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id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Modern era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Early modern period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_and_19th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_and_19th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 18th and 19th centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_and_19th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_and_21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 20th and 21st centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Theory </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Theory subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Early theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Contemporary theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aggregative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aggregative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Aggregative </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aggregative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deliberative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deliberative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Deliberative </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deliberative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Radical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurement_of_democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement_of_democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Measurement of democracy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Measurement_of_democracy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Measurement of democracy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Measurement_of_democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Democracy_indices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democracy_indices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Democracy indices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democracy_indices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Difficulties_in_measuring_democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Difficulties_in_measuring_democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Difficulties in measuring democracy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Difficulties_in_measuring_democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_governmental_democracies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_governmental_democracies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Types of governmental democracies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_governmental_democracies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Types of governmental democracies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_governmental_democracies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basic_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Basic forms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Direct" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Direct </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Semi-direct" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semi-direct"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1.1 Semi-direct </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semi-direct-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lot_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lot_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1.2 Lot system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lot_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Representative </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parliamentary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliamentary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2.1 Parliamentary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliamentary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2.2 Presidential </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Typology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitutional_monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Constitutional monarchy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Liberal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socialist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4 Socialist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marxist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marxist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.5 Marxist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marxist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anarchist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anarchist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.6 Anarchist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anarchist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sortition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sortition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.7 Sortition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sortition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consociational" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consociational"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.8 Consociational </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consociational-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consensus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consensus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.9 Consensus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consensus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.10 Ethnic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inclusive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inclusive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.11 Inclusive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inclusive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Participatory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participatory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.12 Participatory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Participatory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.13 Religious </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cosmopolitan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmopolitan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.14 Cosmopolitan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmopolitan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.15 Creative </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guided" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guided"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.16 Guided </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guided-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-governmental_democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-governmental_democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Non-governmental democracy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-governmental_democracy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Non-governmental democracy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Non-governmental_democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shareholder_democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shareholder_democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Shareholder democracy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shareholder_democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Justification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Justification </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Justification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Justification subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Justification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legitimacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legitimacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Legitimacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legitimacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Better_decision-making" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Better_decision-making"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Better decision-making </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Better_decision-making-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_success" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_success"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Economic success </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_success-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratic_transitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_transitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Democratic transitions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Democratic_transitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Democratic transitions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Democratic_transitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Democratization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Democratization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autocratization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autocratization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Autocratization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autocratization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Disruption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debates_on_democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debates_on_democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Debates on democracy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debates_on_democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_of_the_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_of_the_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Influence of the media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_the_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democracy_promotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democracy_promotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Democracy promotion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democracy_promotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Democracy</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 196 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-196" aria-hidden="true" > 196 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasie" title="Demokrasie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Demokrasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratie" title="Demokratie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Demokratie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B4%E1%88%9E%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AB%E1%88%B2" title="ዴሞክራሲ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዴሞክራሲ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="प्रजातंत्र – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="प्रजातंत्र" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ديمقراطية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديمقراطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia" title="Democracia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Democracia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0" title="গণতন্ত্ৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গণতন্ত্ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia" title="Democracia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Democracia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jekopytyjoja" title="Jekopytyjoja – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jekopytyjoja" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Демократия – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Демократия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratiya" title="Demokratiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Demokratiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="دموکراسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دموکراسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="গণতন্ত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গণতন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AEn-ch%C3%BA" title="Bîn-chú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bîn-chú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Демократия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Демократия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Дэмакратыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэмакратыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Дэмакратыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дэмакратыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="लोकतंत्र – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लोकतंत्र" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasya" title="Demokrasya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Demokrasya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Демокрация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Демокрация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratie" title="Demokratie – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Demokratie" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratija" title="Demokratija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Demokratija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratelezh" title="Demokratelezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Demokratelezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Арадшалал – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Арадшалал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democr%C3%A0cia" title="Democràcia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Democràcia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Демократи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Демократи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasya" title="Demokrasya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Demokrasya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokracie" title="Demokracie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Demokracie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokilase" title="Demokilase – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Demokilase" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatemabanze" title="Chatemabanze – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chatemabanze" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratiaeth" title="Democratiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Democratiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrati" title="Demokrati – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Demokrati" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ديموقراطية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ديموقراطية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratie" title="Demokratie – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Demokratie" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratie" title="Demokratie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Demokratie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8B%DE%A8%DE%89%DE%A8%DE%A4%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%A7%DE%A0%DE%A9" title="ދިމިޤްރާޠީ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ދިމިޤްރާޠީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokraatia" title="Demokraatia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Demokraatia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Δημοκρατία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δημοκρατία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia" title="Democracia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Democracia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratio" title="Demokratio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Demokratio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrazia" title="Demokrazia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Demokrazia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="دموکراسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دموکراسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prajatantr" title="Prajatantr – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Prajatantr" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3lkar%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Fólkaræði – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fólkaræði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9mocratie" title="Démocratie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Démocratie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasy" title="Demokrasy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Demokrasy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daonlathas" title="Daonlathas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Daonlathas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deamocrasaidh" title="Deamocrasaidh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Deamocrasaidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia" title="Democracia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Democracia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndemookirath%C4%A9" title="Ndemookirathĩ – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Ndemookirathĩ" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%80" title="લોકશાહી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="લોકશાહી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ACn-ts%C3%BA_Ts%C3%BA-ngi" title="Mìn-tsú Tsú-ngi – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mìn-tsú Tsú-ngi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="민주주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="민주주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimokara%C9%97iyya" title="Dimokaraɗiyya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Dimokaraɗiyya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ժողովրդավարություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժողովրդավարություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="लोकतंत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लोकतंत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokracija" title="Demokracija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Demokracija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratio" title="Demokratio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Demokratio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasia" title="Demokrasia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Demokrasia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="গণতন্ত্র – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="গণতন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasi" title="Demokrasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Demokrasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratia" title="Democratia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Democratia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratie" title="Democratie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Democratie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Democracy" title="I-Democracy – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Democracy" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbuso_wabantu" title="Umbuso wabantu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umbuso wabantu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BD%C3%B0r%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Lýðræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lýðræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrazia" title="Democrazia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Democrazia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%94" title="דמוקרטיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דמוקרטיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dh%C3%A9mokrasi" title="Dhémokrasi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Dhémokrasi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temokraasii" title="Temokraasii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Temokraasii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratii" title="Demokratii – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Demokratii" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kalaallisut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5" title="ಪ್ರಜಾಪ್ರಭುತ್ವ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರಜಾಪ್ರಭುತ್ವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Демократия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Демократия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="დემოკრატია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დემოკრატია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Демократия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Демократия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwerinieth" title="Gwerinieth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gwerinieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasia" title="Demokrasia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Demokrasia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimokalasi" title="Dimokalasi – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Dimokalasi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasi" title="Demokrasi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Demokrasi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9mokrasi" title="Démokrasi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Démokrasi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokras%C3%AE" title="Demokrasî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Demokrasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Демократия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Демократия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratia" title="Democratia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Democratia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokr%C4%81tija" title="Demokrātija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Demokrātija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratie" title="Demokratie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Demokratie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Демократия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Демократия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratija" title="Demokratija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Demokratija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democra%C3%A7ia" title="Democraçia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Democraçia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratie" title="Democratie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Democratie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasi" title="Demokrasi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Demokrasi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratia" title="Democratia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Democratia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvahanvaldu" title="Rahvahanvaldu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Rahvahanvaldu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/roltrusi%27o" title="roltrusi'o – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="roltrusi'o" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrazia" title="Democrazia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Democrazia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokr%C3%A1cia_(politikai_rendszer)" title="Demokrácia (politikai rendszer) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Demokrácia (politikai rendszer)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="लोकतन्त्र – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="लोकतन्त्र" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Демократија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Демократија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dem%C3%B4krasia" title="Demôkrasia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Demôkrasia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ജനാധിപത്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജനാധിപത്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80" title="लोकशाही – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लोकशाही" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="დემოკრატია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დემოკრატია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%87" title="ديموقراطيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديموقراطيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%B3%E1%80%99%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B3" title="ဒဳမဝ်ကရေသဳ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဒဳမဝ်ကရေသဳ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="دموکراسی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دموکراسی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasi" title="Demokrasi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Demokrasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ACng-ci%C5%8D" title="Mìng-ciō – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mìng-ciō" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracie" title="Democracie – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Democracie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ардчилал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ардчилал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE" title="ဒီမိုကရေစီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒီမိုကရေစီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tl%C4%81cat%C4%93pacholiztli" title="Tlācatēpacholiztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlācatēpacholiztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratie" title="Democratie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Democratie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokraty" title="Demokraty – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Demokraty" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="लोकतन्त्र – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लोकतन्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="लोकतन्त्र – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लोकतन्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="民主主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="民主主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Демократи – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Демократи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratii" title="Demokratii – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Demokratii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrati" title="Demokrati – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Demokrati" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkestyre" title="Folkestyre – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Folkestyre" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia" title="Democracia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Democracia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Демократий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Демократий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimookiraasii" title="Dimookiraasii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Dimookiraasii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratiya" title="Demokratiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Demokratiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਲੋਕਰਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੋਕਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratie" title="Demokratie – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Demokratie" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="لوک راج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لوک راج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE" title="ဒီမိုကရေသီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဒီမိုကရေသီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasia" title="Demokrasia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Demokrasia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="ولسواکي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ولسواکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimakrasi" title="Dimakrasi – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Dimakrasi" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%99%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99" title="ប្រជាធិបតេយ្យ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប្រជាធិបតេយ្យ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrass%C3%ACa" title="Democrassìa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Democrassìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratie" title="Demokratie – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Demokratie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokracja" title="Demokracja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Demokracja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia" title="Democracia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Democracia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratiya" title="Demokratiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Demokratiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratiya" title="Demokratiya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Demokratiya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratie" title="Demokratie – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Demokratie" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democra%C8%9Bie" title="Democrație – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Democrație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrazia" title="Democrazia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Democrazia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llaqta_kallpay" title="Llaqta kallpay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Llaqta kallpay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Демокрація – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Демокрація" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Демократия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Демократия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Демократия – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Демократия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="प्रजातन्त्रम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="प्रजातन्त्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratzia" title="Democratzia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Democratzia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Democracy" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratie" title="Demokratie – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Demokratie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temokrasi" title="Temokrasi – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Temokrasi" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokracia" title="Demokracia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Demokracia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimucrazz%C3%ACa" title="Dimucrazzìa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Dimucrazzìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Democracy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="جمھوريت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جمھوريت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokracia" title="Demokracia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Demokracia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokracija" title="Demokracija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Demokracija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimoqraadi" title="Dimoqraadi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dimoqraadi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="دیموکراسی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دیموکراسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Демократија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Демократија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratija" title="Demokratija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Demokratija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9mokrasi" title="Démokrasi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Démokrasi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratia" title="Demokratia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Demokratia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrati" title="Demokrati – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Demokrati" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasya" title="Demokrasya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Demokrasya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="மக்களாட்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மக்களாட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Демократия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Демократия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%99%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87" title="တီႇမူဝ်ႇၶရေႇသီႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="တီႇမူဝ်ႇၶရေႇသီႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="ప్రజాస్వామ్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రజాస్వామ్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2" title="ประชาธิปไตย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประชาธิปไตย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ag%C9%9Bmk%C9%94ckedhi%C9%9B" title="Agɛmkɔckedhiɛ – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Agɛmkɔckedhiɛ" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B2%E1%88%9E%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AB%E1%88%B2" title="ዲሞክራሲ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ዲሞክራሲ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Мардумсолорӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мардумсолорӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasi" title="Demokrasi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Demokrasi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrati%C3%BDa" title="Demokratiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Demokratiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%CC%B1moki%CC%B1rasi" title="Di̱moki̱rasi – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Di̱moki̱rasi" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Демократия – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Демократия" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Демократія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Демократія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="جمہوریت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جمہوریت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%90%D9%85%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="دېموكراتىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="دېموكراتىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minzcuj" title="Minzcuj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Minzcuj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrasia" title="Democrasia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Democrasia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratii" title="Demokratii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Demokratii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2n_ch%E1%BB%A7" title="Dân chủ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dân chủ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokraatia" title="Demokraatia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Demokraatia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="民主" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasya" title="Demokrasya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Demokrasya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="民主" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokhrasi" title="Demokhrasi – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Demokhrasi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A2" title="דעמאקראטיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דעמאקראטיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92%E1%B9%A3%C3%A8l%C3%BA" title="Òṣèlú – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Òṣèlú" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="民主" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasiye" title="Demokrasiye – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Demokrasiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demuokrat%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Demuokratėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Demuokratėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="民主" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasi" title="Demokrasi – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Demokrasi" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%87%E2%B5%95%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%9F%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7174#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Democracy" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of government</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For representative democracy, which operates under the principles of liberalism, see <a href="/wiki/Global_Democracy_Ranking" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Democracy Ranking">Global Democracy Ranking</a>. 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Democracy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy" title="History of democracy">History</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Theory">Theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Indices</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticipatory_democracy" title="Anticipatory democracy">Anticipatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_democracy" title="Cellular democracy">Cellular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_democracy" title="Cosmopolitan democracy">Cosmopolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_democracy" title="Defensive democracy">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_democracy" title="Deliberative democracy">Deliberative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-democracy" title="E-democracy">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowered_democracy" title="Empowered democracy">Empowered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_democracy" title="Ethnic democracy">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_democracy" title="Grassroots democracy">Grassroots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Democracy">Inclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_democracy" title="Liquid democracy">Liquid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majoritarian_democracy" title="Majoritarian democracy">Majoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_democracy" title="Media democracy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitory_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Monitory democracy">Monitory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">Multiparty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-partisan_democracy" title="Non-partisan democracy">Non-partisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_democracy" title="Oral democracy">Oral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_democracy" title="Participatory democracy">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralist_democracy" title="Pluralist democracy">Pluralist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_democracy" title="Popular democracy">Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_democracy" title="Procedural democracy">Procedural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_democracy" title="Radical democracy">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_democracy" title="Religious democracy">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_democratic_state" title="Jewish and democratic state">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_democracy" title="Sectarian democracy">Sectarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anocracy" title="Anocracy">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-direct_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-direct democracy">Semi-direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_democracy" title="Sovereign democracy">Sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Substantive democracy">Substantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">Supermajority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_democracy" title="Totalitarian democracy">Totalitarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_assembly" title="Citizens' assembly">Citizens' assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_democracy" title="Criticism of democracy">Criticism of democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_referendum" title="Deliberative referendum">Deliberative referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Democratic backsliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_confederalism" title="Democratic confederalism">Democratic confederalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_peace_theory" title="Democratic peace theory">Democratic peace theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">Democratic republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_economic_growth" title="Democracy and economic growth">Democracy and economic growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_promotion" title="Democracy promotion">Democracy promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_competition" title="Electoral competition">Electoral competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleroterion" title="Kleroterion">Kleroterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majoritarianism" title="Majoritarianism">Majoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">Majority rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_(parliamentary_procedure)" title="Motion (parliamentary procedure)">Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mob_rule" title="Mob rule">Ochlocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">Nomination rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power" title="Peaceful transition of power">Peaceful transition of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Political demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_equality" class="mw-redirect" title="Political equality">Political equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyarchy" title="Polyarchy">Polyarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_referendum" title="Popular referendum">Popular referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">Referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition" title="Right to petition">Right to petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_protest" title="Right to protest">Right to protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">Right to candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Right to vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">Sortition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_peace_theory" title="Territorial peace theory">Territorial peace theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_referendum" title="War referendum">War referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_democracies" title="List of wars between democracies">Wars between democracies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waves_of_democracy" title="Waves of democracy">Waves of democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_the_crowd" title="Wisdom of the crowd">Wisdom of the crowd</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Africa" title="Democracy in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Asia" title="Democracy in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Europe" title="Democracy in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy" title="History of democracy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;">Basic forms of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">List of forms</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">List of countries</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Source of power</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Democracy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polyarchy" title="Polyarchy">rule by many</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demarchy">Demarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Others</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> (rule by few)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anocracy" title="Anocracy">Anocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kritarchy" title="Kritarchy">Kritarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noocracy" title="Noocracy">Noocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particracy" title="Particracy">Particracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">Stratocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monocracy" title="Monocracy">rule by one</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">Tyranny</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a> (rule by none)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republic</a></li></ul></div> (socio-political ideologies)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">Semi-presidential</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></div> (socio-economic ideologies)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>Religious</li><li>Secular</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local</a></li></ul></div> (geo-cultural ideologies)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organisation">Intergovernmental organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">National government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet monarch">Puppet monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">Self-governing colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">Buffer state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">International relations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">Small power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">Middle power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_power" title="Emerging power">Emerging power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">Superpower</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Democracy indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Autocratization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratisation">Democratisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid regimes">Hybrid regimes</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template talk:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandela_voting_in_1994.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mandela_voting_in_1994.jpg/170px-Mandela_voting_in_1994.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mandela_voting_in_1994.jpg/255px-Mandela_voting_in_1994.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mandela_voting_in_1994.jpg/340px-Mandela_voting_in_1994.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> casting his ballot in the <a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">1994 South African general election</a>. In the 1990s, the dissolution of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> in favour of <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> allowed tens of millions of South Africans, including Mandela, to vote for the first time.</figcaption></figure> Democracy (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: δημοκρατία, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: dēmokratía, dēmos 'people' and kratos 'rule')<a href="#cite_note-Oxford-1">[1]</a> is a system of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Political_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Political power">state power</a> is vested in <a href="/wiki/People" title="People">the people</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">general population</a> of a state.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-4">[4]</a> Under a minimalist definition of democracy, rulers are elected through competitive <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">elections</a> while more expansive definitions link democracy to guarantees of <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> in addition to competitive elections.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-4">[4]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>, the people have the direct <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a> to <a href="/wiki/Deliberate" class="mw-redirect" title="Deliberate">deliberate</a> and decide <a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">legislation</a>. In a <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>, the people choose governing <a href="/wiki/Officials" class="mw-redirect" title="Officials">officials</a> through <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">elections</a> to do so. The definition of "the people" and the ways <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a> is shared among them or delegated by them have changed over time and at varying rates in different countries. Features of democracy oftentimes include <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">freedom of assembly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">association</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">personal property</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">speech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">consent of the governed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting rights">voting rights</a>, freedom from unwarranted governmental <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deprivation" class="extiw" title="wikt:deprivation">deprivation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">right to life</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">minority rights</a>. The notion of democracy has evolved considerably over time. Throughout history, one can find evidence of direct democracy, in which <a href="/wiki/Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities">communities</a> make decisions through <a href="/wiki/Popular_assembly" title="Popular assembly">popular assembly</a>. Today, the <a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">dominant</a> form of democracy is representative democracy, where citizens elect <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> officials to govern on their behalf such as in a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> or <a href="/wiki/Presidential_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential democracy">presidential democracy</a>. In the common variant of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>, the powers of the majority are exercised within the framework of a representative democracy, but a <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supreme_court" title="Supreme court">supreme court</a> limit the majority and protect the <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minority</a>—usually through securing the enjoyment by all of certain individual rights, such as <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a> of speech or freedom of association.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brittanica-8">[8]</a> The term appeared in the 5th century BC in <a href="/wiki/Greek_city-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek city-state">Greek city-states</a>, notably <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a>, to mean "rule of the people", in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> (ἀριστοκρατία, aristokratía), meaning "rule of an elite".<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In virtually all democratic governments throughout ancient and modern history, democratic citizenship was initially restricted to an elite class, which was later extended to all adult citizens. In most modern democracies, this was achieved through the <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> movements of the 19th and 20th <a href="/wiki/Centuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuries">centuries</a>. Democracy contrasts with forms of government where <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power</a> is not vested in the <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">general population</a> of a <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> systems. Historically a rare and vulnerable form of government,<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a> democratic systems of government have become more prevalent since the 19th century, in particular with various <a href="/wiki/Waves_of_democracy" title="Waves of democracy">waves of democratization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-11">[11]</a> Democracy garners considerable legitimacy in the modern world,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> as public opinion across regions tends to strongly favor democratic systems of government relative to alternatives,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> and as even authoritarian states try to present themselves as democratic.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Dem Democracy indices">V-Dem Democracy indices</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Economist_Democracy_Index" title="The Economist Democracy Index">The Economist Democracy Index</a>, less than half the world's population lives in a democracy as of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-V-dem-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Prabowo_Subianto_in_2024_with_decorations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/President_Prabowo_Subianto_in_2024_with_decorations.jpg/170px-President_Prabowo_Subianto_in_2024_with_decorations.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/President_Prabowo_Subianto_in_2024_with_decorations.jpg/255px-President_Prabowo_Subianto_in_2024_with_decorations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/President_Prabowo_Subianto_in_2024_with_decorations.jpg/340px-President_Prabowo_Subianto_in_2024_with_decorations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto" title="Prabowo Subianto">Prabowo Subianto</a>, the 8th President of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Indonesia">Republic of Indonesia</a>, was democratically elected in the <a href="/wiki/2024_Indonesian_general_election" title="2024 Indonesian general election">2024 general election</a> with more than 96 million votes.</figcaption></figure> Although democracy is generally understood to be defined by voting,<a href="#cite_note-Oxford-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brittanica-8">[8]</a> no consensus exists on a precise definition of democracy.<a href="#cite_note-economist2007-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> says that the "classical" view of democracy is, "in brief, the theory that democracy is the rule of the people and that the people have a right to rule".<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> One study identified 2,234 adjectives used to describe democracy in the English language.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Democratic principles are reflected in all eligible citizens being <a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">equal before the law</a> and having equal access to legislative processes.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> For example, in a <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>, every vote has (in theory) equal weight, and the freedom of eligible citizens is secured by legitimised rights and liberties which are typically enshrined in a <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> while other uses of "democracy" may encompass <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>, in which citizens vote on issues directly. According to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, democracy "provides an environment that respects <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> and fundamental freedoms, and in which the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freely expressed will of people</a> is exercised."<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> One theory holds that democracy requires three fundamental principles: upward control (sovereignty residing at the lowest levels of authority), <a href="/wiki/Political_equality" class="mw-redirect" title="Political equality">political equality</a>, and social norms by which individuals and institutions only consider acceptable acts that reflect the first two principles of upward control and political equality.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Legal_equality" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal equality">Legal equality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">political freedom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> are often identified by commentators as foundational characteristics for a well-functioning democracy.<a href="#cite_note-economist2007-19">[19]</a> In some countries, notably in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (which originated the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>), the dominant principle is that of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty" title="Parliamentary sovereignty">parliamentary sovereignty</a>, while maintaining <a href="/wiki/Judicial_independence" title="Judicial independence">judicial independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kopstein2014-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, parliamentary sovereignty is subject to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> which includes <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Though the term "democracy" is typically used in the context of a <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">political state</a>, the principles also are potentially applicable to private organisations, such as clubs, societies and <a href="/wiki/Firm" class="mw-redirect" title="Firm">firms</a>. Democracies may use many different decision-making methods, but <a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">majority rule</a> is the dominant form. Without compensation, like legal protections of individual or group rights, <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">political minorities</a> can be oppressed by the "<a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">tyranny of the majority</a>". Majority rule involves a competitive approach, opposed to <a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">consensus democracy</a>, creating the need that <a href="/wiki/Elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections">elections</a>, and generally <a href="/wiki/Deliberation" title="Deliberation">deliberation</a>, be substantively and procedurally <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fair" class="extiw" title="wikt:fair">"fair"</a>," i.e. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/just" class="extiw" title="wikt:just">just</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/equitable" class="extiw" title="wikt:equitable">equitable</a>. In some countries, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom (political)">freedom of political expression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a> are considered important to ensure that voters are well informed, enabling them to vote according to their own interests and beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> It has also been suggested that a basic feature of democracy is the capacity of all voters to participate freely and fully in the life of their society.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> With its emphasis on notions of <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">social contract</a> and the <a href="/wiki/General_will" title="General will">collective will</a> of all the voters, democracy can also be characterised as a form of political <a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">collectivism</a> because it is defined as a form of government in which all eligible citizens have an equal say in <a href="/wiki/Lawmaking" title="Lawmaking">lawmaking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republics</a>, though often popularly associated with democracy because of the shared principle of rule by <a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">consent of the governed</a>, are not necessarily democracies, as <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a> does not specify how the people are to rule.<a href="#cite_note-auto-35">[35]</a> Classically the term "<a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>" encompassed both democracies and <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In a modern sense the republican form of government is a form of government without a <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a>. Because of this, democracies can be republics or <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchies</a>, such as the United Kingdom. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy" title="History of democracy">History of democracy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Discurso_funebre_pericles.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Discurso_funebre_pericles.PNG/220px-Discurso_funebre_pericles.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Discurso_funebre_pericles.PNG/330px-Discurso_funebre_pericles.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Discurso_funebre_pericles.PNG/440px-Discurso_funebre_pericles.PNG 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>Nineteenth-century painting by <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Foltz" title="Philipp Foltz">Philipp Foltz</a> depicting the Athenian politician <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a> delivering his famous <a href="/wiki/Pericles%27_funeral_oration" class="mw-redirect" title="Pericles' funeral oration">funeral oration</a> in front of the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Assembly</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Popular_assembly" title="Popular assembly">Democratic assemblies</a> are as old as the human species and are found throughout human history,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraeber2013184-39">[39]</a> but up until the nineteenth century, major political figures have largely opposed democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraeber2013168–169-40">[40]</a> Republican theorists linked democracy to small size: as political units grew in size, the likelihood increased that the government would turn despotic.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> At the same time, small political units were vulnerable to conquest.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a> wrote, "If a republic be small, it is destroyed by a foreign force; if it is large, it is ruined by an internal imperfection."<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> According to Johns Hopkins University political scientist <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Deudney" title="Daniel Deudney">Daniel Deudney</a>, the creation of the United States, with its large size and its system of checks and balances, was a solution to the dual problems of size.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Forms of democracy occurred organically in societies around the world that had no contact with each other.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greece_and_Rome">Greece and Rome</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Greece and Rome">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democracy</a></div> The term democracy first appeared in ancient Greek political and philosophical thought in the city-state of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> during <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2014)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaaflaubOberWallace2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2014)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-47">[47]</a> The word comes from dêmos '(common) people' and krátos 'force/might'.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Cleisthenes" title="Cleisthenes">Cleisthenes</a>, what is generally held as the first example of a type of democracy in 508–507 BC was established in Athens. Cleisthenes is referred to as "the father of <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democracy</a>".<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The first attested use of the word democracy is found in prose works of the 430s BC, such as <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>' <a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a>, but its usage was older by several decades, as two Athenians born in the 470s were named Democrates, a new political name—likely in support of democracy—given at a time of debates over constitutional issues in Athens. <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> also strongly alludes to the word in his play <a href="/wiki/The_Suppliants_(Aeschylus)" title="The Suppliants (Aeschylus)">The Suppliants</a>, staged in c.463 BC, where he mentions "the demos's ruling hand" [demou kratousa cheir]. Before that time, the word used to define the new political system of Cleisthenes was probably <a href="/wiki/Isonomia" title="Isonomia">isonomia</a>, meaning political equality.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleisthenes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cleisthenes.jpg/200px-Cleisthenes.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cleisthenes.jpg/300px-Cleisthenes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cleisthenes.jpg/400px-Cleisthenes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1053" data-file-height="1372" /></a><figcaption>Modern bust of <a href="/wiki/Cleisthenes" title="Cleisthenes">Cleisthenes</a>, known as "the father of <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democracy</a>", on view at the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Statehouse" title="Ohio Statehouse">Ohio Statehouse</a>, Columbus, Ohio</figcaption></figure> Athenian democracy took the form of direct democracy, and it had two distinguishing features: the <a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">random selection</a> of ordinary citizens to fill the few existing government administrative and judicial offices,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> and a legislative assembly consisting of all Athenian citizens.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> All eligible citizens were allowed to speak and vote in the assembly, which set the laws of the city-state. However, Athenian citizenship excluded women, slaves, foreigners (μέτοικοι / métoikoi), and youths below the age of military service.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">contradictory</a>] Effectively, only 1 in 4 residents in Athens qualified as citizens. Owning land was not a requirement for citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The exclusion of large parts of the population from the citizen body is closely related to the ancient understanding of citizenship. In most of antiquity the benefit of citizenship was tied to the obligation to fight war campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Athenian democracy was not only direct in the sense that decisions were made by the assembled people, but also the most direct in the sense that the people through the assembly, <a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">boule</a> and courts of law controlled the entire political process and a large proportion of citizens were involved constantly in the public business.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaaflaubOberWallace20075-57">[57]</a> Even though the rights of the individual were not secured by the Athenian constitution in the modern sense (the ancient Greeks had no word for "rights"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberHedrick1996107-58">[58]</a>), those who were citizens of Athens enjoyed their liberties not in opposition to the government but by living in a city that was not subject to another power and by not being subjects themselves to the rule of another person.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarkeFoweraker2001194–201-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Range_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Range voting">Range voting</a> appeared in <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> as early as 700 BC. The <a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Spartan ecclesia</a> was an assembly of the people, held once a month, in which every male citizen of at least 20 years of age could participate. In the assembly, Spartans elected leaders and cast votes by range voting and shouting (the vote is then decided on how loudly the crowd shouts). <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> called this "childish", as compared with the stone voting ballots used by the Athenian citizenry. Sparta adopted it because of its simplicity, and to prevent any biased voting, buying, or cheating that was predominant in the early democratic elections.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austria_Parlament_Athena_bw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Austria_Parlament_Athena_bw.jpg/170px-Austria_Parlament_Athena_bw.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Austria_Parlament_Athena_bw.jpg/255px-Austria_Parlament_Athena_bw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Austria_Parlament_Athena_bw.jpg/340px-Austria_Parlament_Athena_bw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1243" data-file-height="1820" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, the patron goddess of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, in front of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Parliament_Building" title="Austrian Parliament Building">Austrian Parliament Building</a>. Athena has been used as an international symbol of freedom and democracy since at least the late eighteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></figcaption></figure> Even though the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> contributed significantly to many aspects of democracy, only a minority of Romans were citizens with votes in elections for representatives. The votes of the powerful were given more weight through a system of <a href="/wiki/Weighted_voting" title="Weighted voting">weighted voting</a>, so most high officials, including members of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a>, came from a few wealthy and noble families.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">overthrow of the Roman Kingdom</a> was the first case in the Western world of a polity being formed with the explicit purpose of being a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>, although it did not have much of a democracy. The Roman model of governance inspired many political thinkers over the centuries.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_India">Ancient India</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ancient India">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Vaishali_(ancient_city)" title="Vaishali (ancient city)">Vaishali</a>, capital city of the <a href="/wiki/Vajjika_League" title="Vajjika League">Vajjika League</a> (Vrijji <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapada" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahajanapada">mahajanapada</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">India</a>, is considered one of the first examples of a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> around the 6th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Americas">Americas</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Americas">edit</a>]</div> Other cultures, such as the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> in the Americas also developed a form of democratic society between 1450 and 1660 (and possibly in 1142<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMannFields1997-67">[67]</a>), well before contact with the Europeans. This democracy continues to the present day and is the world's oldest standing representative democracy.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Africa">Africa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gadaa" title="Gadaa">Gadaa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> While most regions in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> were ruled by <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Feudal_lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal lords">feudal lords</a>, there existed various systems involving elections or assemblies, although often only involving a small part of the population. In <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, bodies known as <a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">things</a> consisted of freemen presided by a <a href="/wiki/Lawspeaker" title="Lawspeaker">lawspeaker</a>. These deliberative bodies were responsible for settling political questions, and variants included the <a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">Althing</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B8gting" title="Løgting">Løgting</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Faeroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Faeroe Islands">Faeroe Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Veche" title="Veche">veche</a>, found in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, was a similar body to the Scandinavian thing. In the Roman <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> has been elected by a <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">papal conclave</a> composed of cardinals since 1059. The first documented parliamentary body in Europe was the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_of_Le%C3%B3n_of_1188" title="Cortes of León of 1188">Cortes of León</a>. Established by <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso IX">Alfonso IX</a> in 1188, the Cortes had authority over setting taxation, foreign affairs and legislating, though the exact nature of its role remains disputed.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Ragusa</a>, established in 1358 and centered around the city of <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a>, provided representation and voting rights to its male aristocracy only. Various Italian city-states and polities had republic forms of government. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a>, established in 1115, was led by the <a href="/wiki/Signoria_of_Florence" title="Signoria of Florence">Signoria</a> whose members were chosen by <a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">sortition</a>. In the 10th–15th century <a href="/wiki/Frisian_freedom" title="Frisian freedom">Frisia</a>, a distinctly non-feudal society, the right to vote on local matters and on county officials was based on land size. The <a href="/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga" title="Kouroukan Fouga">Kouroukan Fouga</a> divided the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a> into ruling clans (lineages) that were represented at a great assembly called the Gbara. However, the charter made Mali more similar to a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> than a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">democratic republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magna_Carta_(British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg/290px-Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg/435px-Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg/580px-Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="4800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>, 1215, England</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a> had its roots in the restrictions on the power of kings written into <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> (1215), which explicitly protected certain rights of the King's subjects and implicitly supported what became the English writ of <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a>, safeguarding individual freedom against unlawful imprisonment with the right to appeal.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The first representative national assembly in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> was <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort%27s_Parliament" title="Simon de Montfort's Parliament">Simon de Montfort's Parliament</a> in 1265.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The emergence of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England#Emergence_as_an_institution" title="Parliament of England">petitioning</a> is some of the earliest evidence of parliament being used as a forum to address the general grievances of ordinary people. However, the power to call parliament remained at the pleasure of the monarch.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Studies have linked the emergence of parliamentary institutions in Europe during the medieval period to urban agglomeration and the creation of new classes, such as artisans,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> as well as the presence of nobility and religious elites.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Scholars have also linked the emergence of representative government to Europe's relative political fragmentation.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Political scientist <a href="/wiki/David_Stasavage" title="David Stasavage">David Stasavage</a> links the fragmentation of Europe, and its subsequent democratization, to the manner in which the Roman Empire collapsed: Roman territory was conquered by small fragmented groups of Germanic tribes, thus leading to the creation of small political units where rulers were relatively weak and needed the consent of the governed to ward off foreign threats.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noble_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble democracy">noble democracy</a> was characterized by an increase in the activity of the middle <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">nobility</a>, which wanted to increase their share in exercising power at the expense of the magnates. Magnates dominated the most important offices in the state (secular and ecclesiastical) and sat on the royal council, later the senate. The growing importance of the middle nobility had an impact on the establishment of the institution of the land <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">sejmik</a> (local assembly), which subsequently obtained more rights. During the fifteenth and first half of the sixteenth century, sejmiks received more and more power and became the most important institutions of local power. In 1454, <a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir IV Jagiellon</a> granted the sejmiks the right to decide on taxes and to convene a mass mobilization in the <a href="/wiki/Nieszawa_Statutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nieszawa Statutes">Nieszawa Statutes</a>. He also pledged not to create new laws without their consent.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern era">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Early modern period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_Commons_during_King_Charles_I%27s_reign,_circa_1640-1642_from_NPG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/House_of_Commons_during_King_Charles_I%27s_reign%2C_circa_1640-1642_from_NPG.jpg/220px-House_of_Commons_during_King_Charles_I%27s_reign%2C_circa_1640-1642_from_NPG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/House_of_Commons_during_King_Charles_I%27s_reign%2C_circa_1640-1642_from_NPG.jpg/330px-House_of_Commons_during_King_Charles_I%27s_reign%2C_circa_1640-1642_from_NPG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/House_of_Commons_during_King_Charles_I%27s_reign%2C_circa_1640-1642_from_NPG.jpg/440px-House_of_Commons_during_King_Charles_I%27s_reign%2C_circa_1640-1642_from_NPG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2217" data-file-height="1624" /></a><figcaption>Over the centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">English Parliament</a> progressively limited the power of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_the_United_Kingdom#English_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of monarchy in the United Kingdom">English monarchy</a>, a process that arguably culminated in the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 17th century England, there was <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta#17th–18th_centuries" title="Magna Carta">renewed interest in Magna Carta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The Parliament of England passed the <a href="/wiki/Petition_of_Right" title="Petition of Right">Petition of Right</a> in 1628 which established certain liberties for subjects. The <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> (1642–1651) was fought between the King and an oligarchic but elected Parliament,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> during which the idea of a political party took form with groups debating rights to political representation during the <a href="/wiki/Putney_Debates" title="Putney Debates">Putney Debates</a> of 1647.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Subsequently, <a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">the Protectorate</a> (1653–59) and the <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">English Restoration</a> (1660) restored more autocratic rule, although Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_1679" title="Habeas Corpus Act 1679">Habeas Corpus Act</a> in 1679 which strengthened the convention that forbade detention lacking sufficient cause or evidence. After the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1688, the <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights</a> was enacted in 1689 which codified certain rights and liberties and is still in effect. The Bill set out the requirement for regular elections, rules for freedom of speech in Parliament and limited the power of the monarch, ensuring that, unlike much of Europe at the time, <a href="/wiki/Royal_absolutism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal absolutism">royal absolutism</a> would not prevail.<a href="#cite_note-refNARoP-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Economic historians <a href="/wiki/Douglass_North" title="Douglass North">Douglass North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barry_R._Weingast" title="Barry R. Weingast">Barry Weingast</a> have characterized the institutions implemented in the Glorious Revolution as a resounding success in terms of restraining the government and ensuring protection for property rights.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Locke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/John_Locke.jpg/200px-John_Locke.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/John_Locke.jpg/300px-John_Locke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/John_Locke.jpg/400px-John_Locke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> expanded on <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Social_contract_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Social contract theory">social contract theory</a> and developed the concept of <a href="/wiki/Natural_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural rights">natural rights</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">right to private property</a> and the principle of <a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">consent of the governed</a>. His ideas form the ideological basis of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracies</a> today.</figcaption></figure> Renewed interest in the Magna Carta, the English Civil War, and the Glorious Revolution in the 17th century prompted the growth of <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a> on the British Isles. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> was the first philosopher to articulate a detailed <a href="/wiki/Social_contract_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Social contract theory">social contract theory</a>. Writing in the <a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a> (1651), Hobbes theorized that individuals living in the <a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">state of nature</a> led lives that were "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short" and constantly waged a <a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">war of all against all</a>. In order to prevent the occurrence of an anarchic state of nature, Hobbes reasoned that individuals ceded their rights to a strong, authoritarian power. In other words, Hobbes advocated for an absolute monarchy which, in his opinion, was the best form of government. Later, philosopher and physician <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> would posit a different interpretation of social contract theory. Writing in his <a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a> (1689), Locke posited that all individuals possessed the inalienable rights to life, liberty and estate (property).<a href="#cite_note-Locke-Laslett1988-92">[92]</a> According to Locke, individuals would voluntarily come together to form a state for the purposes of defending their rights. Particularly important for Locke were property rights, whose protection Locke deemed to be a government's primary purpose.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Furthermore, Locke asserted that governments were <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy (political)">legitimate</a> only if they held the <a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">consent of the governed</a>. For Locke, citizens had the <a href="/wiki/Right_of_revolution" title="Right of revolution">right to revolt</a> against a government that acted against their interest or became tyrannical. Although they were not widely read during his lifetime, Locke's works are considered the founding documents of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> thought and profoundly influenced the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> His liberal democratic framework of governance remains the preeminent form of democracy in the world. In the Cossack republics of Ukraine in the 16th and 17th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhian_Sich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaporizhian Sich">Zaporizhian Sich</a>, the holder of the highest post of <a href="/wiki/Hetmans_of_Ukrainian_Cossacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks">Hetman</a> was elected by the representatives from the country's districts. In North America, representative government began in <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown, Virginia</a>, with the election of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Burgesses" title="House of Burgesses">House of Burgesses</a> (forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly" title="Virginia General Assembly">Virginia General Assembly</a>) in 1619. English Puritans who migrated from 1620 established colonies in New England whose local governance was democratic;<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> although these local assemblies had some small amounts of devolved power, the ultimate authority was held by the Crown and the English Parliament. The <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim Fathers">Pilgrim Fathers</a>), <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a> who founded these colonies applied the democratic organisation of their congregations also to the administration of their communities in worldly matters.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="18th_and_19th_centuries">18th and 19th centuries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 18th and 19th centuries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg/220px-The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg/330px-The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg/440px-The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1740" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a> addressing the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons of the United Kingdom</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/First_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="First Parliament of Great Britain">first Parliament of Great Britain</a> was established in 1707, after the merger of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union</a>. Two key documents of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">UK's uncodified constitution</a>, the English <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Right,_1689" title="Declaration of Right, 1689">Declaration of Right, 1689</a> (restated in the <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights 1689</a>) and the Scottish <a href="/wiki/Claim_of_Right_1689" title="Claim of Right 1689">Claim of Right 1689</a>, had both cemented Parliament's position as the supreme law-making body and said that the "election of members of Parliament ought to be free".<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> However, Parliament was only elected by male property owners, which amounted to 3% of the population in 1780.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The first known British person of <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African</a> heritage to vote in a general election, <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Sancho" title="Ignatius Sancho">Ignatius Sancho</a>, voted in 1774 and 1780.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Liberty" title="Age of Liberty">Age of Liberty</a> in Sweden (1718–1772), <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> were expanded and power shifted from the monarch to parliament.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The taxed peasantry was represented in parliament, although with little influence, but commoners without taxed property had no suffrage. The creation of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Corsican_Republic" title="Corsican Republic">Corsican Republic</a> in 1755 was an early attempt to adopt a democratic <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> (all men and women above age of 25 could vote).<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Corsican_Constitution" title="Corsican Constitution">Corsican Constitution</a> was the first based on <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> principles and included <a href="/wiki/Female_suffrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Female suffrage">female suffrage</a>, something that was not included in most other democracies until the 20th century. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Declaration_of_Independence_(1819),_by_John_Trumbull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/220px-Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/330px-Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/440px-Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1970" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen British Colonies</a> on the east coast of North America issued a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> in 1776</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial America</a> had similar property qualifications as Britain, and in the period before 1776 the abundance and availability of land meant that large numbers of colonists met such requirements with at least 60 per cent of adult white males able to vote.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The great majority of white men were farmers who met the property ownership or taxpaying requirements. With few exceptions, no blacks or women could vote. <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, which, on declaring independence of Great Britain in 1777, adopted a constitution modelled on Pennsylvania's citizenship and democratic suffrage for males with or without property.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> of 1787 is the oldest surviving, still active, governmental <a href="/wiki/Codified_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Codified constitution">codified constitution</a>. The Constitution provided for an elected government and protected civil rights and liberties, but did not end <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> nor extend <a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">voting rights in the United States</a>, instead leaving the issue of suffrage to the individual states.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Generally, states limited suffrage to white male property owners and taxpayers.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> At the time of the first <a href="/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election" title="1788–89 United States presidential election">Presidential election in 1789</a>, about 6% of the population was eligible to vote.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790" title="Naturalization Act of 1790">Naturalization Act of 1790</a> limited U.S. citizenship to whites only.<a href="#cite_note-Schultz-109">[109]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> in 1791 set limits on government power to protect personal freedoms but had little impact on judgements by the courts for the first 130 years after ratification.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg/200px-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg/300px-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg/400px-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3657" data-file-height="4636" /></a><figcaption>Inspired by <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> philosophers, the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> had a significant impact on the development of popular conceptions of <a href="/wiki/Individual_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual liberty">individual liberty</a> and democracy in Europe and worldwide.</figcaption></figure> In 1789, <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary France">Revolutionary France</a> adopted the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> and, although short-lived, the <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> was elected by all men in 1792.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_3_May_1791" title="Constitution of 3 May 1791">Polish-Lithuanian Constitution</a> of 3 May 1791 sought to implement a more effective <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, introduced political equality between townspeople and nobility, and placed the peasants under the protection of the government, mitigating the worst abuses of <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a>. In force for less than 19 months, it was declared null and void by the <a href="/wiki/Grodno_Sejm" title="Grodno Sejm">Grodno Sejm</a> that met in 1793.<a href="#cite_note-Davies1992-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ligeza2017-113">[113]</a> Nonetheless, the 1791 Constitution helped keep alive Polish aspirations for the eventual restoration of the country's sovereignty over a century later. In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 presidential election</a> was the first in which non-property-holding white males could vote in the vast majority of states. Voter turnout soared during the 1830s, reaching about 80% of the adult white male population in the <a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840 presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> North Carolina was the last state to abolish property qualification in 1856 resulting in a close approximation to universal white male suffrage (however tax-paying requirements remained in five states in 1860 and survived in two states until the 20th century).<a href="#cite_note-Engerman2005-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scher2015-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-NHLTS2009-117">[117]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860 United States census</a>, the slave population had grown to four million,<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction</a> after the Civil War, three constitutional amendments were passed: the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a> (1865) that ended slavery; the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a> (1869) that gave black people citizenship, and the <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a> (1870) that gave black males a nominal right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[nb 1]</a> Full enfranchisement of citizens was not secured until after the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> gained passage by the US Congress of the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suffrage_universel_1848.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Suffrage_universel_1848.jpg/220px-Suffrage_universel_1848.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Suffrage_universel_1848.jpg/330px-Suffrage_universel_1848.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Suffrage_universel_1848.jpg/440px-Suffrage_universel_1848.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3476" data-file-height="2568" /></a><figcaption>1850s lithograph marking the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Universal_male_suffrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal male suffrage">universal male suffrage</a> in France in 1848</figcaption></figure> The voting franchise in the United Kingdom was expanded and made more uniform in a <a href="/wiki/Reform_Acts" title="Reform Acts">series of reforms</a> that began with the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a> and continued into the 20th century, notably with the <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">Representation of the People Act 1918</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Franchise_Act_1928" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal Franchise Act 1928">Equal Franchise Act 1928</a>. <a href="/wiki/Universal_male_suffrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal male suffrage">Universal male suffrage</a> was established in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in March 1848 in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> During that year, several <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">revolutions broke out in Europe</a> as rulers were confronted with popular demands for liberal constitutions and more democratic government.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> In 1876, the Ottoman Empire transitioned from an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> to a constitutional one, and held two elections the next year to elect members to her newly formed parliament.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> Provisional Electoral Regulations were issued, stating that the elected members of the Provincial Administrative Councils would elect members to the first <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of the Ottoman Empire">Parliament</a>. Later that year, a new constitution was promulgated, which provided for a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> Parliament with a <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Senate of the Ottoman Empire">Senate</a> appointed by <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">the Sultan</a> and a popularly elected <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)">Chamber of Deputies</a>. Only men above the age of 30 who were competent in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> and had full civil rights were allowed to stand for election. Reasons for disqualification included holding dual citizenship, being employed by a foreign government, being bankrupt, employed as a servant, or having "notoriety for ill deeds". Full universal suffrage was achieved in 1934.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> In 1893, the self-governing colony <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> became the first country in the world (except for the short-lived 18th-century Corsican Republic) to establish active <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> by recognizing women as having the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20th_and_21st_centuries">20th and 21st centuries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 20th and 21st centuries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Number_of_nations_1800-2003_scoring_8_or_higher_on_Polity_IV_scale.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Number_of_nations_1800-2003_scoring_8_or_higher_on_Polity_IV_scale.png/220px-Number_of_nations_1800-2003_scoring_8_or_higher_on_Polity_IV_scale.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Number_of_nations_1800-2003_scoring_8_or_higher_on_Polity_IV_scale.png/330px-Number_of_nations_1800-2003_scoring_8_or_higher_on_Polity_IV_scale.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Number_of_nations_1800-2003_scoring_8_or_higher_on_Polity_IV_scale.png/440px-Number_of_nations_1800-2003_scoring_8_or_higher_on_Polity_IV_scale.png 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption>The number of nations 1800–2003 scoring 8 or higher on <a href="/wiki/Polity_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Polity IV">Polity IV</a> scale, another widely used measure of democracy[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>]</figcaption></figure> 20th-century transitions to liberal democracy have come in successive "<a href="/wiki/Waves_of_democracy" title="Waves of democracy">waves of democracy</a>", variously resulting from wars, revolutions, <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonisation">decolonisation</a>, and religious and economic circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-:5-11">[11]</a> Global waves of "democratic regression" reversing democratization, have also occurred in the 1920s and 30s, in the 1960s and 1970s, and in the 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-:1-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opening_of_the_first_parliament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Opening_of_the_first_parliament.jpg/220px-Opening_of_the_first_parliament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Opening_of_the_first_parliament.jpg/330px-Opening_of_the_first_parliament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Opening_of_the_first_parliament.jpg/440px-Opening_of_the_first_parliament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>Painting depicting the opening of the first Australian Parliament in 1901, one of the events that formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Waves_of_democracy#First_wave" title="Waves of democracy">first wave of democracy</a> in the early 20th century</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the dissolution of the autocratic <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman empire">Ottoman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> empires resulted in the creation of new nation-states in Europe, most of them at least nominally democratic. In the 1920s democratic movements flourished and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> advanced, but the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> brought disenchantment and most of the countries of Europe, Latin America, and Asia turned to strong-man rule or dictatorships. <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> and dictatorships flourished in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, as well as non-democratic governments in the <a href="/wiki/Baltics" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltics">Baltics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg/250px-Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg/375px-Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg/500px-Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet" title="Saint Petersburg Soviet">Soviet of Workers' Deputies of Saint Petersburg</a> in 1905: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> in the center. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviets</a> were as an early example of a <a href="/wiki/Workers_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers council">workers council</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> brought a definitive reversal of this trend in Western Europe. The <a href="/wiki/Democratisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratisation">democratisation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council" title="Allied Control Council">American, British, and French sectors of occupied Germany</a> (disputed<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a>), Austria, Italy, and the <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Japan">occupied Japan</a> served as a model for the later theory of <a href="/wiki/Government_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Government change">government change</a>. However, most of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">Soviet sector of Germany</a> fell into the non-democratic <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Soviet-dominated bloc</a>. The war was followed by <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonisation">decolonisation</a>, and again most of the new independent states had nominally democratic constitutions. <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> emerged as the world's largest democracy and continues to be so.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> Countries that were once part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> often adopted the British <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> In 1948, the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> mandated democracy: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">3. The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 21, United Nations, 1948</a></cite></div></blockquote> By 1960, the vast majority of country-states were nominally democracies, although most of the world's populations lived in nominal democracies that experienced sham elections, and other forms of subterfuge (particularly in <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">"Communist" states</a> and the former colonies). A subsequent wave of <a href="/wiki/Democratisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratisation">democratisation</a> brought substantial gains toward true liberal democracy for many states, dubbed "third wave of democracy". Portugal, Spain, and several of the military dictatorships in South America returned to civilian rule in the 1970s and 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-136">[nb 2]</a> This was followed by countries in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> by the mid-to-late 1980s. Economic malaise in the 1980s, along with resentment of Soviet oppression, contributed to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1985-1991)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Soviet Union (1985-1991)">collapse of the Soviet Union</a>, the associated end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, and the democratisation and <a href="/wiki/Liberalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalisation">liberalisation</a> of the former <a href="/wiki/Eastern_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern bloc">Eastern bloc</a> countries. The most successful of the new democracies were those geographically and culturally closest to western Europe, and they are now either part of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> or <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">candidate states</a>. In 1986, after the toppling of the most prominent Asian dictatorship, the only democratic state of its kind at the time emerged in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a>, who would later be known as the mother of <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Asia" title="Democracy in Asia">Asian democracy</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corazon_Aquino_inauguration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Corazon_Aquino_inauguration.jpg/220px-Corazon_Aquino_inauguration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Corazon_Aquino_inauguration.jpg/330px-Corazon_Aquino_inauguration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Corazon_Aquino_inauguration.jpg/440px-Corazon_Aquino_inauguration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> taking the Oath of Office, becoming the first female president in Asia</figcaption></figure> The liberal trend spread to some states in Africa in the 1990s, most prominently in South Africa. Some recent examples of attempts of liberalisation include the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Revolution_of_1998" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Revolution of 1998">Indonesian Revolution of 1998</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Bulldozer Revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose Revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a> in Ukraine, the <a href="/wiki/Cedar_Revolution" title="Cedar Revolution">Cedar Revolution</a> in Lebanon, the <a href="/wiki/Tulip_Revolution" title="Tulip Revolution">Tulip Revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932011_Tunisian_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="2010–2011 Tunisian revolution">Jasmine Revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Age_of_democracies_at_the_end_of_2015,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Age_of_democracies_at_the_end_of_2015%2C_OWID.svg/220px-Age_of_democracies_at_the_end_of_2015%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Age_of_democracies_at_the_end_of_2015%2C_OWID.svg/330px-Age_of_democracies_at_the_end_of_2015%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Age_of_democracies_at_the_end_of_2015%2C_OWID.svg/440px-Age_of_democracies_at_the_end_of_2015%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Age of democracies at the end of 2015<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>]</figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>, in 2007 there were 123 electoral democracies (up from 40 in 1972).<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> According to World Forum on Democracy, electoral democracies now represent 120 of the 192 existing countries and constitute 58.2 per cent of the world's population. At the same time liberal democracies i.e. countries Freedom House regards as free and respectful of basic human rights and the rule of law are 85 in number and represent 38 per cent of the global population.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> Also in 2007 the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> declared 15 September the <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Democracy" title="International Day of Democracy">International Day of Democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nordiska_radets_presidium_haller_mote_med_de_nordiska_statsministrarna_under_session_i_Helsingfors_2008-10-28.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nordiska_radets_presidium_haller_mote_med_de_nordiska_statsministrarna_under_session_i_Helsingfors_2008-10-28.jpg/220px-Nordiska_radets_presidium_haller_mote_med_de_nordiska_statsministrarna_under_session_i_Helsingfors_2008-10-28.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nordiska_radets_presidium_haller_mote_med_de_nordiska_statsministrarna_under_session_i_Helsingfors_2008-10-28.jpg/330px-Nordiska_radets_presidium_haller_mote_med_de_nordiska_statsministrarna_under_session_i_Helsingfors_2008-10-28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nordiska_radets_presidium_haller_mote_med_de_nordiska_statsministrarna_under_session_i_Helsingfors_2008-10-28.jpg/440px-Nordiska_radets_presidium_haller_mote_med_de_nordiska_statsministrarna_under_session_i_Helsingfors_2008-10-28.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Meeting of the Grand Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">Parliament of Finland</a> in 2008</figcaption></figure> Many countries reduced their <a href="/wiki/Voting_age" title="Voting age">voting age</a> to 18 years; the major democracies began to do so in the 1970s starting in Western Europe and North America.<a href="#cite_note-:32-141">[139]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>]<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> Most electoral democracies continue to exclude those younger than 18 from voting.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> The voting age has been lowered to 16 for national elections in a number of countries, including Brazil, Austria, Cuba, and Nicaragua. In California, a 2004 proposal to permit a quarter vote at 14 and a half vote at 16 was ultimately defeated. In 2008, the German parliament proposed but shelved a bill that would grant the vote to each citizen at birth, to be used by a parent until the child claims it for themselves. According to Freedom House, starting in 2005, there have been 17 consecutive years in which declines in political rights and civil liberties throughout the world have outnumbered improvements,<a href="#cite_note-:2-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> as <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> political forces have gained ground everywhere from Poland (under the <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice" title="Law and Justice">Law and Justice</a> party) to the Philippines (under <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:2-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-129">[128]</a> In a Freedom House report released in 2018, Democracy Scores for most countries declined for the 12th consecutive year.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a> reported that <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a> political ideologies were gaining ground, at the expense of <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>, in countries like Poland, Turkey and Hungary. For example, in Poland, the President <a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%93present_Polish_constitutional_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2015–present Polish constitutional crisis">appointed 27 new Supreme Court judges</a> over legal objections from the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>. In Turkey, thousands of judges were removed from their positions following a <a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt">failed coup attempt</a> during a <a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%93present_purges_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="2016–present purges in Turkey">government crackdown</a> .<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_democratizing_or_autocratizing_substantially_and_significantly_2010%E2%80%932020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Countries_democratizing_or_autocratizing_substantially_and_significantly_2010%E2%80%932020.svg/220px-Countries_democratizing_or_autocratizing_substantially_and_significantly_2010%E2%80%932020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Countries_democratizing_or_autocratizing_substantially_and_significantly_2010%E2%80%932020.svg/330px-Countries_democratizing_or_autocratizing_substantially_and_significantly_2010%E2%80%932020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Countries_democratizing_or_autocratizing_substantially_and_significantly_2010%E2%80%932020.svg/440px-Countries_democratizing_or_autocratizing_substantially_and_significantly_2010%E2%80%932020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Countries autocratising (red) or democratising (blue) substantially and significantly (2010–2020). Countries in grey are substantially unchanged.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-149">[147]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">relevant?</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Democracy#This_map,_at_a_glance,_might_be_mistaken_for_countries_that_are_or_are_not_democracies_(like_all_other_maps)_as_opposed_to_trends" title="Talk:Democracy">discuss</a>]</figcaption></figure> "<a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Democratic backsliding</a>" in the 2010s were attributed to economic inequality and social discontent,<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> personalism,<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> poor government's management of the <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics">COVID-19 pandemic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> as well as other factors such as manipulation of civil society, "toxic polarization", foreign disinformation campaigns,<a href="#cite_note-2019VDem-154">[152]</a> racism and nativism, excessive executive power,<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> and decreased power of the opposition.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> Within English-speaking Western democracies, "protection-based" attitudes combining cultural conservatism and leftist economic attitudes were the strongest predictor of support for authoritarian modes of governance.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Theory">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_theory">Early theory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Early theory">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> contrasted rule by the many (democracy/<a href="/wiki/Timocracy" title="Timocracy">timocracy</a>), with rule by the few (<a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>), and with rule by a single person (<a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">tyranny</a> or today <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a>). He also thought that there was a good and a bad variant of each system (he considered democracy to be the degenerate counterpart to timocracy).<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> A common view among early and renaissance <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republican</a> theorists was that democracy could only survive in small political communities.<a href="#cite_note-:0-162">[160]</a> Heeding the lessons of the Roman Republic's shift to monarchism as it grew larger or smaller, these Republican theorists held that the expansion of territory and population inevitably led to tyranny.<a href="#cite_note-:0-162">[160]</a> Democracy was therefore highly fragile and rare historically, as it could only survive in small political units, which due to their size were vulnerable to conquest by larger political units.<a href="#cite_note-:0-162">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a> famously said, "if a republic is small, it is destroyed by an outside force; if it is large, it is destroyed by an internal vice."<a href="#cite_note-:0-162">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a> asserted, "It is, therefore the natural property of small states to be governed as a republic, of middling ones to be subject to a monarch, and of large empires to be swayed by a despotic prince."<a href="#cite_note-:0-162">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_theory">Contemporary theory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Contemporary theory">edit</a>]</div> Among modern political theorists, there are three contending conceptions of democracy: aggregative democracy, <a href="/wiki/Deliberative_democracy" title="Deliberative democracy">deliberative democracy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radical_democracy" title="Radical democracy">radical democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aggregative">Aggregative</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Aggregative">edit</a>]</div> The theory of aggregative democracy claims that the aim of the democratic processes is to solicit citizens' preferences and aggregate them together to determine what social policies society should adopt. Therefore, proponents of this view hold that democratic participation should primarily focus on <a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a>, where the policy with the most votes gets implemented. Different variants of aggregative democracy exist. Under minimalism, democracy is a system of government in which citizens have given teams of political leaders the right to rule in periodic elections. According to this minimalist conception, citizens cannot and should not "rule" because, for example, on most issues, most of the time, they have no clear views or their views are not well-founded. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> articulated this view most famously in his book Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> Contemporary proponents of minimalism include <a href="/wiki/William_H._Riker" title="William H. Riker">William H. Riker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Przeworski" title="Adam Przeworski">Adam Przeworski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Posner" title="Richard Posner">Richard Posner</a>. According to the theory of <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>, on the other hand, citizens should vote directly, not through their representatives, on legislative proposals. Proponents of direct democracy offer varied reasons to support this view. Political activity can be valuable in itself, it socialises and educates citizens, and popular participation can check powerful elites. Most importantly, citizens do not rule themselves unless they directly decide laws and policies. Governments will tend to produce laws and policies that are <a href="/wiki/Median_voter_theorem" title="Median voter theorem">close to the views of the median voter</a>—with half to their left and the other half to their right. This is not a desirable outcome as it represents the action of self-interested and somewhat unaccountable political elites competing for votes. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Downs" title="Anthony Downs">Anthony Downs</a> suggests that ideological political parties are necessary to act as a mediating broker between individual and governments. Downs laid out this view in his 1957 book An Economic Theory of Democracy.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Dahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. Dahl">Robert A. Dahl</a> argues that the fundamental democratic principle is that, when it comes to binding collective decisions, each person in a political community is entitled to have his/her interests be given equal consideration (not necessarily that all people are equally satisfied by the collective decision). He uses the term <a href="/wiki/Polyarchy" title="Polyarchy">polyarchy</a> to refer to societies in which there exists a certain set of institutions and procedures which are perceived as leading to such democracy. First and foremost among these institutions is the regular occurrence of free and open <a href="/wiki/Elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections">elections</a> which are used to select representatives who then manage all or most of the public policy of the society. However, these polyarchic procedures may not create a full democracy if, for example, poverty prevents political participation.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Ronald Dworkin</a> argues that "democracy is a substantive, not a merely procedural, ideal."<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deliberative">Deliberative</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Deliberative">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Deliberative_democracy" title="Deliberative democracy">Deliberative democracy</a> is based on the notion that democracy is government by <a href="/wiki/Deliberation" title="Deliberation">deliberation</a>. Unlike aggregative democracy, deliberative democracy holds that, for a democratic decision to be legitimate, it must be preceded by authentic deliberation, not merely the aggregation of preferences that occurs in voting. Authentic deliberation is deliberation among decision-makers that is free from distortions of unequal political power, such as power a decision-maker obtained through economic wealth or the support of interest groups.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> If the decision-makers cannot reach <a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">consensus</a> after authentically deliberating on a proposal, then they vote on the proposal using a form of majority rule. <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_assemblies" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizens' assemblies">Citizens assemblies</a> are considered by many scholars as practical examples of deliberative democracy,<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> with a recent <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> report identifying citizens assemblies as an increasingly popular mechanism to involve citizens in governmental decision-making.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radical">Radical</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Radical">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Radical_democracy" title="Radical democracy">Radical democracy</a> is based on the idea that there are hierarchical and oppressive power relations that exist in society. Democracy's role is to make visible and challenge those relations by allowing for difference, dissent and antagonisms in decision-making processes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurement_of_democracy">Measurement of democracy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Measurement of democracy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democracy_indices">Democracy indices</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Democracy indices">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Democracy indices</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Economist_Intelligence_Unit_Democracy_Index_2023.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Economist_Intelligence_Unit_Democracy_Index_2023.svg/400px-Economist_Intelligence_Unit_Democracy_Index_2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Economist_Intelligence_Unit_Democracy_Index_2023.svg/600px-Economist_Intelligence_Unit_Democracy_Index_2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Economist_Intelligence_Unit_Democracy_Index_2023.svg/800px-Economist_Intelligence_Unit_Democracy_Index_2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2751" data-file-height="1396" /></a><figcaption>The 2023 <a href="/wiki/The_Economist_Democracy_Index" title="The Economist Democracy Index">The Economist Democracy Index</a> map <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> Full democracies <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  9.00–10.00</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  8.00–8.99</div> </td> <td class="col-break"> Flawed democracies <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  7.00–7.99</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  6.00–6.99</div> </td> <td class="col-break"> <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid regimes">Hybrid regimes</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  5.00–5.99</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  4.00–4.99</div> </td> <td class="col-break"> <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian regimes">Authoritarian regimes</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  3.00–3.99</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  2.00–2.99</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  1.00–1.99</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0.00–0.99</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Democracy indices</a> are <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">quantitative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">comparative</a> assessments of the state of democracy<a href="#cite_note-Democracy_indices_Geissel_Kneuer_Lauth_2016_pp._571–579-175">[173]</a> for different countries according to various definitions of democracy.<a href="#cite_note-Democracy_indices_Greenwood_2022-176">[174]</a> The democracy indices differ in whether they are categorical, such as classifying countries into democracies, <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">hybrid regimes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Autocracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocracies">autocracies</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Democracy_indices_Dobratz_2015_p._47-177">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-Democracy_indices_Michie_2014_p._95-178">[176]</a> or continuous values.<a href="#cite_note-Democracy_indices_Our_World_in_Data_2022a-179">[177]</a> The qualitative nature of democracy indices enables data analytical approaches for studying <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causal</a> mechanisms of regime transformation processes. Democracy indices vary in their scope and the weight assigned to different aspects of democracy. These aspects include the breadth and strength of core democratic institutions, the competitiveness and inclusiveness of polyarchy, freedom of expression, governance quality, adherence to democratic norms, co-option of opposition, and other related factors, such as <a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform" title="Electoral reform">electoral system manipulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">electoral fraud</a>, and popular support of anti-democratic alternatives.<a href="#cite_note-Democracy_indices_Our_World_in_Data_2022-180">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Democracy_indices_Freedom_House-181">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V-Dem_Electoral_Democracy_Index_2023.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/V-Dem_Electoral_Democracy_Index_2023.svg/330px-V-Dem_Electoral_Democracy_Index_2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/V-Dem_Electoral_Democracy_Index_2023.svg/495px-V-Dem_Electoral_Democracy_Index_2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/V-Dem_Electoral_Democracy_Index_2023.svg/660px-V-Dem_Electoral_Democracy_Index_2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6224" data-file-height="3836" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_Indices" title="V-Dem Democracy Indices">V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index</a> map for 2023<a href="#cite_note-vdem_report-183">[181]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0.900–1.000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0.800–0.899</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0.700–0.799</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0.600–0.699</div> </td> <td class="col-break"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0.500–0.599</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0.400–0.499</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0.300–0.399</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0.200–0.299</div> </td> <td class="col-break"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0.100–0.199</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0.000–0.099</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  No data</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Difficulties_in_measuring_democracy">Difficulties in measuring democracy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Difficulties in measuring democracy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices#Difficulties_in_measuring_democracy" title="Democracy indices">Democracy indices § Difficulties in measuring democracy</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><div class="excerpt"> Democracy is a multifaceted concept encompassing the functioning of diverse institutions, many of which are challenging to measure. As a result, limitations arise in quantifying and econometrically analyzing democracy's potential effects or its relationships with other phenomena, such as inequality, poverty, and education. etc.<a href="#cite_note-Democracy_indices_krauss-184">[182]</a> Given the challenges of obtaining reliable data on within-country variations in aspects of democracy, much of the academic focus has been on cross-country comparisons. However, significant variations in democratic institutions can exist within individual countries, highlighting the limitations of such an approach. Another dimension of the difficulty in measuring democracy lies in the ongoing debate between minimalist and maximalist definitions of democracy. A minimalist conception of democracy defines democracy by primarily considering the essence of democracy; such as electoral procedures.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> A maximalist definition of democracy can include outcomes, such as economic or administrative efficiency, into measures of democracy.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> Some aspects of democracy, such as responsiveness<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">accountability</a>, are generally not included in democracy indices due to the difficulty measuring these aspects. Other aspects, such as <a href="/wiki/Judicial_independence#Judicial_independence_metrics" title="Judicial independence">judicial independence</a> or quality of the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">electoral system</a>, are included in some democracy indices but not in others.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_governmental_democracies">Types of governmental democracies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Types of governmental democracies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Types of democracy</a></div> Democracy has taken a number of forms, both in theory and practice. Some varieties of democracy provide better representation and more freedom for their citizens than others.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> However, if any democracy is not structured to prohibit the government from excluding the people from the legislative process, or any branch of government from altering the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a> in its favour, then a branch of the system can accumulate too much power and destroy the democracy.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forms_of_government.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Forms_of_government.svg/550px-Forms_of_government.svg.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Forms_of_government.svg/825px-Forms_of_government.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Forms_of_government.svg/1100px-Forms_of_government.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>World's states coloured by systems of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>: <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary systems</a>: Head of government is elected or nominated by and accountable to the legislature <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</a> with a ceremonial monarch</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary republic</a> with a ceremonial president</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government#Parliamentary_republics_with_an_executive_president" title="List of countries by system of government">Parliamentary republic with an executive president</a></div> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential system</a>: Head of government (president) is popularly elected and independent of the legislature <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Presidential republic</div> <hr /> Hybrid systems: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">Semi-presidential republic</a>: Executive president is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government#Assembly-independent_republics" title="List of countries by system of government">Assembly-independent republic</a>: Head of government (president or directory) is elected by the legislature, but is not accountable to it</div> <hr /> Other systems: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocratic</a> republic: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a> holds significant executive and legislative power</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Semi-constitutional monarchy</a>: Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a>: Monarch has unlimited power</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a>: Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">Military junta</a>: Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">Provisional government</a>: No constitutionally defined basis to current regime</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Dependent territories or places without governments</div> <hr /> Note: this chart represents the <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> systems of government, not the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> degree of democracy. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:right;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Systems_of_government" title="Template:Systems of government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Systems_of_government" title="Template talk:Systems of government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Systems_of_government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Systems of government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></figcaption></figure> The following kinds of democracy are not exclusive of one another: many specify details of aspects that are independent of one another and can co-exist in a single system. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_forms">Basic forms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Basic forms">edit</a>]</div> Several variants of democracy exist, but there are two basic forms, both of which concern how the whole body of all eligible citizens executes its will. One form of democracy is <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>, in which all eligible citizens have active participation in the political decision making, for example voting on policy initiatives directly.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> In most modern democracies, the whole body of eligible citizens remain the sovereign power but political power is exercised indirectly through elected representatives; this is called a <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Direct">Direct</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Direct">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landsgemeinde_Glarus,_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Landsgemeinde_Glarus%2C_2009.jpg/220px-Landsgemeinde_Glarus%2C_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Landsgemeinde_Glarus%2C_2009.jpg/330px-Landsgemeinde_Glarus%2C_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Landsgemeinde_Glarus%2C_2009.jpg/440px-Landsgemeinde_Glarus%2C_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Landsgemeinde" title="Landsgemeinde">Landsgemeinde</a> (in 2009) of the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">canton of Glarus</a>, an example of direct democracy in Switzerland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swiss_voting_material.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Swiss_voting_material.jpg/220px-Swiss_voting_material.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Swiss_voting_material.jpg/330px-Swiss_voting_material.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Swiss_voting_material.jpg/440px-Swiss_voting_material.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2792" data-file-height="1832" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Voting_in_Switzerland" title="Voting in Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, without needing to register, every citizen receives <a href="/wiki/Ballot_papers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot papers">ballot papers</a> and information brochures for each vote (and can send it back by post). Switzerland has a <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a> system and votes (and elections) are organised about four times a year; here, to <a href="/wiki/Bern#Politics" title="Bern">Berne</a>'s citizen in November 2008 about 5 national, 2 cantonal, 4 municipal referendums, and 2 elections (government and parliament of the City of Berne) to take care of at the same time.</figcaption></figure> Direct democracy is a political system where the citizens participate in the decision-making personally, contrary to relying on intermediaries or representatives. A direct democracy gives the voting population the power to: <ul><li>Change constitutional laws,</li> <li>Put forth <a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">initiatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendums</a> and suggestions for laws</li></ul> Within modern-day representative governments, certain electoral tools like referendums, citizens' initiatives and <a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">recall elections</a> are referred to as forms of direct democracy.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> However, some advocates of direct democracy argue for local assemblies of face-to-face discussion. Direct democracy as a government system currently exists in the <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Appenzell_Innerrhoden" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden">Appenzell Innerrhoden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">Glarus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Golay-195">[193]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Rebel_Zapatista_Autonomous_Municipalities" title="Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities">Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities</a>,<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> communities affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/CIPO-RFM" class="mw-redirect" title="CIPO-RFM">CIPO-RFM</a>,<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivian</a> city councils of <a href="/wiki/Fejuve" class="mw-redirect" title="Fejuve">FEJUVE</a>,<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> and Kurdish cantons of <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Rojava</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Semi-direct">Semi-direct</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Semi-direct">edit</a>]</div> Some modern democracies that are predominantly representative in nature also heavily rely upon forms of political action that are directly democratic. These democracies, which combine elements of representative democracy and direct democracy, are termed semi-direct democracies or participatory democracies. Examples include Switzerland and some <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a>, where frequent use is made of <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Initiatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Initiatives">initiatives</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss confederation">Swiss confederation</a> is a semi-direct democracy.<a href="#cite_note-Golay-195">[193]</a> At the federal level, citizens can propose changes to the constitution (<a href="/wiki/Federal_popular_initiative" title="Federal popular initiative">federal popular initiative</a>) or ask for a <a href="/wiki/Optional_referendum" title="Optional referendum">referendum</a> to be held on any law voted by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Golay-195">[193]</a> Between January 1995 and June 2005, Swiss citizens voted 31 times, to answer 103 questions (during the same period, French citizens participated in only two referendums).<a href="#cite_note-Golay-195">[193]</a> Although in the past 120 years less than 250 initiatives have been put to referendum.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> Examples include the extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendums</a> in the US state of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, which is a state that has more than 20 million voters.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> In <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">town meetings</a> are often used, especially in rural areas, to manage local government. This creates a hybrid form of government, with a local <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a> and a representative state government. For example, most <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> towns hold annual town meetings in March in which town officers are elected, budgets for the town and schools are voted on, and citizens have the opportunity to speak and be heard on political matters.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Lot_system">Lot system</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Lot system">edit</a>]</div> The use of a lot system, a characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democracy</a>, is a feature of some versions of direct democracies. In this system, important governmental and administrative tasks are performed by citizens picked from a lottery.<a href="#cite_note-Manin_1997-203">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Representative">Representative</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Representative">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative democracy</a></div> Representative democracy involves the election of government officials by the people being represented. If the head of state is also <a href="/wiki/Democratically_elected_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratically elected government">democratically elected</a> then it is called a democratic <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> The most common mechanisms involve election of the candidate with a majority or a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_(voting)" title="Plurality (voting)">plurality</a> of the votes. Most western countries have representative systems.<a href="#cite_note-Golay-195">[193]</a> Representatives may be elected or become diplomatic representatives by a particular district (or <a href="/wiki/Constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency">constituency</a>), or represent the entire electorate through <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional</a> systems, with some using a combination of the two. Some representative democracies also incorporate elements of direct democracy, such as <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendums</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:212-205">[203]</a> A characteristic of representative democracy is that while the representatives are elected by the people to act in the people's interest, they retain the freedom to exercise their own judgement as how best to do so. Such reasons have driven criticism upon representative democracy,<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> pointing out the contradictions of representation mechanisms with democracy<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Parliamentary">Parliamentary</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Parliamentary">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houses.of.parliament.overall.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Houses.of.parliament.overall.arp.jpg/220px-Houses.of.parliament.overall.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Houses.of.parliament.overall.arp.jpg/330px-Houses.of.parliament.overall.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Houses.of.parliament.overall.arp.jpg/440px-Houses.of.parliament.overall.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1351" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, United Kingdom. The <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a> originates from the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">British Houses of Parliament</a>.</figcaption></figure> Parliamentary democracy is a representative democracy where government is appointed by or can be dismissed by, representatives as opposed to a "presidential rule" wherein the president is both head of state and the head of government and is elected by the voters. Under a parliamentary democracy, government is exercised by delegation to an executive ministry and subject to ongoing review, checks and balances by the legislative parliament elected by the people.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> In a parliamentary system, the prime minister may be dismissed by the legislature at any point in time for not meeting the expectations of the legislature. This is done through a vote of no confidence where the legislature decides whether or not to remove the prime minister from office with majority support for dismissal.<a href="#cite_note-O'Neil,_Patrick_H_2010-214">[212]</a> In some countries, the prime minister can also call an election at any point in time, typically when the prime minister believes that they are in good favour with the public as to get re-elected. In other parliamentary democracies, extra elections are virtually never held, a minority government being preferred until the next ordinary elections. An important feature of the parliamentary democracy is the concept of the "<a href="/wiki/Loyal_opposition" title="Loyal opposition">loyal opposition</a>". The essence of the concept is that the second largest political party (or opposition) opposes the governing party (or coalition), while still remaining loyal to the state and its democratic principles. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Presidential">Presidential</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Presidential">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential system</a></div> Presidential democracy is a system where the public elects the president through an election. The president serves as both the head of state and head of government controlling most of the executive powers. The president serves for a specific term and cannot exceed that amount of time. The legislature often has limited ability to remove a president from office. Elections typically have a fixed date and are not easily changed. The president has direct control over the cabinet, specifically appointing the cabinet members.<a href="#cite_note-O'Neil,_Patrick_H_2010-214">[212]</a> The executive usually has the responsibility to execute or implement legislation and may have the limited legislative powers, such as a veto. However, a legislative branch passes legislation and budgets. This provides some measure of <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>. In consequence, however, the president and the legislature may end up in the control of separate parties, allowing one to block the other and thereby interfere with the orderly operation of the state. This may be the reason why presidential democracy is not very common outside the Americas, Africa, and Central and Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-O'Neil,_Patrick_H_2010-214">[212]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential system</a> is a system of democracy in which the government includes both a prime minister and a president. The particular powers held by the prime minister and president vary by country.<a href="#cite_note-O'Neil,_Patrick_H_2010-214">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typology">Typology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Typology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Constitutional_monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Constitutional monarchy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/170px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/255px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/340px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="1025" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>, a constitutional monarch</figcaption></figure> Many countries such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian countries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> turned powerful monarchs into constitutional monarchs (often gradually) with limited or symbolic roles. For example, in the predecessor states to the United Kingdom, constitutional monarchy began to emerge and has continued uninterrupted since the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1688 and passage of the <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights 1689</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kopstein2014-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-refNARoP-89">[89]</a> Strongly limited constitutional monarchies, such as the United Kingdom, have been referred to as <a href="/wiki/Crowned_republic" title="Crowned republic">crowned republics</a> by writers such as <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> In other countries, the monarchy was abolished along with the aristocratic system (as in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>). An elected person, with or without significant powers, became the head of state in these countries. Elite upper houses of legislatures, which often had lifetime or hereditary tenure, were common in many states. Over time, these either had their powers limited (as with the British <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>) or else became elective and remained powerful (as with the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Australian Senate</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Republic">Republic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Republic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></div> The term <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> has many different meanings, but today often refers to a representative democracy with an elected <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, such as a <a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">president</a>, serving for a limited term, in contrast to states with a hereditary <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a> as a head of state, even if these states also are representative democracies with an elected or appointed <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> such as a <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">prime minister</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a> often criticised <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>, which in their view often came without the protection of a constitution enshrining inalienable rights; <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> argued, especially in <a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._10" title="Federalist No. 10">The Federalist No. 10</a>, that what distinguished a direct democracy from a republic was that the former became weaker as it got larger and suffered more violently from the effects of faction, whereas a republic could get stronger as it got larger and combats faction by its very structure.<a href="#cite_note-Federalist10-217">[215]</a> Professors Richard Ellis of <a href="/wiki/Willamette_University" title="Willamette University">Willamette University</a> and Michael Nelson of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_College" title="Rhodes College">Rhodes College</a> argue that much constitutional thought, from Madison to Lincoln and beyond, has focused on "the problem of majority tyranny". They conclude, "The principles of republican government embedded in the Constitution represent an effort by the framers to ensure that the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness would not be trampled by majorities."<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> What was critical to American values, <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> insisted,<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> was that the government be "bound by fixed laws, which the people have a voice in making, and a right to defend." As Benjamin Franklin was exiting after writing the US Constitution, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Willing_Powel" title="Elizabeth Willing Powel">Elizabeth Willing Powel</a><a href="#cite_note-Brockell-220">[218]</a> asked him "Well, Doctor, what have we got—a republic or a monarchy?". He replied "A republic—if you can keep it."<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liberal">Liberal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Liberal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></div> A liberal democracy is a representative democracy which enshrines a <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a>, where the ability of the elected representatives to exercise decision-making power is subject to the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>, moderated by a constitution or laws that such as the protection of the rights and freedoms of individuals, and constrained on the extent to which the will of the majority can be exercised against the rights of minorities.<a href="#cite_note-He_2022_pp._111–139-222">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Socialist">Socialist</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Socialist">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">Socialist democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialist</a> thought has several different views on democracy. <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a> are some examples. Many democratic socialists and social democrats believe in a form of <a href="/wiki/Participatory_democracy" title="Participatory democracy">participatory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">industrial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">economic</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">workplace democracy</a> combined with a <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Trotskyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyist">Trotskyist</a> groups have interpreted socialist democracy to be synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Multi-party" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-party">multi-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">socialist</a> representation, <a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">autonomous union organizations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worker%27s_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Worker's control">worker's control of production</a>,<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> internal party democracy and the <a href="/wiki/Worker_self-management" class="mw-redirect" title="Worker self-management">mass participation of the working masses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pathfinder_Press-225">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marxist">Marxist</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Marxist">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Marxism" title="Democracy in Marxism">Democracy in Marxism</a></div> Within <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Marxist_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy in Marxist theory">Marxist orthodoxy</a> there is a hostility to what is commonly called "liberal democracy", which is referred to as parliamentary democracy because of its centralised nature. Because of orthodox Marxists' desire to eliminate the political elitism they see in capitalism, <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyists</a> believe in direct democracy implemented through a system of communes (which are sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviets</a>). This system can begin with workplace democracy and ultimately manifests itself as <a href="/wiki/Council_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Council democracy">council democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kazuko_2014-226">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anarchist">Anarchist</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Anarchist">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchists</a> are split in this domain, depending on whether they believe that a <a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">majority-rule is tyrannic or not</a>. To many anarchists, the only form of democracy considered acceptable is direct democracy. <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> argued that the only acceptable form of direct democracy is one in which it is recognised that majority decisions are not binding on the minority, even when unanimous.<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communist">anarcho-communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a> criticised <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist anarchists">individualist anarchists</a> for opposing democracy,<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> and says "majority rule" is consistent with anarchism.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> Some anarcho-communists oppose the majoritarian nature of direct democracy, feeling that it can impede individual liberty and opt-in favour of a non-majoritarian form of <a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">consensus democracy</a>, similar to Proudhon's position on direct democracy.<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sortition">Sortition</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Sortition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">Sortition</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">Sortition</a> is the process of choosing decision-making bodies via a random selection. These bodies can be more representative of the opinions and interests of the people at large than an elected legislature or other decision-maker. The technique was in widespread use in <a href="/wiki/Athenian_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian Democracy">Athenian Democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Renaissance Florence</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> and is still used in modern <a href="/wiki/Jury_selection" title="Jury selection">jury selection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_assembly" title="Citizens' assembly">citizens' assemblies</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consociational">Consociational</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Consociational">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Consociational_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Consociational democracy">Consociational democracy</a></div> Consociational democracy, also called <a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">consociationalism</a>, is a form of democracy based on power-sharing formula between elites representing the social groups within the society. In 1969, Arendt Lijphart argued this would stabilize democracies with factions.<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> A consociational democracy allows for simultaneous majority votes in two or more ethno-religious constituencies, and policies are enacted only if they gain majority support from both or all of them. The <a href="/wiki/Qualified_majority_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualified majority voting">Qualified majority voting</a> rule in <a href="/wiki/European_Council_of_Ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="European Council of Ministers">European Council of Ministers</a> is a consociational democracy approach for supranational democracies. This system in <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Treaty of Rome</a> allocates votes to member states in part according to their population, but heavily weighted in favour of the smaller states. A consociational democracy requires consensus of representatives, while consensus democracy requires consensus of electorate.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consensus">Consensus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Consensus">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">Consensus democracy</a></div> Consensus democracy<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> requires <a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">consensus decision-making</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">supermajority</a> to obtain a larger support than <a href="/wiki/Majority" title="Majority">majority</a>. In contrast, in <a href="/wiki/Majoritarian_democracy" title="Majoritarian democracy">majoritarian democracy</a> minority opinions can potentially be ignored by vote-winning majorities.<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitutions</a> typically require consensus or supermajorities.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethnic">Ethnic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Ethnic">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_democracy" title="Ethnic democracy">Ethnic democracy</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_democracy&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> The term <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_democracy" title="Ethnic democracy">ethnic democracy</a>, as used by some <a href="/wiki/Political_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political scientist">political scientists</a>, purports to describe a governance system that combines a structured ethnic dominance with democratic, political and civil rights for all. Both the dominant <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a>—typically an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_majority" title="Ethnic majority">ethnic majority</a>—and the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minority" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minority">minority ethnic groups</a> have citizenship and are able to fully participate in the political process. However, critics of the "ethnic democracy" model argue it is a contradiction in terms, and thus conceptually inadequate or confusing; these critics allege that purported ethnic democracies, most notably <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, are not democratic at all, or are at best a sort of <a href="/wiki/Semi-democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-democracy">semi-democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ethnic_democracy_smooha-237">[235]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inclusive">Inclusive</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Inclusive">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inclusive_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive democracy">Inclusive democracy</a></div> Inclusive democracy is a political theory and political project that aims for <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a> in all fields of social life: political democracy in the form of face-to-face assemblies which are confederated, <a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">economic democracy</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">stateless</a>, moneyless and marketless economy, democracy in the social realm, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">self-management</a> in places of work and education, and ecological democracy which aims to reintegrate society and nature. The theoretical project of inclusive democracy emerged from the work of political philosopher <a href="/wiki/Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Takis Fotopoulos</a> in "Towards An Inclusive Democracy" and was further developed in the journal <a href="/wiki/Democracy_%26_Nature" title="Democracy & Nature">Democracy & Nature</a> and its successor The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy.<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Participatory">Participatory</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Participatory">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></div> A <a href="/wiki/Parpolity" class="mw-redirect" title="Parpolity">parpolity</a> or participatory polity is a theoretical form of democracy that is ruled by a <a href="/wiki/Parpolity" class="mw-redirect" title="Parpolity">nested council</a> structure. The guiding philosophy is that people should have decision-making power in proportion to how much they are affected by the decision. Local councils of 25–50 people are completely autonomous on issues that affect only them, and these councils send delegates to higher level councils who are again autonomous regarding issues that affect only the population affected by that council. A council court of randomly chosen citizens serves as a check on the <a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">tyranny of the majority</a>, and rules on which body gets to vote on which issue. Delegates may vote differently from how their sending council might wish but are mandated to communicate the wishes of their sending council. Delegates are recallable at any time. Referendums are possible at any time via votes of lower-level councils, however, not everything is a referendum as this is most likely a waste of time. A parpolity is meant to work in tandem with a <a href="/wiki/Participatory_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory economy">participatory economy</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious">Religious</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Religious">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Religious_democracy" title="Religious democracy">Religious democracy</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_democracy&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Religious_democracy" title="Religious democracy">Religious democracy</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> is a form of democracy where the values of a particular religion or <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> are preferred. The term applies to all democratic countries in which religion is incorporated into the form of government.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cosmopolitan">Cosmopolitan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Cosmopolitan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_democracy" title="Cosmopolitan democracy">Cosmopolitan democracy</a></div> Cosmopolitan democracy, also known as global democracy or world federalism, is a political system in which democracy is implemented on a global scale, either directly or through representatives. An important justification for this kind of system is that the decisions made in national or regional democracies often affect people outside the constituency who, by definition, cannot vote. By contrast, in a cosmopolitan democracy, the people who are affected by decisions also have a say in them.<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> According to its supporters, any attempt to solve global problems is undemocratic without some form of cosmopolitan democracy. The general principle of cosmopolitan democracy is to expand some or all of the values and norms of democracy, including the rule of law; the non-violent resolution of conflicts; and equality among citizens, beyond the limits of the state. To be fully implemented, this would require reforming existing <a href="/wiki/International_organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="International organisations">international organisations</a>, e.g., the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, as well as the creation of new institutions such as a <a href="/wiki/World_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="World Parliament">World Parliament</a>, which ideally would enhance public control over, and accountability in, international politics. Cosmopolitan democracy has been promoted, among others, by physicist Albert Einstein,<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> writer Kurt Vonnegut, columnist <a href="/wiki/George_Monbiot" title="George Monbiot">George Monbiot</a>, and professors <a href="/wiki/David_Held" title="David Held">David Held</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniele_Archibugi" title="Daniele Archibugi">Daniele Archibugi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> The creation of the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> in 2003 was seen as a major step forward by many supporters of this type of cosmopolitan democracy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Creative">Creative</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Creative">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Creative_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative democracy">Creative democracy</a></div> Creative democracy is advocated by American philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a>. The main idea about creative democracy is that democracy encourages individual capacity building and the interaction among the society. Dewey argues that democracy is a way of life in his work of "Creative Democracy: The Task Before Us"<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> and an experience built on faith in human nature, faith in human beings, and faith in working with others. Democracy, in Dewey's view, is a <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">moral ideal</a> requiring actual effort and work by people; it is not an institutional concept that exists outside of ourselves. "The task of democracy", Dewey concludes, "is forever that of creation of a freer and more humane experience in which all share and to which all contribute". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guided">Guided</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Guided">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Democracy_claims.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Democracy_claims.svg/310px-Democracy_claims.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Democracy_claims.svg/465px-Democracy_claims.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Democracy_claims.svg/620px-Democracy_claims.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Green: countries that claim to be a democracy Red: countries that do not claim to be democratic (only <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a> do not claim to be democratic as of 2022)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</figcaption></figure> Guided democracy is a form of democracy that incorporates regular popular elections, but which often carefully "guides" the choices offered to the electorate in a manner that may reduce the ability of the electorate to truly determine the type of government exercised over them. Such democracies typically have only one central authority which is often not subject to meaningful public review by any other governmental authority. Russian-style democracy has often been referred to as a "guided democracy".<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a> Russian politicians have referred to their government as having only one center of power/ authority, as opposed to most other forms of democracy which usually attempt to incorporate two or more naturally competing sources of authority within the same government.<a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-governmental_democracy">Non-governmental democracy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Non-governmental democracy">edit</a>]</div> Aside from the public sphere, similar democratic principles and mechanisms of voting and representation have been used to govern other kinds of groups. Many <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental organisation">non-governmental organisations</a> decide policy and leadership by voting. Most <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperatives</a> are governed by democratic elections. <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporations</a> are ultimately governed by their <a href="/wiki/Shareholder" title="Shareholder">shareholders</a> through <a href="/wiki/Shareholder_democracy" title="Shareholder democracy">shareholder democracy</a>. Corporations may also employ systems such as <a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">workplace democracy</a> to handle internal governance. <a href="/wiki/Amitai_Etzioni" title="Amitai Etzioni">Amitai Etzioni</a> has postulated a system that fuses elements of democracy with <a href="/wiki/Sharia_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharia law">sharia law</a>, termed Islamic democracy or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Islamocracy" class="extiw" title="wikt:Islamocracy">Islamocracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> There is also a growing number of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">Democratic educational</a> institutions such as <a href="/wiki/Sudbury_school" title="Sudbury school">Sudbury schools</a> that are co-governed by students and staff. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shareholder_democracy">Shareholder democracy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Shareholder democracy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shareholder_democracy" title="Shareholder democracy">Shareholder democracy</a></div> Shareholder democracy is a concept relating to the governance of corporations by their shareholders. In the United States, shareholders are typically granted voting rights according to the <a href="/wiki/One_share,_one_vote" title="One share, one vote">one share, one vote</a> principle. Shareholders may vote annually to elect the company's <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a>, who themselves may choose the company's <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">executives</a>. The shareholder democracy framework may be inaccurate for companies which have different <a href="/wiki/Share_class" title="Share class">classes of stock</a> that further alter the distribution of voting rights. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Justification">Justification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Justification">edit</a>]</div> Several justifications for democracy have been postulated.<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legitimacy">Legitimacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Legitimacy">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract theory</a> argues that the <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy (political)">legitimacy of government</a> is based on <a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">consent of the governed</a>, i.e. an election, and that political decisions must reflect the <a href="/wiki/General_will" title="General will">general will</a>. Some proponents of the theory like <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> advocate for a <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a> on this basis.<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Better_decision-making">Better decision-making</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Better decision-making">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Condorcet%27s_jury_theorem" title="Condorcet's jury theorem">Condorcet's jury theorem</a> is logical proof that if each decision-maker has a better than chance probability of making the right decision, then having the largest number of decision-makers, i.e. a democracy, will result in the best decisions. This has also been argued by theories of <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_the_crowd" title="Wisdom of the crowd">the wisdom of the crowd</a>. Democracy tends to improve <a href="/wiki/Conflict_resolution" title="Conflict resolution">conflict resolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_success">Economic success</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Economic success">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_economic_growth" title="Democracy and economic growth">Democracy and economic growth</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Why_Nations_Fail" title="Why Nations Fail">Why Nations Fail</a>, economists <a href="/wiki/Daron_Acemoglu" title="Daron Acemoglu">Daron Acemoglu</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_A._Robinson_(economist)" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Robinson (economist)">James A. Robinson</a> argue that democracies are more economically successful because undemocratic political systems tend to limit markets and favor <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopolies</a> at the expense of the <a href="/wiki/Creative_destruction" title="Creative destruction">creative destruction</a> which is necessary for sustained <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>. A 2019 study by Acemoglu and others estimated that countries switching to democratic from authoritarian rule had on average a 20% higher GDP after 25 years than if they had remained authoritarian. The study examined 122 transitions to democracy and 71 transitions to authoritarian rule, occurring from 1960 to 2010.<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> Acemoglu said this was because democracies tended to invest more in health care and human capital, and reduce special treatment of regime allies.<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a> A 2023 study analyzed the long-term effects of democracy on economic prosperity using new data on GDP per capita and democracy for a dataset between 1789 and 2019. The results indicate that democracy substantially increases economic development.<a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Democratic_transitions">Democratic transitions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Democratic transitions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Number_of_countries_experiencing_autocratization_and_democratization,_1900%E2%80%932000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Number_of_countries_experiencing_autocratization_and_democratization%2C_1900%E2%80%932000.jpg/330px-Number_of_countries_experiencing_autocratization_and_democratization%2C_1900%E2%80%932000.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Number_of_countries_experiencing_autocratization_and_democratization%2C_1900%E2%80%932000.jpg/495px-Number_of_countries_experiencing_autocratization_and_democratization%2C_1900%E2%80%932000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Number_of_countries_experiencing_autocratization_and_democratization%2C_1900%E2%80%932000.jpg/660px-Number_of_countries_experiencing_autocratization_and_democratization%2C_1900%E2%80%932000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption>Since <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding_by_country" title="Democratic backsliding by country">number of countries autocratizing</a> (blue) is higher than those <a href="/wiki/Democratizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratizing">democratizing</a> (yellow).</figcaption></figure> A democratic transition describes a phase in a country's <a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">political system</a>, often created as a result of an incomplete change from an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> regime to a democratic one (or vice versa).<a href="#cite_note-Arugay_2021_pp._1–7-258">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-Munck_2001_pp._3425–3428-259">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratization">Democratization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Democratization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a>, or democratisation, is the structural government transition from an <a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">authoritarian government to a more democratic</a> political <a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">regime</a>, including substantive political changes moving in a democratic direction.<a href="#cite_note-Democratization_Arugay_2021_pp._1–7-260">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a></div></div> Several philosophers and researchers have outlined historical and social factors seen as supporting the evolution of democracy. Other commentators have mentioned the influence of economic development.<a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a> In a related theory, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Inglehart" title="Ronald Inglehart">Ronald Inglehart</a> suggests that improved living-standards in modern developed countries can convince people that they can take their basic survival for granted, leading to increased emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Self-expression_values" title="Self-expression values">self-expression values</a>, which correlates closely with democracy.<a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> Douglas M. Gibler and Andrew Owsiak in their study argued about the importance of peace and stable borders for the development of democracy. It has often been assumed that <a href="/wiki/Democratic_peace_theory" title="Democratic peace theory">democracy causes peace</a>, but this study shows that, historically, peace has almost always predated the establishment of democracy.<a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carroll_Quigley" title="Carroll Quigley">Carroll Quigley</a> concludes that the characteristics of weapons are the main predictor of democracy:<a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a> Democracy—this scenario—tends to emerge only when the best weapons available are easy for individuals to obtain and use.<a href="#cite_note-Quigley1983-38-268">[266]</a> By the 1800s, guns were the best personal weapons available, and in the United States of America (already nominally democratic), almost everyone could afford to buy a gun, and could learn how to use it fairly easily. Governments could not do any better: it became the age of mass armies of citizen soldiers with guns.<a href="#cite_note-Quigley1983-38-268">[266]</a> Similarly, Periclean Greece was an age of the citizen soldier and democracy.<a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a> Other theories stressed the relevance of <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Human_capital" title="Human capital">human capital</a>—and within them of <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">cognitive ability</a> to increasing tolerance, rationality, political literacy and participation. Two effects of education and cognitive ability are distinguished:<a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>]<a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> <ul><li>a cognitive effect (competence to make rational choices, better information-processing)</li> <li>an ethical effect (support of democratic values, freedom, human rights etc.), which itself depends on intelligence.</li></ul> Evidence consistent with conventional theories of why democracy emerges and is sustained has been hard to come by. Statistical analyses have challenged <a href="/wiki/Modernisation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernisation theory">modernisation theory</a> by demonstrating that there is no reliable evidence for the claim that democracy is more likely to emerge when countries become wealthier, more educated, or less unequal.<a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a> In fact, empirical evidence shows that economic growth and education may not lead to increased demand for democratization as modernization theory suggests: historically, most countries attained high levels of access to primary education well before transitioning to democracy.<a href="#cite_note-Paglayan_179–198-274">[272]</a> Rather than acting as a catalyst for democratization, in some situations education provision may instead be used by non-democratic regimes to indoctrinate their subjects and strengthen their power.<a href="#cite_note-Paglayan_179–198-274">[272]</a> The assumed link between education and economic growth is called into question when analyzing empirical evidence. Across different countries, the correlation between education attainment and math test scores is very weak (.07). A similarly weak relationship exists between per-pupil expenditures and math competency (.26). Additionally, historical evidence suggests that average human capital (measured using literacy rates) of the masses does not explain the onset of industrialization in France from 1750 to 1850 despite arguments to the contrary.<a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a> Together, these findings show that education does not always promote human capital and economic growth as is generally argued to be the case. Instead, the evidence implies that education provision often falls short of its expressed goals, or, alternatively, that political actors use education to promote goals other than economic growth and development. Some scholars have searched for the "deep" determinants of contemporary political institutions, be they geographical or demographic.<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a> An example of this is the disease environment. Places with different mortality rates had different populations and productivity levels around the world. For example, in Africa, the <a href="/wiki/Tsetse_fly" title="Tsetse fly">tsetse fly</a>—which afflicts humans and livestock—reduced the ability of Africans to plough the land. This made Africa less settled. As a consequence, political power was less concentrated.<a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a> This also affected the colonial institutions European countries established in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a> Whether colonial settlers could live or not in a place made them develop different institutions which led to different economic and social paths. This also affected the distribution of power and the collective actions people could take. As a result, some African countries ended up having democracies and others <a href="/wiki/Autocracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocracies">autocracies</a>. An example of geographical determinants for democracy is having access to coastal areas and rivers. This natural endowment has a positive relation with economic development thanks to the benefits of <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a> Trade brought economic development, which in turn, broadened power. Rulers wanting to increase revenues had to protect property-rights to create incentives for people to invest. As more people had more power, more concessions had to be made by the ruler and in many[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">quantify</a>] places this process lead to democracy. These determinants defined the structure of the society moving the balance of political power.<a href="#cite_note-281">[279]</a> Robert Michels asserts that although democracy can never be fully realised, democracy may be developed automatically in the act of striving for democracy: <blockquote>The peasant in the fable, when on his deathbed, tells his sons that a treasure is buried in the field. After the old man's death the sons dig everywhere in order to discover the treasure. They do not find it. But their indefatigable labor improves the soil and secures for them a comparative well-being. The treasure in the fable may well symbolise democracy.<a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a></blockquote> Democracy in modern times has almost always faced opposition from the previously existing government, and many times it has faced opposition from social elites. The implementation of a democratic government from a non-democratic state is typically brought by peaceful or violent <a href="/wiki/Democratic_revolution" title="Democratic revolution">democratic revolution</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autocratization">Autocratization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Autocratization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding_by_country" title="Democratic backsliding by country">Democratic backsliding by country</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Putin%27s_speech_on_Crocus_City_Hall_attack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Putin%27s_speech_on_Crocus_City_Hall_attack.jpg/220px-Putin%27s_speech_on_Crocus_City_Hall_attack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Putin%27s_speech_on_Crocus_City_Hall_attack.jpg/330px-Putin%27s_speech_on_Crocus_City_Hall_attack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Putin%27s_speech_on_Crocus_City_Hall_attack.jpg/440px-Putin%27s_speech_on_Crocus_City_Hall_attack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Russia_under_Vladimir_Putin" title="Russia under Vladimir Putin">Russia under Vladimir Putin</a> has turned into an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> state</figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><div class="excerpt"> Democratic backsliding<a href="#cite_note-289">[a]</a> is a process of <a href="/wiki/Regime_change" title="Regime change">regime change</a> toward <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a> in which the exercise of political power becomes more arbitrary and <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">repressive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-290">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-Democratic_backsliding_Skaaning-291">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[289]</a> The process typically restricts the space for <a href="/wiki/Public_sphere" title="Public sphere">public contest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_participation" class="mw-redirect" title="Political participation">political participation</a> in the process of government selection.<a href="#cite_note-293">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-Democratic_backsliding_Lust-E-2018-294">[291]</a> Democratic decline involves the weakening of democratic institutions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power" title="Peaceful transition of power">peaceful transition of power</a> or <a href="/wiki/Free_and_fair_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and fair elections">free and fair elections</a>, or the violation of individual rights that underpin democracies, especially <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-295">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-Democratic_backsliding_Rocha_Menocal_29–40-296">[293]</a> Democratic backsliding is the opposite of <a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">democratization</a>.</div></div> <a href="/wiki/Steven_Levitsky" title="Steven Levitsky">Steven Levitsky</a> says: “It's not up to voters to defend a democracy. That’s asking far, far too much of voters, to cast their ballot on the basis of some set of abstract principles or procedures. With the exception of a handful of cases, voters never, ever — in any society, in any culture — prioritize democracy over all else. Individual voters worry about much more mundane things, as is their right. It is up to élites and institutions to protect democracy — not voters.” <a href="#cite_note-297">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disruption">Disruption</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Disruption">edit</a>]</div> Some democratic governments have experienced sudden <a href="/wiki/State_collapse" title="State collapse">state collapse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regime_change" title="Regime change">regime change</a> to an undemocratic form of government. Domestic military coups or rebellions are the most common means by which democratic governments have been overthrown.<a href="#cite_note-Siaroff-298">[295]</a> (See <a href="/wiki/List_of_coups_and_coup_attempts_by_country" title="List of coups and coup attempts by country">List of coups and coup attempts by country</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of civil wars">List of civil wars</a>.) Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">Coup of 18 Brumaire</a> that ended the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="28 May 1926 coup d'état">28 May 1926 coup d'état</a> which ended the <a href="/wiki/First_Portuguese_Republic" title="First Portuguese Republic">First Portuguese Republic</a>. Some military coups are supported by foreign governments, such as the <a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a>. Other types of a sudden end to democracy include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion" title="Invasion">Invasion</a>, for example the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">German occupation of Czechoslovakia</a>, and the fall of <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">Self-coup</a>, in which the leader of the government extra-legally seizes all power or unlawfully extends the term in office. This can be done through: <ul><li>Suspension of the constitution by decree, such as with the <a href="/wiki/1992_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Peruvian coup d'état">1992 Peruvian coup d'état</a></li> <li>An "electoral self-coup" using <a href="/wiki/Election_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Election fraud">election fraud</a> to obtain re-election of a previously fairly elected official or political party. For example, in the <a href="/wiki/1999_Ukrainian_presidential_election" title="1999 Ukrainian presidential election">1999 Ukrainian presidential election</a>, <a href="/wiki/2003_Russian_legislative_election" title="2003 Russian legislative election">2003 Russian legislative election</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2004_Russian_presidential_election" title="2004 Russian presidential election">2004 Russian presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Siaroff-298">[295]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Royal coup, in which a monarch not normally involved in government seizes all power. For example, the <a href="/wiki/6_January_Dictatorship" title="6 January Dictatorship">6 January Dictatorship</a>, begun in 1929 when King <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">Alexander I of Yugoslavia</a> dismissed parliament and started ruling by decree.<a href="#cite_note-299">[296]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Democratic backsliding</a> can end democracy in a gradual manner, by increasing emphasis on <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a> and eroding <a href="/wiki/Free_and_fair_election" title="Free and fair election">free and fair elections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_judiciary" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of the judiciary">independence of the judiciary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>. A famous example is the <a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a>, which lawfully ended democracy in <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Weimar Germany">Weimar Germany</a> and marked the transition to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-300">[297]</a> Temporary or long-term <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">political violence</a> and government interference can prevent <a href="/wiki/Free_and_fair_election" title="Free and fair election">free and fair elections</a>, which erode the democratic nature of governments. This has happened on a local level even in well-established democracies like the United States; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a> and African-American <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" title="Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debates_on_democracy">Debates on democracy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Debates on democracy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_democracy" title="Criticism of democracy">Criticism of democracy</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_democracy&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Copy_edit plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Copy_edit" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/36px-Acap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/54px-Acap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/72px-Acap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="50" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyediting">copy editing</a> for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Democracy" title="Special:EditPage/Democracy">editing it</a>. (February 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Criticism has been a key part of democracy, its functions, and its development throughout history. Some critics call upon the constitutional regime to be true to its own highest <a href="/wiki/Principle" title="Principle">principles</a>; others reject the values promoted by <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional democracy">constitutional democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-301">[298]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> famously opposed democracy, arguing for a '<a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">government of the best qualified</a>'. <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> extensively studied the historic attempts at and arguments on democracy in his preparation for the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> remarked that "No one pretends that democracy is perfect or all-wise. Indeed, it has been said that democracy is the worst form of government except all those other forms that have been tried from time to time."<a href="#cite_note-Criticism_of_democracy_:02-302">[299]</a> Critics of democracy have often tried to highlight democracy's inconsistencies, <a href="/wiki/Paradox" title="Paradox">paradoxes</a>, and limits by contrasting it with other forms of government, such as <a href="/wiki/Noocracy" title="Noocracy">epistocracy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">lottocracy</a>. They have characterized most modern democracies as democratic <a href="/wiki/Polyarchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyarchies">polyarchies</a><a href="#cite_note-Criticism_of_democracy_:12-303">[300]</a> and democratic <a href="/wiki/Aristocracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristocracies">aristocracies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Criticism_of_democracy_:22-304">[301]</a> They have identified <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> moments in modern democracies. They have termed the societies produced by modern democracies as <a href="/wiki/Neo-feudalism" title="Neo-feudalism">neo-feudal</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[302]</a> and have contrasted democracy with fascism, <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">anarcho-capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocracy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_of_the_media">Influence of the media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Influence of the media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mediatization_(media)" title="Mediatization (media)">Mediatization (media)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Post-truth_politics" title="Post-truth politics">Post-truth politics</a></div> The theory of democracy relies on the implicit assumption that voters are well informed about <a href="/wiki/Social_issue" title="Social issue">social issues</a>, policies, and candidates so that they can make a truly informed decision. Since the late 20th century there has been a growing concern that voters may be poorly informed due to the <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">news media</a>'s focusing more on entertainment and gossip and less on serious journalistic research on political issues.<a href="#cite_note-MacChesney1999-306">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barnett2002-307">[304]</a> The media professors Michael Gurevitch and <a href="/wiki/Jay_Blumler" title="Jay Blumler">Jay Blumler</a> have proposed a number of functions that the mass media are expected to fulfill in a democracy:<a href="#cite_note-GurevitchBlumler1990-308">[305]</a> <ul><li>Surveillance of the sociopolitical environment</li> <li>Meaningful <a href="/wiki/Agenda_setting" class="mw-redirect" title="Agenda setting">agenda setting</a></li> <li>Platforms for an intelligible and illuminating advocacy</li> <li>Dialogue across a diverse range of views</li> <li>Mechanisms for holding officials to account for how they have exercised power</li> <li>Incentives for citizens to learn, choose, and become involved</li> <li>A principled resistance to the efforts of forces outside the media to subvert their independence, integrity, and ability to serve the audience</li> <li>A sense of respect for the audience member, as potentially concerned and able to make sense of his or her political environment</li></ul> This proposal has inspired a lot of discussions over whether the news media are actually fulfilling the requirements that a well functioning democracy requires.<a href="#cite_note-Bucy1999-309">[306]</a> Commercial mass media are generally not accountable to anybody but their owners, and they have no obligation to serve a democratic function.<a href="#cite_note-Bucy1999-309">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blumler2014-310">[307]</a> They are controlled mainly by economic <a href="/wiki/Market_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Market forces">market forces</a>. Fierce economic competition may force the mass media to divert themselves from any democratic ideals and focus entirely on how to survive the competition.<a href="#cite_note-Donges2014-311">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-Esser2013-312">[309]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">tabloidization</a> and popularization of the news media is seen in an increasing focus on human examples rather than statistics and principles. There is more focus on politicians as personalities and less focus on political issues in the popular media. Election campaigns are covered more as <a href="/wiki/Horse_race_journalism" title="Horse race journalism">horse races</a> and less as debates about ideologies and issues. The dominating media focus on <a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">spin</a>, conflict, and competitive strategies has made voters perceive the politicians as egoists rather than idealists. This fosters mistrust and a <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(contemporary)" title="Cynicism (contemporary)">cynical</a> attitude to politics, less <a href="/wiki/Civic_engagement" title="Civic engagement">civic engagement</a>, and less interest in voting.<a href="#cite_note-CappellaJamieson1997-313">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vreese2014-314">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-EsserMatthes2013-315">[312]</a> The ability to find effective political solutions to social problems is hampered when problems tend to be blamed on individuals rather than on <a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">structural causes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vreese2014-314">[311]</a> This person-centered focus may have far-reaching consequences not only for domestic problems but also for foreign policy when international conflicts are blamed on foreign heads of state rather than on political and economic structures.<a href="#cite_note-Baum2003-316">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-Altheide2002-317">[314]</a> A strong media focus on fear and <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> has allowed military logic to penetrate public institutions, leading to increased <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a> and the erosion of <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Altheide2014-318">[315]</a> The responsiveness<a href="#cite_note-319">[316]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">accountability</a> of the democratic system is compromised when lack of access to substantive, diverse, and undistorted information is handicapping the citizens' capability of evaluating the political process.<a href="#cite_note-Blumler2014-310">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-EsserMatthes2013-315">[312]</a> The fast pace and trivialization in the competitive news media is <a href="/wiki/Dumbing_down" title="Dumbing down">dumbing down</a> the political debate. Thorough and balanced investigation of complex political issues does not fit into this format. The political communication is characterized by short time horizons, short slogans, simple explanations, and simple solutions. This is conducive to political <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a> rather than serious deliberation.<a href="#cite_note-Blumler2014-310">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-Altheide2014-318">[315]</a> Commercial mass media are often differentiated along the political spectrum so that people can hear mainly opinions that they already agree with. Too much controversy and diverse opinions are not always profitable for the commercial news media.<a href="#cite_note-Nielsen2016-320">[317]</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_polarization" title="Political polarization">Political polarization</a> is emerging when different people read different news and watch different TV channels. This polarization has been worsened by the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> that allow people to communicate mainly with groups of like-minded people, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber" title="Echo chamber">echo chambers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cinelli2021-321">[318]</a> Extreme political polarization may undermine the trust in democratic institutions, leading to erosion of <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech">free speech</a> and in some cases even reversion to <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McCoySomer2019-322">[319]</a> Many media scholars have discussed non-commercial news media with <a href="/wiki/Public_service_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Public service broadcasting">public service</a> obligations as a means to improve the democratic process by providing the kind of political contents that a free market does not provide.<a href="#cite_note-Cushion2012-323">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-CushionFranklin2015-324">[321]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> has recommended public service broadcasting in order to strengthen democracy in <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>. These broadcasting services should be accountable to an independent regulatory body that is adequately protected from interference from political and economic interests.<a href="#cite_note-Buckley2008-325">[322]</a> Public service media have an obligation to provide reliable information to voters. Many countries have publicly funded radio and television stations with public service obligations, especially in Europe and Japan,<a href="#cite_note-GuntherMugham-326">[323]</a> while such media are weak or non-existent in other countries including the US.<a href="#cite_note-327">[324]</a> Several studies have shown that the stronger the dominance of commercial broadcast media over public service media, the less the amount of policy-relevant information in the media and the more focus on <a href="/wiki/Horse_race_journalism" title="Horse race journalism">horse race journalism</a>, personalities, and the pecadillos of politicians. Public service broadcasters are characterized by more policy-relevant information and more respect for <a href="/wiki/Journalism_ethics_and_standards" title="Journalism ethics and standards">journalistic norms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Impartiality" title="Impartiality">impartiality</a> than the commercial media. However, the trend of <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a> has put the public service model under increased pressure from competition with commercial media.<a href="#cite_note-GuntherMugham-326">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-Udris2014-328">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thoday2018-329">[326]</a> The emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> has profoundly altered the conditions for political communication. The social media have given ordinary citizens easy access to voice their opinion and share information while bypassing the <a href="/wiki/Gatekeeping_(communication)" title="Gatekeeping (communication)">filters</a> of the large news media. This is often seen as an advantage for democracy.<a href="#cite_note-Schulz2014-330">[327]</a> The new possibilities for communication have fundamentally changed the way <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protest_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Protest movements">protest movements</a> operate and organize. The internet and social media have provided powerful new tools for democracy movements in developing countries and <a href="/wiki/Emerging_democracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerging democracies">emerging democracies</a>, enabling them to bypass <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a>, voice their opinions, and organize protests.<a href="#cite_note-Zhuravskaya2020-331">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-Voltmer2019-332">[329]</a> A serious problem with the social media is that they have no truth filters. The established news media have to guard their reputation as trustworthy, while ordinary citizens may post unreliable information.<a href="#cite_note-Zhuravskaya2020-331">[328]</a> In fact, studies show that false stories are going more <a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">viral</a> than true stories.<a href="#cite_note-Vosoughi2018-333">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-Prooijen2021-334">[331]</a> The proliferation of false stories and <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a> may undermine public trust in the political system and public officials.<a href="#cite_note-Prooijen2021-334">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-McCoySomer2019-322">[319]</a> Reliable information sources are essential for the democratic process. Less democratic governments rely heavily on <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Misinformation" title="Misinformation">misinformation</a> in order to stay in power, while independent sources of information are able to undermine their legitimacy.<a href="#cite_note-335">[332]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democracy_promotion">Democracy promotion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Democracy promotion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_P1066634_(48678676473).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Hong_Kong_P1066634_%2848678676473%29.jpg/220px-Hong_Kong_P1066634_%2848678676473%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Hong_Kong_P1066634_%2848678676473%29.jpg/330px-Hong_Kong_P1066634_%2848678676473%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Hong_Kong_P1066634_%2848678676473%29.jpg/440px-Hong_Kong_P1066634_%2848678676473%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Banner in Hong Kong asking for democracy, August 2019</figcaption></figure> Democracy promotion can increase the quality of already existing democracies, reduce <a href="/wiki/Political_apathy" title="Political apathy">political apathy</a>, and the chance of democratic backsliding. Democracy promotion measures include <a href="/wiki/Voting_advice_application" title="Voting advice application">voting advice applications</a>,<a href="#cite_note-336">[333]</a> <a href="/wiki/Participatory_democracy" title="Participatory democracy">participatory democracy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-337">[334]</a> increasing <a href="/wiki/Youth_suffrage" title="Youth suffrage">youth suffrage</a>, increasing civic education,<a href="#cite_note-338">[335]</a> reducing <a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_entry" title="Barriers to entry">barriers to entry</a> for new political parties,<a href="#cite_note-339">[336]</a> increasing <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportionality</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[337]</a> and reducing <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidentialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-341">[338]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1088965794">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .columns-start .column{float:left;min-width:20em}.mw-parser-output .columns-2 .column{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .columns-3 .column{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .columns-4 .column{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .columns-5 .column{width:20%}}</style><div class="columns-start columns-2"><div class="column"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Ranking" title="Democracy Ranking">Democracy Ranking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_democracy" title="Defensive democracy">Defensive democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikunda_Perumal_Temple,_Uthiramerur#Kudavolai_system" title="Vaikunda Perumal Temple, Uthiramerur">Democracy in Chola Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_peace_theory" title="Democratic peace theory">Democratic peace theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowered_democracy" title="Empowered democracy">Empowered democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_democracy" title="Energy democracy">Energy democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foucault%E2%80%93Habermas_debate" title="Foucault–Habermas debate">Foucault–Habermas debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_governance" title="Good governance">Good governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_theory" title="Horseshoe theory">Horseshoe theory</a></li></ul> </div><div class="column"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_in_the_Making" title="Parliament in the Making">Parliament in the Making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_to_the_people_(slogan)" title="Power to the people (slogan)">Power to the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_peace_theory" title="Territorial peace theory">Territorial peace theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_citizenship" title="Spatial citizenship">Spatial citizenship</a></li></ul></div><div style="clear: both"></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> in 1868 altered the way each state is represented in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>. It counted all residents for apportionment including slaves, overriding the <a href="/wiki/Three-fifths_compromise" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-fifths compromise">three-fifths compromise</a>, and reduced a state's apportionment if it wrongfully denied males over the age of 21 the right to vote; however, this was not enforced in practice. Some poor white men remained excluded at least until the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>. For state elections, it was not until the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 6–3 in <a href="/wiki/Harper_v._Virginia_Board_of_Elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections">Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections</a> (1966) that all state poll taxes were unconstitutional as violating the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a> of the Fourteenth Amendment. This removed a burden on the poor. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_transition_to_democracy" title="Portuguese transition to democracy">Portugal in 1974</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_democratic_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish democratic transition">Spain in 1975</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentine_transition_to_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine transition to democracy">Argentina in 1983</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia" title="History of Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Uruguay" title="History of Uruguay">Uruguay in 1984</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1985%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Brazil (1985–present)">Brazil in 1985</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chilean_transition_to_democracy" title="Chilean transition to democracy">Chile in the early 1990s</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> Other names include autocratization, democratic decline,<a href="#cite_note-Democratic_backsliding_Mietzner-283">[281]</a> de-democratization,<a href="#cite_note-284">[282]</a> democratic erosion,<a href="#cite_note-285">[283]</a> democratic decay,<a href="#cite_note-Democratic_backsliding_Daly-286">[284]</a> democratic recession,<a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a> democratic regression,<a href="#cite_note-Democratic_backsliding_Mietzner-283">[281]</a> and democratic deconsolidation.<a href="#cite_note-288">[286]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195148909.001.0001/acref-9780195148909-e-241">"Democracy"</a>. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 24 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Democracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195148909.001.0001%2Facref-9780195148909-e-241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg2014" class="citation journal cs1">Schwartzberg, Melissa (2014). "Democracy". 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Journal of Democracy. 35 (3): 5–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjod.2024.a930423">10.1353/jod.2024.a930423</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3214">1086-3214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Democracy&rft.atitle=Who+Decides+What+Is+Democratic%3F&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjod.2024.a930423&rft.issn=1086-3214&rft.aulast=Przeworski&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F1%2Farticle%2F930423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlShapiroCheibub2003" class="citation book cs1">Dahl, Robert A.; Shapiro, Ian; Cheibub, Jose Antonio (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B8THIuSkiqgC">The Democracy Sourcebook</a>. MIT Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-54147-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-54147-3"><bdi>978-0-262-54147-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Democracy+Sourcebook&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-262-54147-3&rft.aulast=Dahl&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+Ian&rft.au=Cheibub%2C+Jose+Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB8THIuSkiqgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMøllerSkaaning2013" class="citation journal cs1">Møller, Jørgen; Skaaning, Svend-Erik (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/regime-types-and-democratic-sequencing/">"Regime Types and Democratic Sequencing"</a>. Journal of Democracy. 24 (1): 142–155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjod.2013.0010">10.1353/jod.2013.0010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1045-5736">1045-5736</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240222213426/https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/regime-types-and-democratic-sequencing/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Democracy&rft.atitle=Regime+Types+and+Democratic+Sequencing&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E142-%3C%2Fspan%3E155&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjod.2013.0010&rft.issn=1045-5736&rft.aulast=M%C3%B8ller&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B8rgen&rft.au=Skaaning%2C+Svend-Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalofdemocracy.org%2Farticles%2Fregime-types-and-democratic-sequencing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>: "democracy". </li> <li id="cite_note-Brittanica-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brittanica_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brittanica_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkins1970" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Watkins, Frederick (1970). "Democracy". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (Expo '70 hardcover ed.). William Benton. pp. 215–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-135-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-135-1"><bdi>978-0-85229-135-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Democracy&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.edition=Expo+%2770+hardcover&rft.pub=William+Benton&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-135-1&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Wilson, N.G. (2006). Encyclopedia of ancient Greece. New York: Routledge. p. 511. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97334-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97334-2">978-0-415-97334-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeudney2008" class="citation book cs1">Deudney, Daniel (9 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691138305/bounding-power">Bounding Power</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13830-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13830-5"><bdi>978-0-691-13830-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bounding+Power&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008-11-09&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13830-5&rft.aulast=Deudney&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Fbooks%2Fpaperback%2F9780691138305%2Fbounding-power&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond2015" class="citation news cs1">Diamond, Larry (15 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/09/13/opinion/larry-diamond-democracy-in-recession-timeline.html">"Timeline: Democracy in Recession"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 25 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Timeline%3A+Democracy+in+Recession&rft.date=2015-09-15&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2015%2F09%2F13%2Fopinion%2Flarry-diamond-democracy-in-recession-timeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukuyama2006" class="citation book cs1">Fukuyama, Francis (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man/NdFpQwKfX2IC?hl=en&gbpv=0">The End of History and the Last Man</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-8455-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-8455-4"><bdi>978-0-7432-8455-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+History+and+the+Last+Man&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-8455-4&rft.aulast=Fukuyama&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man%2FNdFpQwKfX2IC%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLippert2024" class="citation web cs1">Lippert, Richard Wike, Janell Fetterolf, Maria Smerkovich, Sarah Austin, Sneha Gubbala and Jordan (28 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2024/02/28/attitudes-toward-different-types-of-government-systems/">"1. Attitudes toward different types of government systems"</a>. Pew Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=1.+Attitudes+toward+different+types+of+government+systems&rft.date=2024-02-28&rft.aulast=Lippert&rft.aufirst=Richard+Wike%2C+Janell+Fetterolf%2C+Maria+Smerkovich%2C+Sarah+Austin%2C+Sneha+Gubbala+and+Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fglobal%2F2024%2F02%2F28%2Fattitudes-toward-different-types-of-government-systems%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonBolAnanda2021" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Christopher J.; Bol, Damien; Ananda, Aurelia (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfab056">"Humanity's Attitudes about Democracy and Political Leaders"</a>. Public Opinion Quarterly. 85 (4): 957–986. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpoq%2Fnfab056">10.1093/poq/nfab056</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-362X">0033-362X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8754486">8754486</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35035302">35035302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Opinion+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Humanity%27s+Attitudes+about+Democracy+and+Political+Leaders&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E957-%3C%2Fspan%3E986&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8754486%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0033-362X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35035302&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpoq%2Fnfab056&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Christopher+J.&rft.au=Bol%2C+Damien&rft.au=Ananda%2C+Aurelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fpoq%2Fnfab056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyde2011" class="citation book cs1">Hyde, Susan D. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt7z647">The Pseudo-Democrat's Dilemma: Why Election Observation Became an International Norm</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7591%2Fj.ctt7z647">10.7591/j.ctt7z647</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-6125-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-6125-5"><bdi>978-0-8014-6125-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pseudo-Democrat%27s+Dilemma%3A+Why+Election+Observation+Became+an+International+Norm&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7591%2Fj.ctt7z647&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-6125-5&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.aufirst=Susan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7591%2Fj.ctt7z647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurievTreisman2022" class="citation book cs1">Guriev, Sergei; Treisman, Daniel (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=4ThCEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&ots=fG611P5Zeg&sig=3mookG2JGXade181WxXYkl-bOqs&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">Spin Dictators: The Changing Face of Tyranny in the 21st Century</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-22446-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-22446-6"><bdi>978-0-691-22446-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spin+Dictators%3A+The+Changing+Face+of+Tyranny+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-691-22446-6&rft.aulast=Guriev&rft.aufirst=Sergei&rft.au=Treisman%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fhl%3Den%26lr%3D%26id%3D4ThCEAAAQBAJ%26oi%3Dfnd%26pg%3DPR9%26ots%3DfG611P5Zeg%26sig%3D3mookG2JGXade181WxXYkl-bOqs%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-V-dem-17"><a href="#cite_ref-V-dem_17-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.v-dem.net/documents/19/dr_2022_ipyOpLP.pdf">V-Dem Institute DEMOCRACY REPORT 2022: Autocratization Changing Nature?</a> pp. 6, 13, 18: "Dictatorships are on the rise and harbor 70% of the world population – 5.4 billion people." </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Economic Intelligence Unit Democracy Index, 2022, p. 4: "According to our measure of democracy, less than half (45.7%) of the world's population now live in a democracy of some sort, a significant decline from 2020 (49.4%)." </li> <li id="cite_note-economist2007-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-economist2007_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-economist2007_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_writer2007" class="citation news cs1">Staff writer (22 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/markets/rankings/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8908438">"Liberty and justice for some"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. <a href="/wiki/Economist_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Economist Group">Economist Group</a>. <q>Democracy can be seen as a set of practices and principles that institutionalise and thus ultimately protect freedom. Even if a consensus on precise definitions has proved elusive, most observers today would agree that, at a minimum, the fundamental features of democracy include a government based on majority rule and the consent of the governed, the existence of free and fair elections, the protection of minorities and respect for basic human rights. Democracy presupposes equality before the law, due process and political pluralism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Liberty+and+justice+for+some&rft.date=2007-08-22&rft.au=Staff+writer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fmarkets%2Frankings%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D8908438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Popper, Karl (23 April 1988). "The open society and its enemies revisited", <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/democracy-in-america/2016/01/31/from-the-archives-the-open-society-and-its-enemies-revisited">2016 reprint</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGagnon2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gagnon, Jean-Paul (1 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/democratic-theory/5/1/dt050107.xml">"2,234 Descriptions of Democracy"</a>. Democratic Theory. 5 (1): 92–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3167%2Fdt.2018.050107">10.3167/dt.2018.050107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2332-8894">2332-8894</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149825810">149825810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democratic+Theory&rft.atitle=2%2C234+Descriptions+of+Democracy&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149825810%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2332-8894&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3167%2Fdt.2018.050107&rft.aulast=Gagnon&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberghahnjournals.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fdemocratic-theory%2F5%2F1%2Fdt050107.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/direct-democracy">"direct democracy | Definition, History, & Facts"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=direct+democracy+%7C+Definition%2C+History%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fdirect-democracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlShapiroCheibub2003" class="citation book cs1">Dahl, Robert A.; Shapiro, Ian; Cheibub, José Antônio (2003). The democracy sourcebook. 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Palmer</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YGqYDwAAQBAJ">The Age of the Democratic Revolution: Political History of Europe and America, 1760–1800</a> (1959) </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Montesquieu, Spirit of Law, Bk. II, ch. 2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverdell2000" class="citation book cs1">Everdell, William R. (2000) [1983]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/endofkingshistor00ever">The end of kings: a history of republics and republicans</a> (2nd ed.). 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Haudenosaunee Confederacy. Retrieved 19 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haudenosaunee+Confederacy&rft.atitle=Government&rft.au=Communications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com%2Fgovernment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahl2008" class="citation book cs1">Dahl, Robert A. (1 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d2osDwAAQBAJ&q=althing+democracy&pg=PR7">On Democracy: Second Edition</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23332-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23332-2"><bdi>978-0-300-23332-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Democracy%3A+Second+Edition&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-300-23332-2&rft.aulast=Dahl&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd2osDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dalthing%2Bdemocracy%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFladmarkHeyerdahl2015" class="citation book cs1">Fladmark, J. M.; Heyerdahl, Thor (17 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mG7vCgAAQBAJ&q=althing+democracy&pg=PT30">Heritage and Identity: Shaping the Nations of the North</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-74224-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-74224-1"><bdi>978-1-317-74224-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heritage+and+Identity%3A+Shaping+the+Nations+of+the+North&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-11-17&rft.isbn=978-1-317-74224-1&rft.aulast=Fladmark&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft.au=Heyerdahl%2C+Thor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmG7vCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dalthing%2Bdemocracy%26pg%3DPT30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Callaghan1989" class="citation book cs1">O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (1989). "The Cortes and Taxation". The Cortes of Castile-León, 1188-1350. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 130–151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.9783%2F9781512819571">10.9783/9781512819571</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5128-1957-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5128-1957-1"><bdi>978-1-5128-1957-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv513b8x.12">j.ctv513b8x.12</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Cortes+and+Taxation&rft.btitle=The+Cortes+of+Castile-Le%C3%B3n%2C+1188-1350&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E151&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv513b8x.12%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.9783%2F9781512819571&rft.isbn=978-1-5128-1957-1&rft.aulast=O%27Callaghan&rft.aufirst=Joseph+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpic-jp.org/en/a/the-oldest-constitution-in-the-world">"The oldest constitution in the world"</a>. www.jpic-jp.org. Retrieved 22 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jpic-jp.org&rft.atitle=The+oldest+constitution+in+the+world&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpic-jp.org%2Fen%2Fa%2Fthe-oldest-constitution-in-the-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanityjournal.org/issue13-2/the-world-wont-listen-the-mande-hunters-oath-and-human-rights-in-translation/">"The World Won't Listen: The Mande "Hunters' Oath" and Human Rights in Translation"</a>. Humanity Journal. 27 September 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Humanity+Journal&rft.atitle=The+World+Won%27t+Listen%3A+The+Mande+%22Hunters%27+Oath%22+and+Human+Rights+in+Translation&rft.date=2022-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumanityjournal.org%2Fissue13-2%2Fthe-world-wont-listen-the-mande-hunters-oath-and-human-rights-in-translation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423002539/https://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/articles/magna-carta-an-introduction">"Magna Carta: an introduction"</a>. The British Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/articles/magna-carta-an-introduction">the original</a> on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2015. <q>Magna Carta is sometimes regarded as the foundation of democracy in England. ...Revised versions of Magna Carta were issued by King Henry III (in 1216, 1217 and 1225), and the text of the 1225 version was entered into the statute roll in 1297. ...The 1225 version of Magna Carta had been granted explicitly in return for a payment of tax by the whole kingdom, and this paved the way for the first summons of Parliament in 1265, to approve the granting of taxation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magna+Carta%3A+an+introduction&rft.pub=The+British+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fmagna-carta%2Farticles%2Fmagna-carta-an-introduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/citizen_subject/making_history_citizen.htm">"Citizen or Subject?"</a>. 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Bloomsbury. pp. 173–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84725-226-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84725-226-5"><bdi>978-1-84725-226-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+English+Revolution%3A+Simon+de+Montfort%2C+Henry+III+and+the+Barons%27+War&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84725-226-5&rft.aulast=Jobson&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9gHWamp-TLoC%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-30849472">"Simon de Montfort: The turning point for democracy that gets overlooked"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+January+Parliament+and+how+it+defined+Britain&rft.date=2015-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F11355822%2FThe-January-Parliament-and-how-it-defined-Britain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/citizen_subject/origins.htm">"Origins and growth of Parliament"</a>. The National Archives. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-33399-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-33399-3"><bdi>978-1-108-33399-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Poland&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019-01&rft.isbn=978-1-108-33399-3&rft.aulast=Lukowski&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft.au=Zawadzki%2C+Hubert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018101349/https://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/videos/from-legal-document-to-public-myth-magna-carta-in-the-17th-century">"From legal document to public myth: Magna Carta in the 17th century"</a>. The British Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/videos/from-legal-document-to-public-myth-magna-carta-in-the-17th-century">the original</a> on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Library&rft.atitle=From+legal+document+to+public+myth%3A+Magna+Carta+in+the+17th+century&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fmagna-carta%2Fvideos%2Ffrom-legal-document-to-public-myth-magna-carta-in-the-17th-century&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180925053248/https://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/videos/from-legal-document-to-public-myth-magna-carta-in-the-17th-century">"Magna Carta: Magna Carta in the 17th Century"</a>. The Society of Antiquaries of London. 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Retrieved 7 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rise+of+Parliament&rft.pub=The+National+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fpathways%2Fcitizenship%2Frise_parliament%2Fcitizenship2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161222223321/https://www.bl.uk/taking-liberties/articles/putney-debates">"Putney debates"</a>. The British Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/taking-liberties/articles/putney-debates">the original</a> on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Putney+debates&rft.pub=The+British+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Ftaking-liberties%2Farticles%2Fputney-debates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-refNARoP-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-refNARoP_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-refNARoP_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208232341/http://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/articles/britains-unwritten-constitution">"Britain's unwritten constitution"</a>. British Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/articles/britains-unwritten-constitution">the original</a> on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015. <q>The key landmark is the Bill of Rights (1689), which established the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown.... The Bill of Rights (1689) then settled the primacy of Parliament over the monarch's prerogatives, providing for the regular meeting of Parliament, free elections to the Commons, free speech in parliamentary debates, and some basic human rights, most famously freedom from 'cruel or unusual punishment'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+unwritten+constitution&rft.pub=British+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fmagna-carta%2Farticles%2Fbritains-unwritten-constitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141024130317/http://www.ait.org.tw/infousa/zhtw/DOCS/Demopaper/dmpaper2.html">"Constitutionalism: America & Beyond"</a>. Bureau of International Information Programs (IIP), U.S. Department of State. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ait.org.tw/infousa/zhtw/DOCS/Demopaper/dmpaper2.html">the original</a> on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014. <q>The earliest, and perhaps greatest, victory for liberalism was achieved in England. The rising commercial class that had supported the Tudor monarchy in the 16th century led the revolutionary battle in the 17th and succeeded in establishing the supremacy of Parliament and, eventually, of the House of Commons. What emerged as the distinctive feature of modern constitutionalism was not the insistence on the idea that the king is subject to law (although this concept is an essential attribute of all constitutionalism). This notion was already well established in the Middle Ages. What was distinctive was the establishment of effective means of political control whereby the rule of law might be enforced. Modern constitutionalism was born with the political requirement that representative government depended upon the consent of citizen subjects... However, as can be seen through provisions in the 1689 Bill of Rights, the English Revolution was fought not just to protect the rights of property (in the narrow sense) but to establish those liberties which liberals believed essential to human dignity and moral worth. The "rights of man" enumerated in the English Bill of Rights gradually were proclaimed beyond the boundaries of England, notably in the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitutionalism%3A+America+%26+Beyond&rft.pub=Bureau+of+International+Information+Programs+%28IIP%29%2C+U.S.+Department+of+State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ait.org.tw%2Finfousa%2Fzhtw%2FDOCS%2FDemopaper%2Fdmpaper2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthWeingast1989" class="citation journal cs1">North, Douglass C.; Weingast, Barry R. (1989). "Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England". The Journal of Economic History. 49 (4): 803–832. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050700009451">10.1017/S0022050700009451</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-6372">1471-6372</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3198200">3198200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Constitutions+and+Commitment%3A+The+Evolution+of+Institutions+Governing+Public+Choice+in+Seventeenth-Century+England&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E803-%3C%2Fspan%3E832&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3198200%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1471-6372&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050700009451&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=Douglass+C.&rft.au=Weingast%2C+Barry+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Locke-Laslett1988-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Locke-Laslett1988_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLocke1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke, John</a> (1988) [1689]. Laslett, Peter (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twotreatisesofgo00john/page/">Two Treatises of Government</a>. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twotreatisesofgo00john/page/">Sec. 87, 123, 209, 222</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-35448-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-35448-6"><bdi>978-0-521-35448-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Treatises+of+Government&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+NY&rft.pages=Sec.+87%2C+123%2C+209%2C+222&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-35448-6&rft.aulast=Locke&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwotreatisesofgo00john%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Locke, John. Two Treatises on Government: a Translation into Modern English. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danielearchibugi.org/downloads/papers/CD_and_critics_A_review.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+on+Cosmopolitan+democracy+by+Daniele+Archibugi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.danielearchibugi.org%2Fdownloads%2Fpapers%2FCD_and_critics_A_review.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510174259/http://neutrino.aquaphoenix.com/un-esa/ws1997-letter-einstein.html">"letter by Einstein – "To the General Assembly of the United Nations""</a>. 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An Agenda for a New World Order, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1995; David Held, Democracy and the Global Order, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1995, Daniele Archibugi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8737.html">The Global Commonwealth of Citizens. Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy</a>, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150212175652/http://pages.uoregon.edu/koopman/courses_readings/dewey/dewey_creative_democracy.pdf">"Creative Democracy – The Task Before Us"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.uoregon.edu/koopman/courses_readings/dewey/dewey_creative_democracy.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Creative+Democracy+%E2%80%93+The+Task+Before+Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpages.uoregon.edu%2Fkoopman%2Fcourses_readings%2Fdewey%2Fdewey_creative_democracy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2001" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Archie (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/17149/pdf">"From Democratization to "Guided Democracy&quot"</a>. Journal of Democracy. 12 (4): 35–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjod.2001.0063">10.1353/jod.2001.0063</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201790528">201790528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Democracy&rft.atitle=From+Democratization+to+%26quot%3BGuided+Democracy%26quot&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjod.2001.0063&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201790528%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Archie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F17149%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russialist.org/archives/2009-35-32.php">Putin's Rule: Its Main Features and the Current Diarchy</a> Johnson's <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> List. By Peter Reddaway. 18 February 2009. Downloaded 28 April 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTibi2013" class="citation book cs1">Tibi, Bassam (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uXAdAAAAQBAJ">The Sharia State: Arab Spring and Democratization</a>. Routledge. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-92468-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-92468-3"><bdi>978-1-135-92468-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sharia+State%3A+Arab+Spring+and+Democratization&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-92468-3&rft.aulast=Tibi&rft.aufirst=Bassam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuXAdAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerringKnutsenBerge2022" class="citation journal cs1">Gerring, John; Knutsen, Carl Henrik; Berge, Jonas (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-060820-060910">"Does Democracy Matter?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Political_Science" title="Annual Review of Political Science">Annual Review of Political Science</a>. 25: 357–375. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-060820-060910">10.1146/annurev-polisci-060820-060910</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10852%2F100947">10852/100947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Does+Democracy+Matter%3F&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E357-%3C%2Fspan%3E375&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10852%2F100947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-060820-060910&rft.aulast=Gerring&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Knutsen%2C+Carl+Henrik&rft.au=Berge%2C+Jonas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-polisci-060820-060910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriendn.d." class="citation web cs1">Friend, Celeste (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/soc-cont/">"Social Contract Theory"</a>. 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Journal of Conflict Resolution. 37: 42–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022002793037001002">10.1177/0022002793037001002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Conflict+Resolution&rft.atitle=Democracy+and+the+Management+of+International+Conflict&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022002793037001002&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%2F0022002793037001002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaron_AcemogluSuresh_NaiduPascual_RestrepoJames_A._Robinson2019" class="citation journal cs1">Daron Acemoglu; Suresh Naidu; Pascual Restrepo; James A. Robinson (February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w20004.pdf">"Democracy Does Cause Growth"</a> (PDF). Journal of Political Economy. 127 (1): 47–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F700936">10.1086/700936</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F124287">1721.1/124287</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222452675">222452675</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Democracy+Does+Cause+Growth&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.date=2019-02&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F124287&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222452675%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F700936&rft.au=Daron+Acemoglu&rft.au=Suresh+Naidu&rft.au=Pascual+Restrepo&rft.au=James+A.+Robinson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fpapers%2Fw20004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Dizikes2019" class="citation news cs1">Peter Dizikes (24 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/04/24/135720/democracy-dividend/">"Democracy dividend"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Technology_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology Review">Technology Review</a> MIT News. p. 03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology+Review+MIT+News&rft.atitle=Democracy+dividend&rft.pages=03&rft.date=2019-04-24&rft.au=Peter+Dizikes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2F2019%2F04%2F24%2F135720%2Fdemocracy-dividend%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelke2023" class="citation journal cs1">Pelke, Lars (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F22338659231194945">"Reanalysing the link between democracy and economic development"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Area_Studies_Review" title="International Area Studies Review">International Area Studies Review</a>. 26 (4): 361–383. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F22338659231194945">10.1177/22338659231194945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Area+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Reanalysing+the+link+between+democracy+and+economic+development&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E361-%3C%2Fspan%3E383&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F22338659231194945&rft.aulast=Pelke&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F22338659231194945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arugay_2021_pp._1–7-258"><a href="#cite_ref-Arugay_2021_pp._1–7_258-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArugay2021" class="citation book cs1">Arugay, Aries A. (2021). "Democratic Transitions". The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-74336-3_190-1">10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_190-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-74336-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-74336-3"><bdi>978-3-319-74336-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240235199">240235199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Democratic+Transitions&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Encyclopedia+of+Global+Security+Studies&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240235199%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-74336-3_190-1&rft.isbn=978-3-319-74336-3&rft.aulast=Arugay&rft.aufirst=Aries+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Munck_2001_pp._3425–3428-259"><a href="#cite_ref-Munck_2001_pp._3425–3428_259-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunck2001" class="citation book cs1">Munck, G.L. (2001). "Democratic Transitions". International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. Elsevier. pp. 3425–3428. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb0-08-043076-7%2F01135-9">10.1016/b0-08-043076-7/01135-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-043076-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-043076-8"><bdi>978-0-08-043076-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Democratic+Transitions&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+the+Social+%26+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3425-%3C%2Fspan%3E3428&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb0-08-043076-7%2F01135-9&rft.isbn=978-0-08-043076-8&rft.aulast=Munck&rft.aufirst=G.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Democratization_Arugay_2021_pp._1–7-260"><a href="#cite_ref-Democratization_Arugay_2021_pp._1–7_260-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArugay2021" class="citation book cs1">Arugay, Aries A. (2021). "Democratic Transitions". The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-74336-3_190-1">10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_190-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-74336-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-74336-3"><bdi>978-3-319-74336-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240235199">240235199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Democratic+Transitions&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Encyclopedia+of+Global+Security+Studies&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240235199%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-74336-3_190-1&rft.isbn=978-3-319-74336-3&rft.aulast=Arugay&rft.aufirst=Aries+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindenforsWilsonLindberg2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lindenfors, Patrik; Wilson, Matthew; Lindberg, Staffan I. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41599-020-00596-7">"The Matthew effect in political science: head start and key reforms important for democratization"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Humanities_and_Social_Sciences_Communications" title="Humanities and Social Sciences Communications">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>. 7 (106). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41599-020-00596-7">10.1057/s41599-020-00596-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humanities+and+Social+Sciences+Communications&rft.atitle=The+Matthew+effect+in+political+science%3A+head+start+and+key+reforms+important+for+democratization&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=106&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fs41599-020-00596-7&rft.aulast=Lindenfors&rft.aufirst=Patrik&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Lindberg%2C+Staffan+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1057%252Fs41599-020-00596-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipset,_Seymour_Martin.1959" class="citation journal cs1">Lipset, Seymour Martin. (1959). "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy". American Political Science Review. 53 (1): 69–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1951731">10.2307/1951731</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1951731">1951731</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53686238">53686238</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Some+Social+Requisites+of+Democracy%3A+Economic+Development+and+Political+Legitimacy&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53686238%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1951731%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1951731&rft.au=Lipset%2C+Seymour+Martin.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> Inglehart, Ronald. Welzel, Christian Modernisation, Cultural Change and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence, 2005. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInglehart2018" class="citation book cs1">Inglehart, Ronald F. (2018). Cultural Evolution: People's Motivations Are Changing, and Reshaping the World. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108613880">10.1017/9781108613880</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-61388-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-61388-0"><bdi>978-1-108-61388-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Evolution%3A+People%27s+Motivations+Are+Changing%2C+and+Reshaping+the+World&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108613880&rft.isbn=978-1-108-61388-0&rft.aulast=Inglehart&rft.aufirst=Ronald+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiblerOwsiak2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gibler, Douglas M.; Owsiak, Andrew (2017). "Democracy and the Settlement of International Borders, 1919–2001". Journal of Conflict Resolution. 62 (9): 1847–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022002717708599">10.1177/0022002717708599</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158036471">158036471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Conflict+Resolution&rft.atitle=Democracy+and+the+Settlement+of+International+Borders%2C+1919%E2%80%932001&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1847-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022002717708599&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158036471%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gibler&rft.aufirst=Douglas+M.&rft.au=Owsiak%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> Foreword, written by historian <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paw.princeton.edu/memorials/24/79/index.xml">Harry J Hogan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130901040610/http://paw.princeton.edu/memorials/24/79/index.xml">Archived</a> 1 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in 1982, to Quigley's Weapons Systems and Political Stability </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> see also Chester G Starr, Review of Weapons Systems and Political Stability, American Historical Review, Feb 1984, p. 98, available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carrollquigley.net/book-reviews/Review-of-Weapons-Systems-Political-Stability-Starr.htm">carrollquigley.net</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quigley1983-38-268">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quigley1983-38_268-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quigley1983-38_268-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll_Quigley1983" class="citation book cs1">Carroll Quigley (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L6e2AAAAIAAJ">Weapons systems and political stability: a history</a>. University Press of America. pp. 38–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-2947-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-2947-5"><bdi>978-0-8191-2947-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weapons+systems+and+political+stability%3A+a+history&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8191-2947-5&rft.au=Carroll+Quigley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL6e2AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll_Quigley1983" class="citation book cs1">Carroll Quigley (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L6e2AAAAIAAJ">Weapons systems and political stability: a history</a>. University Press of America. p. 307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-2947-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-2947-5"><bdi>978-0-8191-2947-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weapons+systems+and+political+stability%3A+a+history&rft.pages=307&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8191-2947-5&rft.au=Carroll+Quigley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL6e2AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlaeserPonzettoShleifer2007" class="citation journal cs1">Glaeser, E.; Ponzetto, G.; Shleifer, A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:27867132">"Why does democracy need education?"</a>. Journal of Economic Growth. 12 (2): 77–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10887-007-9015-1">10.1007/s10887-007-9015-1</a>. Retrieved 3 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Growth&rft.atitle=Why+does+democracy+need+education%3F&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10887-007-9015-1&rft.aulast=Glaeser&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Ponzetto%2C+G.&rft.au=Shleifer%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrs.harvard.edu%2Furn-3%3AHUL.InstRepos%3A27867132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDearyBattyGale2008" class="citation journal cs1">Deary, I.J.; Batty, G.D.; Gale, C.R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/8896064/bright_children_become_enlightened_adults.pdf">"Bright children become enlightened adults"</a> (PDF). Psychological Science. 19 (1): 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9280.2008.02036.x">10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02036.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2Fa86dbef4-60eb-44fa-add3-513841cdf81b">20.500.11820/a86dbef4-60eb-44fa-add3-513841cdf81b</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18181782">18181782</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21297949">21297949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Science&rft.atitle=Bright+children+become+enlightened+adults&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11820%2Fa86dbef4-60eb-44fa-add3-513841cdf81b&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21297949%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18181782&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9280.2008.02036.x&rft.aulast=Deary&rft.aufirst=I.J.&rft.au=Batty%2C+G.D.&rft.au=Gale%2C+C.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pure.ed.ac.uk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F8896064%2Fbright_children_become_enlightened_adults.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRindermann2008" class="citation journal cs1">Rindermann, H (2008). "Relevance of education and intelligence for the political development of nations: Democracy, rule of law and political liberty". Intelligence. 36 (4): 306–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.intell.2007.09.003">10.1016/j.intell.2007.09.003</a>. <q>Political theory has described a positive linkage between education, cognitive ability and democracy. This assumption is confirmed by positive correlations between education, cognitive ability, and positively valued political conditions (N = 183–130). [...] It is shown that in the second half of the 20th century, education and intelligence had a strong positive impact on democracy, rule of law and political liberty independent from wealth (GDP) and chosen country sample. One possible mediator of these relationships is the attainment of higher stages of moral judgment fostered by cognitive ability, which is necessary for the function of democratic rules in society. The other mediators for citizens as well as for leaders could be the increased competence and willingness to process and seek information necessary for political decisions due to greater cognitive ability. There are also weaker and less stable reverse effects of the rule of law and political freedom on cognitive ability.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence&rft.atitle=Relevance+of+education+and+intelligence+for+the+political+development+of+nations%3A+Democracy%2C+rule+of+law+and+political+liberty&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E306-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.intell.2007.09.003&rft.aulast=Rindermann&rft.aufirst=H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertusMenaldo2012" class="citation journal cs1">Albertus, Michael; Menaldo, Victor (2012). "Coercive Capacity and the Prospects for Democratisation". Comparative Politics. 44 (2): 151–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5129%2F001041512798838003">10.5129/001041512798838003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153949862">153949862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Politics&rft.atitle=Coercive+Capacity+and+the+Prospects+for+Democratisation&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5129%2F001041512798838003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153949862%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Albertus&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Menaldo%2C+Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paglayan_179–198-274">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paglayan_179–198_274-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paglayan_179–198_274-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaglayan2021" class="citation journal cs1">Paglayan, Agustina S. (February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055420000647">"The Non-Democratic Roots of Mass Education: Evidence from 200 Years"</a>. American Political Science Review. 115 (1): 179–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055420000647">10.1017/S0003055420000647</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554">0003-0554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=The+Non-Democratic+Roots+of+Mass+Education%3A+Evidence+from+200+Years&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E198&rft.date=2021-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003055420000647&rft.issn=0003-0554&rft.aulast=Paglayan&rft.aufirst=Agustina+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0003055420000647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> Squicciarini, Mara and Voigtländer, Nico, Knowledge Elites and Modernization: Evidence from Revolutionary France (October 2016). NBER Working Paper No. w22779, Available at SSRN: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=2861711">https://ssrn.com/abstract=2861711</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcemogluRobinson2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daron_Acemoglu" title="Daron Acemoglu">Acemoglu, Daron</a>; Robinson, James A. (2006). Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85526-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85526-6"><bdi>978-0-521-85526-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Origins+of+Dictatorship+and+Democracy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85526-6&rft.aulast=Acemoglu&rft.aufirst=Daron&rft.au=Robinson%2C+James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plawlotic.com/?p=102">"Rainfall and Democracy"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rainfall+and+Democracy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plawlotic.com%2F%3Fp%3D102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlsan,_Marcella2015" class="citation journal cs1">Alsan, Marcella (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dartmouth.edu/~neudc2012/docs/paper_285.pdf">"The Effect of the TseTse Fly on African Development"</a> (PDF). American Economic Review. 105 (1): 382–410. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1010.2955">10.1.1.1010.2955</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Faer.20130604">10.1257/aer.20130604</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924201234/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~neudc2012/docs/paper_285.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=The+Effect+of+the+TseTse+Fly+on+African+Development&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E382-%3C%2Fspan%3E410&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.1010.2955%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Faer.20130604&rft.au=Alsan%2C+Marcella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dartmouth.edu%2F~neudc2012%2Fdocs%2Fpaper_285.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcemoglu,_DaronJohnson,_SimonRobinson,_James2005" class="citation book cs1">Acemoglu, Daron; Johnson, Simon; Robinson, James (2005). 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Springer International Publishing. pp. 15–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-03125-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-03125-1"><bdi>978-3-030-03125-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+Autocratization+Is&rft.btitle=Autocratization+in+post-Cold+War+Political+Regimes&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-030-03125-1&rft.aulast=Cassani&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft.au=Tomini%2C+Luca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Democratic_backsliding_Lust-E-2018-294"><a href="#cite_ref-Democratic_backsliding_Lust-E-2018_294-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalder,_D.Lust,_E.2018" class="citation journal cs1">Walder, D.; Lust, E. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-050517-114628">"Unwelcome Change: Coming to Terms with Democratic Backsliding"</a>. Annual Review of Political Science. 21 (1): 93–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-050517-114628">10.1146/annurev-polisci-050517-114628</a>. <q>Backsliding entails deterioration of qualities associated with democratic governance, within any regime. In democratic regimes, it is a decline in the quality of democracy; in autocracies, it is a decline in democratic qualities of governance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Unwelcome+Change%3A+Coming+to+Terms+with+Democratic+Backsliding&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-050517-114628&rft.au=Walder%2C+D.&rft.au=Lust%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-polisci-050517-114628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindberg" class="citation web cs1">Lindberg, Staffan I. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieeurope.eu/2018/07/24/nature-of-democratic-backsliding-in-europe-pub-76868">"The Nature of Democratic Backsliding in Europe"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Europe&rft.atitle=The+Nature+of+Democratic+Backsliding+in+Europe&rft.aulast=Lindberg&rft.aufirst=Staffan+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieeurope.eu%2F2018%2F07%2F24%2Fnature-of-democratic-backsliding-in-europe-pub-76868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Democratic_backsliding_Rocha_Menocal_29–40-296"><a href="#cite_ref-Democratic_backsliding_Rocha_Menocal_29–40_296-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocha_MenocalFritzRakner2008" class="citation journal cs1">Rocha Menocal, Alina; Fritz, Verena; Rakner, Lise (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10220460802217934">"Hybrid regimes and the challenges of deepening and sustaining democracy in developing countries1"</a>. 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British Journal of Political Science. 38 (2): 311–334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007123408000161">10.1017/S0007123408000161</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10036%2F64393">10036/64393</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55486399">55486399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Political+Efficacy+and+Participation+in+Twenty-Seven+Democracies%3A+How+Electoral+Systems+Shape+Political+Behaviour&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E311-%3C%2Fspan%3E334&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10036%2F64393&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55486399%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0007123408000161&rft.aulast=Karp&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+A.&rft.au=Banducci%2C+Susan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2FS0007123408000161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkinsCarlinLittvayRovira_Kaltwasser" class="citation book cs1">Hawkins, Kirk Andrew; Carlin, Ryan E.; Littvay, Levente; Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal (eds.). The ideational approach to populism: concept, theory, and analysis. p. 281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-19692-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-19692-3"><bdi>978-1-315-19692-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1053623603">1053623603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ideational+approach+to+populism%3A+concept%2C+theory%2C+and+analysis&rft.pages=281&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1053623603&rft.isbn=978-1-315-19692-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkeFoweraker2001" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, P.; Foweraker, J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=srzDCqnZkfUC">Encyclopedia of Democratic Thought</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19396-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19396-2"><bdi>978-0-415-19396-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Democratic+Thought&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-19396-2&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Foweraker%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsrzDCqnZkfUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraeber2013" class="citation book cs1">Graeber, David (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/769425385">The Democracy Project : a history, a crisis, a movement</a>. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9356-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9356-1"><bdi>978-0-8129-9356-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/769425385">769425385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Democracy+Project+%3A+a+history%2C+a+crisis%2C+a+movement&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F769425385&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-9356-1&rft.aulast=Graeber&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F769425385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivyDe_Sélincourt2002" class="citation book cs1">Livy; De Sélincourt, A.; Ogilvie, R. M.; Oakley, S. P. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHh7heON3sQC">The early history of Rome: books I-V of The history of Rome from its foundations</a>. Penguin Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044809-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044809-2"><bdi>978-0-14-044809-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+early+history+of+Rome%3A+books+I-V+of+The+history+of+Rome+from+its+foundations&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044809-2&rft.au=Livy&rft.au=De+S%C3%A9lincourt%2C+A.&rft.au=Ogilvie%2C+R.+M.&rft.au=Oakley%2C+S.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZHh7heON3sQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMannFields1997" class="citation journal cs1">Mann, Barbara A.; Fields, Jerry L. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/27g1b5px">"A Sign in the Sky: Dating the League of the Haudenosaunee"</a>. American Indian Culture and Research Journal. 21 (2): 105–163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17953%2Faicr.21.2.k36m1485r3062510">10.17953/aicr.21.2.k36m1485r3062510</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Indian+Culture+and+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Sign+in+the+Sky%3A+Dating+the+League+of+the+Haudenosaunee&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E163&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17953%2Faicr.21.2.k36m1485r3062510&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Barbara+A.&rft.au=Fields%2C+Jerry+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F27g1b5px&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberHedrick1996" class="citation book cs1">Ober, J.; Hedrick, C.W. (1996). Dēmokratia: a conversation on democracies, ancient and modern. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01108-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01108-0"><bdi>978-0-691-01108-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%C4%93mokratia%3A+a+conversation+on+democracies%2C+ancient+and+modern&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01108-0&rft.aulast=Ober&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Hedrick%2C+C.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaaflaubOberWallace2007" class="citation book cs1">Raaflaub, Kurt A.; Ober, Josiah; Wallace, Robert W (2007). Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24562-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24562-4"><bdi>978-0-520-24562-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+Democracy+in+Ancient+Greece&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24562-4&rft.aulast=Raaflaub&rft.aufirst=Kurt+A.&rft.au=Ober%2C+Josiah&rft.au=Wallace%2C+Robert+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cartledge" title="Paul Cartledge">Cartledge, Paul</a> (2016). Democracy: A Life. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199697670.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProvostKennard2023" class="citation book cs1">Provost, Claire; <a href="/wiki/Matt_Kennard_(journalist)" title="Matt Kennard (journalist)">Kennard, Matt</a> (2023). Silent Coup: How Corporations Overthrew Democracy. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1350269989" title="Special:BookSources/978-1350269989"><bdi>978-1350269989</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silent+Coup%3A+How+Corporations+Overthrew+Democracy&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1350269989&rft.aulast=Provost&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft.au=Kennard%2C+Matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Biagini" title="Eugenio Biagini">Biagini, Eugenio</a> (general editor). 2021. A Cultural History of Democracy, 6 Volumes New York : Bloomsbury Academic.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Astra_Taylor" title="Astra Taylor">Taylor, Astra</a> (2019). Democracy May Not Exist, but We'll Miss It When It's Gone. Metropolitan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1250179845" title="Special:BookSources/978-1250179845"><bdi>978-1250179845</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+May+Not+Exist%2C+but+We%27ll+Miss+It+When+It%27s+Gone&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1250179845&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Astra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Przeworski" title="Adam Przeworski">Przeworski, Adam</a> (2018) Why Bother With Elections? Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerardo_L._Munck" title="Gerardo L. Munck">Munck, Gerardo L.</a> (2016) "What is Democracy? A Reconceptualization of the Quality of Democracy". Democratization 23(1): 1–26.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roslyn_Fuller" title="Roslyn Fuller">Fuller, Roslyn</a> (2015). Beasts and Gods: How Democracy Changed Its Meaning and Lost its Purpose. London: Zed Books. p. 371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78360-542-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78360-542-2"><bdi>978-1-78360-542-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beasts+and+Gods%3A+How+Democracy+Changed+Its+Meaning+and+Lost+its+Purpose&rft.place=London&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78360-542-2&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Roslyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocracy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Democracy <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Democracy">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right 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title="q:Special:Search/Democracy">Democracy</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/democracy" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:democracy">democracy</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/democracy">Democracy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://democracyparadox.com/the-democracy-paradox-podcast/">Podcast: Democracy Paradox</a>, hundreds of interviews with democracy experts around the world</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Government98" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;background: lightblue"><div id="Government98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Government</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_and_government31" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_and_government" title="Template:Politics and government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_and_government" title="Template talk:Politics and government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_and_government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics and government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_and_government31" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_government" title="Central government">Central government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal government">Federal government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">National unity government</a></li> <li>Levels:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_government" class="mw-redirect" title="County government">County government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Township" title="Township">Township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Lists:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">Govt systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">Countries by system</a></li> <li>Systems:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electocracy" title="Electocracy">Electocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergatocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergatocracy">Ergatocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geniocracy" title="Geniocracy">Geniocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Democracy</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_democracy" title="Cellular democracy">Cellular </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_e-democracy" title="Collaborative e-democracy">Collaborative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_democracy" title="Cosmopolitan democracy">Cosmopolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanaticism" title="Fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li>Theoreticians:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Functions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">Social insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_benefits" title="Unemployment benefits">Unemployment benefits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="National healthcare">National healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">Public education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li>Regulation:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental regulation">Environmental regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking regulation">Banking regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_inspection" class="mw-redirect" title="Food inspection">Food inspection</a></li> <li>Municipal:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_lights" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic lights">Traffic lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Street cleaning">Street cleaning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Documents</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncodified_constitution" title="Uncodified constitution">Uncodified constitution</a></li> <li>Roles:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Head of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">Prime minister</a></li> <li>Bodies:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li>Legislative bodies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress" title="Congress">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council" title="Council">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly" title="House of Assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_council" title="Legislative council">Legislative council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Process:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">Hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee" title="Committee">Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li> <li>Outcomes:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">Precedent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections">Elections</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Campaigns</a></li> <li>Groups:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Advocacy groups">Advocacy groups</a></li> <li>Issues:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Fields of study</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Overviews:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li>Reforms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></li> <li>Documents:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy">Embassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li>World:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="World Government">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="World Court">World Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">Human history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">History of philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li>Templates:</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Template:Political ideologies">Political ideologies</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Political_culture" title="Template:Political culture">Political culture</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Political_spectrum" title="Template:Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Social_and_political_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Social and political philosophy">Social and political philosophy</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism" title="Template:Liberalism">liberalism</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template:Conservatism navbox">Conservatism navbox</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Aspects of capitalism">aspects of capitalism</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Western_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Western culture">Western culture</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_administration" title="Template:Autonomous types of first-tier administration">Autonomous types of first-tier administration</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:World_government" title="Template:World government">World government</a>}}</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forms_of_government" title="Category:Forms of government">Forms of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_democracy" title="Category:Types of democracy">Types of democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties" title="Category:Political parties">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Common_types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries568" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" title="Template:Types of government ministers and ministries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" title="Template talk:Types of government ministers and ministries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of government ministers and ministries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Common_types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries568" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common types of government <a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">ministers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">ministries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_president" title="Vice president">Vice president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">Prime minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_prime_minister" title="Deputy prime minister">Deputy prime minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_minister" title="First minister">First minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_First_Minister_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Deputy First Minister (disambiguation)">Deputy First Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier" title="Premier">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Office of the President (disambiguation)">Office of the president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_department" title="Cabinet department">Cabinet department / Office of the prime minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_(politics)" title="Speaker (politics)">Speaker / President of the assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state" title="Secretary of state">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of state">Minister of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_minister" title="Deputy minister">Deputy minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undersecretary" title="Undersecretary">Undersecretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_secretary" title="Parliamentary secretary">Assistant minister/Parliamentary secretary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defence / foreign affairs / public safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_defence" title="Ministry of defence">Ministry of defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_foreign_affairs" title="Ministry of foreign affairs">Ministry of foreign affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_minister" title="Immigration minister">Immigration minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_minister" title="Interior minister">Interior minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interior_ministry" title="Interior ministry">Interior ministry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_development_minister" title="International development minister">International development minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_European_Affairs_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Minister for European Affairs (disambiguation)">Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics/ infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_minister" title="Commerce minister">Commerce minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_economy" title="Ministry of the economy">Ministry of the economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_finance" title="Ministry of finance">Ministry of finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry minister">Industry minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of infrastructure">Ministry of infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_trade_and_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of trade and industry">Ministry of trade and industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of transport">Ministry of transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment / natural resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_minister" title="Energy minister">Energy minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_energy" title="Ministry of energy">Ministry of energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_minister" title="Environment minister">Environment minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_electricity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of electricity">Ministry of electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_petroleum" title="Ministry of petroleum">Ministry of petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_water_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of water resources">Ministry of water resources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_minister" title="Culture minister">Culture minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of culture">Ministry of culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_minister" title="Education minister">Education minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_education_and_culture" title="Ministry of education and culture">Ministry of education and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Health minister">Health minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_department" title="Health department">Ministry of health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_minister" title="Information minister">Information minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_minister" title="Housing minister">Housing minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_authority" title="Housing authority">Ministry of housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_justice" title="Ministry of justice">Ministry of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_labour" title="Minister of labour">Minister of labour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of labour">Ministry of labour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_minister" title="Regional minister">Regional minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_sports" title="Ministry of sports">Ministry of sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_minister" title="Tourism minister">Tourism minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_home_affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of home affairs">Ministry of home affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_religious_affairs" title="Ministry of religious affairs">Ministry of religious affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_science" title="Ministry of science">Ministry of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_social_affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of social affairs">Ministry of social affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of social security">Ministry of social security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Veterans_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Minister for Veterans (disambiguation)">Minister for Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of women">Ministry of women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Women_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Minister for Women (disambiguation)">Minister for women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">Minister without portfolio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of current heads of state and government">Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_vice_presidents_and_designated_acting_presidents" title="List of current vice presidents and designated acting presidents">Vice presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of current heads of state and government">Prime ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_deputy_prime_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current deputy prime ministers">Deputy prime ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_presidents_of_legislatures" title="List of current presidents of legislatures">Presidents of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agriculture_ministries" title="List of agriculture ministries">Agriculture ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_climate_change" title="List of ministers of climate change">Climate change ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministries_of_communications" title="List of ministries of communications">Communications ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_defence_ministers" title="List of current defence ministers">Defence ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_education_ministries" title="List of education ministries">Education ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_the_environment" title="List of ministers of the environment">Environment ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_ministries" title="List of environmental ministries">Environment ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_finance_ministers" title="List of current finance ministers">Finance ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_foreign_ministers" title="List of current foreign ministers">Foreign ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_ministries" title="List of forestry ministries">Forest ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_health_departments_and_ministries" title="List of health departments and ministries">Health ministries</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Mental_Health" title="Minister of Mental Health">mental health</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_interior_ministers" title="List of current interior ministers">Interior ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_works_ministries" title="List of public works ministries">Public works ministries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Government_ministers_by_portfolio" title="Category:Government ministers by portfolio">Government ministers by portfolio</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ministries_by_portfolio" title="Category:Ministries by portfolio">Ministries by portfolio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_services418" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_services" title="Template:Public services"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_services" title="Template talk:Public services"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_services" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public services"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_services418" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public services</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalization" title="Municipalization">Municipalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">Progressive tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_newspaper" title="Free newspaper">Free newspaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_sample" title="Product sample">Product sample</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bad" title="Public bad">Public bad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public good (economics)">Public good (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_land" title="Public land">Public land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">Public ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_rights" title="Public rights">Public rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sphere" title="Public sphere">Public sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_procurement" title="Government procurement">Public procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_trust" title="Public trust">Public trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_value" title="Public value">Public value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_access_to_education" title="Universal access to education">Universal access to education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_services" title="Universal basic services">Universal basic services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_department" title="Fire department">Fire department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">Postal service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postal_savings_system" title="Postal savings system">Savings system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">Public broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_services" title="Universal basic services">Universal basic services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">Public utility</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_utility" title="Electric utility">Electric utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_oil_company" title="National oil company">Oil & gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal,_telegraph_and_telephone_service" title="Postal, telegraph and telephone service">Telecommunication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_broadband" title="Municipal broadband">Municipal broadband</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Public infrastructure">Public infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_water_system" title="Public water system">Public water system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">Public works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_fountain" title="Drinking fountain">Drinking fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_clinic" title="Free clinic">Free clinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bank" title="Public bank">Public bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bookcase" title="Public bookcase">Public bookcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_computer" title="Public computer">Public computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_hospital" title="Public hospital">Public hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">Public library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_open_space" title="Public open space">Public open space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">Public school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_space" title="Public space">Public space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_toilet" title="Public toilet">Public toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">Public university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">Urban park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Publicly_funded_health_care" title="Publicly funded health care">Publicly funded health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_creation" class="mw-redirect" title="Job creation">Job creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_guarantee" title="Job guarantee">Job guarantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-payer_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-payer health care">Single-payer health care</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">National health insurance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">Social insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_pension" title="Social pension">Social pension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">Social security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_services" title="Youth services">Youth services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_auction" title="Government auction">Government auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_float" title="Public float">Public float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holiday" title="Public holiday">Public holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_offering" title="Public offering">Public offering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">Public sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_security" title="Public security">Public security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_use" title="Public use">Public use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_viewing_area" title="Public viewing area">Public viewing area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Public_services" title="Category:Public services">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_services" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Public services">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Age_of_Enlightenment295" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template talk:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Age_of_Enlightenment295" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics295" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_during_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopédistes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8res" title="Lumières">Lumières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_doubt" title="Cartesian doubt">Methodological skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlands_Enlightenment" title="Midlands Enlightenment">Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">Natural philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">Rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapere_aude" title="Sapere aude">Sapere aude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Science in the Age of Enlightenment">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_Enlightenment" title="Spanish American Enlightenment">Spanish America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universality_(philosophy)" title="Universality (philosophy)">Universality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopianism">Utopianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Thinkers295" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury">Ashley-Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Collins_(philosopher)" title="Anthony Collins (philosopher)">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Tindal" title="Matthew Tindal">Tindal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">d'Alembert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Louis_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d%27Argenson" class="mw-redirect" title="René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson">d'Argenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Bayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Chamfort" title="Nicolas Chamfort">Chamfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89milie_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Émilie du Châtelet">Châtelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Bonnot_de_Condillac" title="Étienne Bonnot de Condillac">Condillac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle">Fontenelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Jaucourt" title="Louis de Jaucourt">Jaucourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Offray_de_La_Mettrie" title="Julien Offray de La Mettrie">La Mettrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Mably</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Morelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Thomas_Fran%C3%A7ois_Raynal" title="Guillaume Thomas François Raynal">Raynal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geneva</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firmin_Abauzit" title="Firmin Abauzit">Abauzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonnet" title="Charles Bonnet">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Burlamaqui" title="Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui">Burlamaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pr%C3%A9vost_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Prévost (physicist)">Prévost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_de_Saussure" title="Horace Bénédict de Saussure">Saussure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg" title="Georg Christoph Lichtenberg">Lichtenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Thomasius" title="Christian Thomasius">Thomasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Weishaupt" title="Adam Weishaupt">Weishaupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Wieland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Greece</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoklitos_Farmakidis" title="Theoklitos Farmakidis">Farmakidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigas_Feraios" title="Rigas Feraios">Feraios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_Kairis" title="Theophilos Kairis">Kairis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Toland" title="John Toland">Toland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Enlightenment" title="Italian Enlightenment">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Galiani" title="Ferdinando Galiani">Galiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Galvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Genovesi" title="Antonio Genovesi">Genovesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Mario_Pagano" title="Francesco Mario Pagano">Pagano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Verri" title="Pietro Verri">Verri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Bekker" title="Balthasar Bekker">Bekker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_de_la_Court" title="Pieter de la Court">de la Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Koerbagh" title="Adriaan Koerbagh">Koerbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Leeuwenhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mandeville" title="Bernard Mandeville">Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodewijk_Meyer" title="Lodewijk Meyer">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Nieuwentyt" title="Bernard Nieuwentyt">Nieuwentyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Swammerdam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Konarski" title="Stanisław Konarski">Konarski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz">Niemcewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drzej_%C5%9Aniadecki" title="Jędrzej Śniadecki">Śniadecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Staszic" title="Stanisław Staszic">Staszic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Wybicki" title="Józef Wybicki">Wybicki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo,_1st_Marquis_of_Pombal" title="Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal">Carvalho e Melo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Budai-Deleanu" title="Ion Budai-Deleanu">Budai-Deleanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Cantemir" title="Dimitrie Cantemir">Cantemir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Maior" title="Petru Maior">Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuil_Micu-Klein" title="Samuil Micu-Klein">Micu-Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_%C8%98incai" title="Gheorghe Șincai">Șincai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Enlightenment" title="Russian Enlightenment">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Fonvizin" title="Denis Fonvizin">Fonvizin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_Kantemir" title="Antiochus Kantemir">Kantemir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kheraskov" title="Mikhail Kheraskov">Kheraskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Lomonosov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Novikov" title="Nikolay Novikov">Novikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Radishchev" title="Alexander Radishchev">Radishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekaterina_Vorontsova-Dashkova" title="Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova">Vorontsova-Dashkova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dositej_Obradovi%C4%87" title="Dositej Obradović">Obradović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avram_Mrazovi%C4%87" title="Avram Mrazović">Mrazović</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cadalso" title="José Cadalso">Cadalso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Jer%C3%B3nimo_Feij%C3%B3o_y_Montenegro" title="Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro">Feijóo y Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leandro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Morat%C3%ADn" title="Leandro Fernández de Moratín">Moratín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos" title="Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos">Jovellanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Torres_Villarroel" title="Diego de Torres Villarroel">Villarroel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Beattie_(poet)" title="James Beattie (poet)">Beattie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Blair" title="Hugh Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Boswell" title="James Boswell">Boswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnett,_Lord_Monboddo" title="James Burnett, Lord Monboddo">Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen" title="William Cullen">Cullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Playfair" title="John Playfair">Playfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugald_Stewart" title="Dugald Stewart">Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism">Romanticism</a> →</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Category:Age of Enlightenment">Category</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_legitimacy" title="Political legitimacy">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> (c. 375 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a> (c. 350 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a> (51 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a> (c. 1274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a> (1313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a> (1532)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a> (1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a> (1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a> (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_world_and_culture240" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_world" title="Template:Western world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_world" title="Template talk:Western world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_world_and_culture240" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Roman legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">European Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">high</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Revolution" title="Age of Revolution">Age of Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post–Cold War era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" title="Western pattern diet">Diet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_tradition" title="Classical tradition">Classical tradition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes" title="Western dress codes">Clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion" title="History of Western fashion">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dance_(Europe_and_North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western dance (Europe and North America)">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_education" title="Western education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_astrology" title="Western astrology">Astrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_folklore" title="European folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Western_world" title="Immigration to the Western world">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurolinguistics" title="Eurolinguistics">Eurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Average_European" title="Standard Average European">Standard Average European</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_media" title="Western media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_folk_music_traditions" title="List of European folk music traditions">Folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="European mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_Western_painting" title="20th-century Western painting">contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_(Western_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Values (Western philosophy)">Values</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_physical_culture" title="Western physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_sports" title="Western sports">Sport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Christianity_in_the_Western_world" title="Decline of Christianity in the Western world">Decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_philosophy" title="Ancient Roman philosophy">Ancient Roman philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Tolerance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_tolerance" title="Paradox of tolerance">Paradox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peritrope" title="Peritrope">Peritrope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism" title="Sovereigntism">Sovereigntism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_values" title="Western values">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_values" title="European values">European</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish mythology">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary integration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABCANZ_Armies" title="ABCANZ Armies">ABCANZ Armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_European_Regions" title="Assembly of European Regions">AER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Portuguese Alliance">Anglo-Portuguese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUK" title="ANZUK">ANZUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUSCANNZUKUS" title="AUSCANNZUKUS">AUSCANNZUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Assembly" title="Baltic Assembly">Baltic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">BSEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Nine" title="Bucharest Nine">Bucharest Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CANZUK" title="CANZUK">CANZUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States" title="Council of the Baltic Sea States">CBSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">CEFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craiova_Group" title="Craiova Group">Craiova Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Group" title="Eastern European Group">Eastern European Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">EPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">EU Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">EU–UK TCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Treaties" title="Lancaster House Treaties">Lancaster House Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Triangle" title="Lublin Triangle">Lublin Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">OAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_the_Progress_and_Integration_of_South_America" title="Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America">PROSUR/PROSUL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Seas_Initiative" title="Three Seas Initiative">Three Seas Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UKUSA_Agreement" title="UKUSA Agreement">UKUSA Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">USMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nordic_Council" title="West Nordic Council">West Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_and_Others_Group" title="Western European and Others Group">Western European and Others Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-ghnnz","wgBackendResponseTime":192,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.515","walltime":"4.965","ppvisitednodes":{"value":25984,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1085310,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":195885,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":56,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1219021,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4225.725 1 -total"," 52.73% 2228.132 3 Template:Reflist"," 18.94% 800.286 102 Template:Cite_book"," 14.40% 608.700 71 Template:Cite_journal"," 10.15% 428.964 7 Template:Excerpt"," 8.40% 354.808 72 Template:Cite_web"," 5.92% 249.983 2 Template:Navboxes"," 5.18% 219.098 7 Template:Sfn"," 3.81% 160.850 16 Template:Cite_news"," 3.69% 155.824 1 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[\"CITEREFBlumler2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrockell2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckleyDuerMendelSiochrú2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBucyD\u0026#039;Angelo1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBudge,_Ian2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCappellaJamieson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarroll_Quigley1983\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFChavetz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCinelliMoralesGaleazziQuattrociocchi2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkeFoweraker2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCommunications\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCox2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurte1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCushion2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCushionFranklin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDahl2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDahlShapiroCheibub2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDaily_Express_News2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaron_AcemogluSuresh_NaiduPascual_RestrepoJames_A._Robinson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeacy2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDearyBattyGale2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenham2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeudney2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDiamond2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamondMorlino2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinkin1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDixon1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDongesJarren2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowlen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwin_Leland_James1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEgorovSonin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsaiassonWlezien2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsser2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsserMatthes2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEverdell2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarrell,_Henry2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFenichel_Pitkin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFladmarkHeyerdahl2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrench_National_Assembly\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriendn.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFukuyama2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuller2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGagnon2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGermannGemenis2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerringKnutsenBerge2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiblerOwsiak2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillette,_William1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlaeserPonzettoShleifer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraeber2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraymont1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreskovitz2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrinin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuntherMugham2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGurevitchBlumler1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGurievTreisman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaggardKaufman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawkinsCarlinLittvayRovira_Kaltwasser\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHe2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoibergIndu_Ramchandani2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHyde2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHénaffStrong2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInglehart2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJan_Ligeza2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJobson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJulian_Go2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarpBanducci2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKasuyaReilly2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKazuko2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelsen1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimber1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKopsteinLichbachHanson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulkeDietmar_Rothermund2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurlantzick2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKöchler1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLieberman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLightfoot2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLippert2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipset,_Seymour_Martin.1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLivyDe_Sélincourt2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLocke1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLukowskiZawadzki2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacChesney1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalkaLelkesBakkerSpivack2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandel2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManin,_Bernard1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMannFields1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManville2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCoySomer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGannLatner2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMettler2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMounk2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunck2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMøller2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMøllerSkaaning2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNations\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNielsen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNohlen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorman_Davies1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorthWeingast1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNussbaum2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Callaghan1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOberHedrick1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaglayan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPelke2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Dizikes2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPickard2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinfield2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPriestland2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProoijenLigthartRosema2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProvostKennard2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrzeworski2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaaflaubOberWallace2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRatcliffe2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRepucciSlipowitz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhodes-PurdyMadrid2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRindermann2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Michels1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanders2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScher2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchultz2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulz2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartzberg2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerdült2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnyderSamuels2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpringer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff_writer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStasavage2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuiterFarrellO\u0026#039;Malley2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwearer1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThoday2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorhallssonSteinsson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTibi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrotsky1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTullock1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUdrisLucht2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrbinati2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoltmerSorensen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVosoughiRoyAral2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVreese2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWall2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarrenPearse2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatkins1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiles2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhuravskayaPetrovaEnikolopov2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZibechi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Montesquieu\"] = 1,\n [\"Indices_ranking_degree_of_democracy\"] = 1,\n [\"refEngerman2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 5,\n [\"Age of Enlightenment\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Basic forms of government\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 96,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 56,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 66,\n [\"Col-begin\"] = 2,\n [\"Col-break\"] = 7,\n [\"Col-end\"] = 2,\n [\"Column\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Contradictory inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Democracy\"] = 1,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 7,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"For-multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Government\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 16,\n [\"If mobile\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 21,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 25,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Political philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Quantify\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 2,\n [\"Relevant\"] = 1,\n [\"Request quotation\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 7,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Systems of government\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Update inline\"] = 4,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n [\"Western culture\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","480","15.2"],["?","460","14.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","320","10.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","7.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","200","6.3"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","200","6.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","160","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","3.8"],["makeMessage \u003Cmw.message.lua:76\u003E","80","2.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","2.5"],["[others]","820","25.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-6l9bm","timestamp":"20250217011115","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Democracy","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Democracy","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7174","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7174","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, 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