CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Progressive utilization theory - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"7e57ac29-bf0f-4753-84cb-c63086dad46f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Progressive_utilization_theory","wgTitle":"Progressive utilization theory","wgCurRevisionId":1257503986,"wgRevisionId":1257503986,"wgArticleId":851574,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018","Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia","Economic ideologies","Political ideologies","Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar","Economic democracy","Theocracy","Indian political philosophy"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"Progressive_utilization_theory","wgRelevantArticleId":851574,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2587062","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture", "bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp", "ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/PROUTlogo.gif"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1000"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/PROUTlogo.gif"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="667"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Progressive utilization theory - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_utilization_theory"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_utilization_theory&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_utilization_theory"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Progressive_utilization_theory rootpage-Progressive_utilization_theory skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Progressive+utilization+theory" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Progressive+utilization+theory" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Progressive+utilization+theory" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Progressive+utilization+theory" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Theory</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theory subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_of_social_cycle_and_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_of_social_cycle_and_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Law of social cycle and governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_of_social_cycle_and_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neohumanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neohumanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Neohumanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neohumanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_five_fundamental_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_five_fundamental_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>The five fundamental principles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_five_fundamental_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>The market</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Economic democracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socio-economic_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socio-economic_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Socio-economic units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socio-economic_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Progress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Progress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Political parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Progressive utilization theory</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نظرية الانتفاع التقدمية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظرية الانتفاع التقدمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="প্রগতিশীল ব্যবহারিক তত্ত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রগতিশীল ব্যবহারিক তত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teor%C3%ADa_de_la_utilizaci%C3%B3n_progresiva" title="Teoría de la utilización progresiva – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Teoría de la utilización progresiva" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Utilization_Theory" title="Progressive Utilization Theory – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Progressive Utilization Theory" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/PROUT" title="PROUT – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="PROUT" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E6%AD%A9%E7%9A%84%E6%B4%BB%E7%94%A8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="進歩的活用理論 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="進歩的活用理論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_post%C4%99powego_u%C5%BCytkowania" title="Teoria postępowego użytkowania – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Teoria postępowego użytkowania" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_de_utiliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_progressiva" title="Teoria de utilização progressiva – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Teoria de utilização progressiva" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Теория прогрессивного использования – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Теория прогрессивного использования" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/PROUT" title="PROUT – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="PROUT" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2587062#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_utilization_theory" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Progressive_utilization_theory" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_utilization_theory"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_utilization_theory&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_utilization_theory&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_utilization_theory"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_utilization_theory&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_utilization_theory&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Progressive_utilization_theory" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Progressive_utilization_theory" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_utilization_theory&oldid=1257503986" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_utilization_theory&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Progressive_utilization_theory&id=1257503986&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FProgressive_utilization_theory"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FProgressive_utilization_theory"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Progressive_utilization_theory&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_utilization_theory&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2587062" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Socioeconomic and political philosophy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"PROUT" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Prout_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Prout (disambiguation)">Prout (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PROUTlogo.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/PROUTlogo.gif/180px-PROUTlogo.gif" decoding="async" width="180" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/PROUTlogo.gif/270px-PROUTlogo.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/PROUTlogo.gif 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Progressive utilization theory logo</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Progressive utilization theory</b> (<b>PROUT</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomic">socioeconomic</a> and political philosophy created by the Indian philosopher and spiritual leader <a href="/wiki/Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar" title="Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar">Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar</a>. He first conceived of PROUT in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its proponents (Proutists) claim that it exposes and overcomes the limitations of capitalism, communism and mixed economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Crovetto2008_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crovetto2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Skrbina_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skrbina-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since its genesis, PROUT has had an <a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">economically progressive</a> approach, aiming to improve <a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">social development</a> in the world. It is in line with Sarkar's <a href="/wiki/Neohumanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neohumanism">Neohumanist</a> values which aim to provide "proper care" to every being on the planet, including humans, animals and plants.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PROUT has not been implemented in any part of the world,<sup id="cite_ref-:17_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though there are a number of books and articles on the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_utilization_theory&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PRSarkar_GentlemanPhoto_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/PRSarkar_GentlemanPhoto_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="222" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="222" /></a><figcaption>P.R. Sarkar, propounder of PROUT</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1959, <a href="/wiki/Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar" title="Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar">Sarkar</a> started to develop the ideas of Prout. In 1961, the theory was formally outlined in his book <i>Ananda Sutram</i>, published under his spiritual name Shrii Shrii Ánandamúrti.<sup id="cite_ref-Irving_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irving-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of organizations have been created for the promotion and dissemination of Prout, such as Proutist Universal,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prout Globe,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prout Institute,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> etc. Since the 1980s a number of cooperative communities have been established across the world by <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Marga" title="Ananda Marga">Ananda Marga</a> in an attempt to provide ideal models for the society outlined in Prout.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellwood_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellwood-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_utilization_theory&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_utilization_theory&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prout proposes a <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">socioeconomic</a> system that is an advancement on <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and, what Prout sees as "the largely outdated" system of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Irving_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irving-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the system, <a href="/wiki/Tangible_property" title="Tangible property">resources</a> would be <a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">collective property</a> from which usufructuary rights are carved out for use by individuals or groups of individuals. <a href="/wiki/Distribution_(economics)" title="Distribution (economics)">Distribution</a> of goods in a market has to be rational and equitable, so that the allocation of a good maximizes the physical, mental, and spiritual development of all people.<sup id="cite_ref-Crovetto2008_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crovetto2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Onwuka_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Onwuka-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There must always be a baseline distribution that intends to guarantee food, clothing, shelter, education, and medical care (what the theory regards as minimum requirements for humans).<sup id="cite_ref-Crovetto2008_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crovetto2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prout advocates a three-tiered approach to <a href="/wiki/Industrial_organization" title="Industrial organization">industrial organization</a>. Key industries and <a href="/wiki/Public_utilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Public utilities">public utilities</a> would operate on a <a href="/wiki/Break-even_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Break-even (economics)">no profit - no loss basis</a> as these are resources held on trust for the public. Decentralized industry run by <a href="/wiki/Cooperatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperatives">cooperatives</a> would provide people's minimum necessities and other amenities of life. The majority of economic transactions would be through producers' and consumers' <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Crovetto2011_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crovetto2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incentives for people serving society would be funded via surpluses.<sup id="cite_ref-Crovetto2011_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crovetto2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small business sector would also operate providing goods and services on a more individualized basis. </p><p>At the political level, Prout discourages <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, though nation-states would form a <a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">world government</a><sup id="cite_ref-Crovetto2011_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crovetto2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Inayatullah_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inayatullah-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the form of a confederation. There would be a <a href="/wiki/World_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="World Constitution">world constitution</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_rights" title="Bill of rights">bill of rights</a> for human being,<sup id="cite_ref-Crovetto2011_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crovetto2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for ensuring the biological diversity and security of animals and plants. Locally governed self-sufficient socio-economic units or zones would support a decentralized economy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_of_social_cycle_and_governance">Law of social cycle and governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_utilization_theory&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Law of social cycle and governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prout takes account of Sarkar's law of social cycle. It sees the <a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">social order</a> as consisting of four <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">classes of people</a> that cyclically dominate society: <i>shudras</i> (workers), <i>kshatriyas</i> (warriors), <i>vipras</i> (intellectuals) and <i>vaishyas</i> (acquisitors).<sup id="cite_ref-Crovetto2011_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crovetto2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Prout does not seek the abolition of these four classes, as it sees them as "... not merely as a power configuration, but as a way of knowing the world, as a paradigm, episteme or deep structure if you will."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It considers that any person can be worker, warrior, intellectual or acquisitive minded.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prout sees the four classes as connected to cyclic processes across time.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That when a class of people struggle and rise to power they cause a revolution in the physical and mental world.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To prevent any social class from clinging to political power and exploiting the others, a "spiritual elite" sadvipras (etymologically <i>sad</i> – true, <i>vipra</i> – intellectual) would determine who will hold political leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-Crovetto2011_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crovetto2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prout theorises that the first sadvipras would come from disgruntled middle-class intellectuals and warriors.<sup id="cite_ref-Crovetto2011_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crovetto2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sadvipras would be organized into <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judicial</a> boards which would be governed by a Supreme Board.<sup id="cite_ref-Crovetto2011_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crovetto2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They would be responsible for the order of dominance within the social order. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neohumanism">Neohumanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_utilization_theory&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Neohumanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neohumanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neohumanism">Neohumanism</a></div> <p>The Prout theory is inline with Sarkar's Neohumanism philosophy. The philosophy is a reinterpretation of <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a><sup id="cite_ref-bio_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> integrating the idea of unity of all life. In it all living beings belong to a universal family deserving equal care and respect.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_five_fundamental_principles">The five fundamental principles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_utilization_theory&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The five fundamental principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1962, Prout was formally outlined in sixteen <a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">aphorisms</a> (see Chapter 5 of <i>Ananda Sutram</i><sup id="cite_ref-ananda_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ananda-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The last five aphorisms (5:12-16) are commonly referred to as the five fundamental principles of Prout. These five principles are deemed to be fundamental because it would be difficult to get a clear understanding of Prout without comprehending the underlying concepts of these principles, the interrelationship of the principles, and their respective areas of application. </p><p>The five aphorisms from Ananda Sutram translate into English as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-:16_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>There should be no accumulation of wealth without the permission of society.</li> <li>There should be maximum utilization and rational distribution of the crude, subtle, and causal resources.</li> <li>There should be maximum utilization of the physical, mental, and spiritual potentialities of the individual and collective beings.</li> <li>There should be a well-balanced adjustment among the crude, subtle, and causal utilizations.</li> <li>Utilizations vary in accordance with time, space, and form; the utilizations should be progressive.</li></ol> <p>An initial glimpse of these five principles first appeared in Sarkar's earlier work, <i>Idea and Ideology</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_market">The market</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_utilization_theory&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As far as Prout's values and goals differ from those of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so does its <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economic structure</a>. Following a close analysis of the two systems, Prout's propounder argues that these philosophies are "anti-human“ in the sense that they encourage people to relentlessly pursue material attainment, like name, fame, etc. </p><p>Another criticism of <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neo-liberalism</a> and capitalism in general is the centralization of economic power in the hands of the rich leads to the exploitation of the masses and ultimately to the degeneration of society.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prout claims that both capitalism and communism have been built on shaky foundations, and identifies weaknesses to a point where a new market system is required.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He heavily critiqued communism, indicating that one of the reasons the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSRs</a> experiment with communism did not work, causing the eventual implosion of their political structure, is that the Soviet central planning committees (<a href="/wiki/Gosplan" title="Gosplan">Gosplan</a>) had too much economic decision and cohesion power in the federation (see <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nonetheless, Sarkar observed aspects of <a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">market planning</a> that help to create and sustain a healthy economy.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In summary, Proutist thought considers that planning allows the market to protect its stakeholders from the meanderings of <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neo-liberal economics</a> where profit-motive speaks highest.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he stresses that a planning committee at a national level should only outline the broader aspects of economic development, leaving the details to be resolved by planning bodies at a local level where problems are best understood and more easily dealt with.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <a href="/wiki/Diseconomies_of_scale" title="Diseconomies of scale">diseconomies of scale</a>). Consequently, this kind of top-down planning will leave communities, enterprises and ultimately workers with a significant level of freedom to decide their own economic future (see <a href="/wiki/Decentralized_planning_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized planning (economics)">decentralized planning</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:6_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prout also claims that the <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> of enterprises is inefficient due to the larger costs and amount of bureaucracy necessary to keep state-controlled industries running.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, there are some industries that should be nationalized, operating on a "no-profit, no-loss" principle.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concerning wealth distribution among the population, Sarkar argues for an "optimal inequality" where the wage gap between the richer strata of society is substantially subsided.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Freeman" title="Richard B. Freeman">Richard Freeman</a>, a Harvard economist, points out income inequality comes from the monopoly of power and other activities with "negative consequences" in terms of social development.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Prout is not in favour of total income equality, claiming that in a society where material motivation to work is absent, the willingness to strive for financial success and to thrive in the creative development of industry and society will be lost in its citizens. Therefore, this theory argues for the implementation of a policy allowing the most meritorious in society to receive added perks for the added benefits they bring to society. It is thus theorized that the communist's motto of <a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs</a> cannot work in the real world. Prout proposes instead a minimum and maximum wage, roughly attributed according to the value the work of each person brings to society. We see examples of attempts in this direction in companies like <a href="/wiki/Mondragon_Corporation" title="Mondragon Corporation">Mondragon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Whole_Foods_Market" title="Whole Foods Market">Whole Foods</a>. </p><p>Regarding neo-liberalism, Sarkar throws a new light to the concept of Adam Smith's <a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">invisible hand</a>, where individual producers acting self-interest benefit the community as a whole. Prout claims that, unchecked, societies economic elite will disrupt the just circulation of material wealth within society. The market will then require regulatory measures so as to create a functional economic system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_democracy">Economic democracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_utilization_theory&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Economic democracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In relation to democracy, Prout argues that political democracy is not enough to free society from exploitation and what it considers extreme income inequality.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roar_Bjonnes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roar Bjonnes (page does not exist)">Roar Bjonnes</a>, a known Proutist, states, "Unless we have deeper structural change – what we refer to as economic-systems change – we will never be able to solve such global and systemic problems as the environmental and inequality crises. History has demonstrated that political democracy is not enough."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prout, therefore, advocates an <a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">economic democracy</a> where the decision-making power for the economic future of a community is given to its inhabitants. Economic democracy is not a new term, but Sarkar reinvents it by setting four requirements for what he considers a successful one.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first and foremost requirement is guaranteeing the minimum requirements of life to all members of society. Secondly, and following one of the five fundamental principles, Prout argues that there should be an increasing purchasing capacity for each individual, stating that local people will have to hold economic power over their socio-economic region.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, on this regard, Sarkar theorizes that, unlike <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, where the production and distribution of goods are mainly decided by market competition, in a Proutistic society it should be based on necessity.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third requirement of economic democracy is the <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralization</a> of power, giving the freedom to make economic decisions to its stakeholders.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That can be accomplished by adopting a worker-owned cooperative system <sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the use of local resources (raw materials and other natural resources) for the development of the region and not merely for export.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In summary, Prout advocates a decentralized economy where self-sufficient economic zones are created and organized according to a set of predetermined conditions (see socio-economic units).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prout claims this requirement does not express xenophobic feelings, it solely claims to be the realization that there should not be a constant outflow of local capital, where natural resources are explored by foreign investment companies that extract assets and money out of the community.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From a <a href="/wiki/Neohumanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neohumanism">Neohumanist</a> perspective, all people are free to choose where they wish to live, as long as they merge their economic interests with the ones of the local people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socio-economic_units">Socio-economic units</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_utilization_theory&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Socio-economic units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A socio-economic unit, or <i>samaja</i> in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, is the Proutist materialization of the collective effort to create a strong and resilient local <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a>, built on strong feelings of <a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">solidarity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-concept" title="Self-concept">self-identity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a few criteria that Sarkar outlined in order to build a working and cohesive socio-economic unit.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to <a href="/wiki/Bioregionalism" title="Bioregionalism">bioregions</a>, their purpose is to facilitate cooperative development, moving towards a decentralized economy, where these units are economically independent and self-reliant.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though still guided by national and federal guidelines and laws, they should prepare its own economic plan. </p><p>Aiming to achieve maximum efficiency in the utilization of local resources, they propose to make trade across borders more balanced and mutually beneficial.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Progress">Progress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_utilization_theory&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Progress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From Prout's perspective, a progressive society cannot solely be measured by the wealth of a nation or its GDP levels. Prout recognizes the benefits of material progress, but deems them insufficient indicators of the development of human society.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It argues that even though progress as its interpreted by society today has its advantages, there are negative side effects that, if unchecked, bring more harm than good. Ronald Logan, author of <i>A new Paradigm of Development,</i> reminds its readers that even though auto and air traffic enables us to travel at increasing speeds, bringing great convenience to travelers and commuters, it also brings air pollution, noise pollution, traffic congestion, accidental deaths, alienation from nature, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Presented with this quasi-paradoxical situation, Prout offers a concept of progress as a society that transcends material and technological development.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_24-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moving along the lines of the <a href="/wiki/Triple_bottom_line" title="Triple bottom line">triple bottom line</a> that analyzes the social, environmental and financial output of a given enterprise, Prout advocates a measure of progress that encompasses the qualities of what could be termed a "<a href="/wiki/Fourth_bottom_line" title="Fourth bottom line">fourth bottom line</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> characterized by the incorporation of a transcendental dimension of human life that focuses on the integrated development of the body, mind and spirit. This fourth bottom line will allow society in general and individuals in particular to develop an expanded sense of identity, allowing for a neohumanist will of inclusion, creating a society where material gains are not the <a href="/wiki/Summum_bonum" title="Summum bonum">summum bonum</a> of life and allowing space to be created for people to work together in a symbiotic movement that primes for individual and collective welfare through social, cultural, as well as technological development. </p><p>Prout acknowledges that the well-being of individuals lies in the development of the collective, and that the collective depends on the development of individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_24-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, in order to understand how a progressive society is to be achieved, Sarkar tries to analyze what it means for a human being to grow and develop. He concludes that physical and psychic development render little progress for a human being as they are subject to deterioration and decay.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are multifarious <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">diseases</a> that affect our body and mind, and even if we stay free of them, eventually time will turn all our physical and mental faculties of no use. Sarkar argues that the only aspect of human life that seems to be subject to no change over time is its transcendental nature, the "supra-emotional values" intrinsic to the human mind and which exacerbate human multilateral existence.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"The deepest truths of life are an eternal fountain of inspiration. Spiritual, transpersonal development is a process of expanding one's consciousness to link with the Infinite, to reach a state of deep peace and happiness."<sup id="cite_ref-:15_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From a <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Maslownian</a> perspective, Prout defends the need to meet physical and mental needs before being able to engage in a journey to find that transcendental nature of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five fundamental principles stem from this idea that society needs to provide for the basic necessities of all human beings so that they can engage in this journey of self-discovery and achieve true progress. Fundamentally, progress in society is the effort through which communities engage in the fulfillment of human needs, with the goal of achieving a transcendental existence. As a goal, transcendence will offer a fourth bottom line which ideally would propel human society into a more peaceful, inclusive and all-round more progressive existence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_utilization_theory&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prout is a relatively unknown theory.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Batra" title="Ravi Batra">Ravi Batra</a> was one of the first economists that used the ideas of Prout in his bestseller <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Depression_of_1990" title="The Great Depression of 1990">The Great Depression of 1990</a></i>. In time, the theory attracted attention of people like <a href="/wiki/Johan_Galtung" title="Johan Galtung">Johan Galtung</a>, founder of the UN Institute for Peace studies who claimed that <i>"Sarkar’s theory is far superior to <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith’s</a> or that of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a>."</i> <sup id="cite_ref-:16_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a description by Terry Irving and <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Cahill" title="Rowan Cahill">Rowan Cahill</a>, Prout "envisages a decentralised, community-based world economy of self-sufficiency for the poor; economic democracy; small business; and limits on the accumulation of wealth."<sup id="cite_ref-Irving_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irving-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sohail_Inayatullah" title="Sohail Inayatullah">Sohail Inayatullah</a> stated that the philosophy "attempts to balance the need for societies to create wealth and grow with the requirements for distribution."<sup id="cite_ref-Inayatullah_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inayatullah-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_Skrbina" class="mw-redirect" title="David Skrbina">David Skrbina</a> characterized Prout as a "model of social development... which advocates a 'small is beautiful' approach to society."<sup id="cite_ref-Skrbina_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skrbina-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economics instructor Mark Friedman places Sarkar's economic thought in the tradition of Monsignor <a href="/wiki/John_A._Ryan" title="John A. Ryan">John A. Ryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">E. F. Schumacher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herman_Daly" title="Herman Daly">Herman Daly</a> in Sarkar's incorporation of spiritual values into economic goals.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been characterized as a form of "progressive socialism"<sup id="cite_ref-Ellwood_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellwood-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a "socialist theory".<sup id="cite_ref-Crovetto2008_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crovetto2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hans Despain noted, in <i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></i>, that there are similarities between Prout and the theories of <a href="/wiki/David_Schweickart" title="David Schweickart">David Schweickart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Richard D. Wolff</a>. Particularly the focus on economic democracy and co-operatives.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_parties">Political parties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_utilization_theory&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Political parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some political parties support the progressive utilization theory. They are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amra_Bangali" title="Amra Bangali">Amra Bangali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_of_Aotearoa_New_Zealand" title="Progressive Party of Aotearoa New Zealand">Progressive Party of Aotearoa New Zealand</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_utilization_theory&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_utilization_theory&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSarkar1992" class="citation book cs1">Sarkar, Prabhat (1992). <i>Proutist economics - Discourses on economic liberation</i>. India: Ananda Marga. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7252-003-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7252-003-8"><bdi>978-81-7252-003-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proutist+economics+-+Discourses+on+economic+liberation&rft.place=India&rft.pub=Ananda+Marga&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-7252-003-8&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Prabhat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crovetto2008-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crovetto2008_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crovetto2008_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crovetto2008_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crovetto2008_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrovetto2008" class="citation journal cs1">Crovetto, Helen (August 2008). "Ananda Marga and the Use of Force". <i>Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions</i>. <b>12</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>: 26–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fnr.2008.12.1.toc">10.1525/nr.2008.12.1.toc</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/nr.2008.12.1.26">10.1525/nr.2008.12.1.26</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nova+Religio%3A+The+Journal+of+Alternative+and+Emergent+Religions&rft.atitle=Ananda+Marga+and+the+Use+of+Force&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=26-56&rft.date=2008-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fnr.2008.12.1.toc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fnr.2008.12.1.26%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Crovetto&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skrbina-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skrbina_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skrbina_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkrbina1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Skrbina" class="mw-redirect" title="David Skrbina">Skrbina, David</a> (June 1992). "NEO-HUMANIST ECOLOGY by Acarya Avadhuta". <i>International Journal on World Peace</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 96. Accessed January 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+on+World+Peace&rft.atitle=NEO-HUMANIST+ECOLOGY+by+Acarya+Avadhuta&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=96&rft.date=1992-06&rft.aulast=Skrbina&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2008" class="citation web cs1">Friedman, Mark (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308014454/http://online.southcentral.edu/students/instructors/MFMyROSEarticle.pdf">"Living Wage and Optimal Inequality in a Sarkarian Framework"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.online.southcentral.edu/students/instructors/MFMyROSEarticle.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Living+Wage+and+Optimal+Inequality+in+a+Sarkarian+Framework&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.online.southcentral.edu%2Fstudents%2Finstructors%2FMFMyROSEarticle.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prout.info/">"Homepage - PROUT Global - Progressive Utilization Theory"</a>. 2020-07-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homepage+-+PROUT+Global+-+Progressive+Utilization+Theory&rft.date=2020-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprout.info%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irving-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Irving_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irving_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irving_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrvingCahill2010" class="citation book cs1">Irving, Terry; <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Cahill" title="Rowan Cahill">Cahill, Rowan J.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fm1sh48vld0C&pg=PA316">"The Conspiracy Against Ananda Marga"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fm1sh48vld0C"><i>Radical Sydney: Places, Portraits and Unruly Episodes</i></a>. Sydney: <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales_Press" title="University of New South Wales Press">University of New South Wales Press</a>. p. 316. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781742230931" title="Special:BookSources/9781742230931"><bdi>9781742230931</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Conspiracy+Against+Ananda+Marga&rft.btitle=Radical+Sydney%3A+Places%2C+Portraits+and+Unruly+Episodes&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=University+of+New+South+Wales+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781742230931&rft.aulast=Irving&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.au=Cahill%2C+Rowan+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfm1sh48vld0C%26pg%3DPA316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prout.info/">"Homepage - PROUT Global - Progressive Utilization Theory"</a>. 2020-07-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homepage+-+PROUT+Global+-+Progressive+Utilization+Theory&rft.date=2020-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprout.info%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://proutglobe.org/">"PROUT Globe"</a>. 2011-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PROUT+Globe&rft.date=2011-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fproutglobe.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFwilliamclaytonglasser" class="citation web cs1">williamclaytonglasser. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proutinstitute.org/">"Home"</a>. <i>PROUT Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PROUT+Institute&rft.atitle=Home&rft.au=williamclaytonglasser&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.proutinstitute.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellwood-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ellwood_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellwood_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllwood1993" class="citation book cs1">Ellwood, Robert S. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tmwK3xu4PAgC">"Appendix 2: The 1960s and After"</a>. <i>Islands of the Dawn: The Story of Alternative Spirituality in New Zealand</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824814878" title="Special:BookSources/9780824814878"><bdi>9780824814878</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+2%3A+The+1960s+and+After&rft.btitle=Islands+of+the+Dawn%3A+The+Story+of+Alternative+Spirituality+in+New+Zealand&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780824814878&rft.aulast=Ellwood&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtmwK3xu4PAgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Onwuka-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Onwuka_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnwukaOlayiwola_AbegunrinDhanjoo_N._Ghista1985" class="citation book cs1">Onwuka, Ralph I.; Olayiwola Abegunrin; Dhanjoo N. Ghista (1985). <i>The OAU/ECA Lagos Plan of Action and Beyond</i>. Lawrenceville, Virginia: Brunswick Publishing. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780931494581" title="Special:BookSources/9780931494581"><bdi>9780931494581</bdi></a>. <q>The main question however is not who owns the property (the individual or the state), since in PROUT the universe is our common patrimony, but how the property is rationally and equitably utilized.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+OAU%2FECA+Lagos+Plan+of+Action+and+Beyond&rft.place=Lawrenceville%2C+Virginia&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Brunswick+Publishing&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780931494581&rft.aulast=Onwuka&rft.aufirst=Ralph+I.&rft.au=Olayiwola+Abegunrin&rft.au=Dhanjoo+N.+Ghista&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crovetto2011-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crovetto2011_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crovetto2011_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crovetto2011_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crovetto2011_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crovetto2011_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crovetto2011_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crovetto2011_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crovetto2011_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrovetto2011" class="citation book cs1">Crovetto, Helen (2011). "Ananda Marga, PROUT, and the Use of Force". In <a href="/wiki/James_R._Lewis_(scholar)" title="James R. Lewis (scholar)">Lewis, James R.</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Violence_and_New_Religious_Movements" title="Violence and New Religious Movements"><i>Violence and New Religious Movements</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 9, 258–263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973563-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973563-1"><bdi>978-0-19-973563-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ananda+Marga%2C+PROUT%2C+and+the+Use+of+Force&rft.btitle=Violence+and+New+Religious+Movements&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=9%2C+258-263&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973563-1&rft.aulast=Crovetto&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inayatullah-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Inayatullah_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inayatullah_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInayatullah2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sohail_Inayatullah" title="Sohail Inayatullah">Inayatullah, Sohail</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=62qjZ2F2B70C&pg=PA208">"Planetary Social and Spiritual Transformation: P. R. Sarkar's Eutopian Vision of the Future"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._Shostak" title="Arthur B. Shostak">Shostak, Arthur B.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=62qjZ2F2B70C"><i>Viable Utopian Ideas: Shaping a Better World</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/M._E._Sharpe,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="M. E. Sharpe, Inc.">M. E. Sharpe, Inc.</a> pp. 208–216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0765611055" title="Special:BookSources/978-0765611055"><bdi>978-0765611055</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Planetary+Social+and+Spiritual+Transformation%3A+P.+R.+Sarkar%27s+Eutopian+Vision+of+the+Future&rft.btitle=Viable+Utopian+Ideas%3A+Shaping+a+Better+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=208-216&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0765611055&rft.aulast=Inayatullah&rft.aufirst=Sohail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D62qjZ2F2B70C%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInayatullah2017" class="citation book cs1">Inayatullah, Sohail (2017). <i>PROUT in Power</i>. Proutist Bloc India.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PROUT+in+Power&rft.pub=Proutist+Bloc+India&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Inayatullah&rft.aufirst=Sohail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyer" class="citation web cs1">Dyer, Bruce Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.researchgateway.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10292/10343/DyerB.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y">"What are the merits and scope for implementing Self-reliant policies in the Nelson regional economy?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Auckland University of Technology</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Auckland+University+of+Technology&rft.atitle=What+are+the+merits+and+scope+for+implementing+Self-reliant+policies+in+the+Nelson+regional+economy%3F&rft.aulast=Dyer&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faut.researchgateway.ac.nz%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10292%2F10343%2FDyerB.pdf%3Fsequence%3D3%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar" class="citation book cs1">Sarkar, Prabhat Ranjan. <i>Prout in a Nutshell, volume 4</i>. Ananda Marga Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prout+in+a+Nutshell%2C+volume+4&rft.pub=Ananda+Marga+Publications&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Prabhat+Ranjan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bio-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bio_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTowsey" class="citation web cs1">Towsey, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pia.org.au/towsey/BiopsychologyOfCooperation_v5.1.pdf">"The Biopsychology of cooperation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Biopsychology+of+cooperation&rft.pages=40&rft.aulast=Towsey&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pia.org.au%2Ftowsey%2FBiopsychologyOfCooperation_v5.1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ananda-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ananda_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnandamurti1962" class="citation book cs1">Anandamurti, Shrii Shrii (1962). <i>Ananda Sutram</i>. Jamalpur: Ananda Marga Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8172520274" title="Special:BookSources/978-8172520274"><bdi>978-8172520274</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ananda+Sutram&rft.place=Jamalpur&rft.pub=Ananda+Marga+Publications&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-8172520274&rft.aulast=Anandamurti&rft.aufirst=Shrii+Shrii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjonnes2012" class="citation book cs1">Bjonnes, Roar (2012). <i>Principles for a Balanced Economy: An Introduction to the Progressive Utilization Theory</i>. PROUT Research institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780985758509" title="Special:BookSources/9780985758509"><bdi>9780985758509</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+for+a+Balanced+Economy%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Progressive+Utilization+Theory&rft.pub=PROUT+Research+institute&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780985758509&rft.aulast=Bjonnes&rft.aufirst=Roar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOppenheim" class="citation web cs1">Oppenheim, Matt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/jar/HOH/HOH-8.pdf">"Panimatzalam's Voice of Transformation: An Indigenous Mayan Writing Project for Youth Activism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>North Arizona University</i>. p. 144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=North+Arizona+University&rft.atitle=Panimatzalam%27s+Voice+of+Transformation%3A+An+Indigenous+Mayan+Writing+Project+for+Youth+Activism&rft.pages=144&rft.aulast=Oppenheim&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjan.ucc.nau.edu%2Fjar%2FHOH%2FHOH-8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar1986" class="citation book cs1">Sarkar, Prabhat (1986). <i>PROUT in a Nutshell part 12</i>. Ananda Marga Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PROUT+in+a+Nutshell+part+12&rft.pub=Ananda+Marga+Publications&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Prabhat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerranoMazat" class="citation web cs1">Serrano, Franklin; Mazat, Numa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centrosraffa.org/public/bb6ba675-6bef-4182-bb89-339ae1f7e792.pdf">"An analysis of the Soviet economic growth from the 1950s to the collapse of USSR"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Centros Raffa</i>. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centros+Raffa&rft.atitle=An+analysis+of+the+Soviet+economic+growth+from+the+1950s+to+the+collapse+of+USSR&rft.pages=3&rft.aulast=Serrano&rft.aufirst=Franklin&rft.au=Mazat%2C+Numa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centrosraffa.org%2Fpublic%2Fbb6ba675-6bef-4182-bb89-339ae1f7e792.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison" class="citation web cs1">Harrison, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/mharrison/inactive/command.pdf">"Are Command Economies Unstable? Why did the Soviet Economy Collapse?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>University of Warwick</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Warwick&rft.atitle=Are+Command+Economies+Unstable%3F+Why+did+the+Soviet+Economy+Collapse%3F&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.warwick.ac.uk%2Ffac%2Fsoc%2Feconomics%2Fstaff%2Fmharrison%2Finactive%2Fcommand.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_24-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_24-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_24-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjonnesSevaergrah2016" class="citation book cs1">Bjonnes, Roar; Sevaergrah, Caroline (2016). <i>Growing a new economy</i>. Inner World Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781881717539" title="Special:BookSources/9781881717539"><bdi>9781881717539</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Growing+a+new+economy&rft.pub=Inner+World+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781881717539&rft.aulast=Bjonnes&rft.aufirst=Roar&rft.au=Sevaergrah%2C+Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:9_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhistaTowsey" class="citation web cs1">Ghista, Dhanjoo; Towsey, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prout.org.au/books/Self-Reliant%20Regional%20Development.pdf">"Self-Reliant Regional proutist development"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Prout.org</i>. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prout.org&rft.atitle=Self-Reliant+Regional+proutist+development&rft.pages=7&rft.aulast=Ghista&rft.aufirst=Dhanjoo&rft.au=Towsey%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prout.org.au%2Fbooks%2FSelf-Reliant%2520Regional%2520Development.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogan" class="citation web cs1">Logan, Ronald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proutinstitute.org/download/block-level-planning/">"Block-level planning"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Block-level+planning&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.proutinstitute.org%2Fdownload%2Fblock-level-planning%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar1959" class="citation book cs1">Sarkar, Prabhat (1959). <i>Human Society part 1</i>. Ananda Marga Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Society+part+1&rft.pub=Ananda+Marga+Publications&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Prabhat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2015/12/economist-explains-1">"Why nationalisation has fallen out of favour in Britain"</a>. <i>The economist</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+economist&rft.atitle=Why+nationalisation+has+fallen+out+of+favour+in+Britain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Feconomist-explains%2F2015%2F12%2Feconomist-explains-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar1986" class="citation book cs1">Sarkar, Prabhat (1986). <i>Prout in a Nutshell volume 4 part 21</i>. Ananda Marga Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prout+in+a+Nutshell+volume+4+part+21&rft.pub=Ananda+Marga+Publications&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Prabhat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2014" class="citation news cs1">Thomas, Edsall (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/05/opinion/edsall-just-right-inequality.html">"Just Right Inequality"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Just+Right+Inequality&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Edsall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F03%2F05%2Fopinion%2Fedsall-just-right-inequality.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar1992" class="citation book cs1">Sarkar, Prabhat Ranjan (1992). <i>Proutist Economics: Discourses on Economic Liberation</i>. Ananda Marga Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788172520038" title="Special:BookSources/9788172520038"><bdi>9788172520038</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proutist+Economics%3A+Discourses+on+Economic+Liberation&rft.pub=Ananda+Marga+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9788172520038&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Prabhat+Ranjan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg1985" class="citation book cs1">Greenberg, Brian (1985). <i>Worker and Community: Response to Industrialization in a Nineteenth Century American City, Albany, New York, 1850-1884</i>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-046-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-046-5"><bdi>978-0-88706-046-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worker+and+Community%3A+Response+to+Industrialization+in+a+Nineteenth+Century+American+City%2C+Albany%2C+New+York%2C+1850-1884&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-046-5&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumacher1973" class="citation book cs1">Schumacher, E.F. (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/smallisbeautifu000schu"><i>Small Is Beautiful</i></a></span>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-091630-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-091630-5"><bdi>978-0-06-091630-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+Is+Beautiful&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-06-091630-5&rft.aulast=Schumacher&rft.aufirst=E.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsmallisbeautifu000schu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhistaTowsey1991" class="citation web cs1">Ghista, Dhanjoo; Towsey, Michael (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prout.org.au/books/Self-Reliant%20Regional%20Development.pdf">"Self Reliant Regional Proutistic Development"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Prout Research Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Self+Reliant+Regional+Proutistic+Development&rft.pub=Prout+Research+Institute&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Ghista&rft.aufirst=Dhanjoo&rft.au=Towsey%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prout.org.au%2Fbooks%2FSelf-Reliant%2520Regional%2520Development.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogan2005" class="citation book cs1">Logan, Ronald (2005). <i>PROUT - A New Paradigm for Development</i>. Ananda Seva Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1892345042" title="Special:BookSources/978-1892345042"><bdi>978-1892345042</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PROUT+-+A+New+Paradigm+for+Development&rft.pub=Ananda+Seva+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1892345042&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar2011" class="citation web cs1">Sarkar, Prabhat Ranjan (7 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://proutglobe.org/2011/11/what-is-progress/">"What is Progress"</a>. <i>PROUT Globe</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PROUT+Globe&rft.atitle=What+is+Progress&rft.date=2011-11-07&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Prabhat+Ranjan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fproutglobe.org%2F2011%2F11%2Fwhat-is-progress%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://proutglobe.org/2012/10/a-new-definition-of-social-progress">"A new definition of social progress"</a>. <i>PROUT Globe</i>. 2012-10-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PROUT+Globe&rft.atitle=A+new+definition+of+social+progress&rft.date=2012-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fproutglobe.org%2F2012%2F10%2Fa-new-definition-of-social-progress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2008" class="citation journal cs1">Friedman, Mark (March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308014454/http://online.southcentral.edu/students/instructors/MFMyROSEarticle.pdf">"Living Wage and Optimal Inequality in a Sarkarian Framework"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Review of Social Economy</i>. <b>66</b> (1): 93–111. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.502.5963">10.1.1.502.5963</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00346760701668479">10.1080/00346760701668479</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19706138">19706138</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.online.southcentral.edu/students/instructors/MFMyROSEarticle.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Social+Economy&rft.atitle=Living+Wage+and+Optimal+Inequality+in+a+Sarkarian+Framework&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=93-111&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.502.5963%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19706138%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00346760701668479&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.online.southcentral.edu%2Fstudents%2Finstructors%2FMFMyROSEarticle.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monthlyreview.org/2013/11/01/its-the-system-stupid/">"Monthly Review | It's the System Stupid"</a>. November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monthly+Review+%26%23124%3B+It%27s+the+System+Stupid&rft.date=2013-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonthlyreview.org%2F2013%2F11%2F01%2Fits-the-system-stupid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_utilization_theory&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesRyan2007" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Constance A.; Ryan, James D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA335">"PROUT (est. 1959)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">Melton, J. Gordon</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>. Encyclopedia of World Religions. New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816075645" title="Special:BookSources/9780816075645"><bdi>9780816075645</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=PROUT+%28est.+1959%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780816075645&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Constance+A.&rft.au=Ryan%2C+James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgMmceadQ3gC%26pg%3DPA335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+utilization+theory" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_utilization_theory&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prout.info">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://proutinstitute.org">PROUT Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://priven.org/">PROUT Institute of Venezuela</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prout.org/">prout.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangarashtra.net/article/1101.html/">ABCD of PROUT</a> Bangarashtra (in Bengali)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29770451?seq=1">Living wage and optimal inequality in a Sarkarian framework</a> on JSTOR</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#58FA82;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar" title="Template:Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar" title="Template talk:Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar" title="Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar">Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#58FA82;;width:1%">Works and philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#58FA82;;width:1%">Teachings and<br />philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neohumanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neohumanism">Neohumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Utilization_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Utilization Theory">PROUT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microvita_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Microvita theory">Microvita theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#58FA82;;width:1%">Prabhat Samgiita/Kiirtan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prabhat_Samgiita" title="Prabhat Samgiita">Prabháta Saḿgiita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#58FA82;;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaosikii_dance" title="Kaosikii dance">Kaos'ikii dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PRSarkar_GentlemanPhoto_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/PRSarkar_GentlemanPhoto_3.jpg/100px-PRSarkar_GentlemanPhoto_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/PRSarkar_GentlemanPhoto_3.jpg/150px-PRSarkar_GentlemanPhoto_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/PRSarkar_GentlemanPhoto_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="222" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#58FA82;;width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Marga" title="Ananda Marga">Ānanda Mārga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amra_Bangali" title="Amra Bangali">Amra Bangali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#58FA82;;width:1%">Disciples and followers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#58FA82;;width:1%">Monastic disciples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dada_Maheshvarananda" title="Dada Maheshvarananda">Dada Maheshvarananda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dada_Pranakrsnananda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dada Pranakrsnananda (page does not exist)">Dada Pranakrsnananda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acarya_Shraddhananda_Avadhuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acarya Shraddhananda Avadhuta (page does not exist)">Shraddhananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#58FA82;;width:1%">Other disciples<br />and followers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Batra" title="Ravi Batra">Ravi Batra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoshna" title="Jyoshna">Jyoshna La Trobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohail_Inayatullah" title="Sohail Inayatullah">Sohail Inayatullah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Progressive_utilization_theory&oldid=1257503986">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Progressive_utilization_theory&oldid=1257503986</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_ideologies" title="Category:Economic ideologies">Economic ideologies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_ideologies" title="Category:Political ideologies">Political ideologies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar" title="Category:Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar">Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_democracy" title="Category:Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theocracy" title="Category:Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_political_philosophy" title="Category:Indian political philosophy">Indian political philosophy</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia" title="Category:Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia">Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 November 2024, at 07:06<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Progressive_utilization_theory&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-w98px","wgBackendResponseTime":148,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.892","walltime":"1.041","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3853,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":81931,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1658,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":153875,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 915.526 1 -total"," 47.58% 435.621 1 Template:Reflist"," 26.72% 244.587 19 Template:Cite_book"," 17.76% 162.601 3 Template:Navbox"," 17.23% 157.740 1 Template:Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar"," 11.09% 101.493 16 Template:Cite_web"," 9.80% 89.700 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.15% 56.274 4 Template:R"," 5.90% 54.051 2 Template:Pagetype"," 5.37% 49.163 1 Template:Citation_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.558","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6325347,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-fznbf","timestamp":"20241122141419","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Progressive utilization theory","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Progressive_utilization_theory","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2587062","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2587062","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-07-23T08:13:11Z","dateModified":"2024-11-15T07:06:25Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f5\/PROUTlogo.gif","headline":"socioeconomic and political theory"}</script> </body> </html>