udgitha [Om, ॐ]. This is endless. The most excellent is his, the most excellent worlds does he win, who, knowing it thus, reveres the most excellent Udgitha. </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Chandogya Upanishad 1.9.1-1.9.2<a href="#cite_note-roberthume19-28">[28]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Max Muller notes the term "space" above, was later asserted in the Vedanta Sutra verse 1.1.22 to be a symbolism for the Vedic concept of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller19-29">[29]</a> Paul Deussen explains the term Brahman means the "creative principle which lies realized in the whole world".<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A_ridicule_and_satire_on_egotistic_nature_of_priests">A ridicule and satire on egotistic nature of priests</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: A ridicule and satire on egotistic nature of priests">edit</a>]</div> The tenth through twelfth volumes of the first "Prapathaka" of Chandogya Upanishad describe a legend about priests and it criticizes how they go about reciting verses and singing hymns without any idea what they mean or the divine principle they signify.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen112-31">[31]</a> The 12th volume in particular ridicules the egotistical aims of priests through a satire, that is often referred to as "the Udgitha of the dogs".<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen112-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-roberthume112-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The verses 1.12.1 through 1.12.5 describe a convoy of dogs who appear before Vaka Dalbhya (literally, sage who murmurs and hums), who was busy in a quiet place repeating Veda. The dogs ask, "Sir, sing and get us food, we are hungry".<a href="#cite_note-roberthume112-32">[32]</a> The Vedic reciter watches in silence, then the head dog says to other dogs, "come back tomorrow". Next day, the dogs come back, each dog holding the tail of the preceding dog in his mouth, just like priests do holding the gown of preceding priest when they walk in procession.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> After the dogs settled down, they together began to say, "Him" and then sang, "Om, let us eat! Om, let us drink! Lord of food, bring hither food, bring it!, Om!"<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen112-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-johnoman-35">[35]</a> Such satire is not unusual in Indian literature and scriptures, and similar emphasis for understanding over superficial recitations is found in other ancient texts, such as chapter 7.103 of the Rig Veda.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen112-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Wood_Oman" title="John Wood Oman">John Oman</a>, in his review of the satire in section 1.12 of the Chandogya Upanishad, states, "More than once we have the statement that ritual doings only provide merit in the other world for a time, whereas the right knowledge rids of all questions of merit and secures enduring bliss".<a href="#cite_note-johnoman-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Structure_of_language_and_cosmic_correspondences">Structure of language and cosmic correspondences</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Structure of language and cosmic correspondences">edit</a>]</div> The 13th volume of the first chapter lists mystical meanings in the structure and sounds of a chant.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The text asserts that hāu, hāi, ī, atha, iha, ū, e, hiṅ among others correspond to empirical and divine world, such as Moon, wind, Sun, oneself, Agni, Prajapati, and so on. The thirteen syllables listed are "Stobhaksharas", sounds used in musical recitation of hymns, chants and songs.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller113-37">[37]</a> This volume is one of many sections that does not fit with the preceding text or text that follows. The fourth verse of the 13th volume uses the word Upanishad, which Max Muller translates as "secret doctrine",<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller113-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Patrick Olivelle</a> translates as "hidden connections".<a href="#cite_note-olivelle185-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Prapāṭhaka">Second Prapāṭhaka</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Second Prapāṭhaka">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_significance_of_chant">The significance of chant</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The significance of chant">edit</a>]</div> The first volume of the second chapter states that the reverence for entire Sāman (साम्न, chant) is sādhu (साधु, good), for three reasons. These reasons invoke three different contextual meanings of Saman, namely abundance of goodness or valuable (सामन), friendliness or respect (सम्मान), property goods or wealth (सामन्, also समान).<a href="#cite_note-olivelle185-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-hume211-41">[41]</a> The Chandogya Upanishad states that the reverse is true too, that people call it a-sāman when there is deficiency or worthlessness (ethics), unkindness or disrespect (human relationships), and lack of wealth (means of life, prosperity).<a href="#cite_note-hume211-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Everything_in_Universe_chants">Everything in Universe chants</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Everything in Universe chants">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gewitter_Thunderstorm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gewitter_Thunderstorm.jpg/260px-Gewitter_Thunderstorm.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gewitter_Thunderstorm.jpg/390px-Gewitter_Thunderstorm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gewitter_Thunderstorm.jpg/520px-Gewitter_Thunderstorm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2964" data-file-height="1012" /></a><figcaption>The Chandogya Upanishad describes natural phenomena such as a thunderstorm as a form of chant.</figcaption></figure> Volumes 2 through 7 of the second Prapathaka present analogies between various elements of the Universe and elements of a chant.<a href="#cite_note-hume221-43">[43]</a> The latter include Hinkāra (हिङ्कार, preliminary vocalizing), Prastāva (प्रस्ताव, propose, prelude, introduction), Udgītha (उद्गीत, sing, chant), Pratihāra (प्रतिहार, response, closing) and Nidhana (निधन, finale, conclusion).<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The sets of mapped analogies present interrelationships and include cosmic bodies, natural phenomena, hydrology, seasons, living creatures and human physiology.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> For example, chapter 2.3 of the Upanishad states, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> The winds blow, that is Hinkāra A cloud is formed, that is Prastāva It rains, that is an Udgītha The lightning that strikes and thunder that rolls, that is Pratihāra The rains stop and clouds lift, that is Nidhana. </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Chandogya Upanishad 2.3.1<a href="#cite_note-hume221-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The eighth volume of the second chapter expands the five-fold chant structure to seven-fold chant structure, wherein Ādi and Upadrava are the new elements of the chant. The day and daily life of a human being is mapped to the seven-fold structure in volumes 2.9 and 2.10 of the Upanishad.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Thereafter, the text returns to five-fold chant structure in volumes 2.11 through 2.21, with the new sections explaining the chant as the natural template for cosmic phenomena, psychological behavior, human copulation, human body structure, domestic animals, divinities and others.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen21121-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller21122-49">[49]</a> The metaphorical theme in this volume of verses, asserts <a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Paul Deussen</a>, is that the Universe is an embodiment of Brahman, that the "chant" (Saman) is interwoven into this entire Universe and every phenomenon is a fractal manifestation of the ultimate reality.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen21121-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The 22nd volume of the second chapter discusses the structure of vowels (<a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">svara</a>), consonants (sparsa) and sibilants (ushman).<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller21122-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_nature_of_Dharma_and_Ashramas_(stages)_theory">The nature of Dharma and Ashramas (stages) theory</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The nature of Dharma and Ashramas (stages) theory">edit</a>]</div> The Chandogya Upanishad in volume 23 of chapter 2 provides one of the earliest expositions on the broad, complex meaning of Vedic concept dharma. It includes as dharma – ethical duties such as charity to those in distress (<a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a>, दान), personal duties such as education and self study (<a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">svādhyāya</a>, स्वाध्याय, brahmacharya, ब्रह्मचर्य), social rituals such as <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">yajna</a> (यज्ञ).<a href="#cite_note-gjha223-51">[51]</a> The Upanishad describes the three branches of dharma as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> त्रयो धर्मस्कन्धा यज्ञोऽध्ययनं दानमिति प्रथम स्तप एव द्वितीयो ब्रह्मचार्याचार्यकुलवासी तृतीयो ऽत्यन्तमात्मानमाचार्यकुलेऽवसादयन्सर्व एते पुण्यलोका भवन्ति ब्रह्मसँस्थोऽमृतत्वमेति ॥ १ ॥<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> There are three branches of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> (religious life, duty): <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a> (sacrifice), <a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a> (self study) and <a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a> (charity) are the first, <a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Sanskrit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapas (Sanskrit)">Tapas</a> (austerity, meditation) is the second, while dwelling as a <a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a> for education in the house of a teacher is third, All three achieve the blessed worlds. But the Brahmasamstha – one who is firmly grounded in Brahman – alone achieves immortality. </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Chandogya Upanishad 2.23.1<a href="#cite_note-gjha223-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller223-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen223-54">[54]</a></cite></div></blockquote> This passage has been widely cited by ancient and medieval Sanskrit scholars as the fore-runner to the <a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">asrama</a> or age-based stages of dharmic life in Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen223-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-patrick-55">[55]</a> The four asramas are: <a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a> (student), <a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a> (householder), <a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a> (retired) and <a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a> (renunciation).<a href="#cite_note-rks-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Olivelle disagrees however, and states that even the explicit use of the term asrama or the mention of the "three branches of dharma" in section 2.23 of Chandogya Upanishad does not necessarily indicate that the asrama system was meant.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Paul Deussen [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] notes that the Chandogya Upanishad, in the above verse, is not presenting these stages as sequential, but rather as equal.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen223-54">[54]</a> Only three stages are explicitly described, Grihastha first, Vanaprastha second and then Brahmacharya third.<a href="#cite_note-patrick-55">[55]</a> Yet the verse also mentions the person in Brahmasamstha – a mention that has been a major topic of debate in the <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> sub-schools of Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller223-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The Advaita Vedanta scholars state that this implicitly mentions the Sannyasa, whose goal is to get "knowledge, realization and thus firmly grounded in Brahman". Other scholars point to the structure of the verse and its explicit "three branches" declaration.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen223-54">[54]</a> In other words, the fourth state of Brahmasamstha among men must have been known by the time this Chandogya verse was composed, but it is not certain whether a formal stage of Sannyasa life existed as a dharmic asrama at that time. Beyond chronological concerns, the verse has provided a foundation for <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> school's emphasis on ethics, education, simple living, social responsibility, and the ultimate goal of life as <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> through Brahman-knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-gjha223-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen223-54">[54]</a> The discussion of ethics and moral conduct in man's life re-appears in other chapters of Chandogya Upanishad, such as in section 3.17.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Prapāṭhaka">Third Prapāṭhaka</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Third Prapāṭhaka">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brahman_is_the_sun_of_all_existence,_Madhu_Vidya">Brahman is the sun of all existence, Madhu Vidya</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Brahman is the sun of all existence, Madhu Vidya">edit</a>]</div> The Chandogya Upanishad presents the "Madhu Vidya" ("Honey Knowledge" or "Nectar of Knowledge") in first eleven volumes of the third chapter.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Sun is praised as source of all light and life, and stated as worthy of meditation in a symbolic representation of Sun as "honey" of all Vedas.<a href="#cite_note-gjha311-63">[63]</a> The Brahman is stated in these volume of verses to be the sun of the Universe, and the 'natural sun' is a phenomenal manifestation of the Brahman.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen311-64">[64]</a> The simile of "honey" is extensively developed, with Vedas, the <a href="/wiki/Itihasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Itihasa">Itihasa</a> and mythological stories, and the Upanishads are described as flowers.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen311-64">[64]</a> The Rig hymns, the Yajur maxims, the Sama songs, the Atharva verses and deeper, secret doctrines of Upanishads are represented as the vehicles of <a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">rasa</a> (nectar), that is the bees.<a href="#cite_note-hume311-65">[65]</a> The nectar itself is described as "essence of knowledge, strength, vigor, health, renown, splendor".<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller311-66">[66]</a> The Sun is described as the honeycomb laden with glowing light of honey. The rising and setting of the Sun is likened to man's cyclic state of clarity and confusion, while the spiritual state of knowing Upanishadic insight of Brahman is described by Chandogya Upanishad as being one with Sun, a state of permanent day of perfect knowledge, the day which knows no night.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen311-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gayatri_mantra:_symbolism_of_all_that_is">Gayatri mantra: symbolism of all that is</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Gayatri mantra: symbolism of all that is">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Mantra" title="Gayatri Mantra">Gayatri Mantra</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> is the symbol of the Brahman - the essence of everything, states volume 3.12 of the Chandogya Upanishad.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen312-68">[68]</a> Gayatri as speech sings to everything and protects them, asserts the text.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen312-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Ultimate_exists_within_oneself">The Ultimate exists within oneself</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The Ultimate exists within oneself">edit</a>]</div> The first six verses of the thirteenth volume of Chandogya's third chapter state a theory of <a href="/wiki/Svarga" title="Svarga">Svarga</a> (heaven) as human body, whose doorkeepers are eyes, ears, speech organs, mind and breath. To reach Svarga, asserts the text, understand these doorkeepers.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen313-70">[70]</a> The Chandogya Upanishad then states that the ultimate heaven and highest world exists within oneself, as follows, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> अथ यदतः परो दिवो ज्योतिर्दीप्यते विश्वतः पृष्ठेषु सर्वतः पृष्ठेष्वनुत्तमेषूत्तमेषु लोकेष्विदं वाव तद्यदिदमस्मिन्नन्तः पुरुषो ज्योतिस्तस्यैषा Now that light which shines above this heaven, higher than all, higher than everything, in the highest world, beyond which there are no other worlds, that is the same light which is within man. </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Chandogya Upanishad 3.13.7<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller313-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></cite></div></blockquote> This premise, that the human body is the heaven world, and that Brahman (highest reality) is identical to the Atman (Self) within a human being is at the foundation of Vedanta philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen313-70">[70]</a> The volume 3.13 of verses, goes on to offer proof in verse 3.13.8 that the highest reality is inside man, by stating that body is warm and this warmth must have an underlying hidden principle manifestation of the Brahman.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller313-71">[71]</a> Max Muller states, that while this reasoning may appear weak and incomplete, but it shows that Vedic era human mind had transitioned from "revealed testimony" to "evidence-driven and reasoned knowledge".<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller313-71">[71]</a> This Brahman-Atman premise is more consciously and fully developed in section 3.14 of the Chandogya Upanishad. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Individual_Self_and_the_infinite_Brahman_is_same,_one's_Self_is_God,_Sandilya_Vidya">Individual Self and the infinite Brahman is same, one's Self is God, Sandilya Vidya</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Individual Self and the infinite Brahman is same, one's Self is God, Sandilya Vidya">edit</a>]</div> The Upanishad presents the Śāṇḍilya doctrine in volume 14 of chapter 3.<a href="#cite_note-hume314-73">[73]</a> This, states Paul Deussen,<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen314-74">[74]</a> is with <a href="/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmana" title="Shatapatha Brahmana">Satapatha Brahmana</a> 10.6.3, perhaps the oldest passage in which the basic premises of the Vedanta philosophy are fully expressed, namely – Atman (Self inside man) exists, the Brahman is identical with Atman, God is inside man.<a href="#cite_note-gjha314-75">[75]</a> The Chandogya Upanishad makes a series of statements in section 3.14 that have been frequently cited by later schools of Hinduism and modern studies on Indian philosophies.<a href="#cite_note-hume314-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-gjha314-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> These are, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> Brahman, you see, is this whole world. With inner tranquillity, one should venerate it as <a href="/wiki/Tajjalan" title="Tajjalan">Tajjalan</a> (that from which he came forth, as that into which he will be dissolved, as that in which he breathes). Now, then, man is undoubtedly made of his Kratumaya (क्रतुमयः, resolve, will, purpose). What a man becomes on departing from here after death is in accordance with his (will, resolve) in this world. So he should make this resolve: This [S]elf (atman) of mine that lies deep within my heart — it is made of mind; the vital functions (<a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">prana</a>) are its physical form; luminous is its appearance; the real is its intention; space is its essence (atman); it contains all actions, all desires, all smells, and all tastes; it has captured this whole world; it neither speaks nor pays any heed. This [S]elf (atman) of mine that lies deep within my heart—it is smaller than a grain of rice or barley, smaller than a mustard seed, smaller even than a millet grain or a millet kernel; but it is larger than the [E]arth, larger than the intermediate region, larger than the sky, larger even than all these worlds put together. This [S]elf (atman) of mine that lies deep within my heart—it contains all actions, all desires, all smells, and all tastes; it has captured this whole world; it neither speaks nor pays any heed. It is <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>. On departing from here after death, I will become that. A man who has this resolve is never beset at all with doubts. This is what <a href="/wiki/Shandilya" title="Shandilya">Shandilya</a> used to say. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Chandogya Upanishad 3.14.1 - 3.14.5<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The teachings in this section re-appear centuries later in the words of the 3rd century CE <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonic</a> Roman philosopher <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> in "<a href="/wiki/Enneads" title="Enneads">Enneads</a> 5.1.2".<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen314-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Universe_is_an_imperishable_treasure_chest">The Universe is an imperishable treasure chest</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The Universe is an imperishable treasure chest">edit</a>]</div> The Universe, states the Chandogya Upanishad in section 3.15, is a treasure-chest and the refuge for man.<a href="#cite_note-hume315-78">[78]</a> This chest is where all wealth and everything rests states verse 3.15.1, and it is imperishable states verse 3.15.3.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller315-79">[79]</a> The best refuge for man is this Universe and the Vedas, assert verses 3.15.4 through 3.15.7.<a href="#cite_note-hume315-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> This section incorporates a benediction for the birth of a son.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller315-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Life_is_a_festival,_ethics_is_one's_donation_to_it">Life is a festival, ethics is one's donation to it</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Life is a festival, ethics is one's donation to it">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Non_violence_sculpture_by_carl_fredrik_reutersward_malmo_sweden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Non_violence_sculpture_by_carl_fredrik_reutersward_malmo_sweden.jpg/220px-Non_violence_sculpture_by_carl_fredrik_reutersward_malmo_sweden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Non_violence_sculpture_by_carl_fredrik_reutersward_malmo_sweden.jpg/330px-Non_violence_sculpture_by_carl_fredrik_reutersward_malmo_sweden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Non_violence_sculpture_by_carl_fredrik_reutersward_malmo_sweden.jpg/440px-Non_violence_sculpture_by_carl_fredrik_reutersward_malmo_sweden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a> - non-violence in action, words and thoughts - is considered the highest ethical value and virtue in Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-evpc-81">[81]</a> The Chandogya Upanishad makes one of the earliest mentions of this ethical code in section 3.17.<a href="#cite_note-hume317-82">[82]</a> Above: non-violence sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Fredrik_Reutersward" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Fredrik Reutersward">Carl Fredrik Reutersward</a>.</figcaption></figure> The section 3.17 of Chandogya Upanishad describes life as a celebration of a Soma-festival, whose dakshina (gifts, payment) is moral conduct and ethical precepts that includes non-violence, truthfulness, non-hypocrisy and charity unto others, as well as simple introspective life.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen317-83">[83]</a> This is one of the earliest<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> statement of the <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a> principle as an ethical code of life, that later evolved to become the highest virtue in Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> अथ यत्तपो दानमार्जवमहिँसा सत्यवचनमिति ता अस्य दक्षिणाः ॥ ४ ॥<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Now <a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Sanskrit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapas (Sanskrit)">Tapas</a> (austerity, meditation), <a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a> (charity, alms-giving), <a href="/wiki/%C4%80rjava" class="mw-redirect" title="Ārjava">Arjava</a> (sincerity, uprightness and non-hypocrisy), <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a> (non-violence, don't harm others) and <a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya-vacanam</a> (telling truth), these are the <a href="/wiki/Dakshina" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakshina">Dakshina</a> (gifts, payment to others) he gives [in life]. </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Chandogya Upanishad 3.17.4<a href="#cite_note-hume317-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> of man's life as a Soma-festival is described through steps of a <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">yajna</a> (fire ritual ceremony) in section 3.17.<a href="#cite_note-hume317-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen317-83">[83]</a> The struggles of an individual, such as hunger, thirst and events that make him unhappy, states the Upanishad, is <a href="/wiki/Diksha" title="Diksha">Diksha</a> (preparation, effort or consecration for the ceremony/festival).<a href="#cite_note-gjha317-89">[89]</a> The prosperity of an individual, such as eating, drinking and experiencing the delights of life is Upasada (days during the ceremony/festival when some foods and certain foods are consumed as a community).<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen317-83">[83]</a> When an individual lives a life of laughs, feasts and enjoys sexual intercourse, his life is akin to becoming one with Stuta and Sastra hymns of a Soma-festival (hymns that are recited and set to music), states verse 3.17.3 of the text.<a href="#cite_note-hume317-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-gjha317-89">[89]</a> Death is like ablution after the ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-hume317-82">[82]</a> The volumes 3.16 and 3.17 of the Chandogya Upanishad are notable for two additional assertions. One, in verse 3.16.7, the normal age of man is stated to be 116 years, split into three stages of 24, 44 and 48 year each.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> These verses suggest a developed state of mathematical sciences and addition by about 800-600 BCE. Secondly, verse 3.17.6 mentions Krishna Devakiputra (Sanskrit: कृष्णाय देवकीपुत्रा) as a student of sage Ghora Angirasa. This mention of "<a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> as the son of <a href="/wiki/Devaki" title="Devaki">Devaki</a>", has been studied by scholars<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller316-91">[91]</a> as potential source of fables and Vedic lore about the major deity Krishna in the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> and other ancient literature. Scholars have also questioned<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller316-91">[91]</a> whether this part of the verse is an interpolation, or just a different Krishna Devikaputra than deity Krishna,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> because the much later age Sandilya Bhakti Sutras, a treatise on Krishna,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> cites later age compilations such as <a href="/wiki/Narayana_Upanishad" title="Narayana Upanishad">Narayana Upanishad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ganapati_Atharva%C5%9B%C4%ABr%E1%B9%A3a" title="Ganapati Atharvaśīrṣa">Atharvasiras</a> 6.9, but never cites this verse of Chandogya Upanishad. Others<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> state that the coincidence that both names, of Krishna and Devika, in the same verse cannot be dismissed easily and this Krishna may be the same as one found later, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The verse 3.17.6 states that Krishna Devikaputra after learning the theory of life is a Soma-festival, learnt the following Vedic hymn of refuge for an individual on his death bed,<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller316-91">[91]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> Thou art the Aksitamasi (indestructible, imperishable, undecaying), Thou art the Acyutamasi (imperturbable, unchangeable, imperishable), Thou art the Prana-samsitamasi (fountainhead, crest of life-principles, fortified by breath). </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Chandogya Upanishad 3.17.6<a href="#cite_note-hume317-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_Prapāṭhaka">Fourth Prapāṭhaka</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Fourth Prapāṭhaka">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Samvargavidya">Samvargavidya</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Samvargavidya">edit</a>]</div> The fourth chapter of the Chandogya Upanishad opens with the story of king Janasruti and "the man with the cart" named <a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a>. The moral of the story is called, Samvarga (Sanskrit: संवर्ग, devouring, gathering, absorbing) Vidya, summarized in volume 4.3 of the text.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen41-96">[96]</a> Air, asserts the Upanishad, is the "devourer unto itself" of divinities because it absorbs fire, [S]un at sunset, [M]oon when it sets, water when it dries up.<a href="#cite_note-hume41-97">[97]</a> In reference to man, Prana (vital breath, life-principle) is the "devourer unto itself" because when one sleeps, Prana absorbs all deities inside man such as eyes, ears and mind.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller41-98">[98]</a> The Samvarga Vidya in Chandogya is found elsewhere in Vedic canon of texts, such as chapter 10.3.3 of <a href="/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmana" title="Shatapatha Brahmana">Shatapatha Brahmana</a> and sections 2.12 - 2.13 of <a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki Upanishad</a>. Paul Deussen states that the underlying message of Samvarga Vidya is that the cosmic phenomenon and the individual physiology are mirrors, and therefore man should know himself as identical with all cosmos and all beings.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen41-96">[96]</a> The story is notable for its characters, charity practices, and its mention and its definitions of Brāhmaṇa and Ṡūdra. King Janasruti is described as pious, extremely charitable, feeder of many destitutes, who built rest houses to serve the people in his kingdom, but one who lacked the knowledge of Brahman-Atman.<a href="#cite_note-hume41-97">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a>, is mentioned as "the man with the cart", very poor and of miserable plight (with sores on his skin), but he has the Brahman-Atman knowledge that is, "his self is identical with all beings".<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller41-98">[98]</a> The rich generous king is referred to as Ṡūdra, while the poor working man with the cart is called Brāhmaṇa (one who knows the Brahman knowledge).<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen41-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-hume41-97">[97]</a> The story thus declares knowledge as superior to wealth and power. The story also declares the king as a seeker of knowledge, and eager to learn from the poorest.<a href="#cite_note-hume41-97">[97]</a> Paul Deussen notes that this story in the Upanishad, is strange and out of place with its riddles.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen41-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Satyakama's_education">Satyakama's education</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Satyakama's education">edit</a>]</div> The Upanishad presents another symbolic conversational story of <a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama</a>, the son of Jabala, in volumes 4.4 through 4.9.<a href="#cite_note-hume44-99">[99]</a> Satyakama's mother reveals to the boy, in the passages of the Upanishad, that she went about in many places in her youth, and he is of uncertain parentage.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen44-100">[100]</a> The boy, eager for knowledge, goes to the sage Haridrumata Gautama, requesting the sage's permission to live in his school for <a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a>. The teacher asks, "my dear child, what family do you come from?" Satyakama replies that he is of uncertain parentage because his mother does not know who the father is. The sage declares that the boy's honesty is the mark of a "Brāhmaṇa, true seeker of the knowledge of the Brahman".<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen44-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller44-101">[101]</a> The sage accepts him as a student in his school.<a href="#cite_note-gjha44-102">[102]</a> The sage sends Satyakama to tend four hundred cows, and come back when they multiply into a thousand.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller44-101">[101]</a> The symbolic legend then presents conversation of Satyakama with a <a href="/wiki/Bull" title="Bull">bull</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fire</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Swan" title="Swan">swan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hamsa_(bird)" title="Hamsa (bird)">Hamsa</a>, हंस) and a <a href="/wiki/Diving_bird" title="Diving bird">diver bird</a> (Madgu, मद्गु), which respectively are symbolism for <a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Āditya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">Prāṇa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hume44-99">[99]</a> Satyakama then learns from these creatures that forms of Brahman is in all cardinal directions (north, south, east, west), world-bodies (earth, atmosphere, sky and ocean), sources of light (fire, Sun, Moon, lightning), and in man (breath, eye, ear and mind).<a href="#cite_note-gjha44-102">[102]</a> Satyakama returns to his teacher with a thousand cows, and humbly learns the rest of the nature of Brahman.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen44-100">[100]</a> The story is notable for declaring that the mark of a student of Brahman is not parentage, but honesty. The story is also notable for the repeated use of the word <a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a> to mean teacher during the Vedic era.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen44-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Penance_is_unnecessary,_Brahman_as_life_bliss_joy_and_love,_the_story_of_Upakosala">Penance is unnecessary, Brahman as life bliss joy and love, the story of Upakosala</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Penance is unnecessary, Brahman as life bliss joy and love, the story of Upakosala">edit</a>]</div> The volumes 4.10 through 4.15 of Chandogya Upanishad present the third conversational story through a student named 'Upakosala'. The boy Satyakama Jabala described in volumes 4.4 through 4.9 of the text, is declared to be the grown up <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a> (teacher) with whom Upakosala has been studying for twelve years in his Brahmacharya.<a href="#cite_note-hume410-104">[104]</a> Upakosala has a conversation with sacrificial fires, which inform him that Brahman is life, Brahman is joy and bliss, Brahman is infinity, and the means to Brahman is not through depressing, hard penance.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen410-105">[105]</a> The fires then enumerate the manifestations of Brahman to be everywhere in the empirically perceived world.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen44-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller410-106">[106]</a> Satyakama joins Upakosala's education and explains, in volume 4.15 of the text,<a href="#cite_note-gjha410-107">[107]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> The person you see here in the eye — he is the [S]elf (atman)" he told him. "He is the immortal free from fear; he is <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Chandogya Upanishad 4.15.1<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The Upanishad asserts in verses 4.15.2 and 4.15.3 that the Atman is the "stronghold of love", the leader of love, and that it assembles and unites all that inspires love.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen44-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-hume410-104">[104]</a> Those who find and realize the Atman, find and realize the Brahman, states the text.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller410-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fifth_Prapāṭhaka">Fifth Prapāṭhaka</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Fifth Prapāṭhaka">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_noblest_and_the_best">The noblest and the best</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: The noblest and the best">edit</a>]</div> The fifth chapter of the Chandogya Upanishad opens with the declaration,<a href="#cite_note-hume51-109">[109]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> यो ह वै ज्येष्ठं च श्रेष्ठं च वेद ज्येष्ठश्च ह वै श्रेष्ठश्च भवति When a man knows the best and the greatest, he becomes the best and the greatest. </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Chandogya Upanishad 5.1.1<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The first volume of the fifth chapter of the text tells a fable and prefaces each character with the following maxims, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> He who knows excellence,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> becomes excellent. He who knows stability,<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> becomes stable. He who knows success,<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> becomes successful. He who knows home,<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> becomes home for others. </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Chandogya Upanishad 5.1.1<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller511-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-hume511-116">[116]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The fable, found in many other principal Upanishads,<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> describes a rivalry between eyes, ears, speech, mind.<a href="#cite_note-hume511-116">[116]</a> They all individually claim to be "most excellent, most stable, most successful, most homely".<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller511-115">[115]</a> They ask their father, Prajapati, as who is the noblest and best among them. Prajapati states, "he by whose departure, the body is worst off, is the one".<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen51-118">[118]</a> Each rivaling organ leaves for a year, and the body suffers but is not worse off.<a href="#cite_note-hume511-116">[116]</a> Then, Prana (breath, life-principle) prepares to leave, and all of them insist that he stay. Prana, they acknowledge, empowers them all.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller511-115">[115]</a> The section 5.2 is notable for its mention in a ritual the use of kañsa (goblet-like musical instrument) and chamasa (spoon shaped object).<a href="#cite_note-Madan-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_five_fires_and_two_paths_theory">The five fires and two paths theory</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: The five fires and two paths theory">edit</a>]</div> Volumes 5.3 through 5.10 of Chandogya Upanishad present the "Pancagnividya", or the doctrine of "five fires and two paths in after-life".<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen52-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-davidknipe-123">[123]</a> These sections are nearly identical to those found in section 14.9.1 of Sathapatha Brahmana, in section 6.2 of Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, and in chapter 1 of Kaushitaki Upanishad.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen52-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-goodall52-124">[124]</a> Paul Deussen [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] states that the presence of this doctrine in multiple ancient texts suggests that the idea is older than these texts, established and was important concept in the cultural fabric of the ancient times.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen52-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-davidknipe-123">[123]</a> There are differences between the versions of manuscript and across the ancient texts, particularly relating to reincarnation in different caste based on "satisfactory conduct" and "stinking conduct" in previous life, which Deussen posits may be a supplement inserted only into the Chandogya Upanishad later on.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen52-122">[122]</a> The two paths of after-life, states the text, are Devayana – the path of the Devas (gods), and Pitryana – the path of the fathers.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller52-125">[125]</a> The path of the fathers, in after-life, is for those who live a life of rituals, sacrifices, social service and charity – these enter heaven, but stay there in proportion to their merit in their just completed life, then they return to Earth to be born as rice, herbs, trees, sesame, beans, animals or human beings depending on their conduct in past life.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller52-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-hume52-126">[126]</a> The path of the Devas, in after-life, is for those who live a life of knowledge or those who enter the forest life of <a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a> and pursue knowledge, faith and truthfulness – these do not return, and in their after-life join unto the Brahman.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen52-122">[122]</a> All existence is a cycle of fire, asserts the text, and the five fires are:<a href="#cite_note-goodall52-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller52-125">[125]</a> the cosmos as altar where the fuel is Sun from which rises the Moon, the cloud as altar where the fuel is air from which rises the rain, the Earth as altar where the fuel is time (year) from which rises the food (crops), the man as altar where the fuel is speech from which rises the semen, and the woman as altar where the fuel is sexual organ from which rises the fetus.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen52-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-hume52-126">[126]</a> The baby is born in the tenth month, lives a life, and when deceased, they carry him and return him to the fire because fire is where he arose, whence he came out of.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen52-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-hume52-126">[126]</a> The verse 5.10.8 of Chandogya Upanishad is notable for two assertions. One, it adds a third way for tiny living creatures (flies, insects, worms) that neither take the Devayana nor the Pitryana path after their death. Second, the text asserts that the rebirth is the reason why the yonder-world never becomes full (world where living creatures in their after-life stay temporarily). These assertions suggest an attempt to address rationalization, curiosities and challenges to the reincarnation theory.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen52-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller52-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Who_is_our_Atman_(Self),_what_is_the_Brahman">Who is our Atman (Self), what is the Brahman</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Who is our Atman (Self), what is the Brahman">edit</a>]</div> The Chandogya Upanishad opens volume 5.11 with five adults seeking knowledge. The adults are described as five great householders and great <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theologians</a> who once came together and held a discussion as to what is our Self, and what is Brahman?<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen511-127">[127]</a> The five householders approach a sage named Uddalaka Aruni, who admits his knowledge is deficient, and suggests that they all go to king Asvapati Kaikeya, who knows about Atman Vaishvanara.<a href="#cite_note-hume511-116">[116]</a> When the knowledge seekers arrive, the king pays his due respect to them, gives them gifts, but the five ask him about Vaisvanara Self. The answer that follows is referred to as the "doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Vaishvanara" title="Vaishvanara">Atman Vaishvanara</a>", where Vaisvanara literally means "One in the Many".<a href="#cite_note-klauswitzstr-17">[17]</a> The entire doctrine is also found in other ancient Indian texts such as the Satapatha Brahmana (section 10.6.1).<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller511-115">[115]</a> The common essence of the theory, as found in various ancient Indian texts, is that "the inner fire, the Self, is universal and common in all men, whether they are friends or foe, good or bad". The Chandogya narrative is notable for stating the idea of unity of the Universe, of realization of this unity within man, and that there is unity and oneness in all beings.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen511-127">[127]</a> This idea of universal oneness of all Selfs, seeing others as oneself, seeing Brahman as Atman and Atman as Brahman, became a foundational premise for Vedanta theologians.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen511-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-gjha511-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sixth_Prapāṭhaka">Sixth Prapāṭhaka</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sixth Prapāṭhaka">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Atman_exists,_Svetaketu's_education_on_the_key_to_all_knowledge_-_Tat_Tvam_Asi">Atman exists, Svetaketu's education on the key to all knowledge - Tat Tvam Asi</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Atman exists, Svetaketu's education on the key to all knowledge - Tat Tvam Asi">edit</a>]</div> According to Deutsch and Dalvi, "the entire sixth chapter is no doubt the most influential of the entire corpus of the Upanishads."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi20048-10">[10]</a> It contains the famous dictum "<a href="/wiki/Tat_Tvam_Asi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tat Tvam Asi">Tat Tvam Asi</a>," traditionally interpreted as "That Thou Art," and as such the most influential of the Upanishadic statements,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen2017155–161-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> though the correct translation is "That's how you are."<a href="#cite_note-Brereton-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008152,_349_n.8.7-16.3-9">[9]</a> The statement is repeated nine times at the end of sections 6.8 through 6.16 of the Upanishad, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">स य एषोऽणिमैतदात्म्यमिदँ सर्वं तत्सत्यँ स आत्मा तत्त्वमसि श्वेतकेतो</blockquote> The traditional translation is "That you are": <ul><li>"This [U]niverse consists of what that finest essence is, it is the real, it is the Self, that thou art, O Śvetaketu!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen2017155–161-129">[129]</a></li> <li>"That which is the finest essence – this whole world has that as its Self. That is Reality. That is Atman (Self). That art thou, Śvetaketu."<a href="#cite_note-hume6-133">[133]</a></li></ul> Yet, according to Brereton, folowed by Olivelle and Doniger, the correct translation is "That's how you are": <ul><li>"That which is this finest essence, that the whole world has as its self. That is the truth. That is the self. In that way are you, Śvetaketu."<a href="#cite_note-Brereton-132">[132]</a></li> <li>"The finest essence [the existent] here — that constitutes the self of this whole world; that is the truth; that is the self (atman). And that's how you are, Śvetaketu."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008152,_349_n.8.7-16.3-9">[9]</a></li></ul> The Tat Tvam Asi dictum emerges in a tutorial conversation between a father and son, <a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Uddalaka Aruni</a> and 24-year-old <a href="/wiki/Shvetaketu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shvetaketu">Śvetaketu Aruneya</a> respectively, after the father sends his boy to study the Vedas, saying "take up the celibate life of a student, for there is no one in our family, my son, who has not studied ad is the kind of Brahmin who is so only because of birth."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008148-134">[134]</a> The son returns after studying the Vedas for twelve years, "swell-headed [and] arrogant."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008148-134">[134]</a> The father inquires if Śvetaketu has asked about that by which "we perceive what cannot be perceived, we know what cannot be known"? Śvetaketu admits he hasn't, and asks what that is. His father, through 16 volumes of verses of Chandogya Upanishad, explains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008148-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-hume61-135">[135]</a> Uddalaka states in volume 1 of chapter 6 of the Upanishad, that the essence of clay, gold, copper and iron each can be understood by studying a pure lump of clay, gold, copper and iron respectively.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller61-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-hume61-135">[135]</a> The various objects produced from these materials do not change the essence, they change the form. Thus, to understand something, studying the essence of one is the path to understanding the numerous manifested forms.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen61-137">[137]</a> In volume 2 Uddalaka, rejects the idea that the world was born from the non-existent [a-sat], asserting that "in the beginning this world was simply what is existent [sat]- one only, without a second."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008149-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[a]</a> The existent thought "let me become many," emitting heat. From the heat emitted water, , which in turn emitted food.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008149-138">[138]</a> In the verses of volume 3, Uddalaka asserts that life emerges through three routes: an egg, direct birth of a living being, and as life sprouting from seeds.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen61-137">[137]</a> The Sat enters these and gives them individuality, states the Upanishad. Heat, food and water nourish all living beings, regardless of the route they are born. Each of these nourishment has three constituents, asserts the Upanishad in volumes 4 through 7 of the sixth chapter. It calls it the coarse, the medium and the finest essence.<a href="#cite_note-hume61-135">[135]</a> These coarse becomes waste, the medium builds the body or finest essence nourishes the mind. Section 6.7 states that the mind depends on the body and proper food, breath depends on hydrating the body, while voice depends on warmth in the body, and that these cannot function without.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller61-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen61-137">[137]</a> In 8.1 to 6, after setting this foundation of premises, in 6.8.1 to 6.8.6, Uddalaka states that heat, food, water, mind, breath and voice have ultimately the existent (sat) as their root.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008151-152-141">[140]</a> This existent is the root of each living being.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008152-142">[141]</a> To say that there is no root, no core is incorrect, because "nothing is without a root cause", assert verses 6.8.3 through 6.8.6 of the Upanishad. The translations and interpretations diverge on the famous dictum tat tvam asi in 6.8.7.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008349_n.8.7-16.3-143">[142]</a> While tat is traditionally interpreted as referring to either 'the existent' (sat) or 'finest essence' (animan), Brereton has argued that this is grammatically incorrect, and that the phrase, as explaned by Olivelle, "does not establish the identity between the individual and the ultimate being (sat) but rather shows that Svetaketu lives in the same manner as all other cretures, that is, by means of an invisible and subtle essence," which is also the cause of his existence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008349_n.8.7-16.3-143">[142]</a> In the traditional interpretation, 6.8.7 then states that Sat, Existence, Being<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> is this root, it is the essence (atman), it is at the core of all living beings. It is True, it is Real, it is the Self (atman), and Thou Art That, Śvetaketu.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller61-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> In Brereton's interpretation, followed by Olivelle and Doniger, Uddalaka states that "that's how you are,"<a href="#cite_note-Brereton-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008152,_349_n.8.7-16.3-9">[9]</a> Śvetaketu. The "Tat Tvam Asi" phrase is a <a href="/wiki/Mahavakya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavakya">Mahavakya</a>, a statement which leads directly to knowledge of Brahman.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oneness_in_the_world,_the_immanent_reality_and_of_Man">Oneness in the world, the immanent reality and of Man</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Oneness in the world, the immanent reality and of Man">edit</a>]</div> The Chandogya Upanishad in volume 6.9, states that all Selfs are interconnected and one. The inmost essence of all beings is same, the whole world is One Truth, One Reality, One Self.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller61-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen61-137">[137]</a> Living beings are like rivers that arise in the mountains, states the Upanishad, some rivers flow to the east and some to the west, yet they end in an ocean, become the ocean itself, and realize they are not different but are same, and thus realize their Oneness. Uddalaka states in volume 6.10 of the Upanishad, that there comes a time when all human beings and all creatures know not, "I am this one, I am that one", but realize that they are One Truth, One Reality, and the whole world is one Atman.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen61-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-hume61-135">[135]</a> Living beings are like trees, asserts the Upanishad, that bleed when struck and injured, yet the tree lives on with its Self as resplendent as before. It is this Atman, that despite all the suffering inflicted on a person, makes him to stand up again, live and rejoice at life. Body dies, life doesn't.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller61-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-hume61-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-gjha610-148">[147]</a> The Self and the body are like salt and water, states the Upanishad in volume 6.13. Salt dissolves in water, it is everywhere in the water, it cannot be seen, yet it is there and exists forever no matter what one does to the water.<a href="#cite_note-goodall613-149">[148]</a> The Sat is forever, and this Sat is the Self, the essence, it exists, it is true, asserts the text.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller61-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen61-137">[137]</a> Man's journey to self-knowledge and self-realization, states volume 6.14 of Chandogya Upanishad, is like a man who is taken from his home in <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandharas</a>, with his eyes covered, into a forest full of life-threatening dangers and delicious fruits, but no human beings.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller61-136">[136]</a> He lives in confusion, till one day he removes the eye cover. He then finds his way out of the forest, then finds knowledgeable ones for directions to Gandharas.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen61-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-goodall613-149">[148]</a> He receives the directions, and continues his journey on his own, one day arriving home and to happiness.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller61-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-hume61-135">[135]</a> The commentators<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller61-136">[136]</a> to this section of Chandogya Upanishad explain that in this metaphor, the home is Sat (Truth, Reality, Brahman, Atman), the forest is the empirical world of existence, the "taking away from his home" is symbolism for man's impulsive living and his good and evil deeds in the empirical world, eye cover represent his impulsive desires, removal of eye cover and attempt to get out of the forest represent the seekings about meaning of life and introspective turn to within, the knowledgeable ones giving directions is symbolism for spiritual teachers and guides.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen61-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-gjha610-148">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seventh_Prapāṭhaka">Seventh Prapāṭhaka</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Seventh Prapāṭhaka">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="From_knowledge_of_the_outer_world_to_the_knowledge_of_the_inner_world">From knowledge of the outer world to the knowledge of the inner world</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: From knowledge of the outer world to the knowledge of the inner world">edit</a>]</div> The seventh chapter of the Chandogya Upanishad opens as a conversation between <a href="/wiki/Sanatkumara" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanatkumara">Sanatkumara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen71-150">[149]</a> The latter asks, "teach me, Sir, the knowledge of Self, because I hear that anyone who knows the Self, is beyond suffering and sorrow".<a href="#cite_note-hume71-151">[150]</a> Sanatkumara first inquires from Narada what he already has learned so far. Narada says, he knows the Rig Veda, the Sama Veda, the Yajur Veda, the Atharva Veda, the epics and the history, the myths and the ancient stories, all rituals, grammar, etymology, astronomy, time keeping, mathematics, politics and ethics, warfare, principles of reasoning, divine lore, prayer lore, snake charming, ghosts lore and fine arts.<a href="#cite_note-hume71-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller71-152">[151]</a> Narada admits to Sanatkumara that none of these have led him to Self-knowledge, and he wants to know about Self and Self-knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-goodall71-153">[152]</a> Sanatkumara states that Narada, with the worldly knowledge, has so far focussed on name. Adore and revere the worldly knowledge asserts Sanatkumara in section 7.1 of the Upanishad, but meditate on all that knowledge as the name, as Brahman.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen71intro-154">[153]</a> Narada asks Sanatkumara to explain, and asks what is better than the worldly knowledge. In volumes 2 through 26 of the seventh chapter, the Upanishad presents, in the words of Sanatkumara, a hierarchy of progressive meditation, from outer worldly knowledge to inner worldly knowledge, from finite current knowledge to infinite Atman knowledge, as a step-wise journey to Self and infinite bliss.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen71intro-154">[153]</a> This hierarchy, as per Paul Deussen, is strange, convoluted possibly to incorporate divergent prevailing ideas in the ancient times. Yet in its full presentation, Deussen remarks, "it is magnificent, excellent in construction, and commands an elevated view of man's deepest nature".<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen71intro-154">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Narada's_education_on_progressive_meditation">Narada's education on progressive meditation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Narada's education on progressive meditation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_figure_of_Kashmiri_in_Meditation_by_Malvina_Hoffman_Wellcome_M0005215.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bronze_figure_of_Kashmiri_in_Meditation_by_Malvina_Hoffman_Wellcome_M0005215.jpg/220px-Bronze_figure_of_Kashmiri_in_Meditation_by_Malvina_Hoffman_Wellcome_M0005215.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bronze_figure_of_Kashmiri_in_Meditation_by_Malvina_Hoffman_Wellcome_M0005215.jpg/330px-Bronze_figure_of_Kashmiri_in_Meditation_by_Malvina_Hoffman_Wellcome_M0005215.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bronze_figure_of_Kashmiri_in_Meditation_by_Malvina_Hoffman_Wellcome_M0005215.jpg/440px-Bronze_figure_of_Kashmiri_in_Meditation_by_Malvina_Hoffman_Wellcome_M0005215.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1230" data-file-height="1803" /></a><figcaption>The Chandogya Upanishad (7th chapter) discusses progressive meditation as a means to Self-knowledge.</figcaption></figure> In its exposition of progressive meditation for Self-knowledge, the Chandogya Upanishad starts by referring to the outer worldly knowledges as name.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller71-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen71intro-154">[153]</a> Deeper than this name, is speech asserts verse 7.2.1, because speech is what communicates all outer worldly knowledge as well as what is right and what is wrong, what is true and what is false, what is good and what is bad, what is pleasant and what is unpleasant.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller71-152">[151]</a> Without speech, men can't share this knowledge, and one must adore and revere speech as manifestation of Brahman.<a href="#cite_note-hume71-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-goodall71-153">[152]</a> More elevated than <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81c" title="Vāc">Speech</a>, asserts section 7.3 of the Upanishad, is Manas (मनस्, mind) because Mind holds both Speech and <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ma" title="Nāma">Name</a> (outer worldly knowledges).<a href="#cite_note-goodall71-153">[152]</a> One must adore and revere Mind as Brahman.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller71-152">[151]</a> Deeper than Mind, asserts section 7.4 of the Upanishad, is Sankalpa (सङ्कल्प, will, conviction, intention) because when a man Wills he applies his Mind, when man applies his Mind he engages Speech and Name. One must adore and revere Will as manifestation of Brahman.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen71-150">[149]</a> Higher than Will, states section 7.5 of the Upanishad, is <a href="/wiki/Chit_(consciousness)" title="Chit (consciousness)">Chitta</a> (चित्त, thought, consciousness) because when a man Thinks he forms his Will.<a href="#cite_note-goodall71-153">[152]</a> One must adore and revere Thought as manifestation of Brahman. Greater than Thought, asserts section 7.6 of the Upanishad, is <a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyanam</a> (ध्यान, meditation, reflection, contemplation) because when a man Meditates he Thinks.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller71-152">[151]</a> One must adore and revere Meditation as the manifestation of Brahman. Deeper than Meditation, states section 7.7 of the Upanishad, is <a href="/wiki/Vij%C3%B1ana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijñana">Vijñana</a> (विज्ञान, knowledge, understanding, discernment) because when a man Understands he continues Meditating. One must adore and revere Understanding as the Brahman.<a href="#cite_note-hume71-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-goodall71-153">[152]</a> Thereafter, for a few steps,<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen71intro-154">[153]</a> the Upanishad asserts a hierarchy of progressive meditation that is unusual and different from the broader teachings of the Upanishads. The text states in section 7.8, that higher than Understanding is Bala (बल, strength, vigor) because a Strong man physically prevails over the men with Understanding.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller71-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-goodall71-153">[152]</a> "By strength does the world stand", states verse 7.8.1 of Chandogya Upanishad.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen71-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-hume71-151">[150]</a> One must adore and revere Strength as the manifestation of Brahman.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller71-152">[151]</a> Higher than Strength, states section 7.9 of the Upanishad, is Anna (अन्नं, food, nourishment) because with proper Food, man becomes Strong. One must adore and revere Food as manifestation of Brahman.<a href="#cite_note-hume71-151">[150]</a> Greater than Food, states section 7.10 of the Upanishad, is Āpah (आप, water) because without Water one cannot grow Food, famines strike and living creatures perish. One must adore and revere Water as the Brahman.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller71-152">[151]</a> Higher than Water, asserts section 7.11 of the Upanishad, is Tejas (तेजस्, heat, fire) because it is Heat combined with Wind and Atmosphere that bring Rain Water. One must adore and revere Heat as the manifestation of Brahman.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen71-150">[149]</a> Higher than Heat, states section 7.12 of the Upanishad, is <a href="/wiki/Akasha" title="Akasha">Ākāsa</a> (आकाश, space, ether) because it is Space where the Sun, Moon, stars and Heat reside. One must adore and revere the Space as the Brahman.<a href="#cite_note-hume71-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-goodall71-153">[152]</a> The Upanishad thereafter makes an abrupt transition back to inner world of man.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen71intro-154">[153]</a> The text states in section 7.13, that deeper than Space is Smara (स्मरो, memory) because without Memory [U]niverse to man would be as if it did not exist.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller71-152">[151]</a> One must adore and revere Memory as the manifestation of Brahman, states the text. Deeper than Memory is Asha (आशा, hope), states section 7.14 of the Upanishad, because kindled by Hope the Memory learns and man acts.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen71-150">[149]</a> One must adore and revere Hope as the Brahman.<a href="#cite_note-hume71-151">[150]</a> Still deeper than Hope is Prāna (प्राणो, vital breath, life-principle), because life-principle is the hub of all that defines a man, and not his body. That is why, asserts the text, people cremate a dead body and respect a living person with the same body.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller71-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-goodall71-153">[152]</a> The one who knows life-principle, states the Upanishad, becomes Ativadin (speaker with inner confidence, speaker of excellence).<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen71intro-154">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="From_Ativadin_to_self-knowledge">From Ativadin to self-knowledge</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: From Ativadin to self-knowledge">edit</a>]</div> The Chandogya Upanishad, in sections 7.16 through 7.26 presents a series of connected statements relayed from Sage Sanatkumara to <a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a>, as follows<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller716-155">[154]</a> (a paraphrase below) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> Now, a man talks only when he talks with truth, hence you should seek to perceive the truth (<a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a>, सत्य). A man must first perceive before he speaks the truth, so it is perception/comprehension (<a href="/wiki/Vij%C3%B1ana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijñana">Vijñana</a>, विज्ञान) that you should seek to understand. A man must first think before he perceives, so it is thinking/thought (Mati, मति) that you should seek perceive. A man must first have faith before he thinks, so it is faith (<a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Śraddhā</a>, श्रद्दधा) that he should seek to perceive. A man must first produce before he has faith, so it is production/growing forth (Nististhati, निस्तिष्ठति) that you should seek to perceive. A man must first act before he produces, so it is action (Krti, कृति) that you should seek to perceive. A man must first attain well-being before he acts, so it is well-being (<a href="/wiki/Sukha" title="Sukha">Sukham</a>, सुखं) that you should seek to perceive. Now, well-being is nothing but plenitude/limitlessness (Bhuman, भूमानं). There is no prosperity in scarcity. So, it is plenitude that you should seek to perceive. Where a man sees, hears, or discerns no other thing — that is plenitude. Plenitude is based on one's own greatness or maybe it's not based on greatness. Cattle, slaves, farms & houses, etc - these are what people here call greatness. But I don't consider them that way, for they are all based on each other. Plenitude and 'I' are indeed the same, and is the north, south, east, west & extends over the whole world. A man who sees it this way, thinks about it this way, and perceives it this way; a man who finds pleasure in the Self, who dallies with the Self, who mates with the Self, and who attains bliss in the Self — he becomes completely his own master; he obtains complete freedom/autonomy (<a href="/wiki/Swaraj_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Swaraj (disambiguation)">Svaraj</a>, स्वराज्) of movement in all the worlds. </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Chandogya Upanishad 7.16-7.26<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a></cite></div></blockquote> To one who sees, perceives and understands Self as Truth, asserts the Upanishad in section 7.26, the life-principle springs from the Self, hope springs from the Self, memory springs from the Self, as does mind, thought, understanding, reflection, conviction, speech, and all outer worldly knowledges.<a href="#cite_note-goodall716-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller726-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chandogya_Upanishads-159">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eighth_Prapāṭhaka">Eighth Prapāṭhaka</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Eighth Prapāṭhaka">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_nature_of_knowledge_and_Atman_(Self)">The nature of knowledge and Atman (Self)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: The nature of knowledge and Atman (Self)">edit</a>]</div> The eighth chapter of the Chandogya Upanishad opens by declaring the body one is born with as the "city of Brahman", and in it is a palace that is special because the entire Universe is contained within it. Whatever has been, whatever will be, whatever is, and whatever is not, is all inside that palace asserts the text, and the resident of the palace is the Brahman, as Atman – the Self, the Self.<a href="#cite_note-goodall81-160">[159]</a> Those who do not discover that Self within themselves are unfree, states the text, those who do discover that Self-knowledge gain the ultimate freedom in all the worlds.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller81-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen81-162">[161]</a> The Upanishad describes the potential of self-knowledge with the parable of hidden treasure, as follows, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> [Where Brahman-Atman dwells], there are all our true desires, but hidden by what is false. As people who do not know the country, walk again and again over undiscovered gold that is hidden below inside the earth, thus do people live with Brahman and yet do not discover it because they do not seek to discover the true Self in that Brahman dwelling inside them. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Chandogya Upanishad 8.3.2<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller81-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen81-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-charlesjohnston-163">[162]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Man has many desires of food and drink and song and music and friends and objects, and fulfillment of those desires make him happy states the Chandogya Upanishad in sections 8.2 and 8.3; but those desires are fleeting, and so is the happiness that their fulfillment provides because both are superficial and veiled in untruth.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen81-162">[161]</a> Man impulsively becomes a servant of his unfulfilled superficial desires, instead of reflecting on his true desires.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen81-162">[161]</a> Serenity comes from knowing his true desire for Self, realizing the Self inside oneself, asserts the text.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen81-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-hume81-164">[163]</a> Theosophist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Johnston_(Theosophist)" title="Charles Johnston (Theosophist)">Charles Johnston</a> calls this section to be a Law of Correspondence, where the macrocosm of the Universe is presented as microcosm within man, that all that is infinite and divine is within man, that man is the temple and God dwells inside him.<a href="#cite_note-charlesjohnston-163">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_means_to_knowledge_and_Atman">The means to knowledge and Atman</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: The means to knowledge and Atman">edit</a>]</div> The Upanishad in section 8.5 and 8.6 states that the life of student (Brahmacharin, see <a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a>) guided by a teacher is the means to knowledge, and the process of meditation and search the means of realizing Atman.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen85-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> The verse 8.5.1 asserts that such life of a student is same as the <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">yajna</a> (fire ritual), the istam (oblations offered during the fire ritual), the sattrayanam (community fire ritual festival), the maunam (ritual of ascetic silence), the anasakayanam (fasting ritual), and the aranyayanam (a hermit life of solitude in the forest).<a href="#cite_note-hume85-167">[166]</a> The section thus states all external forms of rituals are equivalently achievable internally when someone becomes a student of sacred knowledge and seeks to know the Brahman-Atman.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen85-165">[164]</a> The section is notable for the mention of "hermit's life in the forest" cultural practice, in verse 8.5.3.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen85-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-hume85-167">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_false_and_true_in_relation_to_the_Atman">The false and true in relation to the Atman</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: The false and true in relation to the Atman">edit</a>]</div> The sections 8.7 through 8.12 of the Chandogya Upanishad return to the question, "what is true Self, and what is not"?<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen87-168">[167]</a> The opening passage declares Self as the one that is eternally free of grief, suffering and death; it is happy, serene being that desires, feels and thinks what it ought to.<a href="#cite_note-gjha87-169">[168]</a> Thereafter, the text structures its analysis of true and false Atman as four answers.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen87-168">[167]</a> The three Self, which are false Self, asserts the text are the material body,<a href="#cite_note-paulintheeye-170">[169]</a> corporeal self in dreams, individual self in deep sleep, while the fourth is the true Self – the self in beyond deep sleep state that is one with others and the entire Universe.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller87-171">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> This theory is also known as the "four states of consciousness", explained as the awake state, dream-filled sleep state, deep sleep state, and beyond deep sleep state.<a href="#cite_note-Chandogya_Upanishads-159">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-ptrajuchandogya-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A_paean_for_the_learning,_a_reverence_for_the_Self">A paean for the learning, a reverence for the Self</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: A paean for the learning, a reverence for the Self">edit</a>]</div> With the knowledge of the Brahman, asserts the text, one goes from darkness to perceiving a spectrum of colors and shakes off evil.<a href="#cite_note-hume814-175">[174]</a> This knowledge of Self is immortal, and the one who knows his own self joins the glory of the Brahman-knowers, the glory of Rajas (kings) and the glory of the people. The one who knows his Self, continues to study the Vedas and concentrates on his Self, who is harmless towards all living beings, who thus lives all his life, reaches the Brahma-world and does not return, states the Chandogya Upanishad in its closing chapter.<a href="#cite_note-hume814-175">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Influence">edit</a>]</div> According to Max Muller, the Chandogya Upanishad is notable for its lilting metric structure, its mention of ancient cultural elements such as musical instruments, and embedded philosophical premises that later served as foundation for <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullerLXXXVI–LXXXIX,_1–144-176">[175]</a> According to Deutsch and Dalvi, "the entire sixth chapter is no doubt the most influential of the entire corpus of the Upanishads."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi20048-10">[10]</a> Chandogya Upanishad is one of the most cited texts in later Bhasyas (reviews and commentaries) by scholars from the diverse schools of Hinduism. Several major "Bhasyas" (reviews, commentaries) on Chandogya Upanishad have been written by Sanskrit scholars of ancient and medieval India. These include those by <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankaracharya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a>, Dramidacharya, Brahmanandi Tankacharya, and <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanujacharya</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankaracharya</a>, for example, cited Chandogya Upanishad 810 times in his Vedanta Sutra Bhasya, more than any other ancient text.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> Max Muller has translated, commented and compared Chandogya Upanishad with ancient texts outside India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullerLXXXVI–LXXXIX,_1–144-176">[175]</a> For example, the initial chapters of the Upanishad is full of an unusual and fanciful etymology section, but Muller notes that this literary stage and similar etymological fancy is found in scriptures associated with <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> and his people in their Exodus across the Red Sea, as well as in Christian literature related to <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Saint Augustine</a> of 5th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuller8-9_with_footnote_1-178">[177]</a> Klaus Witz [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] in his review of the Chandogya Upanishad states, "the opulence of its chapters is difficult to communicate: the most diverse aspects of the [U]niverse, life, mind and experience are developed into inner paths. (...) Chapters VI-VII consist of vidyas of great depth and profundity".<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> John Arapura states, "The Chandogya Upanishad sets forth a profound philosophy of language as chant, in a way that expresses the centrality of the Self and its non-duality".<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a> admired and often quoted from Chandogya Upanishad, particularly the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Tat_tvam_asi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tat tvam asi">Tat tvam asi</a>", which he would render in German as "Dies bist du", and equates in English to “This art thou.”<a href="#cite_note-deleary-181">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> One important teaching of Chandogya Upanishad, according to Schopenhauer is that compassion sees past individuation, comprehending that each individual is merely a manifestation of the one will; you are the world as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-cjanaway-184">[183]</a> Each and every living creature is understood, in this Chandogya Upanishad-inspired fundamental doctrine of Hinduism, to be a manifestation of the same underlying nature, where there is a deep sense of interconnected oneness in every person and every creature, and that singular nature renders each individual being identical to every other.<a href="#cite_note-deleary-181">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-cjanaway-184">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas" title="Mahāvākyas">Mahāvākyas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Existent: सत्, <a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Sat</a>, Truth, Reality, Being; non-existent: असत्, A-sat, Nothingness, non-Being.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-hume61-135">[135]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-patrickolivellepreface-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-patrickolivellepreface_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-patrickolivellepreface_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-patrickolivellepreface_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-patrickolivellepreface_1-3">d</a> Patrick Olivelle (2014), The Early Upanishads, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195124354" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195124354">978-0195124354</a>, pp. 166-169 </li> <li id="cite_note-stephenphillips-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stephenphillips_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephenphillips_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephenphillips_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephenphillips_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephenphillips_2-4">e</a> Stephen Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231144858" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231144858">978-0231144858</a>, Chapter 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814691" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814691">978-8120814691</a>, pages 556-557 </li> <li id="cite_note-olivelleintro-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-olivelleintro_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-olivelleintro_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-olivelleintro_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-olivelleintro_4-3">d</a> Patrick Olivelle (2014), The Early Upanishads, Oxford University Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195124354" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195124354">978-0195124354</a>, pp. 12-13 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2006" class="citation book cs1">Rosen, Steven J. (2006). Essential Hinduism. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-99006-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-99006-0"><bdi>0-275-99006-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Hinduism&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-275-99006-0&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandogya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-klauswitz-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-klauswitz_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-klauswitz_6-1">b</a> Klaus Witz (1998), The Supreme Wisdom of the Upaniṣads: An Introduction, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120815735" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120815735">978-8120815735</a>, page 217 </li> <li id="cite_note-humefull-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-humefull_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-humefull_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-humefull_7-2">c</a> Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n197/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad"</a>, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pp. 177-274 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814691" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814691">978-8120814691</a>, pages 61-65 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008152,_349_n.8.7-16.3-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008152,_349_n.8.7-16.3_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008152,_349_n.8.7-16.3_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008152,_349_n.8.7-16.3_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008152,_349_n.8.7-16.3_9-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlivelle2008">Olivelle 2008</a>, p. 152, 349 n.8.7-16.3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi20048-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi20048_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi20048_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi20048_10-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutschDalvi2004">Deutsch & Dalvi 2004</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> M Ram Murty (2012), Indian Philosophy, An introduction, Broadview Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1554810352" title="Special:BookSources/978-1554810352">978-1554810352</a>, pages 55-63 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Hardin McClelland (1921), Religion and Philosophy in Ancient India, The Open Court, Vol. 8, No. 3, page 467 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Patrick Olivelle (2014), The Early Upanishads, Oxford University Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195124354" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195124354">978-0195124354</a>, pp. 11-12 </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussencbcu-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussencbcu_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussencbcu_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussencbcu_14-2">c</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pp. 63-64 </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmullerintro-15"><a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerintro_15-0">^</a> Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/n93/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad"</a>, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, pp. LXXXVI-LXXXIX </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> For example, the third hymn is a solemn promise the bride and groom make to each other as, "That heart of thine shall be mine, and this heart of mine shall be thine". See: Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/n93/mode/2up">Chandogya Upanishad</a>, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, page LXXXVII with footnote 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-klauswitzstr-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-klauswitzstr_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-klauswitzstr_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-klauswitzstr_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-klauswitzstr_17-3">d</a> Klaus Witz (1998), The Supreme Wisdom of the Upaniṣads: An Introduction, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120815735" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120815735">978-8120815735</a>, pp. 217-219 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Patrick Olivelle (2014), The Early Upanishads, Oxford University Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195124354" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195124354">978-0195124354</a>, pp. 166-167 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pp. 64-65 </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller11-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller11_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller11_20-1">b</a> Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/n111/mode/2up">Chandogya Upanishad</a>, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, pp. 1-3 with footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen11-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen11_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen11_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen11_21-2">c</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pp. 68-70 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle1998" class="citation book cs1">Olivelle, Patrick (24 September 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195124354.001.0001">The Early Upanisads</a>. Oxford University PressNew York, NY. pp. 175–176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780195124354.001.0001">10.1093/oso/9780195124354.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512435-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512435-4"><bdi>978-0-19-512435-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Upanisads&rft.pages=175-176&rft.pub=Oxford+University+PressNew+York%2C+NY&rft.date=1998-09-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780195124354.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512435-4&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780195124354.001.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandogya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/n111/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad"</a>, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, pp. 4-19 with footnotes </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Patrick Olivelle (2014), The Early Upanishads, Oxford University Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195124354" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195124354">978-0195124354</a>, pp. 171-185 </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen12-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen12_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen12_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen12_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen12_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen12_25-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen12_25-5">f</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pp. 70-71 with footnotes </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller12-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller12_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller12_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller12_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller12_26-3">d</a> Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/n111/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad"</a>, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, pp. 4-6 with footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-hume12-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hume12_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume12_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume12_27-2">c</a> Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n199/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad"</a>, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pp. 178-180 </li> <li id="cite_note-roberthume19-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roberthume19_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roberthume19_28-1">b</a> Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n205/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad</a> 1.8.7 - 1.8.8", The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pp. 185-186 </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller19-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller19_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller19_29-1">b</a> Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/n127/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad 1.9.1"</a>, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, p. 17 with footnote 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, p. 91 </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen112-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen112_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen112_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen112_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen112_31-3">d</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pp. 80-84 </li> <li id="cite_note-roberthume112-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roberthume112_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roberthume112_32-1">b</a> Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n209/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad</a> 1.12.1 - 1.12.5", The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pp. 188-189 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Bruce Lincoln (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/511447">"How to Read a Religious Text: Reflections on Some Passages of the Chāndogya Upaniṣad"</a>, History of Religions, Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 127-139 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/n131/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad 1.12.1 - 1.12.5"</a>, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, p. 21 with footnote 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-johnoman-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johnoman_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnoman_35-1">b</a> John Oman (2014), The Natural and the Supernatural, Cambridge University Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107426948" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107426948">978-1107426948</a>, pp. 490-491 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n209/mode/2up">Chandogya Upanishad</a> 1.13.1 - 1.13.4, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 189-190 </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller113-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller113_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller113_37-1">b</a> Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/n133/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad 1.13.1 - 1.13.4"</a>, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, p. 85 </li> <li id="cite_note-olivelle185-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-olivelle185_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-olivelle185_39-1">b</a> Patrick Olivelle (2014), The Early Upanishads, Oxford University Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195124354" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195124354">978-0195124354</a>, p. 185 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Shankara.Bhashya-Chandogya.Upanishad-Ganganath.Jha.1942.English#page/n85/mode/2up">Chandogya Upanishad with Shankara Bhashya</a> Ganganath Jha (Translator), pp. 70-72 </li> <li id="cite_note-hume211-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hume211_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume211_41-1">b</a> Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n211/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad</a> 2.1.1 - 2.1.4", The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, p. 190 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass;<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pp. 85-86. </li> <li id="cite_note-hume221-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hume221_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume221_43-1">b</a> Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n211/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad</a> 2.2.1 - 2.7.2", The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pp. 191–193 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html">Monier-Williams</a>, Sanskrit English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pp. 86–88 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Patrick Olivelle (2014), The Early Upanishads, Oxford University Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195124354" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195124354">978-0195124354</a>, page 187 verse 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n213/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad</a> 2.8.1 - 2.9.8", The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pp. 193–194 </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen21121-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen21121_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen21121_48-1">b</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pp. 91-96 </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller21122-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller21122_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller21122_49-1">b</a> Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/n139/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad 2.11.1 - 2.22.5"</a>, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, pp. 28-34 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Patrick Olivelle (2014), The Early Upanishads, Oxford University Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195124354" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195124354">978-0195124354</a>, pp. 191–197 </li> <li id="cite_note-gjha223-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gjha223_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gjha223_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gjha223_51-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Shankara.Bhashya-Chandogya.Upanishad-Ganganath.Jha.1942.English#page/n117/mode/2up">Chandogya Upanishad with Shankara Bhashya</a> Ganganath Jha (Translator), pp. 103-116 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/छान्दोग्योपनिषद्_१">Chandogya Upanishad (Sanskrit)</a> Wikisource </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller223-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller223_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller223_53-1">b</a> Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/34/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad Twenty Third Khanda"</a>, The Upanishads, Part I:, Oxford University Press, p. 35 with footnote. </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen223-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen223_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen223_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen223_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen223_54-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen223_54-4">e</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pp. 97-98 with preface and footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-patrick-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-patrick_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-patrick_55-1">b</a> Patrick Olivelle (1993), The Āśrama System: The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution, Oxford University Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/466428084">466428084</a>, pp. 1-30, 84-111 </li> <li id="cite_note-rks-56"><a href="#cite_ref-rks_56-0">^</a> RK Sharma (1999), Indian Society, Institutions and Change, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8171566655" title="Special:BookSources/978-8171566655">978-8171566655</a>, page 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Barbara Holdrege (2004), Dharma, in The Hindu World (Editors: Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby), Routledge; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21527-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21527-7">0-415-21527-7</a>, p. 231 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Patrick Olivelle (1993), The Āśrama System: The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution, Oxford University Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/466428084">466428084</a>, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Patrick Olivelle (2014), The Early Upanishads, Oxford University Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195124354" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195124354">978-0195124354</a>, pp. 197-199 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> PV Kane, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofdharmas029210mbp#page/n61/mode/2up">"Samanya Dharma"</a>, History of Dharmasastra, Vol. 2, Part 1, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, p. 115 with preface note. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Klaus Witz (1998), The Supreme Wisdom of the Upaniṣads: An Introduction, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120815735" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120815735">978-8120815735</a>, p. 218 </li> <li id="cite_note-gjha311-63"><a href="#cite_ref-gjha311_63-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Shankara.Bhashya-Chandogya.Upanishad-Ganganath.Jha.1942.English#page/n117/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad with Shankara Bhashya"</a> Ganganath Jha (Translator), pp. 122-138 </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen311-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen311_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen311_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen311_64-2">c</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pp. 101-106 with preface and footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-hume311-65"><a href="#cite_ref-hume311_65-0">^</a> Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n223/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad</a> 3.1.1 - 3.11.1", The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pp. 203-207 </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller311-66"><a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller311_66-0">^</a> Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/38/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad 3.1.1 - 3.11.5"</a>, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, pp. 38-44 with footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> 3 padas of 8 syllables containing 24 syllables in each stanza; considered a language structure of special beauty and sacredness </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen312-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen312_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen312_68-1">b</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pp. 106-108 with preface </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n227/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad</a> 3.12.1 - 3.12.9", The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pp. 207-208 </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen313-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen313_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen313_70-1">b</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pp. 108-110 with preface </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller313-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller313_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller313_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller313_71-2">c</a> Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/46/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad 3.13.7"</a>, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, pp. 46-48 with footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n229/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad</a> 3.13.7", The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pp. 208-209 </li> <li id="cite_note-hume314-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hume314_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume314_73-1">b</a> Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n229/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad</a> 3.14.1-3.14.4", The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pp. 209-210 </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen314-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen314_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen314_74-1">b</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pp. 110-111 with preface and footnotes </li> <li id="cite_note-gjha314-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gjha314_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gjha314_75-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Shankara.Bhashya-Chandogya.Upanishad-Ganganath.Jha.1942.English#page/n165/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad with Shankara Bhashya"</a> Ganganath Jha (Translator), pp. 150-157 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> For modern era cites: <ul><li>Anthony Warder (2009), A Course in Indian Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120812444" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120812444">978-8120812444</a>, pp. 25-28;</li> <li>DD Meyer (2012), Consciousness, Theatre, Literature and the Arts, Cambridge Scholars Publishing; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1443834919" title="Special:BookSources/978-1443834919">978-1443834919</a>, p. 250;</li> <li>Joel Brereton (1995), Eastern Canons: Approaches to the Asian Classics (Editors: William Theodore De Bary, Irene Bloom), Columbia University Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231070058" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231070058">978-0231070058</a>, p. 130;</li> <li>S Radhakrishnan (1914), "The Vedanta philosophy and the Doctrine of Maya", International Journal of Ethics, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 431-451</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Translation by Patrick Olivelle, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/the%20early%20upanisads%20annotated%20text%20and%20translation_olivelle.pdf">http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/the%20early%20upanisads%20annotated%20text%20and%20translation_olivelle.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219210319/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/the%20early%20upanisads%20annotated%20text%20and%20translation_olivelle.pdf">Archived</a> 19 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-hume315-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hume315_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume315_78-1">b</a> Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n231/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad</a> 3.15.1-3.15.7", The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pp. 210-211 </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller315-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller315_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller315_79-1">b</a> Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/48/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad 3.15"</a>, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, p. 49 with footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pp. 111-112 with preface and footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-evpc-81"><a href="#cite_ref-evpc_81-0">^</a> Stephen H. Phillips et al. (2008), in Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict (Second Edition), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0123739858" title="Special:BookSources/978-0123739858">978-0123739858</a>; Elsevier Science, pp. 1347–1356, 701-849, 1867. </li> <li id="cite_note-hume317-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hume317_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume317_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume317_82-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume317_82-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume317_82-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume317_82-5">f</a> Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n233/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad</a> 3.17", The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pp. 212-213 </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen317-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen317_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen317_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen317_83-2">c</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pp. 114-115 with preface and footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Henk_Bodewitz" title="Henk Bodewitz">Henk Bodewitz</a> (1999), Hindu Ahimsa, in Violence Denied (Editors: Jan E. M. Houben, et al), Brill, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004113442" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004113442">978-9004113442</a>; p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Christopher Chapple (1990), "Ecological Nonviolence and the Hindu Tradition", in Perspectives on Nonviolence (Editor: VK Kool), Springer; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4612-8783-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4612-8783-4">978-1-4612-8783-4</a>, pp. 168-177 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> S. Sharma and U. Sharma (2005), Cultural and Religious Heritage of India: Hinduism, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170999553" title="Special:BookSources/978-8170999553">978-8170999553</a>, pp. 9-10 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/छान्दोग्योपनिषद्_१">Chandogya Upanishad (Sanskrit)</a> Verse 3.17.4, Wikisource </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Shankara.Bhashya-Chandogya.Upanishad-Ganganath.Jha.1942.English#page/n179/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad with Shankara Bhashya"</a> Ganganath Jha (Translator), pp. 165-166 </li> <li id="cite_note-gjha317-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gjha317_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gjha317_89-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Shankara.Bhashya-Chandogya.Upanishad-Ganganath.Jha.1942.English#page/n179/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad with Shankara Bhashya"</a> Ganganath Jha (Translator), pp. 164-166 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pp. 113-114 with preface and footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller316-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller316_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller316_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller316_91-2">c</a> Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/48/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad 3.16-3.17"</a>, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, pp. 50-53 with footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Edwin Bryant and Maria Ekstrand (2004), The Hare Krishna Movement, Columbia University Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231122566" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231122566">978-0231122566</a>, pp. 33-34 with note 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ShandilyaBhaktiSutra/shandilya_bhakti_sutras#page/n0/mode/2up">"Sandilya Bhakti Sutra"</a> SS Rishi (Translator), Sree Gaudia Math (Madras) </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> W. G. Archer (2004), The Loves of Krishna in Indian Painting and Poetry, Dover; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486433714" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486433714">978-0486433714</a>, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Shankara.Bhashya-Chandogya.Upanishad-Ganganath.Jha.1942.English#page/n181/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad with Shankara Bhashya"</a> Ganganath Jha (Translator), pp. 166-167 </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen41-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen41_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen41_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen41_96-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen41_96-3">d</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pp. 118-122 with preface and footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-hume41-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hume41_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume41_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume41_97-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume41_97-3">d</a> Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n235/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad</a> 4.1 - 4.3", The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pp. 215-217 </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller41-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller41_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller41_98-1">b</a> Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/54/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad 4.1 - 4.3"</a>, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, pp. 55-59 with footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-hume44-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hume44_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume44_99-1">b</a> Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n235/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad</a> 4.4 - 4.9", The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pp. 218-221 </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen44-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen44_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen44_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen44_100-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen44_100-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen44_100-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen44_100-5">f</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pp. 122-126 with preface and footnotes </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller44-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller44_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller44_101-1">b</a> Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/60/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad 4.4 - 4.9"</a>, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, pp. 60-64 with footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-gjha44-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gjha44_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gjha44_102-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Shankara.Bhashya-Chandogya.Upanishad-Ganganath.Jha.1942.English#page/n203/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad with Shankara Bhashya"</a> Ganganath Jha (Translator), pp. 189-198 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> for example, verse 4.9.2 states: ब्रह्मविदिव वै सोम्य भासि को नु त्वानुशशासेत्यन्ये मनुष्येभ्य इति ह प्रतिजज्ञे भगवाँस्त्वेव मे कामे ब्रूयात् ॥ २ ॥; see, <a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/छान्दोग्योपनिषद्_२">Chandogya 4.9.2</a> Wikisource; for translation, see Paul Deussen, page 126 with footnote 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-hume410-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hume410_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume410_104-1">b</a> Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n241/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad</a> 4.10 - 4.15", The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pp. 221-224 </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen410-105"><a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen410_105-0">^</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pp. 126-129 with preface and footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller410-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller410_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller410_106-1">b</a> Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/64/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad 4.10 - 4.15"</a>, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, pp. 64-68 with footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-gjha410-107"><a href="#cite_ref-gjha410_107-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Shankara.Bhashya-Chandogya.Upanishad-Ganganath.Jha.1942.English#page/n213/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad with Shankara Bhashya"</a> Ganganath Jha (Translator), pp. 198-212 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Translation by Patrick Olivelle, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/the%20early%20upanisads%20annotated%20text%20and%20translation_olivelle.pdf">http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/the%20early%20upanisads%20annotated%20text%20and%20translation_olivelle.pdf</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-hume51-109"><a href="#cite_ref-hume51_109-0">^</a> Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n247/mode/2up">Chandogya Upanishad</a> 5.1 - 5.15, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 226-228 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Translation by Patrick Olivelle, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/the%20early%20upanisads%20annotated%20text%20and%20translation_olivelle.pdf">http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/the%20early%20upanisads%20annotated%20text%20and%20translation_olivelle.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219210319/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/the%20early%20upanisads%20annotated%20text%20and%20translation_olivelle.pdf">Archived</a> 19 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> variSTha, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=variSTha&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0">वरिष्ठ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> pratiSThA, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=pratiSThA+&trans=Translate&direction=AU">प्रतिष्ठां</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> sampad, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=sampad&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0">सम्पदं</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> ayatana, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=Ayatana&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0">आयतन</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller511-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller511_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller511_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller511_115-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller511_115-3">d</a> Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/72/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad 5.1"</a>, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, pp. 72-74 with footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-hume511-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hume511_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume511_116-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume511_116-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume511_116-3">d</a> Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n247/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad</a> 5.1", The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pp. 226-228 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n177/mode/2up">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad section 6.1</a>, Kaushitaki Upanishad section 3.3, Prasna Upanishad section 2.3 as examples; Max Muller on page 72 of The Upanishads, Part 1, notes that versions of this moral fable appear in different times and civilizations, such as in the 1st century BCE text by <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> on Life of Coriolanus where <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agrippa_Menenius_Lanatus_consul_503_BC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agrippa Menenius Lanatus consul 503 BC) (page does not exist)">Menenius Agrippa</a> describes the fable of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/coriolan.html">rivalry between stomach and other human body parts</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen51-118"><a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen51_118-0">^</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 134-136 </li> <li id="cite_note-Madan-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Madan_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopal1990" class="citation book cs1">Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada">India through the ages</a>. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/81">81</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+through+the+ages&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Publication+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Gopal&rft.aufirst=Madan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiathroughages00mada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandogya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Rājendralāla Mitra, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aX1fF5eELJEC&pg=PA84">The Chhándogya Upanishad of the Sáma Veda</a>, p. 84, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> However, this is not unusual, as musical instruments are also mentioned in other Upanishads, such as Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (section 5.10) and in the Katha Upanishad (section 1.15); See E Roer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wCYJAAAAQAAJ">The Brihad Āraṇyaka Upanishad</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, pp. 102, 252 </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen52-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen52_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen52_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen52_122-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen52_122-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen52_122-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen52_122-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen52_122-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen52_122-7">h</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pp. 138-146 with preface </li> <li id="cite_note-davidknipe-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-davidknipe_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-davidknipe_123-1">b</a> David Knipe (1972), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1061828">"One Fire, Three Fires, Five Fires: Vedic Symbols in Transition"</a>, History of Religions, Vol. 12, No. 1 (August 1972), pp. 28-41 </li> <li id="cite_note-goodall52-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goodall52_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-goodall52_124-1">b</a> Dominic Goodall (1996), Hindu Scriptures, University of California Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520207783" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520207783">978-0520207783</a>, pp. 124-128 </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller52-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller52_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller52_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller52_125-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller52_125-3">d</a> Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/76/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad 5.1"</a>, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, pp. 76-84 with footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-hume52-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hume52_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume52_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume52_126-2">c</a> Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n251/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad</a> 5.3-5.10", The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pp. 230-234 </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen511-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen511_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen511_127-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen511_127-2">c</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pp. 146-155 with preface. </li> <li id="cite_note-gjha511-128"><a href="#cite_ref-gjha511_128-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Shankara.Bhashya-Chandogya.Upanishad-Ganganath.Jha.1942.English#page/n287/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad with Shankara Bhashya"</a> Ganganath Jha (Translator), pp. 273-285 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen2017155–161-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen2017155–161_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen2017155–161_129-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeussen2017">Deussen 2017</a>, pp. 155–161. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Raphael, Edwin (1992). The pathway of non-duality, Advaitavada: an approach to some key-points of Gaudapada's Asparśavāda and Śaṁkara's Advaita Vedanta by means of a series of questions answered by an Asparśin. Iia: Philosophy Series. Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0929-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0929-1">978-81-208-0929-1</a> (Back Cover) </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> AS Gupta (1962), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1397392">The Meanings of "That Thou Art"</a>, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 12, No. 2 (July 1962), pp. 125-134 </li> <li id="cite_note-Brereton-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brereton_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brereton_132-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brereton_132-2">c</a> Joel Brereton (1986), Tat Tvam Asi in Context, Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlandischen Gesellschaft, Vol, 136, pp. 98-109 </li> <li id="cite_note-hume6-133"><a href="#cite_ref-hume6_133-0">^</a> Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n261/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad</a> 5.1", The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pp. 240-250 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008148-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008148_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008148_134-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008148_134-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlivelle2008">Olivelle 2008</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-hume61-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hume61_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume61_135-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume61_135-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume61_135-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume61_135-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume61_135-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume61_135-6">g</a> Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n261/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad</a> 6.1 - 6.16", The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pp. 240-240 </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller61-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller61_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller61_136-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller61_136-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller61_136-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller61_136-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller61_136-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller61_136-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller61_136-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller61_136-8">i</a> Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/92/mode/2up">'Chandogya Upanishad 6.1-6.16"</a>, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, pp. 92-109 with footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen61-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen61_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen61_137-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen61_137-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen61_137-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen61_137-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen61_137-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen61_137-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen61_137-7">h</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass;<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pp. 162-172 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008149-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008149_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008149_138-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlivelle2008">Olivelle 2008</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Mehta, pp. 237-239 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008151-152-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008151-152_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlivelle2008">Olivelle 2008</a>, p. 151-152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008152-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008152_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlivelle2008">Olivelle 2008</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008349_n.8.7-16.3-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008349_n.8.7-16.3_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008349_n.8.7-16.3_143-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlivelle2008">Olivelle 2008</a>, p. 349 n.8.7-16.3. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Shankara, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shankarabhashya.com/index.php?PHPSESSID=343e9e12ffd6b71c499e1722e8813e90&topic=87.0">"Chandogya Upanisha Basha, 6.8.7"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Dominic Goodall (1996), Hindu Scriptures, University of California Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520207783" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520207783">978-0520207783</a>, pp. 136-137 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> MW Myers (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1399614">"Tat tvam asi as Advaitic Metaphor"</a>, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 229-242 </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> G. Mishra (2005), 'New Perspectives on Advaita Vedanta: Essays in Commemoration of Professor Richard de Smet", Philosophy East and West, Vol. 55 No. 4, pp. 610-616 </li> <li id="cite_note-gjha610-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gjha610_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gjha610_148-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Shankara.Bhashya-Chandogya.Upanishad-Ganganath.Jha.1942.English#page/n353/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad with Shankara Bhashya"</a> Ganganath Jha (Translator), pp. 342-356 </li> <li id="cite_note-goodall613-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goodall613_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-goodall613_149-1">b</a> Dominic Goodall (1996), Hindu Scriptures, University of California Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520207783" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520207783">978-0520207783</a>, pp. 139-141 </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen71-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen71_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen71_150-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen71_150-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen71_150-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen71_150-4">e</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pp. 176-189 </li> <li id="cite_note-hume71-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hume71_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume71_151-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume71_151-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume71_151-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume71_151-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume71_151-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume71_151-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume71_151-7">h</a> Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n271/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad</a> 7.1 - 7.16", The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pp. 250-262 </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller71-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller71_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller71_152-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller71_152-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller71_152-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller71_152-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller71_152-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller71_152-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller71_152-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller71_152-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller71_152-9">j</a> Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/108/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad 7.1-7.16"</a>, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, pp. 109-125 with footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-goodall71-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goodall71_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-goodall71_153-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-goodall71_153-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-goodall71_153-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-goodall71_153-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-goodall71_153-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-goodall71_153-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-goodall71_153-7">h</a> Dominic Goodall (1996), Hindu Scriptures, University of California Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520207783" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520207783">978-0520207783</a>, pp. 141-151 </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen71intro-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen71intro_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen71intro_154-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen71intro_154-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen71intro_154-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen71intro_154-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen71intro_154-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen71intro_154-6">g</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pp. 172-176 </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller716-155"><a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller716_155-0">^</a> Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/120/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad 7.16-7.26"</a>, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, pp. 120-125 with footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Translation by Patrick Olivelle, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/the%20early%20upanisads%20annotated%20text%20and%20translation_olivelle.pdf">http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/the%20early%20upanisads%20annotated%20text%20and%20translation_olivelle.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219210319/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/the%20early%20upanisads%20annotated%20text%20and%20translation_olivelle.pdf">Archived</a> 19 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-goodall716-157"><a href="#cite_ref-goodall716_157-0">^</a> Dominic Goodall (1996), Hindu Scriptures, University of California Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520207783" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520207783">978-0520207783</a>, pp. 149-152 </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller726-158"><a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller726_158-0">^</a> Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/124/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad 7.25-7.26"</a>, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, pp. 124-125 with footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-Chandogya_Upanishads-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chandogya_Upanishads_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chandogya_Upanishads_159-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/PrincipalUpanishads/129481965-The-Principal-Upanishads-by-S-Radhakrishnan#page/n491/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishads"</a> S Radhakrishnan (Translator), pp. 488-489 </li> <li id="cite_note-goodall81-160"><a href="#cite_ref-goodall81_160-0">^</a> Dominic Goodall (1996), Hindu Scriptures, University of California Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520207783" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520207783">978-0520207783</a>, pp. 152-153 </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller81-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller81_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller81_161-1">b</a> Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/124/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad 8.1"</a>, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, pp. 125-127 with footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen81-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen81_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen81_162-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen81_162-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen81_162-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen81_162-4">e</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pp. 189-193 </li> <li id="cite_note-charlesjohnston-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-charlesjohnston_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-charlesjohnston_163-1">b</a> Charles Johnston, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universaltheosophy.com/pdf-library/Chandogya%20Upanishad_Johnston.pdf">"Chandogya Upanishad"</a>, Part VIII, Theosophical Quarterly, pp. 142-144 </li> <li id="cite_note-hume81-164"><a href="#cite_ref-hume81_164-0">^</a> Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n283/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad</a> 8.1-8.3", The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pp. 262-265 </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen85-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen85_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen85_165-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen85_165-2">c</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pp. 190-196 </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/PrincipalUpanishads/129481965-The-Principal-Upanishads-by-S-Radhakrishnan#page/n501/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishads"</a> S Radhakrishnan (Translator), pp. 498-499 </li> <li id="cite_note-hume85-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hume85_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume85_167-1">b</a> Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n287/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad</a> 8.5-8.6", The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pp. 266-267 </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen87-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen87_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen87_168-1">b</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass;<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pp. 196-198 </li> <li id="cite_note-gjha87-169"><a href="#cite_ref-gjha87_169-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Shankara.Bhashya-Chandogya.Upanishad-Ganganath.Jha.1942.English#page/n461/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad with Shankara Bhashya"</a> Ganganath Jha (Translator), pp. 447-484 </li> <li id="cite_note-paulintheeye-170"><a href="#cite_ref-paulintheeye_170-0">^</a> Paul Deussen explains the phrase 'seen in the eye' as, "the seer of seeing, the subject of knowledge, the soul within"; see page 127 preface of Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller87-171"><a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller87_171-0">^</a> Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/134/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad 8.7 - 8.12"</a>, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, pp. 134-142 with footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pp. 198-203 </li> <li id="cite_note-ptrajuchandogya-173"><a href="#cite_ref-ptrajuchandogya_173-0">^</a> PT Raju (1985), Structural Depths of Indian Thought, State University New York Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0887061394" title="Special:BookSources/978-0887061394">978-0887061394</a>, pp. 32-33 </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n289/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad - Eighth Prathapaka, Seventh through Twelfth Khanda"</a>, Oxford University Press, pp. 268-273 </li> <li id="cite_note-hume814-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hume814_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume814_175-1">b</a> Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n293/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad</a> 8.13 - 8.15", The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pp. 273-274 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullerLXXXVI–LXXXIX,_1–144-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMullerLXXXVI–LXXXIX,_1–144_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMullerLXXXVI–LXXXIX,_1–144_176-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuller">Muller</a>, pp. LXXXVI–LXXXIX, 1–144. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Paul Deussen, The System of Vedanta; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1432504946" title="Special:BookSources/978-1432504946">978-1432504946</a>, pp. 30-31 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuller8-9_with_footnote_1-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuller8-9_with_footnote_1_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuller">Muller</a>, pp. 8-9 with footnote 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Klaus Witz (1998), The Supreme Wisdom of the Upaniṣads: An Introduction, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120815735" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120815735">978-8120815735</a>, pp. 218-219 </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> J.G. Arapura (1986), Hermeneutical Essays on Vedāntic Topics, Motilal Banarsidass; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120801837" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120801837">978-8120801837</a>, p. 169 </li> <li id="cite_note-deleary-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deleary_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-deleary_181-1">b</a> DE Leary (2015), Arthur Schopenhauer and the Origin & Nature of the Crisis, William James Studies, Vol. 11, p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> W McEvilly (1963), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1396815">"Kant, Heidegger, and the Upanishads"</a>, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 311-317 </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> D. Cartwright (2008), "Compassion and solidarity with sufferers: The metaphysics of mitleid", European Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 292-310 </li> <li id="cite_note-cjanaway-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cjanaway_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cjanaway_184-1">b</a> Christopher Janaway (1999), Willing and Nothingness: Schopenhauer as Nietzsche's Educator; Oxford University Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198235903" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198235903">978-0198235903</a>, pp. 3-4 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeussen2017" class="citation book cs1">Deussen, Paul (2017). Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684"><bdi>978-8120814684</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sixty+Upanishads+of+the+Veda%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-8120814684&rft.aulast=Deussen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandogya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutschDalvi2004" class="citation book cs1">Deutsch, Eliot; Dalvi, Rohit (2004). The Essential Vedanta. A New Source Book of Advaita Vedanta. World Wisdom.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Vedanta.+A+New+Source+Book+of+Advaita+Vedanta&rft.pub=World+Wisdom&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Deutsch&rft.aufirst=Eliot&rft.au=Dalvi%2C+Rohit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandogya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodall1996" class="citation book cs1">Goodall, Dominic (1996). Hindu Scriptures. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520207783" title="Special:BookSources/9780520207783"><bdi>9780520207783</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Scriptures&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780520207783&rft.aulast=Goodall&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandogya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuller" class="citation book cs1">Muller, Max. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/n93/mode/2up">The Upanishads, Part I</a>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Upanishads%2C+Part+I&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.aulast=Muller&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fupanishads01ml%23page%2Fn93%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandogya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle2008" class="citation book cs1">Olivelle, Patrick (2008) [1996]. Upanishads. A New Translation by Patrick Olivelle. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Upanishads.+A+New+Translation+by+Patrick+Olivelle&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandogya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/sa:%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D" class="extiw" title="s:sa:छान्दोग्य उपनिषद्">Chandogya Upanishad (Sanskrit)</a> </div></div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Translations</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sacred_Books_of_the_East/Volume_1/Kh%C3%A2ndogya-upanishad" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Sacred Books of the East/Volume 1/Khândogya-upanishad">Chandogya Upanishad (English translation)</a></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chandogya_Upanishad" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya Upanishad</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/n111/mode/2up">Chandogya Upanishad</a> Max Muller (Translator), Oxford University Press</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n197/mode/2up">Chandogya Upanishad</a> Robert Hume (Translator), Oxford University Press</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/PrincipalUpanishads/129481965-The-Principal-Upanishads-by-S-Radhakrishnan#page/n339/mode/2up">Chandogya Upanishad</a> S Radhakrishnan (Translator), George Allen & Unwin Ltd, London</li></ul> <dl><dt>Commentaries</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Shankara.Bhashya-Chandogya.Upanishad-Ganganath.Jha.1942.English#page/n15/mode/2up">Chandogya Upanishad with Shankara Bhashya</a> Ganganath Jha (Translator), Oriental Book Agency, Poona</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universaltheosophy.com/legacy/movements/ancient-east/vedic-india/chandogya-upanishad/">Chandogya Upanishad</a> Multiple translations (Johnston, Nikhilānanda, Swahananda)</li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universaltheosophy.com/pdf-library/Chandogya%20Upanishad_Johnston.pdf">Commentary on Chandogya Upanishad</a> Charles Johnston</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mast.queensu.ca/~murty/ind6.pdf">The Mandukya, Taittiriya and Chandogya Upanishads</a> Section 6.3, M Ram Murty (2012), Queen's University</li></ul> <dl><dt>Recitation</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swami-krishnananda.org/chhand-audio.html">Audio on The Chhandogya Upanishad</a>, Swami Krishnananda, <a href="/wiki/Divine_Life_Society" title="Divine Life Society">Divine Life Society</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="16px_The_108_Upanishads" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC66C;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mukhya_Upanishads" title="Template:Mukhya Upanishads"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mukhya_Upanishads" title="Template talk:Mukhya Upanishads"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mukhya_Upanishads" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mukhya Upanishads"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="16px_The_108_Upanishads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Aum_Om_red_dark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Aum_Om_red_dark.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red_dark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Aum_Om_red_dark.svg/24px-Aum_Om_red_dark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Aum_Om_red_dark.svg/32px-Aum_Om_red_dark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a> The 108 <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Upanishad" title="Brahma Upanishad">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaivalya_Upanishad" title="Kaivalya Upanishad">Kaivalya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabala_Upanishad" title="Jabala Upanishad">Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamsopanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamsopanishad">Hamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruneya_Upanishad" title="Aruneya Upanishad">Aruneya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbha_Upanishad" title="Garbha Upanishad">Garbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Upanishad" title="Narayana Upanishad">Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahamsa_Upanishad" title="Paramahamsa Upanishad">Paramahamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritabindu_Upanishad" title="Amritabindu Upanishad">Amritabindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritanada_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Amritanada Upanishad">Amritanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvashiras_Upanishad" title="Atharvashiras Upanishad">Atharvashiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvashikha_Upanishad" title="Atharvashikha Upanishad">Atharvashikha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihajjabala_Upanishad" title="Brihajjabala Upanishad">Brihajjabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nrisimha_Tapaniya_Upanishad" title="Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad">Nrisimha Tapaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalagni_Rudra_Upanishad" title="Kalagni Rudra Upanishad">Kalagni Rudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya_Upanishad" title="Maitreya Upanishad">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subala_Upanishad" title="Subala Upanishad">Subala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshurika_Upanishad" title="Kshurika Upanishad">Kshurika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantrika_Upanishad" title="Mantrika Upanishad">Mantrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvasara_Upanishad" title="Sarvasara Upanishad">Sarvasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Upanishad" title="Niralamba Upanishad">Niralamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shukarahasya_Upanishad" title="Shukarahasya Upanishad">Shukarahasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrasuchi_Upanishad" title="Vajrasuchi Upanishad">Vajrasuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejobindu_Upanishad" title="Tejobindu Upanishad">Tejobindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nada_Bindu_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Nada Bindu Upanishad">Nadabindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyanabindu_Upanishad" title="Dhyanabindu Upanishad">Dhyanabindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavidya_Upanishad" title="Brahmavidya Upanishad">Brahmavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogatattva_Upanishad" title="Yogatattva Upanishad">Yogatattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmabodha_Upanishad" title="Atmabodha Upanishad">Atmabodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradaparivrajaka_Upanishad" title="Naradaparivrajaka Upanishad">Naradaparivrajaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trishikhibrahmana_Upanishad" title="Trishikhibrahmana Upanishad">Trishikhi-brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita_Upanishad" title="Sita Upanishad">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachudamani_Upanishad" title="Yogachudamani Upanishad">Yogachudamani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_Upanishad" title="Nirvana Upanishad">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala-brahmana_Upanishad" title="Mandala-brahmana Upanishad">Mandala-brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshinamurti_Upanishad" title="Dakshinamurti Upanishad">Dakshinamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharabha_Upanishad" title="Sharabha Upanishad">Sharabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Upanishad" title="Skanda Upanishad">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanarayana_Upanishad" title="Mahanarayana Upanishad">Mahanarayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advayataraka_Upanishad" title="Advayataraka Upanishad">Advayataraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Rahasya_Upanishad" title="Rama Rahasya Upanishad">Rama Rahasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_tapaniya_Upanishad" title="Rama tapaniya Upanishad">Ramatapaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_Upanishad" title="Vasudeva Upanishad">Vasudeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudgala_Upanishad" title="Mudgala Upanishad">Mudgala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandilya_Upanishad" title="Shandilya Upanishad">Shandilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paingala_Upanishad" title="Paingala Upanishad">Paingala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikshuka_Upanishad" title="Bhikshuka Upanishad">Bhikshuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Upanishad" title="Maha Upanishad">Maha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sariraka_Upanishad" title="Sariraka Upanishad">Sariraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogashikha_Upanishad" title="Yogashikha Upanishad">Yogashikha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turiyatitavadhuta_Upanishad" title="Turiyatitavadhuta Upanishad">Turiyatita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihat-Sannyasa_Upanishad" title="Brihat-Sannyasa Upanishad">Sannyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahamsa_Parivrajaka_Upanishad" title="Paramahamsa Parivrajaka Upanishad">Paramahamsaparivrajaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshamalika_Upanishad" title="Akshamalika Upanishad">Akshamalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avyakta_Upanishad" title="Avyakta Upanishad">Avyakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekakshara_Upanishad" title="Ekakshara Upanishad">Ekakshara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Upanishad" title="Annapurna Upanishad">Annapurna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Upanishad" title="Surya Upanishad">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshi_Upanishad" title="Akshi Upanishad">Akshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhyatma_Upanishad" title="Adhyatma Upanishad">Adhyatma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundika_Upanishad" title="Kundika Upanishad">Kundika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_Upanishad" title="Savitri Upanishad">Savitri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atma_Upanishad" title="Atma Upanishad">Atma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupatabrahma_Upanishad" title="Pashupatabrahma Upanishad">Pashupatabrahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabrahma_Upanishad" title="Parabrahma Upanishad">Parabrahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avadhutaka_Upanishad" title="Avadhutaka Upanishad">Avadhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuratapini_Upanishad" title="Tripuratapini Upanishad">Tripuratapini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Upanishad" title="Devi Upanishad">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Upanishad" title="Tripura Upanishad">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathashruti_Upanishad" title="Kathashruti Upanishad">Kathashruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana_Upanishad" title="Bhavana Upanishad">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudrahridaya_Upanishad" title="Rudrahridaya Upanishad">Rudrahridaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga-Kundalini_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga-Kundalini Upanishad">Yoga-Kundalini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhasmajabala_Upanishad" title="Bhasmajabala Upanishad">Bhasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudrakshajabala_Upanishad" title="Rudrakshajabala Upanishad">Rudraksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapati_Atharvashirsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganapati Atharvashirsa">Ganapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darshana_Upanishad" title="Darshana Upanishad">Darshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarasara_Upanishad" title="Tarasara Upanishad">Tarasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavakya_Upanishad" title="Mahavakya Upanishad">Mahavakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancabrahma_Upanishad" title="Pancabrahma Upanishad">Pancabrahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranagnihotra_Upanishad" title="Pranagnihotra Upanishad">Pranagnihotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopala_Tapani_Upanishad" title="Gopala Tapani Upanishad">Gopala-Tapani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Upanishad" title="Krishna Upanishad">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya_Upanishad" title="Yajnavalkya Upanishad">Yajnavalkya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Upanishad" title="Varaha Upanishad">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatyayaniya_Upanishad" title="Shatyayaniya Upanishad">Shatyayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva_Upanishad" title="Hayagriva 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hinduism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Hinduism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_philosophy" title="Template talk:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheism in Hinduism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_logic" title="Indian logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_views_on_monotheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu views on monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion#Philosophy" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Āstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rase%C5%9Bvara" title="Raseśvara">Raseśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇiniya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika">Svatantrika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism#Philosophy_and_teachings" title="Sikhism">Sikh Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy#Radical_humanist" title="M. N. Roy">Radical Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_utilization_theory" title="Progressive utilization theory">Progressive utilization theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavabharati" title="Abhinavabharati">Abhinavabharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmashastra">Dharmashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Jain Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimamsa_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">All 108 texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhya_Upanishads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya Upanishads">Principal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyayakusumanjali" title="Nyayakusumanjali">Nyayakusumanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhyapravachana Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha" title="Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha">Sarvadarsanasangraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shiva Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarka-Sangraha" title="Tarka-Sangraha">Tarka-Sangraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattvacint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvacintāmaṇi">Tattvacintāmaṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana_Mi%C5%9Bra" title="Maṇḍana Miśra">Maṇḍana Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatsara" title="Avatsara">Avatsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Uddalaka Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yājñavalkya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%81rg%C4%AB_V%C4%81chaknav%C4%AB" title="Gārgī Vāchaknavī">Gārgī Vāchaknavī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patañjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaṇāda (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Ikshvaku" title="Brihadratha Ikshvaku">Brihadratha Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshapada_Gotama" class="mw-redirect" title="Akshapada Gotama">Akshapada Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhāva">Padmasambhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadananda_(of_Vedantasara)" title="Sadananda (of Vedantasara)">Sadananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakayanya" title="Sakayanya">Sakayanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_philosophers" title="Category:Indian philosophers">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhava" title="Abhava">Abhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhasavada" title="Abhasavada">Abhasavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-difference_(Abheda)" title="Non-difference (Abheda)">Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adarsana" title="Adarsana">Adarsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrishta" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrishta">Adrishta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aham_(Kashmir_Shaivism)" title="Aham (Kashmir Shaivism)">Aham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aishvarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Aishvarya">Aishvarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara">Aksara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_(infinite)" title="Ananta (infinite)">Ananta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anavastha" title="Anavastha">Anavastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anupalabdhi" title="Anupalabdhi">Anupalabdhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apauru%E1%B9%A3hey%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Apauruṣheyā">Apauruṣheyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiddhatva" title="Asiddhatva">Asiddhatva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asatkalpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asatkalpa (page does not exist)">Asatkalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avyakta" title="Avyakta">Avyakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhrama_(Hinduism)" title="Bhrama (Hinduism)">Bhrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuman" title="Bhuman">Bhuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumika" title="Bhumika">Bhumika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catu%E1%B9%A3ko%E1%B9%ADi" title="Catuṣkoṭi">Catuṣkoṭi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_(consciousness)" title="Chaitanya (consciousness)">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidabhasa" title="Chidabhasa">Chidabhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cittabhumi" title="Cittabhumi">Cittabhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhi_(Hindu_thought)" title="Dhi (Hindu thought)">Dhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhrti" title="Dhrti">Dhrti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekagrata" title="Ekagrata">Ekagrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hit%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitā (page does not exist)">Hitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idam" title="Idam">Idam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikshana" title="Ikshana">Ikshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvaratva" title="Ishvaratva">Ishvaratva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivatva" title="Jivatva">Jivatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(attachment)" title="Kasaya (attachment)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshetrajna" title="Kshetrajna">Kshetrajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshana" title="Lakshana">Lakshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Nyaya" title="Matsya Nyaya">Matsya Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithyatva" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithyatva">Mithyatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Mokṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhyasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Nididhyasana">Nididhyasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvāṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad%C4%81rtha" title="Padārtha">Padārtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramatman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramananda_(Hinduism)" title="Paramananda (Hinduism)">Paramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameshashakti" title="Parameshashakti">Parameshashakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinama-vada_(Hindu_thought)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parinama-vada (Hindu thought)">Parinama-vada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradhana" title="Pradhana">Pradhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajna_(Vedic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prajna (Vedic)">Prajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratibimbavada" title="Pratibimbavada">Pratibimbavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Puruṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajamandala" title="Rajamandala">Rājamaṇḍala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Ata" title="Ṛta">Ṛta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakshi_(Witness)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakshi (Witness)">Sakshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satkaryavada" title="Satkaryavada">Satkaryavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda_Brahman" title="Shabda Brahman">Shabda Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spho%E1%B9%ADa" title="Sphoṭa">Sphoṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthiti" title="Sthiti">Sthiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutram" title="Sutram">Sutram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrya" title="Svatantrya">Svātantrya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svecchamrityu_(Iccha-mrityu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Svecchamrityu (Iccha-mrityu)">Iccha-mrityu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taijasa" title="Taijasa">Taijasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajjalan" title="Tajjalan">Tajjalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Tanmatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ty%C4%81ga" title="Tyāga">Tyāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati</a></li> 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