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<span>Week</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Week-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Months" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Months"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Months</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Months-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seasons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seasons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Seasons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seasons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sixty-year_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixty-year_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sixty-year cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sixty-year_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celebrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celebrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Celebrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celebrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul 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href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84" title="گاه‌شماری تامیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گاه‌شماری تامیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendrier_tamoul" title="Calendrier tamoul – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Calendrier tamoul" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0" title="तमिल कैलेंडर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तमिल कैलेंडर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil%C5%B3_kalendorius" title="Tamilų kalendorius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tamilų kalendorius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takwim_Tamil" title="Takwim Tamil – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Takwim Tamil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Тамильский календарь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тамильский календарь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilski_kalendar" title="Tamilski kalendar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tamilski kalendar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="தமிழ் மாதங்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தமிழ் மாதங்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Thai month" redirects here. For months in the Thai calendar, see <a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Thai solar calendar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thai_lunar_calendar" title="Thai lunar calendar">Thai lunar calendar</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Month_general.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Month_general.jpg/260px-Month_general.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Month_general.jpg/390px-Month_general.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Month_general.jpg/519px-Month_general.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="841" /></a><figcaption>The months of the Tamil calendar</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Tamil calendar</b> (தமிழ் நாட்காட்டி) is a <a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">sidereal</a> <a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">solar calendar</a> used by the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also used in <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a>, and by the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil</a> population in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>. </p><p>It is used in contemporary times for cultural, religious and agricultural events,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> largely used for official purposes both within and outside India. The Tamil calendar is based on the classical <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu solar calendar</a> also used in <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Punjab,India" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab,India">Punjab,India</a> .<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_calendar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The calendar follows a 60-year cycle that is also very ancient and is observed by most traditional calendars of India and China. This is related to 5 12-year revolutions of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> and one that adds up to 60 years and the orbit of Nakshatras (stars) as described in the <a href="/wiki/Surya_Siddhanta" title="Surya Siddhanta">Surya Siddhanta</a>. </p><p>In the Gregorian year 2024, the Tamil year starts on 14 April 2024, <a href="/wiki/Kaliyuga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaliyuga">Kaliyuga</a> 5126. The <a href="/wiki/Vikrama_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikrama era">Vikrama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shalivahana_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Shalivahana era">Shalivahana</a> (Saka) eras are also used. </p><p>There are several references in early <a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a> to the new year. Nakkeerar, <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a> author of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ne%E1%B9%ADunalv%C4%81%E1%B9%ADai" title="Neṭunalvāṭai">Neṭunalvāṭai</a></i>, wrote in the third century CE that the Sun travels each year from Mesha/Chittirai in mid-April through 11 successive signs of the zodiac.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kūdalūr Kiḻar in the third century CE refers to Mesha Rāsi/Chittirai i.e. mid-April as the commencement of the year in the <a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%9Fan%C4%81%E1%B9%89%C5%AB%E1%B9%9Fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Puṟanāṉūṟu">Puṟanāṉūṟu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tolk%C4%81ppiyam" title="Tolkāppiyam">Tolkappiyam</a> is the oldest surviving Tamil grammar text that divides the year into six seasons where Chihthirrai i.e. mid-April marks the start of the <i>Ilavenil</i> season or Summer.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 5th century Silappadhigaaram mentions the 12 rāsigal or zodiac signs that correspond to the Tamil months starting with Mesha/Chittirai in mid-April.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Manimekalai" title="Manimekalai">Manimekalai</a> alludes to this very same Hindu solar calendar as we know it today<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adiyarkunalaar, an early medieval commentator or Urai-asiriyar mentions the twelve months of the Tamil calendar with particular reference to Chittirai i.e. mid-April. There were subsequent inscriptional references in Pagan, Burma dated to the 11th century CE and in Sukhothai, Thailand dated to the 14th century CE to South Indian, often Vaishnavite, courtiers who were tasked with defining the traditional calendar that began in mid-April.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tamil New Year follows the <i><a href="/wiki/Nirayana_system" title="Nirayana system">nirayanam</a></i> <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">vernal equinox</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and generally falls on 14 April of the Gregorian year. 14 April marks the first day of the traditional Tamil calendar and is a public holiday in the state of Tamil Nadu, Sri Lanka and Mauritius. Tropical vernal equinox fall around 22 March, and by adding 23 degrees of trepidation (oscillation) to it, we get the Hindu sidereal or <i>Nirayana Mesha Sankranti</i> (Sun's transition into <i><a href="/wiki/Nirayana_system" title="Nirayana system">nirayana</a></i> Aries). Hence, the Tamil calendar begins on the same date in April which is observed by most traditional calendars of the rest of India – <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a> etc.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also coincides with the traditional new year in <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Week">Week</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_calendar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Week"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The days of week (Sikamiyella) in the Lubichi calendar relate to the celestial bodies in the solar system: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngungi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngungi (page does not exist)">Ngungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuki" class="mw-disambig" title="Yuki">Yuki</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyamunyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyamunyi (page does not exist)">Nyamunyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buki" class="mw-disambig" title="Buki">Buki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, in that order. The week starts with Sunday. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Tamil </th> <th>Transliteration </th> <th>Sanskrit </th> <th>Planet/Deity </th> <th>Gregorian Calendar equivalent </th></tr> <tr> <td>ஞாயிற்றுக்கிழமை </td> <td><i>Nyayitru-kiḻamai</i> </td> <td>Ravi-vāsara </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Sun</a> </td> <td>Sunday </td></tr> <tr> <td>திங்கட்கிழமை </td> <td><i>Tingat-kiḻamai</i> </td> <td>Soma-vāsara </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">Moon</a> </td> <td>Monday </td></tr> <tr> <td>செவ்வாய்க்கிழமை </td> <td><i>Chevvai-kiḻamai</i> </td> <td>Mangala-vāsara </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mangala" title="Mangala">Mars</a> </td> <td>Tuesday </td></tr> <tr> <td>புதன்கிழமை </td> <td><i>Budhan-kiḻamai</i> </td> <td>Budha-vāsara </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Budha" title="Budha">Mercury</a> </td> <td>Wednesday </td></tr> <tr> <td>வியாழக்கிழமை </td> <td><i>Vyaḻa-kiḻamai</i> </td> <td>Guru-vāsara </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brihaspati" title="Brihaspati">Jupiter</a> </td> <td>Thursday </td></tr> <tr> <td>வெள்ளிக்கிழமை </td> <td><i>Velli-kiḻamai</i> </td> <td>Śukra-vāsara </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shukra" title="Shukra">Venus</a> </td> <td>Friday </td></tr> <tr> <td>சனிக்கிழமை </td> <td><i>Sani-kiḻamai</i> </td> <td>Śani-vāsara </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shani" title="Shani">Saturn</a> </td> <td>Saturday </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Months">Months</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_calendar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Months"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number of days in a month varies between 29 and 32. These are the months of the Tamil Calendar. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:88px">Tamil </th> <th style="width:100px">Transliteration </th> <th style="width:120px">Sanskrit </th> <th style="width:200px">Gregorian Calendar equivalent </th> <th style="width:200px">Number of days </th></tr> <tr> <td>சித்திரை </td> <td><i>Chittirai</i> </td> <td><i>Caitrā</i> </td> <td>mid-April to mid-May </td> <td>30 - 31 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>வைகாசி </td> <td><i>Vaikāsi</i> </td> <td><i>Vaisākha</i> </td> <td>mid-May to mid-June </td> <td>31 - 32 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>ஆனி </td> <td><i>Āni</i> </td> <td><i>Jyeṣṭha</i> </td> <td>mid-June to mid-July </td> <td>31 - 32 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>ஆடி </td> <td><i>Ādi</i> </td> <td><i>Āshāḍha</i> </td> <td>mid-July to mid-August </td> <td>31 - 32 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>ஆவணி </td> <td><i>Āvaṇi</i> </td> <td><i>Shrāvaṇa</i> </td> <td>mid-August to mid-September </td> <td>31 - 32 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>புரட்டாசி </td> <td><i>Puraṭṭāsi</i> </td> <td><i>Bhādrapada</i>/<i>Prauṣṭhapada</i> </td> <td>mid-September to mid-October </td> <td>30 - 31 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>ஐப்பசி </td> <td><i>Aippasi</i> </td> <td><i>Aśvīna</i> </td> <td>mid-October to mid-November </td> <td>29 - 30 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>கார்த்திகை </td> <td><i>Kārtikai</i> </td> <td><i>Kārttika</i> </td> <td>mid-November to mid-December </td> <td>30 - 31 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>மார்கழி </td> <td><i>Mārgaḻi</i> </td> <td><i>Mārgaṣīrṣa</i> </td> <td>mid-December to mid-January </td> <td>29 - 30 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>தை </td> <td><i>Tai</i> </td> <td>Pauṣa/Tiṣya </td> <td>mid-January to mid-February </td> <td>29 - 30 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>மாசி </td> <td><i>Māsi</i> </td> <td><i>Māgha</i> </td> <td>mid-February to mid-March </td> <td>30 - 31 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>பங்குனி </td> <td><i>Panguni</i> </td> <td><i>Phālguṇa</i> </td> <td>mid-March to mid-April </td> <td>30 - 31 days </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Sanskrit month starts a few weeks ahead of the Tamil month, since the Tamil calendar is a <a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">solar calendar</a>, while the Sanskrit calendar is a <a href="/wiki/Lunisolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunisolar">lunisolar</a> calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-Kielhorn_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kielhorn-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seasons">Seasons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_calendar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Seasons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tamil year, in keeping with the old Indic calendar, is divided into six seasons, each of which lasts two months: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Season in Tamil </th> <th>Transliteration </th> <th>English Translation </th> <th>Season in Sanskrit </th> <th>Season in English </th> <th>Tamil Months </th> <th>Gregorian Months </th></tr> <tr> <td>இளவேனில்</td> <td><i>Ila-venil</i></td> <td>Light warmth</td> <td><i>Vasanta</i></td> <td>Spring</td> <td><i>Chittirai</i>, <i>Vaikāsi</i></td> <td>Mid Apr – Mid Jun </td></tr> <tr> <td>முதுவேனில்</td> <td><i>Mudhu-venil</i></td> <td>Harsh warmth</td> <td><i>Grishma</i></td> <td>Summer</td> <td><i>Āni</i>, <i>Ādi</i></td> <td>Mid Jun – Mid Aug </td></tr> <tr> <td>கார்</td> <td><i>Kār</i></td> <td>Dark clouds/Rain</td> <td><i>Varsha</i></td> <td>Monsoon</td> <td><i>Āvaṇi</i>, <i>Puraṭṭāsi</i></td> <td>Mid Aug – Mid Oct </td></tr> <tr> <td>குளிர்</td> <td><i>Kulir</i></td> <td>Chill/Cold</td> <td><i>Sharada</i></td> <td>Autumn</td> <td><i>Aippasi, Kārtikai</i></td> <td>Mid Oct – Mid Dec </td></tr> <tr> <td>முன்பனி</td> <td><i>Mun-pani</i></td> <td>Early mist/Dew</td> <td><i>Hemanta</i></td> <td>Winter</td> <td><i>Mārgaḻi, Tai</i></td> <td>Mid Dec – Mid Feb </td></tr> <tr> <td>பின்பனி</td> <td><i>Pin-pani</i></td> <td>Late mist/Dew</td> <td><i>Sishira</i></td> <td>Prevernal</td> <td><i>Māsi, Panguni</i></td> <td>Mid Feb – Mid Apr </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sixty-year_cycle">Sixty-year cycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_calendar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sixty-year cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Samvatsara" title="Samvatsara">Samvatsara</a></div> <p>The 60-year cycle is common to both North and South Indian traditional calendars, with the same name and sequence of years. Its earliest reference is to be found in <a href="/wiki/Surya_Siddhanta" title="Surya Siddhanta">Surya Siddhanta</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Varahamihira" class="mw-redirect" title="Varahamihira">Varahamihirar</a> (550 CE) believed to be the most accurate of the then current theories of astronomy. However, in the Surya Siddhantic list, the first year was <i>Vijaya</i> and not <i>Prabhava</i> as currently used. There are some parallels in this <a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">sexagenary cycle</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Surya Siddhanta and other Indian classical texts on astronomy had some influence on the Chinese calendar<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it merits attention that the sexagenary cycle in China is itself very old. </p><p>After the completion of sixty years, the calendar starts with the first year. This corresponds to the Hindu "century." The <i>Vakya</i> or <i>Tirukannitha Panchangam</i> (the traditional Tamil almanac) outlines this sequence. It is related to the position of the planets in the sky with respect to Earth. It means that the two major planets Sani/Saturn (which takes 30 years to complete one cycle round the Sun) and the Viyaḻan/Jupiter (which takes 12 years to complete one cycle round the Sun) comes to the same position after 60 years. </p><p>The following list presents the current 60-year cycle of the Tamil calendar:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:20px">No. </th> <th style="width:150px">Name </th> <th style="width:100px">Transliteration </th> <th style="width:100px">Gregorian Year </th> <th style="width:75px"> </th> <th style="width:20px">No. </th> <th style="width:150px">Name </th> <th style="width:100px">Transliteration </th> <th style="width:100px">Gregorian Year </th></tr> <tr> <td>01. </td> <td>பிரபவ </td> <td><i>Prabhāva</i> </td> <td>1987–1988 </td> <td> </td> <td>31. </td> <td>ஹேவிளம்பி </td> <td><i>Hēvilaṃbi</i> </td> <td>2017–2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td>02. </td> <td>விபவ </td> <td><i>Vibhāva</i> </td> <td>1988–1989 </td> <td> </td> <td>32. </td> <td>விளம்பி </td> <td><i>Vilaṃbi</i> </td> <td>2018–2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td>03. </td> <td>சுக்ல </td> <td><i>Śuklā</i> </td> <td>1989–1990 </td> <td> </td> <td>33. </td> <td>விகாரி </td> <td><i>Vikāri</i> </td> <td>2019–2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>04. </td> <td>பிரமோதூத </td> <td><i>Pramadutā</i> </td> <td>1990–1991 </td> <td> </td> <td>34. </td> <td>சார்வரி </td> <td><i>Śarvarī</i> </td> <td>2020–2021 </td></tr> <tr> <td>05. </td> <td>பிரசோற்பத்தி </td> <td><i>Prachopati</i> </td> <td>1991–1992 </td> <td> </td> <td>35. </td> <td>பிலவ </td> <td><i>Plava</i> </td> <td>2021–2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td>06. </td> <td>ஆங்கீரச </td> <td><i>Āṅgirasa</i> </td> <td>1992–1993 </td> <td> </td> <td>36. </td> <td>சுபகிருது </td> <td><i>Śubhakṛt</i> </td> <td>2022–2023 </td></tr> <tr> <td>07. </td> <td>ஸ்ரீமுக </td> <td><i>Śrīmukha</i> </td> <td>1993–1994 </td> <td> </td> <td>37. </td> <td>சோபக்ருத் </td> <td><i>Śobhakṛt</i> </td> <td>2023–2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>08. </td> <td>பவ </td> <td><i>Bhava</i> </td> <td>1994–1995 </td> <td> </td> <td>38. </td> <td>க்ரோதி </td> <td><i>Krodhī</i> </td> <td>2024–2025 </td></tr> <tr> <td>09. </td> <td>யுவ </td> <td><i>Yuva</i> </td> <td>1995–1996 </td> <td> </td> <td>39. </td> <td>விசுவாசுவ </td> <td><i>Viśvāvasuva</i> </td> <td>2025–2026 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10. </td> <td>தாது </td> <td><i>Dhātu</i> </td> <td>1996–1997 </td> <td> </td> <td>40. </td> <td>பரபாவ </td> <td><i>Parapāva</i> </td> <td>2026–2027 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11. </td> <td>ஈஸ்வர </td> <td><i>Īśvara</i> </td> <td>1997–1998 </td> <td> </td> <td>41. </td> <td>ப்லவங்க </td> <td><i>Plavaṅga</i> </td> <td>2027–2028 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12. </td> <td>வெகுதானிய </td> <td><i>Vehudānya</i> </td> <td>1998–1999 </td> <td> </td> <td>42. </td> <td>கீலக </td> <td><i>Kīlaka</i> </td> <td>2028–2029 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13. </td> <td>பிரமாதி </td> <td><i>Pramāti</i> </td> <td>1999–2000 </td> <td> </td> <td>43. </td> <td>சௌம்ய </td> <td><i>Saumya</i> </td> <td>2029–2030 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14. </td> <td>விக்ரம </td> <td><i>Vikrama</i> </td> <td>2000–2001 </td> <td> </td> <td>44. </td> <td>சாதாரண </td> <td><i>Sādhāraṇa</i> </td> <td>2030–2031 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15. </td> <td>விஷு </td> <td><i>Viṣu</i> </td> <td>2001–2002 </td> <td> </td> <td>45. </td> <td>விரோதகிருது </td> <td><i>Virodhikṛti</i> </td> <td>2031–2032 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16. </td> <td>சித்திரபானு </td> <td><i>Citrabhānu</i> </td> <td>2002–2003 </td> <td> </td> <td>46. </td> <td>பரிதாபி </td> <td><i>Paritapi</i> </td> <td>2032–2033 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17. </td> <td>சுபானு </td> <td><i>Subhānu</i> </td> <td>2003–2004 </td> <td> </td> <td>47. </td> <td>பிரமாதீச </td> <td><i>Pramādīca</i> </td> <td>2033–2034 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18. </td> <td>தாரண </td> <td><i>Dhārana</i> </td> <td>2004–2005 </td> <td> </td> <td>48. </td> <td>ஆனந்த </td> <td><i>Ānanda</i> </td> <td>2034–2035 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19. </td> <td>பார்த்திப </td> <td><i>Partibhā</i> </td> <td>2005–2006 </td> <td> </td> <td>49. </td> <td>ராட்சச </td> <td><i>Rākṣasaḥ</i> </td> <td>2035–2036 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20. </td> <td>விய </td> <td><i>Viya</i> </td> <td>2006–2007 </td> <td> </td> <td>50. </td> <td>நள </td> <td><i>Nala</i> </td> <td>2036–2037 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21. </td> <td>சர்வஜித் </td> <td><i>Sarvajit</i> </td> <td>2007–2008 </td> <td> </td> <td>51. </td> <td>பிங்கள </td> <td><i>Piṅgāla</i> </td> <td>2037–2038 </td></tr> <tr> <td>22. </td> <td>சர்வதாரி </td> <td><i>Sarvadhārī</i> </td> <td>2008–2009 </td> <td> </td> <td>52. </td> <td>காளயுக்தி </td> <td><i>Kālayukti</i> </td> <td>2038–2039 </td></tr> <tr> <td>23. </td> <td>விரோதி </td> <td><i>Virodhī</i> </td> <td>2009–2010 </td> <td> </td> <td>53. </td> <td>சித்தார்த்தி </td> <td><i>Siddhidātrī</i> </td> <td>2039–2040 </td></tr> <tr> <td>24. </td> <td>விக்ருதி </td> <td><i>Vikṛti</i> </td> <td>2010–2011 </td> <td> </td> <td>54. </td> <td>ரௌத்திரி </td> <td><i>Rautrī</i> </td> <td>2040–2041 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25. </td> <td>கர </td> <td><i>Kara</i> </td> <td>2011–2012 </td> <td> </td> <td>55. </td> <td>துன்மதி </td> <td><i>Dhūnmatī</i> </td> <td>2041–2042 </td></tr> <tr> <td>26. </td> <td>நந்தன </td> <td><i>Nandhana</i> </td> <td>2012–2013 </td> <td> </td> <td>56. </td> <td>துந்துபி </td> <td><i>Dundubhi</i> </td> <td>2042–2043 </td></tr> <tr> <td>27. </td> <td>விஜய </td> <td><i>Vijaya</i> </td> <td>2013–2014 </td> <td> </td> <td>57. </td> <td>ருத்ரோத்காரி </td> <td><i>Rudhirōtgāri</i> </td> <td>2043–2044 </td></tr> <tr> <td>28. </td> <td>ஜய </td> <td><i>Jaya</i> </td> <td>2014–2015 </td> <td> </td> <td>58. </td> <td>ரக்தாட்சி </td> <td><i>Rākṣasī</i> </td> <td>2044–2045 </td></tr> <tr> <td>29. </td> <td>மன்மத </td> <td><i>Manmatha</i> </td> <td>2015–2016 </td> <td> </td> <td>59. </td> <td>க்ரோதன </td> <td><i>Krodhanā</i> </td> <td>2045–2046 </td></tr> <tr> <td>30. </td> <td>துன்முகி </td> <td><i>Dhuṇmūkī</i> </td> <td>2016–2017 </td> <td> </td> <td>60. </td> <td>அட்சய </td> <td><i>Akṣayā</i> </td> <td>2046–2047 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Celebrations">Celebrations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_calendar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Celebrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The months of the Tamil Calendar have great significance and are deeply rooted in the faith of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Hindus" title="Tamil Hindus">Tamil Hindus</a>. Some months are considered very auspicious, while a few are considered inauspicious as well. Tamil months start and end based on the Sun's shift from one Rāsi to the other, but the names of the months are based on the star on the start of the <a href="/wiki/Purnima" title="Purnima">pournami</a> in that month. The name of the month is sometimes the name of the star itself. (e.g. Chittirai is always the star on the pournami of the Chittirai month). </p><p>Some of the celebrations for each month are listed below. Dates in parentheses are not exact and usually vary by a day or two. Underneath (or beside) the months of the Hindu calendar are their Gregorian counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-Kielhorn_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kielhorn-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Month </th> <th>Approx Dates </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>சித்திரை – <a href="/wiki/Chaitra" title="Chaitra">Chittirai</a> </td> <td>14 April – 13 May </td> <td>The nakshatram (star) that is regarded to be ascendant during the pournami (full moon day) of this month is Chittirai. Chittirai Pournami & Varusha-Pirappu are the most important festivals in this month. The famous Chittirai Tiruviḻa is celebrated in the Madurai <a href="/wiki/Meenakshi" title="Meenakshi">Meenakshi</a> Amman temple. The 14 of April is the Tamil New Year. </td></tr> <tr> <td>வைகாசி – <a href="/wiki/Vaisakha" title="Vaisakha">Vaikāsi</a> </td> <td>14 May – 14 June </td> <td>The nakshatram (star) that is regarded to be ascendant during the pournami (full moon day) of this month is Visākam. Vaikāsi Visākam is the most important day of this month. This month is regarded to be sacred to <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Murugan</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ஆனி – <a href="/wiki/Jyeshtha_(month)" title="Jyeshtha (month)">Āni</a> </td> <td>15 June – 15 July </td> <td>The nakshatram (star) that is regarded to be ascendant during the pournami (full moon day) of this month is Anusham. Āni Thirumanjanam or Āni Uththiram for <a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a> is the most famous day in this month. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ஆடி – <a href="/wiki/Aashaadha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aashaadha">Ādi</a> </td> <td>16 July – 16 August </td> <td>The nakshatram (star) that is regarded to be ascendant during the pournami (full moon day) of this month is Pooraadam (or) Uthiradam. It is regarded to be an auspicious month for women. The most auspicious days are Fridays and Tuesdays in this month, these are called Ādi Velli and Ādi Chevvai and the Ādi Amavasai. Ādi <a href="/wiki/Pooram" title="Pooram">Pooram</a> is also a holy day. The 18th day of adi is the most important day for the farmers (delta region) they prepare paddy seedlings. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ஆவணி – <a href="/wiki/Shraavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shraavana">Āvaṇi</a> </td> <td>17 August – 16 September </td> <td>The nakshatram (star) that is regarded to be ascendant during the pournami (full moon day) of this month is Thiruvonam. An important month with many rituals. <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> change their sacred thread on <a href="/wiki/Shraavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shraavana">Āvaṇi</a> Avittam. Each Sunday of the month is dedicated to prayers – Āvaṇi Gnayiru. <a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Vinayakar Chaturti</a>, the festival of Ganesha is held this month. </td></tr> <tr> <td>புரட்டாசி – <a href="/wiki/Bhaadrapada" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaadrapada">Puratāsi</a> </td> <td>17 September – 16 October </td> <td>The nakshatram (star) that is regarded to be ascendant during the pournami (full moon day) of this month is Poorattathi (or) Uthirattathi. An important month for <a href="/wiki/Iyengar" title="Iyengar">Vaishnavas</a>. Puratāsi Sani (Saturday) is an auspicious day for Lord <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>. Navarathri & Vijayadhashami or Ayuda Puja is celebrated to invoke the goddesses Durga, Lakshmi, and Saraswati. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ஐப்பசி – <a href="/wiki/Aashvina" class="mw-redirect" title="Aashvina">Aippasi</a> </td> <td>17 October – 15 November </td> <td>The nakshatram (star) that is regarded to be ascendant during the pournami (full moon day) of this month is Ashvini. The <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoons</a> typically start over Tamil Nadu this month. <p>Deepavali is celebrated during this month. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>கார்த்திகை – <a href="/wiki/Kaartika" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaartika">Kārtikai</a> </td> <td>16 November – 15 December </td> <td>The nakshatram (star) that is regarded to be ascendant during the pournami (full moon day) of this month is Kārtikai. Another auspicious celebration for <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> devotees is <i>Tirukartikai</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Krittik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Krittikā">Krittika</a> <a href="/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">Pournami</a> is the holy day of the full moon in the month of Kārtikai, and the star is <a href="/wiki/Krittik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Krittikā">Krittika</a>. <p>Each Monday of this month is dedicated to the worship of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Shiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Shiva">Shiva</a>. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>மார்கழி – <a href="/wiki/Maargashiirsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maargashiirsha">Margaḻi</a> </td> <td>16 December – 13 January </td> <td>The nakshatram (star) that is regarded to be ascendant during the pournami (full moon day) of this month is <a href="/wiki/Mrigash%C4%ABrsha" title="Mrigashīrsha">Mrigashirsham</a>. This is a sacred month in the Tamil calendar, especially for Vaishnavas and unmarried women.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arudra Darisanam (Tiruvadirai star in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>) is the most auspicious day in this month. The offering made to <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> is the Tiruvadirai Kali – a sweet boiled dessert. Mukkodi Ekadashi is called "Paramapada vasal tirappu" for Vaishnavas. The Tiruvenpavai and Tiruppavai fast takes place this month. </td></tr> <tr> <td>தை – <a href="/wiki/Pausha" title="Pausha">Tai</a> </td> <td>14 January – 12 February </td> <td>The nakshatram (star) that is regarded to be ascendant during the pournami (full moon day) of this month is Pusam. <a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a>, which is the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil</a> harvest festival, is celebrated on the first day of this month. <a href="/wiki/Thaipusam" title="Thaipusam">Thaipusam</a> is also a sacred day for <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Murugan</a> devotees, who carry a <a href="/wiki/Kavadi_Aattam" title="Kavadi Aattam">kavadi</a> to one of the <a href="/wiki/Six_Abodes_of_Murugan" title="Six Abodes of Murugan">Arupadaiveedu</a> (Literally meaning "six abodes"). </td></tr> <tr> <td>மாசி – <a href="/wiki/Maagha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maagha">Māsi</a> </td> <td>13 February – 13 March </td> <td>The nakshatram (star) that is regarded to be ascendant during the pournami (full moon day) of this month is Magam. Māsi <a href="/wiki/Maagha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maagha">Magam</a> is the holy day that falls during this month. <a href="/wiki/Shivaratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a> is an important festival widely celebrated by <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> this month. </td></tr> <tr> <td>பங்குனி – <a href="/wiki/Phaalguna" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaalguna">Panguni</a> </td> <td>14 March – 13 April </td> <td>The nakshatram (star) that is regarded to be ascendant during the pournami (full moon day) of this month is Uttiram. Panguni Uttiram, the last month of the year, is a famous festival and holy to <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Murugan</a> and Shiva devotees. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_calendar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Hindus developed a system of calendrics that encapsulates vast periods of time.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For computing the age of the Earth and various geological and other epochs, as well as the age of mankind, they still employ a Tamil calendar derived from ancient astronomical data, known as the <i>Tirukkanida Panchanga</i><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 10th Tamil month, called <i>Tai</i>, falls in mid-January each year. It is celebrated with much enthusiasm within the Tamil Community all over the world. Tai is marked by gifts of new clothing for family members and prayers to God for prosperity in the coming year. <i>Tai</i> and the fifth month <i>Āvaṇi</i> are considered very auspicious for marriage and most marriages occur during these months.</li> <li>The fourth month <i>Ādi</i> is a busy month for most people including priests as there will be major temple festivities throughout the month, so most weddings do not often fall in this month. <i>Ādi</i> is the month of preparation for the next crop cycle by farmers. Therefore, farming communities avoid major events like weddings in this month. Those members of the Tamil community who don't actively contribute/participate in farming take advantage by having important functions like wedding in this month. For example, the business community prefers this month for weddings. <i>Ādi</i> is usually the worst month for business, although when businesses recently initiated Ādi discounts, this situation has changed significantly. Each Friday of this month is set aside for prayer and worship.</li> <li><i>Ādi</i> is portrayed as an inauspicious month for union of newlyweds because conceiving in this month might often result in child delivery around April–May, the hottest months in Tamil Nadu (<i>Agni natchathiram</i> – ['pineḻu'] the last 7 days of <i>Chithirai</i> and ['muneḻu'] the first 7 days of <i>Vaigasi</i>). 'Ādi' is also the windiest month in Tamil Nadu, and hence the phrase 'Ādi kaatru ammiyai nagatrum' (literally, 'the strong winds in the month of Ādi can even move a stone grinder')</li> <li><i>Puratāsi</i> is when most of the non-vegetarian Tamil people fast from meat for a month. Each Saturday of this month is set apart to venerate the planet Saturn.</li> <li><i>Deepavali</i>, is celebrated on the new moon day, in the seventh month <i>Aipasi</i>. The month of <i>Aipasi</i> is usually characterised by the North-East Monsoon in Tamil Nadu, which has given birth to a phrase, <i>Aipasi adai maḻai</i> meaning the "Non-stop downpour".</li> <li><i>Margaḻi</i> falls in winter in Tamil Nadu, and is an auspicious month. The month is considered sacred. During the holy month of Margaḻi, houses are decorated with colorful and elaborate kolams. These are drawn on the threshold to welcome guests and divine beings to bless their houses with prosperity and happiness. The <a href="/wiki/Shaivite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaivite">Shaivite</a> fast of <i>Thiru-vembaavai</i> and the Vaishnava fast of <i>Thiru-paavai</i> are also observed in this month.</li> <li>The total number of days in a Tamil Calendar is an average 365 days. The <i>Vakiya Panchangam</i> is employed for both sacred and civil calculations. The <i>Trikanitha Panchangam</i> is employed for <a href="/wiki/Hindu_astrology" title="Hindu astrology">astrological</a> calculations.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Festivals">Festivals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_calendar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tamil Calendar is important in the life of Tamil-speaking people and most festivals of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> are based on it. Some festivals include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_New_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil New Year">Tamil New Year</a> (also called <i><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Pongal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Pongal">Tai Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepavali" class="mw-redirect" title="Deepavali">Deepavali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panguni_Uthiram" title="Panguni Uthiram">Panguni Uthiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karthika_Deepam" title="Karthika Deepam">Kartikai Deepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Vinayagar Chathurthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_calendar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandravakyas" title="Chandravakyas">Chandravakyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Malayalam calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pambu_Panchangam" title="Pambu Panchangam">Pambu Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvatsara" title="Samvatsara">Samvatsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">Sexagenary cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81kyapa%C3%B1c%C4%81%E1%B9%85ga" title="Vākyapañcāṅga">Vākyapañcāṅga</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_calendar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S.K. Chatterjee, Indian Calendric System, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sewell, Robert and Dikshit, Sankara B.: The Indian Calendar – with tables for the conversion of Hindu and Muhammadan into a.d. dates, and vice versa. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., Delhi, India (1995). Originally published in 1896</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Indian Epigraphy, D.C. Sircar, TamilNet, Tamil New Year, 13 April 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S.K. Chatterjee, Indian Calendric System, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">JV Chelliah: Pattupattu: Ten Tamil Idylls. Tamil Verses with English Translation. Thanjavur: Tamil University, 1985 -Lines 160 to 162 of the Neṭunalvāṭai.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Four Hundred Songs of War and Wisdom: An Anthology of Poems from Classical Tamil, The Purananuru. Columbia University Press. 13 August 2013 – Poem 229 of Puṟanāṉūṟu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Professor Vaiyapuri Pillai, 'History of Tamil Language and Literature' Chennai, 1956, pp. 35, 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tolkappiyam Porulatikaram, Peraciriyam. Ed. by R.P.C Pavanantam Pillai. 2 Vols, Longmans,Creen and Co, Madras/Bombay/Calcutta. 1917</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Parthasarathy, The Tale of an Anklet: An Epic of South India: The Cilappatikāram of Iḷaṅko Aṭikaḷ. New York: Columbia University Press – Canto 26. Canto 5 also describes the foremost festival in the Chola country – the Indra Vizha celebrated in Chitterai</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Holmstr%C3%B6m" title="Lakshmi Holmström">Lakshmi Holmstrom</a>, Silappadikaram, Manimekalai, Orient Longman Ltd, Madras 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G.H. Luce, Old Burma – Early Pagan, Locust Valley, New York, p. 68, and A.B. Griswold, 'Towards a History of Sukhodaya Art, Bangkok 1967, pages 12–32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nachum_Dershowitz" title="Nachum Dershowitz">Dershowitz, Nachum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Reingold" title="Edward Reingold">Reingold, Edward M.</a>: Calendrical Calculations. Third edition, Cambridge University Press (2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Underhill, Muriel M.: The Hindu Religious Year. Association Press, Kolkata, India (1921).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kielhorn-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kielhorn_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kielhorn_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Franz_Kielhorn" title="Lorenz Franz Kielhorn">Kielhorn, Franz</a>: Festal Days of the Hindu Lunar Calendar. The Indian Antiquary XXVI, 177–187 (1897).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wells_Williams" title="Samuel Wells Williams">Samuel Wells Williams</a>, The Middle Kingdom, V 2, Columbia University Press, New York, 2005 pp. 69–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Kekai Manansala, Quests of the Dragon and Bird Clan, 2006, p. 236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Terrien de Lacouperie, Western Origin of the Early Chinese Civilization: From 2,300 BC to 20 AD, Asher and Co, London 1894 p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_Gheverghese_Joseph" title="George Gheverghese Joseph">George Gheverghese Joseph</a>, Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics, Princeton University Press, 2011, p. 304-305</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sivaya_Subramuniyaswami" title="Sivaya Subramuniyaswami">Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami</a>, Vedic calendar: Kadavul Hindu Panchangam, Himalayan Academy, Kapaa, Hawaii, 1997; pp. 5–6,Glossary p 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Underhill, Muriel M.: The Hindu Religious Year. Association Press, Kolkata, India (1921).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAchuthananda2018" class="citation book cs1">Achuthananda, Swami (27 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F9FqDwAAQBAJ&dq=Margali+vishnu&pg=PA107"><i>The Ascent of Vishnu and the Fall of Brahma</i></a>. Relianz Communications Pty Ltd. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9757883-3-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9757883-3-2"><bdi>978-0-9757883-3-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ascent+of+Vishnu+and+the+Fall+of+Brahma&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Relianz+Communications+Pty+Ltd&rft.date=2018-08-27&rft.isbn=978-0-9757883-3-2&rft.aulast=Achuthananda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF9FqDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DMargali%2Bvishnu%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wijk, Walther E. van: On Hindu Chronology, parts I–V. Acta Orientalia (1922–1927).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">H.P. Blavatsky</a>, 'The Secret Doctrine: The Synthesis of Science, Religion and Philosophy' Book 2: pp. 49–51, Theosophical University Press, 1888</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_calendar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tamilfunda.com/tamil-daily-calendar.php">Tamil Daily Calendar (தமிழ் நாள்காட்டி)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tamil.panchangam.org/">Tamil Calendar with Daily Panchangam</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dheivegam.com/tamil-calendar/">Tamil Calendar for each year</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Calendars" title="Template:Calendars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Calendars" title="Template talk:Calendars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Calendars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Calendars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Calendars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In wide use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Lunar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_week_date" title="ISO week date">ISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_time" title="Unix time">Unix time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">In more<br />limited use</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_calendar" title="Akan calendar">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_calendar" title="Assamese calendar">Assamese (Bhāshkarābda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_calendar" title="Baháʼí calendar">Baháʼí</a> <ul><li>Badí‘</li></ul></li> <li>Bali <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pawukon_calendar" title="Pawukon calendar">Pawukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Saka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi calendar">Bangladeshi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borana_calendar" title="Borana calendar">Borana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earthly_Branches" title="Earthly Branches">Earthly Branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Stems" title="Heavenly Stems">Heavenly Stems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar" title="Republic of China calendar">Minguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_term" title="Solar term">Solar term</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_holidays" title="Heathen holidays">Germanic heathen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_calendar" title="Georgian calendar">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Saka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_calendar" title="Hmong calendar">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalali_calendar" title="Jalali calendar">Jalali</a> <ul><li>medieval</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Irish</a> <ul><li>Gaelic</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasli_calendar" title="Fasli calendar">Fasli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabular_Islamic_calendar" title="Tabular Islamic calendar">Tabular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat" title="Vira Nirvana Samvat">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juche_calendar" title="Juche calendar">Juche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_calendar" title="Kurdish calendar">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_calendar" title="Lithuanian calendar">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_Panchang" title="Tirhuta Panchang">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_calendar" title="Mandaean calendar">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_calendar" title="Meitei calendar">Manipuri (Meitei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_calendar" title="Melanau calendar">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_calendar" title="Mongolian calendar">Mongolian</a></li> <li>Nepal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Sambat" title="Nepal Sambat">Nepal Sambat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yele_Sambat" title="Yele Sambat">Yele Sambat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a#Nisga’a_calendar/life" title="Nisga'a">Nisg̱a'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_calendar" title="Odia calendar">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_calendar" title="Punjabi calendar">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_calendar" title="Romanian calendar">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shona_calendar" title="Shona calendar">Shona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_calendar" title="Somali calendar">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_calendar" title="Sotho calendar">Sesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_calendar" title="Slavic calendar">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith%27s_calendars_and_holidays" title="Slavic Native Faith's calendars and holidays">Slavic Native Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_months" title="Macedonian months">Macedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_calendar" title="Thai calendar">Thai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_lunar_calendar" title="Thai lunar calendar">lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">solar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_calendar" title="Tripuri calendar">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_calendar" title="Tulu calendar">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_calendar" title="Vietnamese calendar">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_calendar" title="Xhosa calendar">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_calendar" title="Yoruba calendar">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_calendar" title="Zulu calendar">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runic_calendar" title="Runic calendar">Runic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Long Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_round" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar round">Calendar round</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Christian variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian and Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical year</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">Eastern Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabian_calendar" title="Pre-Islamic Arabian calendar">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_calendar" title="Attic calendar">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dnalp%C5%8Dhualli" title="Tōnalpōhualli">Tōnalpōhualli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiuhp%C5%8Dhualli" title="Xiuhpōhualli">Xiuhpōhualli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_calendar" title="Babylonian calendar">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_calendar" title="Bulgar calendar">Bulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_calendar" title="Cappadocian calendar">Cappadocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_calendar" title="Cham calendar">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chula_Sakarat" title="Chula Sakarat">Culāsakaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coligny_calendar" title="Coligny calendar">Coligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_calendar" title="Egyptian calendar">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_calendar" title="Enoch calendar">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_calendar" title="Florentine calendar">Florentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca calendar">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_calendar" title="Ancient Macedonian calendar">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haab%CA%BC" title="Haabʼ">Haabʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%CA%BCin" title="Tzolkʼin">Tzolkʼin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_calendar" title="Muisca calendar">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecontad_calendar" title="Pentecontad calendar">Pentecontad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisan_calendar" title="Pisan calendar">Pisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_calendrical_texts" title="Qumran calendrical texts">Qumran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_calendar" title="Rapa Nui calendar">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi_calendar" title="Rumi calendar"><i>Rumi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">Sexagenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_calendar" title="Soviet calendar">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_calendar" title="Swedish calendar">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_renaming_of_Turkmen_months_and_days_of_week" title="2002 renaming of Turkmen months and days of week">Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By specialty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene</a> <ul><li>anthropological</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Proleptic Gregorian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Julian_calendar" title="Proleptic Julian calendar">Proleptic Julian</a> <ul><li>historiographical</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darian_calendar" title="Darian calendar">Darian</a> <ul><li>Martian</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamspell" title="Dreamspell">Dreamspell</a> <ul><li>New Age</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Pataphysics#Pataphysical_calendar" title="'Pataphysics">'Pataphysical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_reform" title="Calendar reform">Reform proposals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanke%E2%80%93Henry_Permanent_Calendar" title="Hanke–Henry Permanent Calendar">Hanke–Henry Permanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar" title="International Fixed Calendar">International Fixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Calendar" title="Pax Calendar">Pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivist_calendar" title="Positivist calendar">Positivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry454" title="Symmetry454">Symmetry454</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Calendar" title="World Calendar">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Displays and<br />applications</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendaring_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendaring software">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_calendar" title="Perpetual calendar">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(stationery)" title="Calendar (stationery)">Wall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Year naming<br />and numbering</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch" title="Epoch">Epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">Year zero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anka_year" title="Anka year">Anka year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a>/<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Lucis" title="Anno Lucis">Anno Lucis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_the_Martyrs" title="Era of the Martyrs">Anno Martyrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym_dating_system" title="Eponym dating system">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar" title="Republic of China calendar">Chinese Minguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English and British regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">Hijri year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Human (Holocene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirayana_system" title="Nirayana system">Nirayana system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_era" title="Spanish era">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yugas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Yuga" title="Satya Yuga">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treta_Yuga" title="Treta Yuga">Treta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvapara_Yuga" title="Dvapara Yuga">Dvapara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discworld_(world)#Calendar" title="Discworld (world)">Discworld</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Discworld" title="Discworld">Discworld</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanaess#Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Flanaess">Greyhawk</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-earth calendar">Middle-earth</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardate" title="Stardate">Stardate</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List of calendars</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Calendars" 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