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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Reign in Judea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_in_Judea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Herod_and_Augustus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herod_and_Augustus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Herod and Augustus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herod_and_Augustus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architectural_achievements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architectural_achievements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Architectural achievements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architectural_achievements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Testament_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>New Testament references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Death subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Dating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Successors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Successors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Successors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Successors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Herod's_tomb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herod's_tomb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Herod's tomb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herod's_tomb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opinions_of_his_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opinions_of_his_reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Opinions of his reign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opinions_of_his_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Chronology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chronology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chronology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-39–20_BCE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#39–20_BCE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>39–20 BCE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-39–20_BCE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19–4_BCE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19–4_BCE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>19–4 BCE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19–4_BCE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Family-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Family subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wives_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wives_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Wives and children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wives_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_trees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_trees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Family trees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_trees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancestors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.1</span> <span>Ancestors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriages_and_descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages_and_descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.2</span> <span>Marriages and descendants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriages_and_descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2.1</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tertiary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tertiary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2.2</span> <span>Tertiary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tertiary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Herod the Great</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodes_die_Grote" title="Herodes die Grote – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Herodes die Grote" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84" title="هيرودس الأول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيرودس الأول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%82" title="هیرود بزرق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیرود بزرق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Ірад Вялікі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ірад Вялікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_I_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Ірад I Вялікі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ірад I Вялікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Ирод Велики – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ирод Велики" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodez_Veur" title="Herodez Veur – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Herodez Veur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodes_el_Gran" title="Herodes el Gran – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Herodes el Gran" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_I" title="Аслă Ирод I – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аслă Ирод I" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodes_Velik%C3%BD" title="Herodes Veliký – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Herodes Veliký" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_Fawr" title="Herod Fawr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Herod Fawr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodes_den_Store" title="Herodes den Store – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Herodes den Store" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodes" title="Herodes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Herodes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodes" title="Herodes – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Herodes" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CF%81%CF%8E%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ηρώδης ο Μέγας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηρώδης ο Μέγας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodes_I_el_Grande" title="Herodes I el Grande – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Herodes I el Grande" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodo_la_Granda" title="Herodo la Granda – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Herodo la Granda" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodes_I.a_Handia" title="Herodes I.a Handia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Herodes I.a Handia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="هرود بزرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هرود بزرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9rode_Ier_le_Grand" title="Hérode Ier le Grand – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hérode Ier le Grand" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodes_de_Grutte" title="Herodes de Grutte – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Herodes de Grutte" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ar%C3%B3d_M%C3%B3r" title="Héaród Mór – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Héaród Mór" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodes" title="Herodes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Herodes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%A1%9C%EB%8D%B0_1%EC%84%B8" title="헤로데 1세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헤로데 1세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%BD_I_%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE" title="Հերովդես I Մեծ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հերովդես I Մեծ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="हेरोद महान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हेरोद महान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_I._Veliki" title="Herod I. Veliki – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Herod I. Veliki" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodes_Agung" title="Herodes Agung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Herodes Agung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erode_il_Grande" title="Erode il Grande – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Erode il Grande" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A1" title="הורדוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הורדוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%94_I_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჰეროდე I დიდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰეროდე I დიდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Ирод – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ирод" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herode_Mkuu" title="Herode Mkuu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Herode Mkuu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AArod%C3%AAs%C3%AA_Mezin" title="Hêrodêsê Mezin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hêrodêsê Mezin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodes_Magnus" title="Herodes Magnus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Herodes Magnus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%93rods_Lielais" title="Hērods Lielais – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hērods Lielais" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erodas_I_Didysis" title="Erodas I Didysis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Erodas I Didysis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Her%C3%B3des_zsid%C3%B3_kir%C3%A1ly" title="I. Heródes zsidó király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Heródes zsidó király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Ирод Велики – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ирод Велики" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her%C3%B4da_Lehibe" title="Herôda Lehibe – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Herôda Lehibe" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="هيرودس الاول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هيرودس الاول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%AD-l%C5%ADk_U%C3%B2ng" title="Hĭ-lŭk Uòng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hĭ-lŭk Uòng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodes_de_Grote" title="Herodes de Grote – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Herodes de Grote" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%AD%E3%83%87%E5%A4%A7%E7%8E%8B" title="ヘロデ大王 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘロデ大王" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodes_den_store" title="Herodes den store – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Herodes den store" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodes_den_store" title="Herodes den store – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Herodes den store" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er%C3%B2des_lo_Grand" title="Eròdes lo Grand – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Eròdes lo Grand" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_Wielki" title="Herod Wielki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Herod Wielki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodes" title="Herodes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Herodes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irod_cel_Mare" title="Irod cel Mare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Irod cel Mare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_I_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ирод I Великий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ирод I Великий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Herod the Great" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodes_Ve%C4%BEk%C3%BD" title="Herodes Veľký – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Herodes Veľký" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_Veliki" title="Herod Veliki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Herod Veliki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Ирод Велики – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ирод Велики" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_Veliki" title="Herod Veliki – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Herod Veliki" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodes" title="Herodes – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Herodes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodes_den_store" title="Herodes den store – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Herodes den store" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodes_ang_Dakila" title="Herodes ang Dakila – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Herodes ang Dakila" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="முதலாம் ஏரோது – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முதலாம் ஏரோது" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A" title="พระเจ้าเฮโรดมหาราช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าเฮโรดมหาราช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirodes" title="Hirodes – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hirodes" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_I_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ірод I Великий – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ірод I Великий" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="ہیرودیس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہیرودیس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodes_C%E1%BA%A3" title="Herodes Cả – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Herodes Cả" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodes_nga_Harangdon" title="Herodes nga Harangdon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Herodes nga Harangdon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E5%BE%8B%E5%A4%A7%E7%8E%8B" title="希律大王 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="希律大王" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A1" title="הורדוס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הורדוס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%8C%E5%BE%8B%E7%8E%8B" title="大希律王 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大希律王" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%8C%E5%BE%8B%E7%8E%8B" title="大希律王 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大希律王" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q51672#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Roman-appointed king of Judea. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Herod_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Herod (disambiguation)">Herod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great_(film)" title="Herod the Great (film)">Herod the Great (film)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great_(play)" title="Herod the Great (play)">Herod the Great (play)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Herod the Great</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Roman client <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Judah" title="Kings of Judah">king of Judea</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>37–4 BCE (<a href="/wiki/Emil_Sch%C3%BCrer" title="Emil Schürer">Schürer</a>)</li> <li>36–1 BCE (Filmer)<sup id="cite_ref-Steinmann2009_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinmann2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Herod Archelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip the Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_I" title="Salome I">Salome I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 72 BCE</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a> (Idumea), <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_Judea" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean Judea">Hasmonean Judea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-block"> <ul><li>March–April 4 BCE (Schürer)</li> <li>January–April 1 BCE (Filmer)</li></ul> </div><br /><a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Judea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">Most likely the <a href="/wiki/Herodium" title="Herodium">Herodium</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Doris</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariamne_I" title="Mariamne I">Mariamne I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariamne_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariamne II">Mariamne II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthace" title="Malthace">Malthace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_of_Jerusalem" title="Cleopatra of Jerusalem">Cleopatra of Jerusalem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Wives_and_children">among others</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipater_(son_of_Herod_the_Great)" title="Antipater (son of Herod the Great)">Antipater II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander,_son_of_Herod" title="Alexander, son of Herod">Alexander</a></li> <li>Herod Antipas</li> <li>Herod Archelaus</li> <li>Philip</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herodian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antipater_the_Idumaean" title="Antipater the Idumaean">Antipater the Idumaean</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data">Cypros</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Herod I</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayerJacobsBroydé1906_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayerJacobsBroydé1906-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Herod the Great</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 72</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4 BCE</span>) was a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">Roman Jewish</a> client king of the <a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a> of Judea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerowne200392–93_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerowne200392–93-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is known for his colossal building projects throughout <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>. Among these works are the rebuilding of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple#Herod's_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> in Jerusalem and the expansion of its base<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D153Awhistonchapter3D113Awhistonsection3D6_15.11.6]_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D153Awhistonchapter3D113Awhistonsection3D6_15.11.6]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Jewish_War''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101483Abook3D13Awhistonchapter3D21_1.21.1]_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Jewish_War''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101483Abook3D13Awhistonchapter3D21_1.21.1]-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a> being part of it. Vital details of his life are recorded in the works of the 1st century CE Roman–Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz2014_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite Herod's successes, including single-handedly forging a new aristocracy from practically nothing,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999269_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1999269-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he has been criticized by various historians. His reign polarizes opinion among historians, some viewing his legacy as evidence of success, and some viewing it as a reminder of his tyrannical rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz2014_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Herod the Great is described in the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Bible">Christian Bible</a> as the coordinator of the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a>. However, most of the New Testament references are to his son <a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a> (such as the events leading to the executions of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus of Nazareth</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2014&version=nrsv">Matthew 14</a>), or his grandson <a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Herod Agrippa</a> (in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2012&version=nrsv">Acts 12</a>). Upon Herod's death in 4 BCE, the Romans divided his kingdom among three of his sons and his sister: his son Herod Antipas received the <a href="/wiki/Herodian_Tetrarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Tetrarchy">tetrarchy</a> of Galilee and <a href="/wiki/Perea" title="Perea">Peraea</a>. </p><p>Other family members of Herod the Great include Herod's son <a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Herod Archelaus</a> who became <a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">ethnarch</a> of Judea, <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Idumea" class="mw-redirect" title="Idumea">Idumea</a>; Herod's son <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip</a> who became tetrarch of territories north and east of the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>; and Herod's sister <a href="/wiki/Salome_I" title="Salome I">Salome I</a>, who was given a <a href="/wiki/Toparchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Toparchy">toparchy</a> including the cities of <a href="/wiki/Yavne-Yam" title="Yavne-Yam">Jabneh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashdod-Yam" title="Ashdod-Yam">Ashdod</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fasayil" title="Fasayil">Fasayil</a> (Phasaelis). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herod_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Herod_medal.svg/220px-Herod_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Herod_medal.svg/330px-Herod_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Herod_medal.svg/440px-Herod_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Herod the Great medallion from <i><a href="/wiki/Promptuarium_Iconum_Insigniorum" title="Promptuarium Iconum Insigniorum">Promptuarium Iconum Insigniorum</a></i>, 16th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Herod was born around 72 BCE<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinmann2011219–256_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinmann2011219–256-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Idumea" class="mw-redirect" title="Idumea">Idumea</a>, south of Judea. He was the second son of <a href="/wiki/Antipater_the_Idumaean" title="Antipater the Idumaean">Antipater the Idumaean</a>, a high-ranking official under <a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">ethnarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a>, and Cypros, a <a href="/wiki/Nabatean" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabatean">Nabatean</a> Arab princess from <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>. Herod's father was by descent an Edomite; his ancestors had been forcibly converted to <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>. Herod was raised as a Jew.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Britannica''"Thus,_Herod_was_of_Arab_origin,_although_he_was_a_practicing_Jew"_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Britannica''"Thus,_Herod_was_of_Arab_origin,_although_he_was_a_practicing_Jew"-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELosch2008155_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELosch2008155-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, a contemporary of Herod, held that the Idumaeans, whom he identified as of Nabataean origin, constituted the majority of the population of western Judea, where they commingled with the Judaeans and adopted their customs.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a view shared also by some modern scholarly works which consider Idumaeans to be either Arab or Nabataean in origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Britannica''_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Britannica''-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERetsö2013487_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERetsö2013487-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, Herod's <a href="/wiki/Ethnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic">ethnic</a> background was <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> on both sides of his family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritannica"Thus,_Herod_was_of_Arab_origin,_although_he_was_a_practicing_Jew"_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritannica"Thus,_Herod_was_of_Arab_origin,_although_he_was_a_practicing_Jew"-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Josephus, Herod was a descendant of Eleazar Maccabeus (Auran) of the Hasmoneans.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Herod rose to power largely through his father's good relations with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman</a> general and <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">dictator</a> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, who entrusted Antipater with the public affairs of Judea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D143Asection3D143_14.8.5]_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D143Asection3D143_14.8.5]-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herod was appointed provincial governor of Galilee in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 47 BCE</span>, when he was about either 25 or 28 years old (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek original</a>: "15 years of age").<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he faithfully <a href="/wiki/Farm_(revenue_leasing)" title="Farm (revenue leasing)">farmed the taxes</a> of that region for the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a>, and he met with success in ridding that region of bandits.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D143Asection3D158_14.9.1–2]_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D143Asection3D158_14.9.1–2]-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antipater's eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Phasael" title="Phasael">Phasael</a>, served in the same capacity as governor of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. During this time the young Herod cultivated a good relationship with <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Caesar_(governor_of_Syria)" title="Sextus Julius Caesar (governor of Syria)">Sextus Caesar</a>, the acting Roman governor of Syria, who appointed Herod as general of <a href="/wiki/Coelesyria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coelesyria">Coelesyria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a>, greatly expanding his sphere of influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Jewish_War''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101483Abook3D13Awhistonchapter3D103Awhistonsection3D8_1.10.8]_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Jewish_War''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101483Abook3D13Awhistonchapter3D103Awhistonsection3D8_1.10.8]-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He enjoyed the backing of Rome, but the <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a> condemned his brutality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsBroydé1906"He_was_of_commanding_presence;_he_excelled_in_physical_exercises;_he_was_a_skillful_diplomatist;_and,_above_all,_he_was_prepared_to_commit_any_crime_in_order_to_gratify_his_unbounded_ambition."_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsBroydé1906"He_was_of_commanding_presence;_he_excelled_in_physical_exercises;_he_was_a_skillful_diplomatist;_and,_above_all,_he_was_prepared_to_commit_any_crime_in_order_to_gratify_his_unbounded_ambition."-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When yet a private man, Herod had determined to punish Hyrcanus the Hasmonean king, who had once summoned Herod to stand trial for murder, but Herod was restrained from doing so by the intervention of his father and his elder brother. </p><p>In 41 BCE, the Roman leader <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> named Herod and his brother Phasael as <a href="/wiki/Tetrarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrarchs">tetrarchs</a>. They were placed in this role to support Hyrcanus II. In 40 BCE <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_the_Hasmonean" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigonus the Hasmonean">Antigonus</a>, Hyrcanus' nephew, took the Judean throne from his uncle with <a href="/wiki/Pompeian%E2%80%93Parthian_invasion_of_40_BC" title="Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC">the help</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a>. Herod fled to Rome to plead with the Romans to restore Hyrcanus II to power. The Romans had a special interest in Judea because their general <a href="/wiki/Pompey_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompey the Great">Pompey the Great</a> had <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_by_Pompey" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem by Pompey">conquered Jerusalem in 63 BCE</a>, thus placing the region in the Roman sphere of influence. In Rome, Herod was unexpectedly appointed King of the Jews by the Roman Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Jewish_War''[httpearlyjewishwritingscomtextjosephuswar1html_1.14.4]:_"&#91;[[Mark_Antony]]&#93;_then_resolved_to_get_him_made_king_of_the_Jews...told_them_that_it_was_for_their_advantage_in_the_[[Parthian_Empire|Parthian]]_war_that_Herod_should_be_king;_so_they_all_gave_their_votes_for_it._And_when_the_senate_was_separated,_Antony_and_[[Augustus|Caesar]]_went_out,_with_Herod_between_them;_while_the_consul_and_the_rest_of_the_magistrates_went_before_them,_in_order_to_offer_sacrifices_[to_the_Roman_gods],_and_to_lay_the_decree_in_the_Capitol._Antony_also_made_a_feast_for_Herod_on_the_first_day_of_his_reign"_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Jewish_War''[httpearlyjewishwritingscomtextjosephuswar1html_1.14.4]:_"&#91;[[Mark_Antony]]&#93;_then_resolved_to_get_him_made_king_of_the_Jews...told_them_that_it_was_for_their_advantage_in_the_[[Parthian_Empire|Parthian]]_war_that_Herod_should_be_king;_so_they_all_gave_their_votes_for_it._And_when_the_senate_was_separated,_Antony_and_[[Augustus|Caesar]]_went_out,_with_Herod_between_them;_while_the_consul_and_the_rest_of_the_magistrates_went_before_them,_in_order_to_offer_sacrifices_[to_the_Roman_gods],_and_to_lay_the_decree_in_the_Capitol._Antony_also_made_a_feast_for_Herod_on_the_first_day_of_his_reign"-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Josephus puts this in the year of the <a href="/wiki/Consulship" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulship">consulship</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Calvinus" title="Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus">Calvinus</a> and Pollio (40 BCE), but <a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a> places it in 39 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Steinmann2009_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinmann2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herod went back to Judea to win his kingdom from Antigonus. Toward the end of the campaign against Antigonus, Herod married the granddaughter of Hyrcanus II, <a href="/wiki/Mariamne_I" title="Mariamne I">Mariamne</a> (known as Mariamne I), who was also a niece of Antigonus. Herod did this in an attempt to secure his claim to the throne and gain some Jewish favor. However, Herod already had a wife, Doris, and a young son, <a href="/wiki/Antipater_(son_of_Herod_the_Great)" title="Antipater (son of Herod the Great)">Antipater</a>, and chose therefore to banish Doris and her child. </p><p>Herod and Sosius, the governor of Syria, at the behest of Mark Antony, set out with a large army in 37 BCE and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_by_Herod" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem by Herod">captured Jerusalem</a>, Herod then sending Antigonus for execution to Mark Antony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D143Asection3D468_14.16.1]_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D143Asection3D468_14.16.1]-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Jewish_War''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101483Abook3D13Awhistonchapter3D173Awhistonsection3D2_1.17.2]_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Jewish_War''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101483Abook3D13Awhistonchapter3D173Awhistonsection3D2_1.17.2]-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this moment, Herod took the role as sole ruler of Judea and the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a></i> for himself, ushering in the <a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herodian dynasty</a> and ending the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean Dynasty">Hasmonean Dynasty</a>. Josephus reports this as being in the year of the consulship of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Agrippa" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Agrippa">Agrippa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Caninius_Gallus_(consul_37_BC)" title="Lucius Caninius Gallus (consul 37 BC)">Gallus</a> (37 BCE), but also says that it was exactly 27 years after Jerusalem fell to Pompey, which would indicate 36 BCE. <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> also reports that in 37 "the Romans accomplished nothing worthy of note" in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Josephus, Herod ruled for 37 years, 34 of them after capturing Jerusalem. </p><p>As some believe Herod's family were converts to Judaism, his religious commitment was questioned by some elements of Jewish society.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a> conquered the region of Idumaea (the Edom of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>) in 140–130 BCE, he required all Idumaeans to obey <a href="/wiki/613_Commandments" class="mw-redirect" title="613 Commandments">Jewish law</a> or to leave; most Idumaeans thus converted to Judaism, which meant that they had to be <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_in_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumcision in the Bible">circumcised</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many intermarried with the Jews and adopted their customs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayer_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayer-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Herod publicly identified himself as a Jew and was considered as such by some,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Jewish_War''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3atext3a1999010148_2.13.7]:_"There_was_also_another_disturbance_at_Caesarea,_–_those_Jews_who_were_mixed_with_the_Syrians_that_lived_there_rising_a_tumult_against_them._The_Jews_pretended_that_the_city_was_theirs,_and_said_that_he_who_built_it_was_a_Jew,_meaning_King_Herod._The_Syrians_confessed_also_that_its_builder_was_a_Jew;_but_they_still_said,_however,_that_the_city_was_a_Grecian_city;_for_that_he_who_set_up_statues_and_temples_in_it_could_not_design_it_for_Jews"_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Jewish_War''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3atext3a1999010148_2.13.7]:_"There_was_also_another_disturbance_at_Caesarea,_–_those_Jews_who_were_mixed_with_the_Syrians_that_lived_there_rising_a_tumult_against_them._The_Jews_pretended_that_the_city_was_theirs,_and_said_that_he_who_built_it_was_a_Jew,_meaning_King_Herod._The_Syrians_confessed_also_that_its_builder_was_a_Jew;_but_they_still_said,_however,_that_the_city_was_a_Grecian_city;_for_that_he_who_set_up_statues_and_temples_in_it_could_not_design_it_for_Jews"-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this religious identification was undermined by the decadent lifestyle of the <a href="/wiki/Herodians" title="Herodians">Herodians</a>, which would have earned them the antipathy of observant Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsBroydé1906Opposition_of_the_Pious:_"All_the_worldly_pomp_and_splendor_which_made_Herod_popular_among_the_pagans,_however,_rendered_him_abhorrent_to_the_Jews,_who_could_not_forgive_him_for_insulting_their_religious_feelings_by_forcing_upon_them_heathen_games_and_combats_with_wild_animals"_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsBroydé1906Opposition_of_the_Pious:_"All_the_worldly_pomp_and_splendor_which_made_Herod_popular_among_the_pagans,_however,_rendered_him_abhorrent_to_the_Jews,_who_could_not_forgive_him_for_insulting_their_religious_feelings_by_forcing_upon_them_heathen_games_and_combats_with_wild_animals"-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Herod later executed several members of his own family, including his wife Mariamne I.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELosch2008155_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELosch2008155-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign_in_Judea">Reign in Judea</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herodian_Kingdom_political_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Herodian_Kingdom_political_map.svg/220px-Herodian_Kingdom_political_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Herodian_Kingdom_political_map.svg/330px-Herodian_Kingdom_political_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Herodian_Kingdom_political_map.svg/440px-Herodian_Kingdom_political_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>The Herodian kingdom at its greatest extent</figcaption></figure> <p>Herod's rule marked a new beginning in the history of Judea. Judea had been ruled autonomously by the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean king">Hasmonean kings</a> from 140 until 63 BCE. The Hasmonean kings retained their titles, but became clients of Rome after the conquest by Pompey in 63 BCE. Herod overthrew the Hasmonean <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Mattathias" title="Antigonus II Mattathias">Antigonus</a> in a three-year-long war between 37 and 34 BCE, ruled under Roman overlordship until his death <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4 BCE</span>, and officially passed on the throne to his sons, thus establishing his own, so-called <a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herodian dynasty</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herod_coin1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Herod_coin1.jpg/220px-Herod_coin1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Herod_coin1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="129" /></a><figcaption>Obverse of a Herodian copper coin, bearing the legend <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΗΡΩΔΟΥ</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">Basileōs</a> Hērōdou</i></span></figcaption></figure> <p>Herod was granted the title of "King of Judea" by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Jewish_War''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocJBJ1144fromdocPerseus3Atext3A1999010148_1.14.4]:_"...Antony_then_resolved_to_get_him_made_king_of_the_Jews_..._told_them_that_it_was_for_their_advantage_in_the_[[Roman–Parthian_Wars|Parthian_war]]_that_Herod_should_be_king;_so_they_all_gave_their_votes_for_it._And_when_the_senate_was_separated[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_December_2015]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="margin-left:0.1em;_white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Please_clarify|<span_title="The_text_near_this_tag_may_need_clarification_or_removal_of_jargon._(December_2015)">clarification_needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>,_Antony_and_Caesar_went_out,_with_Herod_between_them;_while_the_[[consul]]_and_the_rest_of_the_[[magistrates]]_went_before_them,_in_order_to_offer_sacrifices_[to_the_Roman_gods],_and_to_lay_the_decree_in_the_Capitol._Antony_also_made_a_feast_for_Herod_on_the_first_day_of_his_reign."_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Jewish_War''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocJBJ1144fromdocPerseus3Atext3A1999010148_1.14.4]:_"...Antony_then_resolved_to_get_him_made_king_of_the_Jews_..._told_them_that_it_was_for_their_advantage_in_the_[[Roman–Parthian_Wars|Parthian_war]]_that_Herod_should_be_king;_so_they_all_gave_their_votes_for_it._And_when_the_senate_was_separated[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_December_2015]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="margin-left:0.1em;_white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Please_clarify|<span_title="The_text_near_this_tag_may_need_clarification_or_removal_of_jargon._(December_2015)">clarification_needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>,_Antony_and_Caesar_went_out,_with_Herod_between_them;_while_the_[[consul]]_and_the_rest_of_the_[[magistrates]]_went_before_them,_in_order_to_offer_sacrifices_[to_the_Roman_gods],_and_to_lay_the_decree_in_the_Capitol._Antony_also_made_a_feast_for_Herod_on_the_first_day_of_his_reign."-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, he was a vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, expected to support the interests of his Roman patrons. Nonetheless, just when Herod obtained leadership in Judea, his rule faced two threats. The first threat came from his mother-in-law Alexandra, who sought to regain power for her family, the Hasmoneans,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerowne200370_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerowne200370-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose dynasty Herod had overthrown in 37 BCE (see <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(37_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)">Siege of Jerusalem</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999267_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1999267-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a> married the Roman leader Antony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerowne200367_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerowne200367-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recognizing Cleopatra's influence over Antony, Alexandra asked Cleopatra for aid in making Aristobulus III the High Priest. As a member of the Hasmonean family, Aristobulus III might partially repair the fortunes of the Hasmoneans if made High Priest. Alexandra's request was made, but Cleopatra urged Alexandra to leave Judea with Aristobulus III and visit Antony. Herod received word of this plot, and feared that if Antony met Aristobolus III in person he might name Aristobulus III King of Judea. This concern induced Herod, in 35 BCE, to order the assassination of Aristobulus, ending this first threat to Herod's throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerowne200370–72_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerowne200370–72-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The marriage of 37 BCE also sparked a power struggle between Roman leaders Octavian, who would later be called <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Antony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerowne200367_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerowne200367-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herod, owing his throne to Rome, had to pick a side, and he chose Antony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999270_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1999270-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 31 at Actium, Antony lost to Octavian, posing a second threat to Herod's rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerowne200375_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerowne200375-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herod had to regain Octavian's support if he was to keep his throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999270_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1999270-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Rhodes in 31 BCE, Herod, through his ability to keep Judea open to Rome as a link to the wealth of Syria and Egypt, and ability to defend the frontier, convinced Octavian that he would be loyal to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerowne200377–80,_92–93_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerowne200377–80,_92–93-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herod continued to rule his subjects as he saw fit. Despite the autonomy afforded to Herod in his internal reign over Judea, restrictions were placed upon him in his relations with other kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999270_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1999270-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Herod's support from the Roman Empire was a major factor in enabling him to maintain his authority over Judea. There have been mixed interpretations concerning Herod's popularity during his reign. In <i>The Jewish War</i>, Josephus characterizes Herod's rule in generally favorable terms, and gives Herod the benefit of the doubt for the infamous events that took place during his reign. However, in his later work, <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i>, Josephus emphasizes the tyrannical authority that many scholars have come to associate with Herod's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999271_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1999271-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Herod's despotic rule has been demonstrated by many of his security measures aimed at suppressing the contempt his people, especially Jews, had towards him. For instance, it has been suggested<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2024)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that Herod used secret police to monitor and report the feelings of the general populace toward him. He sought to prohibit protests, and had opponents removed by force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999271_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1999271-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had a bodyguard of 2,000 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Rocca2009_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rocca2009-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Josephus describes various units of Herod's personal guard taking part in Herod's funeral, including the <i>Doryphnoroi</i>, and a <a href="/wiki/Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracian">Thracian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> (probably <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> contingent.<sup id="cite_ref-Rocca2009_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rocca2009-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the term <i>Doryphnoroi</i> does not have an ethnic connotation, the unit was probably composed of distinguished veteran soldiers and young men from the most influential Jewish families.<sup id="cite_ref-Rocca2009_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rocca2009-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thracians had served in the Jewish armies since the Hasmonean dynasty, while the Celtic contingent were former bodyguards of Cleopatra given as a gift by Augustus to Herod following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rocca2009_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rocca2009-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Germanic contingent was modeled upon Augustus's personal bodyguard, the <i><a href="/wiki/Numerus_Batavorum" title="Numerus Batavorum">Germani Corporis Custodes</a></i>, responsible for guarding the palace.<sup id="cite_ref-Rocca2009_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rocca2009-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Modell_BW_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jerusalem_Modell_BW_2.JPG/220px-Jerusalem_Modell_BW_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jerusalem_Modell_BW_2.JPG/330px-Jerusalem_Modell_BW_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jerusalem_Modell_BW_2.JPG/440px-Jerusalem_Modell_BW_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3867" data-file-height="2222" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Herod%27s_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Herod's temple">Herod's Temple</a> as depicted on the <a href="/wiki/Holyland_Model_of_Jerusalem" title="Holyland Model of Jerusalem">Holyland Model of Jerusalem</a>. The expansion of the Temple was Herod's most ambitious project.</figcaption></figure> <p>Herod undertook many colossal building projects. Around 19 BCE, he began a massive expansion project on the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>. In addition to fully rebuilding and enlarging <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">the Second Jewish Temple</a>, he artificially expanded the platform on which it stood, doubling it in size. Today's <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a> formed part of the retaining perimeter wall of this platform. In addition, Herod also used the latest technology in <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_cement" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic cement">hydraulic cement</a> and underwater construction to build the harbor at <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999271_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1999271-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Herod's zeal for building transformed Judea, his motives were not selfless. Although he built fortresses (<a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herodium" title="Herodium">Herodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandrium" title="Alexandrium">Alexandrium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyrcania_(fortress)" title="Hyrcania (fortress)">Hyrcania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Machaerus" title="Machaerus">Machaerus</a>) in which he and his family could take refuge in case of insurrection, these vast projects were also intended to gain the support of the Jews and improve his reputation as a leader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999269–273_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1999269–273-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herod also built <a href="/wiki/Sebastia,_Nablus" title="Sebastia, Nablus">Sebaste</a> and other pagan cities because he wanted to appeal to the country's substantial pagan population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999271_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1999271-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to fund these projects, Herod utilized a Hasmonean taxation system that heavily burdened the Judean people. Nevertheless, these enterprises brought employment and opportunities for the people's provision.<sup id="cite_ref-Levine1998_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levine1998-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some instances, Herod took it upon himself to provide for his people in times of need, such as during a severe famine that occurred in 25 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although he made many attempts at conforming to traditional Jewish laws, there were more instances where Herod was insensitive, which constitutes one of the major Jewish complaints of Herod as highlighted in Josephus' <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i>. In Jerusalem, Herod introduced foreign forms of entertainment, and erected a golden eagle at the entrance of the Temple,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which suggested a greater interest in the welfare of Rome than of Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-Levine1998_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levine1998-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herod's taxes garnered a bad reputation: his constant concern for his reputation led him to make frequent, expensive gifts, increasingly emptying the kingdom's coffers, and such lavish spending upset his Jewish subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999269–273_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1999269–273-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two major Jewish sects of the day, the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, both showed opposition to Herod. The Pharisees were discontented because Herod disregarded many of their demands with respect to the Temple's construction. The Sadducees, who were closely associated with priestly responsibilities in the Temple, opposed Herod because he replaced their high priests with outsiders from <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> and Alexandria, in an effort to gain support from the Jewish Diaspora.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herod's outreach efforts gained him little, and at the end of his reign anger and dissatisfaction were common amongst Jews. Heavy outbreaks of violence and riots followed Herod's death in many cities, including Jerusalem, as pent-up resentments boiled over. The scope of the disturbances sparked hopes that the Jews of Judea might some day overthrow the Roman overlords, hopes reawakened decades later in the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a> in 66 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999269–273_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1999269–273-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Herod_and_Augustus">Herod and Augustus</h2></div> <p>The relationship between Herod and Augustus demonstrates the fragile politics of a deified Emperor and a King who ruled over the Jewish people and their holy lands. As they interacted, Herod's desire to satisfy both the Jewish and non-Jewish people of his kingdom had to be balanced with satisfying Augustus' aim to spread the culture, architecture and values of Rome throughout his empire. The sway of Augustus and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> on the policy led to the use of Romanized construction throughout Herod's Kingdom. An example of Herod's architectural expansion of <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judea</a> in devotion to Rome can be seen with the third temple he commissioned, the <a href="/wiki/Augusteum" title="Augusteum">Augusteum</a>, a temple dedicated to Augustus.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architectural_achievements">Architectural achievements</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Herodian_architecture" title="Herodian architecture">Herodian architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Western_Wall_stones.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jerusalem_Western_Wall_stones.jpg/220px-Jerusalem_Western_Wall_stones.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jerusalem_Western_Wall_stones.jpg/330px-Jerusalem_Western_Wall_stones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jerusalem_Western_Wall_stones.jpg/440px-Jerusalem_Western_Wall_stones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1657" data-file-height="1343" /></a><figcaption>Distinctive Herodian masonry at the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a> in Jerusalem</figcaption></figure> <p>Herod's most famous and ambitious project was the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> in Jerusalem which was undertaken so that he would "have a capital city worthy of his dignity and grandeur", and with this reconstruction Herod hoped to gain more support from the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999270_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1999270-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent findings suggest that the Temple Mount walls and <a href="/wiki/Robinson%27s_Arch" title="Robinson's Arch">Robinson's Arch</a> may not have been completed until at least 20 years after his death, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Herod Agrippa II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 18th year of his reign (20–19 BCE), Herod rebuilt the Temple on "a more magnificent scale".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton1906_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton1906-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although work on out-buildings and courts continued for another 80 years, the new Temple was finished in a year and a half.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To comply with religious law, Herod employed 1,000 priests as masons and carpenters in the rebuilding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton1906_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton1906-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The finished temple, which was destroyed in 70 CE, is sometimes referred to as Herod's Temple. Today, only the four retaining walls remain standing, including the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a>. These walls created a flat platform (the Temple Mount) upon which the Temple was then constructed. </p><p>Herod's other achievements include the development of water supplies for Jerusalem, building fortresses such as <a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herodium" title="Herodium">Herodium</a>, and founding new cities such as <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a> and the enclosures of <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Cave of the Patriarchs">Cave of the Patriarchs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mamre" title="Mamre">Mamre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a>. He and Cleopatra owned a monopoly over the extraction of <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">asphalt</a> from the Dead Sea, which was used in shipbuilding. He leased copper mines on <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> from the Roman emperor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Testament_references">New Testament references</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerald_(Meister_des_Codex_Egberti)_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kerald_%28Meister_des_Codex_Egberti%29_001.jpg/220px-Kerald_%28Meister_des_Codex_Egberti%29_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kerald_%28Meister_des_Codex_Egberti%29_001.jpg/330px-Kerald_%28Meister_des_Codex_Egberti%29_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kerald_%28Meister_des_Codex_Egberti%29_001.jpg/440px-Kerald_%28Meister_des_Codex_Egberti%29_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>Massacre of the Innocents, 10th century depiction. Herod on the left.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Herods_of_the_Bible.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/The_Herods_of_the_Bible.svg/220px-The_Herods_of_the_Bible.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/The_Herods_of_the_Bible.svg/330px-The_Herods_of_the_Bible.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/The_Herods_of_the_Bible.svg/440px-The_Herods_of_the_Bible.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1710" data-file-height="1290" /></a><figcaption>Members of the Herodian dynasty mentioned in the New Testament</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> describes an episode known as the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a>. According to this account, after the birth of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">a group of magi from the East</a> visited Herod to inquire the whereabouts of "the one having been born king of the Jews", because they had seen his star in the east (or, according to certain translations, at its rising) and therefore wanted to pay him homage. Herod, as King of the Jews, was alarmed at the prospect of a usurper. Herod assembled the chief priests and scribes of the people and asked them where the "Anointed One" (the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Ὁ Χριστός</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">ho Christos</i></span>) was to be born. They answered, in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, citing <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament_messianic_prophecies_quoted_in_the_New_Testament#Micah_5:2_(Micah_5:1_in_Hebrew)" title="Old Testament messianic prophecies quoted in the New Testament">Micah 5:2</a>. Herod therefore sent the magi to Bethlehem, instructing them to search for the child and, after they had found him, to "report to me, so that I too may go and worship him". However, after they had found Jesus, they were warned in a dream not to report back to Herod. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> was warned in a dream that Herod intended to kill Jesus, so he and his family fled to Egypt. When Herod realized he had been outwitted, he gave orders to kill all boys of the age of two and under in Bethlehem and its vicinity. Joseph and his family stayed in Egypt until Herod's death, then moved to <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a> in Galilee to avoid living under Herod's son <a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Archelaus</a>. </p><p>Most modern biographers of Herod, and a majority of biblical scholars, dismiss Matthew's story as a literary device.<sup id="cite_ref-Maier1998_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maier1998-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary non-biblical sources, including Josephus and the surviving writings of <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus of Damascus</a> (who knew Herod personally), provide no corroboration for Matthew's account of the massacre,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is not mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a>. Classical historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Grant_(classicist)" title="Michael Grant (classicist)">Michael Grant</a> states "[t]he tale is not history but myth or folk-lore",<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Peter Richardson notes that the story's absence from the Gospel of Luke and the accounts of Josephus "work[s] against the account's accuracy".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richardson suggests that the event in Matthew's gospel was inspired by Herod's murder of his own sons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1996288_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1996288-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jodi_Magness" title="Jodi Magness">Jodi Magness</a> has said that "many scholars believe that the massacre of the innocents never occurred, but instead was inspired by Herod's reputation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagness2021126_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagness2021126-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, such as Paul Maier, suggest that since Bethlehem was a smaller town, the slaughter of about a half dozen children would not have warranted a mention from Josephus.<sup id="cite_ref-Maier1998_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maier1998-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herodian_Tetrarchy_political_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Herodian_Tetrarchy_political_map.svg/220px-Herodian_Tetrarchy_political_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Herodian_Tetrarchy_political_map.svg/330px-Herodian_Tetrarchy_political_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Herodian_Tetrarchy_political_map.svg/440px-Herodian_Tetrarchy_political_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>Divisions of the Herodian kingdom:<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#dab7bb; color:black;"> </span> Territory under <a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Herod Archelaus</a></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#bcbdcf; color:black;"> </span> Territory under <a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e8bd9a; color:black;"> </span> Territory under <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip the Tetrarch</a></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c6cc9e; color:black;"> </span> Territory under <a href="/wiki/Salome_I" title="Salome I">Salome I</a></span></figcaption></figure> <p>Herod died in <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Britannica''_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Britannica''-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after an unidentified but excruciatingly painful, putrefying illness, known to posterity as "Herod's Evil".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocJAJ1765fromdocPerseus3Atext3A1999010146_17.6.5]_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocJAJ1765fromdocPerseus3Atext3A1999010146_17.6.5]-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Josephus states that the pain of his illness led Herod to attempt suicide by stabbing, and that the attempt was thwarted by his cousin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D173Awhistonchapter3D73Awhistonsection3D1_17.7]_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D173Awhistonchapter3D73Awhistonsection3D1_17.7]-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some much later narratives and depictions, the attempt succeeds; for example, in the 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Eadwine_Psalter" title="Eadwine Psalter">Eadwine Psalter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other medieval dramatizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ordo_Rachelis" title="Ordo Rachelis">Ordo Rachelis</a>, follow Josephus' account.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Josephus stated that Herod was so concerned that no one would mourn his death that he commanded a large group of distinguished men to come to Jericho, and he gave an order that they should be killed at the time of his death so that the displays of grief that he craved would take place;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D173Awhistonchapter3D63Awhistonsection3D5_17.6.5]_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D173Awhistonchapter3D63Awhistonsection3D5_17.6.5]-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his brother-in-law Alexas and his sister Salome did not carry out this wish.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D173Awhistonchapter3D83Awhistonsection3D2_17.8.2]_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D173Awhistonchapter3D83Awhistonsection3D2_17.8.2]-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dating">Dating</h3></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Year_of_death:_either_5,_4_or_1_BCE,_or_1_CE"></span>Most scholarship concerning the date of Herod's death follows <a href="/wiki/Emil_Sch%C3%BCrer" title="Emil Schürer">Emil Schürer</a>'s calculations, which suggest that the date was in or around 4 BCE; this is three years earlier than the previous consensus and tradition (1 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marshall2012_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall2012-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinmann2011219–256_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinmann2011219–256-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of Herod's sons, Archelaus and Philip the Tetrarch, dated their rule from 4 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Jewish_War''1.631–632_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Jewish_War''1.631–632-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though Archelaus apparently held royal authority during Herod's lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Jewish_War''2.26_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Jewish_War''2.26-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip's reign would last for 37 years, until his death in the 20th year of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> (34 CE), which implies his accession as 4 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars support the traditional date of 1 BCE for Herod's death.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Filmer, for example, proposes that Herod died in 1 BCE, and that his heirs backdated their reigns to 4 or 3 BCE to assert an overlapping with Herod's rule, and bolster their own legitimacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Filmer1966_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filmer1966-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marshall2012_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall2012-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the coins of Herod's sons Steinmann and Young argue that Herod's sons antedated their reigns to 6 BCE before Herod's death so that their reigns cannot be used to argue for a 4 BCE date for Herod's death.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Josephus' account, Herod's death was preceded by first a Jewish fast day (10 Tevet 3761/Sun 24 Dec 1 BCE), a <a href="/wiki/Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">lunar eclipse</a> and followed by <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> (27 March 1 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocJAJ1764fromdocPerseus3Atext3A1999010146_17.6.4]_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocJAJ1764fromdocPerseus3Atext3A1999010146_17.6.4]-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Objections to the 4 BCE date include the assertion that there was not nearly enough time between the eclipse on March 13 and Passover on April 10 for the recorded events surrounding Herod's death to have taken place.<sup id="cite_ref-Filmer1966_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filmer1966-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marshall2012_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall2012-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 66 CE, Eleazar ben Hanania compiled the <a href="/wiki/Megillat_Taanit" title="Megillat Taanit">Megillat Taanit</a>, which contains two unattributed entries for cause of festivity: 7 Kislev and 2 Shevat. A later Scholion (commentary) on the Megillat Taanit attributes the 7 Kislev festivity to king Herod the Great's death (no year is mentioned).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars ignore the Scholion and attribute the 2 Shevat date instead to Herod's death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Successors">Successors</h3></div> <p>Augustus respected the terms of Herod's will, which stipulated the division of Herod's kingdom among three of his sons.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Augustus recognised Herod's son Herod Archelaus as <a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">ethnarch</a> of Judea, Samaria, and <a href="/wiki/Idumea" class="mw-redirect" title="Idumea">Idumea</a> from <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4 BCE</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 6 CE</span> Augustus then judged Archelaus incompetent to rule, removed him from power, and combined the provinces of Samaria, Judea proper, and Idumea into <a href="/wiki/Iudaea_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Iudaea province">Iudaea province</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This enlarged province was ruled by a <a href="/wiki/Prefect#Ancient_Rome" title="Prefect">prefect</a> until the year 41 CE. As to Herod's other sons, Herod Antipas was tetrarch of <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peraea" class="mw-redirect" title="Peraea">Peraea</a> from Herod's death to 39 CE when he was deposed and exiled; Philip became tetrarch of territories north and east of the Jordan, namely <a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea">Iturea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trachonitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Trachonitis">Trachonitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batanea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batanea">Batanea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaulanitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulanitis">Gaulanitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auranitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Auranitis">Auranitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paneas" class="mw-redirect" title="Paneas">Paneas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwgutenbergorgfiles28482848-h2848-hhtmlink172HCH0008_Concerning_Herod's_Death,_And_Testament,_And_Burial]_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwgutenbergorgfiles28482848-h2848-hhtmlink172HCH0008_Concerning_Herod's_Death,_And_Testament,_And_Burial]-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwgutenbergorgfiles28482848-h2848-hhtmlink172HCH0011_An_Embassage_To_Caesar;_And_How_Caesar_Confirmed_Herod's_Testament]_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwgutenbergorgfiles28482848-h2848-hhtmlink172HCH0011_An_Embassage_To_Caesar;_And_How_Caesar_Confirmed_Herod's_Testament]-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ruled until his death in 34 CE. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Herod's_tomb"><span id="Herod.27s_tomb"></span>Herod's tomb</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Herodium" title="Herodium">Herodium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herods_grave_israel_museum_2013_mrach_by_history_on_the_map_efi_elian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Herods_grave_israel_museum_2013_mrach_by_history_on_the_map_efi_elian.jpg/220px-Herods_grave_israel_museum_2013_mrach_by_history_on_the_map_efi_elian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Herods_grave_israel_museum_2013_mrach_by_history_on_the_map_efi_elian.jpg/330px-Herods_grave_israel_museum_2013_mrach_by_history_on_the_map_efi_elian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Herods_grave_israel_museum_2013_mrach_by_history_on_the_map_efi_elian.jpg/440px-Herods_grave_israel_museum_2013_mrach_by_history_on_the_map_efi_elian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Herod's sarcophagus, displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Museum" title="Israel Museum">Israel Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The location of Herod's tomb is documented by <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, who writes, "And the body was carried two hundred <a href="/wiki/Furlong" title="Furlong">furlongs</a>, to Herodium, where he had given order to be buried."<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Netzer" title="Ehud Netzer">Ehud Netzer</a>, an archaeologist from the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew University">Hebrew University</a>, read the writings of Josephus and focused his search on the vicinity of the pool and its surroundings. An article in the <i>New York Times</i> states, </p> <blockquote><p>Lower Herodium consists of the remains of a large palace, a race track, service quarters, and a monumental building whose function is still a mystery. Perhaps, says Ehud Netzer, who excavated the site, it is Herod's <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a>. Next to it is a pool, almost twice as large as modern <a href="/wiki/Olympic-size_pool" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic-size pool">Olympic-size pools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herodium_from_above_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Herodium_from_above_2.jpg/220px-Herodium_from_above_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Herodium_from_above_2.jpg/330px-Herodium_from_above_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Herodium_from_above_2.jpg/440px-Herodium_from_above_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Aerial photo of <a href="/wiki/Herodium" title="Herodium">Herodium</a> from the southwest</figcaption></figure> <p>On May 7, 2007, an Israeli team of archaeologists of Hebrew University, led by Netzer, announced they had discovered the tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site is located at the exact location given by Josephus, atop tunnels and water pools, at a flattened desert site, halfway up the hill to Herodium, 12 km (7.5 mi) south of Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tomb contained a broken <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a> but no remains of a body. </p><p>Not all scholars agree with Netzer: in an article for the <i><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine Exploration Quarterly">Palestine Exploration Quarterly</a></i>, archaeologist David Jacobson (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>) wrote that "these finds are not conclusive on their own and they also raise new questions."<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2013, archaeologists Joseph Patrich and Benjamin Arubas also challenged the identification of the tomb as that of Herod. According to Patrich and Arubas, the tomb is too modest to be Herod's and has several unlikely features. Roi Porat, who replaced Netzer as excavation leader after the latter's death, stood by the identification.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Israel_Nature_and_Parks_Authority" title="Israel Nature and Parks Authority">Israel Nature and Parks Authority</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gush_Etzion_Regional_Council" title="Gush Etzion Regional Council">Gush Etzion Regional Council</a> intend to recreate the tomb out of a light plastic material, a proposal that has received strong criticism from major Israeli archeologists.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opinions_of_his_reign">Opinions of his reign</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 400 CE</span>), one of the last pagan writers in Rome, in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Saturnalia_(Macrobius)" title="Saturnalia (Macrobius)">Saturnalia</a></i>, wrote: "When it was heard that, as part of the slaughter of boys up to two years old, Herod, king of the Jews, had ordered his own son to be killed, he [the Emperor Augustus] remarked, 'It is better to be Herod's pig [Gr. hys] than his son' [Gr. hyios]". This was a reference of how Herod, as a Jew, would not kill pigs, but had three of his sons, and many others, killed.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herod_coin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Herod_coin.jpg/220px-Herod_coin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Herod_coin.jpg/330px-Herod_coin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Herod_coin.jpg/440px-Herod_coin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1173" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Herodian_coinage" title="Herodian coinage">Coin of Herod the Great</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to contemporary historians, Herod the Great "is perhaps the only figure in ancient Jewish history who has been loathed equally by Jewish and Christian posterity",<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz2014_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> depicted both by Jews and Christians as a tyrant and bloodthirsty ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz2014_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study of Herod's reign includes polarizing opinions on the man himself. Modern critics have described him as "the evil genius of the Judean nation",<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as one who would be "prepared to commit any crime in order to gratify his unbounded ambition."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsBroydé1906"above_all,_he_was_prepared_to_commit_any_crime_in_order_to_gratify_his_unbounded_ambition"_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsBroydé1906"above_all,_he_was_prepared_to_commit_any_crime_in_order_to_gratify_his_unbounded_ambition"-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His extraordinary spending spree is cited as one of the causes of the serious impoverishment of the people he ruled, adding to the opinion that his reign was exclusively negative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999273_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1999273-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herod's religious policies gained a mixed response from the Jewish populace. Although Herod considered himself king of the Jews, he let it be known that he also represented the non-Jews living in Judea, building temples for other religions outside of the Jewish areas of his kingdom. Many Jews questioned the authenticity of Herod's Judaism on account of his <a href="/wiki/Idumean" class="mw-redirect" title="Idumean">Idumean</a> background and his infamous murders of members of his family. However, he generally respected traditional Jewish observances in his public life. For instance, he minted coins without human images to be used in Jewish areas and acknowledged the sanctity of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> by employing priests as artisans in its construction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999272_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1999272-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Magi_in_the_House_of_Herod_(Les_rois_mages_chez_H%C3%A9rode)_-_James_Tissot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Magi_in_the_House_of_Herod_%28Les_rois_mages_chez_H%C3%A9rode%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Magi_in_the_House_of_Herod_%28Les_rois_mages_chez_H%C3%A9rode%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Magi_in_the_House_of_Herod_%28Les_rois_mages_chez_H%C3%A9rode%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Magi_in_the_House_of_Herod_%28Les_rois_mages_chez_H%C3%A9rode%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Magi_in_the_House_of_Herod_%28Les_rois_mages_chez_H%C3%A9rode%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Magi_in_the_House_of_Herod_%28Les_rois_mages_chez_H%C3%A9rode%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">The Magi</a> in the House of Herod. <a href="/wiki/James_Tissot" title="James Tissot">James Tissot</a>, late 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Along with holding some respect for the Jewish culture in his public life, there is also evidence of Herod's sensitivity toward Jewish traditions in his private life: around 40 ritual baths or <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">mikvehs</i></span> were found in several of his palaces.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">mikvehs</i></span> were known for being used during this time in <a href="/wiki/Tumah_and_taharah" title="Tumah and taharah">Jewish purity rituals</a> in which Jewish people could submerge themselves and purify their bodies without the presence of a priest.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is some speculation as to whether or not these baths were actual <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">mikvehs</i></span> as they have also been identified as stepped <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">frigidaria</i></span> or Roman cold-water baths; however, several historians have identified these baths as a combination of both types.<sup id="cite_ref-Regev_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regev-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it has been proven that Herod showed a great amount of disrespect toward the Jewish religion, scholar Eyal Regev suggests that the presence of these ritual baths shows that Herod found ritual purity important enough in his private life to place a large number of these baths in his palaces despite his several connections to gentiles and pagan cults.<sup id="cite_ref-Regev_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regev-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These baths also show, Regev continues, that the combination of the Roman <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">frigidaria</i></span> and the Jewish <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">mikvehs</i></span> suggests that Herod sought some type of combination between the Roman and Jewish cultures, as he enjoyed the purity of Jewish tradition and the comfort of Roman luxury simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, he was also praised for his work, being considered the greatest builder in Jewish history,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and one who "knew his place and followed [the] rules".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999270_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1999270-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What is left of his building ventures are now popular tourist attractions in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999296_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1999296-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology">Chronology</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Herod_the_Great" title="Special:EditPage/Herod the Great">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Herod+the+Great%22">"Herod the Great"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Herod+the+Great%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Herod+the+Great%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Herod+the+Great%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Herod+the+Great%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Herod+the+Great%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Herodian_Kingdom_of_Judea" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Kingdom of Judea">Herodian Kingdom of Judea</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="39–20_BCE"><span id="39.E2.80.9320_BCE"></span>39–20 BCE</h3></div> <ul><li>39–37 BCE – War against <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_the_Hasmonean" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigonus the Hasmonean">Antigonus the Hasmonean</a> begins. After the conquest of Jerusalem and victory over Antigonus, Mark Antony executes him.</li> <li>36 BCE – Herod makes his 17-year-old brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristobulus III">Aristobulus III</a> high priest, fearing that the Jews would appoint him as King of the Jews in his place.</li> <li>35 BCE – Aristobulus III is drowned at a party on Herod's orders.</li> <li>32 BCE – The <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabataean kingdom">Nabatean</a> war begins, with victory one year later.</li> <li>31 BCE – Judea suffers a devastating earthquake. Octavian defeats Mark Antony, and Herod switches allegiances to him.</li> <li>30 BCE – Herod is shown great favor by Octavian, who confirms him as King of Judea at <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_coin_of_Herod_the_Star_minted_at_Samaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bronze_coin_of_Herod_the_Star_minted_at_Samaria.jpg/220px-Bronze_coin_of_Herod_the_Star_minted_at_Samaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bronze_coin_of_Herod_the_Star_minted_at_Samaria.jpg/330px-Bronze_coin_of_Herod_the_Star_minted_at_Samaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bronze_coin_of_Herod_the_Star_minted_at_Samaria.jpg/440px-Bronze_coin_of_Herod_the_Star_minted_at_Samaria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Bronze coin of Herod minted at Samaria</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>29 BCE – According to Josephus, amid Herod's great passion and jealousy concerning his wife <a href="/wiki/Mariamne_I" title="Mariamne I">Mariamne I</a>, she learns of Herod's plans to murder her and stops sleeping with him. Herod charges her with adultery and puts her on trial. His sister <a href="/wiki/Salome_I" title="Salome I">Salome I</a> is the primary witness against her. Mariamne's mother Alexandra makes an appearance to further incriminate her daughter. Historians speculate that Alexandra was next on Herod's list to be executed, and she only did this to save her own life. Mariamne is executed, and Alexandra declares herself Queen, stating that Herod was mentally unfit to serve. Josephus states that this is a strategic mistake, and Herod executes her without a trial.</li> <li>28 BCE – Herod executes his brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Costobarus" title="Costobarus">Kostobar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocJAJ1578fromdocPerseus3Atext3A1999010146_15.7.8]_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocJAJ1578fromdocPerseus3Atext3A1999010146_15.7.8]-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> husband of Salome and father to <a href="/wiki/Berenice_(daughter_of_Salome)" title="Berenice (daughter of Salome)">Berenice</a>, for conspiracy. There is a large festival in Jerusalem, as Herod had built a theater and an amphitheater.</li> <li>27 BCE – An assassination attempt on Herod is foiled. To honor now-Emperor Augustus, Herod rebuilt <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a>, and renames it Sebaste.</li> <li>25 BCE – Herod imports grain from Egypt and starts an aid program to combat widespread hunger and disease following a massive drought. He also waives a third of taxes due. He begins construction on <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a> and its adjoining harbor.</li> <li>23 BCE – Herod builds a palace in Jerusalem as well as the Herodion fortress. He marries his third wife <a href="/wiki/Mariamne_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariamne II">Mariamne II</a>, the daughter of the priest Simon Boethus. Immediately, Herodes deprives <a href="/wiki/Jesus,_son_of_Fabus" title="Jesus, son of Fabus">Jesus, son of Fabus</a> of the high priesthood, and confers that dignity on Simon instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D153Awhistonchapter3D93Awhistonsection3D3_15.9.3]_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D153Awhistonchapter3D93Awhistonsection3D3_15.9.3]-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>22 BCE – Augustus grants Herod the regions of Trachonitis, Batanaea, and Auranitis in the northeast.</li> <li><span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 20 BCE</span> – Expansion starts on the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>; Herod completely rebuilds the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19–4_BCE"><span id="19.E2.80.934_BCE"></span>19–4 BCE</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herod_IMG_0594.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Herod_IMG_0594.JPG/220px-Herod_IMG_0594.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Herod_IMG_0594.JPG/330px-Herod_IMG_0594.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Herod_IMG_0594.JPG/440px-Herod_IMG_0594.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Herod" title="Tomb of Herod">Tomb of Herod</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 18 BCE</span> – Herod traveled to Rome for the second time.</li> <li>14 BCE – Herod supports the Jews in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a>. Owing to prosperity in Judea, he waives a quarter of taxes due.</li> <li>13 BCE – Herod makes his first-born son Antipater, by Doris, first heir in his will.</li> <li>12 BCE – Herod suspects his sons Alexander and Aristobulus, from his marriage to Mariamne, of threatening his life. He takes them to <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a> to be put on trial. Augustus ultimately reconciles the three. Herod supports the financially strapped <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> and ensures their future. He amends his will so that Alexander and Aristobulus rise in the succession plans, but Antipater remains the primary heir.</li> <li><span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 10 BCE</span> – The newly expanded temple in Jerusalem is inaugurated. War breaks out against the Nabateans.</li> <li>9 BCE – <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a> is inaugurated. Owing to the course of the Nabatean war, Herod falls out of favor with Augustus. He again suspects Alexander of plotting to kill him.</li> <li>8 BCE – Herod accuses his sons Alexander and Aristobulus of high treason. He reconciles with Augustus, who also gives him permission to prosecute his sons.</li> <li>7 BCE – Court hearings take place in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> in front of a Roman court. Alexander and Aristobulus are found guilty and executed. The succession is amended such that that Antipater becomes the exclusive successor to the throne. Herod Philip, his son by Mariamne II, is now second in the line of succession.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>6 BCE – Herod takes action against the <a href="/wiki/Pharisee" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharisee">Pharisees</a>.</li> <li>5 BCE – Antipater is brought before a court, charged with plotting to murder Herod. Now seriously ill, Herod names his son Herod Antipas from his fourth marriage with <a href="/wiki/Malthace" title="Malthace">Malthace</a> as successor.</li> <li>4 BCE – Young disciples of the Pharisees smash the golden eagle over the main entrance of the Temple after their teachers label it as an idolatrous symbol. Herod arrests them, brings them to court, and sentences them. Augustus approves the death penalty for Antipater. Herod executes his son, and changes his will again: now <a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Herod Archelaus</a>, from the marriage with Malthace, would rule as ethnarch over the tetrachy of Judea, while Herod Antipas by Malthace and Philip from Herod's fifth marriage with Cleopatra of Jerusalem would rule as tetrarchs over Galilee and <a href="/wiki/Perea" title="Perea">Perea</a>, as well as over Gaulanitis, <a href="/wiki/Trachonitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Trachonitis">Trachonitis</a>, Batanaea, and <a href="/wiki/Panias" class="mw-redirect" title="Panias">Panias</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salome_I" title="Salome I">Salome I</a> was also given a small <a href="/wiki/Toparchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Toparchy">toparchy</a> in the Gaza region. As Augustus did not confirm this revision, no one receives the title of King. However, the three sons were ultimately granted rule of the stated territories.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wives_and_children">Wives and children</h3></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Herod's wives and children </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Wife </th> <th scope="col">Children </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Doris </th> <td> <ul><li>Son <a href="/wiki/Antipater_(son_of_Herod_the_Great)" title="Antipater (son of Herod the Great)">Antipater II</a>, executed 4 BCE</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:min-content"><a href="/wiki/Mariamne_I" title="Mariamne I">Mariamne I</a>, daughter of <span class="nowrap">Hasmonean <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Judaea" title="Alexander of Judaea">Alexandros</a></span> <span class="nowrap">and <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_the_Maccabee" title="Alexandra the Maccabee">Alexandra the Maccabee</a>,</span> executed 29 BCE </th> <td> <ul><li>Son <a href="/wiki/Alexander,_son_of_Herod" title="Alexander, son of Herod">Alexander</a>, executed 7 BCE</li> <li>Son <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_IV" title="Aristobulus IV">Aristobulus IV</a>, executed 7 BCE</li> <li>Daughter <a href="/wiki/Salampsio" title="Salampsio">Salampsio</a></li> <li>Daughter <a href="/wiki/Cypros_(daughter_of_Herod)" title="Cypros (daughter of Herod)">Cypros</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:min-content"><a href="/wiki/Mariamne_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariamne II">Mariamne II</a>, daughter of <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High-Priest</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_son_of_Boethus" title="Simon son of Boethus">Simon</a></span> </th> <td> <ul><li>Son <a href="/wiki/Herod_II" title="Herod II">Herod II</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Malthace" title="Malthace">Malthace</a> </th> <td> <ul><li>Son <a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Herod Archelaus</a> – ethnarch</li> <li>Son <a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a> – tetrarch</li> <li>Daughter <a href="/wiki/Olympias_(Herodian)" title="Olympias (Herodian)">Olympias</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_of_Jerusalem" title="Cleopatra of Jerusalem">Cleopatra of Jerusalem</a> </th> <td> <ul><li>Son <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip the Tetrarch</a></li> <li>Son Herod</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Pallas </th> <td> <ul><li>Son Phasael</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Phaidra </th> <td> <ul><li>Daughter Roxanne</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Elpis </th> <td> <ul><li>Daughter <a href="/wiki/Salome_(daughter_of_Herod_the_Great)" title="Salome (daughter of Herod the Great)">Salome</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">A cousin (name unknown) </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"><i>none known</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">A niece (name unknown) </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"><i>none known</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>It is very probable that Herod had more children, especially with the last wives, and also that he had more daughters, as female births at that time were often not recorded. As <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> (the practice of having multiple wives at once) was then permitted under Jewish law, Herod's later marriages were almost certainly polygamous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D183Awhiston20chapter3D13Awhiston20section3D2_18.1.2–3]_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D183Awhiston20chapter3D13Awhiston20section3D2_18.1.2–3]-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_trees">Family trees</h3></div> <p>In part based on the tree of Rick Swartzentrover.<sup id="cite_ref-swartzentrover_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swartzentrover-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>α<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancestors">Ancestors</h4></div> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Antipater_the_Idumaean" title="Antipater the Idumaean">Antipater<br />the Idumaean</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Cypros<br />(<a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabatean</a>)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Phasael" title="Phasael">Phasael</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Herod<br />the Great</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Salome_I" title="Salome I">Salome I</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Pheroras" title="Pheroras">Pheroras</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Joseph</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_IV" title="Aristobulus IV">Aristobulus IV</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Berenice_(daughter_of_Salome)" title="Berenice (daughter of Salome)">Berenice</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marriages_and_descendants">Marriages and descendants</h4></div> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Herod<br />the Great</b></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">1.Doris</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Antipater_(son_of_Herod_the_Great)" title="Antipater (son of Herod the Great)">Antipater II</a><br />d. 4 BCE</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Judaea" title="Alexander of Judaea">Alexander</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_the_Maccabee" title="Alexandra the Maccabee">Alexandra</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Herod<br />the Great</b></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">2. <a href="/wiki/Mariamne_I" title="Mariamne I">Mariamne I</a><br />d. 29 BCE</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristobulus III">Aristobulus III</a><br />d. 35 BCE</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_IV" title="Aristobulus IV">Aristobulus IV</a><br />d. 7 BCE</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Berenice_(daughter_of_Salome)" title="Berenice (daughter of Salome)">Berenice</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Alexander,_son_of_Herod" title="Alexander, son of Herod">Alexander</a><br />d. 7 BCE</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Phasael II</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Salampsio" title="Salampsio">Salampsio</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Antipater<sup id="cite_ref-calmet_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calmet-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>β<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Cypros_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypros II">Cypros II</a><sup id="cite_ref-calmet_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calmet-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>β<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Mariamne_III" title="Mariamne III">Mariamne III</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Herod Archelaus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Herod_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Herod V">Herod V</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Herodias" title="Herodias">Herodias</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">1. <a href="/wiki/Herod_II" title="Herod II">Herod II</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (December 2015)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Herod_the_Great#NOT!_Son_of_Herod_the_Great_&_Mariamne._Who_was_meant_here?" title="Talk:Herod the Great">discuss</a></i>]</sup><br />2. <a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Herod Agrippa I">Herod Agrippa I</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_Minor" title="Aristobulus Minor">Aristobulus Minor</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Herod Agrippa II</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Berenice_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Berenice</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Mariamne_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Mariamne (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Mariamne</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Drusilla_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Drusilla (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Drusilla</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Boethus" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Boethus">Simon Boethus</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priest</a>)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Herod<br />the Great</b></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">3.<a href="/wiki/Mariamne_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariamne II">Mariamne II</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Herod_II" title="Herod II">Herod II</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Herod<br />the Great</b></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">4.<a href="/wiki/Malthace" title="Malthace">Malthace</a><br />(Samaritan)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Aretas_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Aretas IV">Aretas IV</a><br />king of Arabia</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">1.Phasaelis</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">2.<a href="/wiki/Herodias" title="Herodias">Herodias</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Mariamne_III" title="Mariamne III">Mariamne III</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Herod Archelaus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Olympias_(Herodian)" title="Olympias (Herodian)">Olympias</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Joseph ben Joseph</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Herod_of_Chalcis" title="Herod of Chalcis">Herod of Chalcis</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Mariamne</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Herod<br />the Great</b></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">5.<a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_of_Jerusalem" title="Cleopatra of Jerusalem">Cleopatra<br />of Jerusalem</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip the Tetrarch</a><br />d. 34 CE</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Salome" title="Salome">Salome</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-greek"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-swartzentrover-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-swartzentrover_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/Bible/Bible/NT/Gospel%20&%20Acts/Herod%20FamilyTree.htm">Family Tree of Herod</a> <i>Rick Swartzentrover</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-calmet-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-calmet_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-calmet_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCalmet1812" class="citation book cs1">Calmet, Augustin (1812). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hc03AQAAMAAJ&pg=PT340">"Cypros II"</a>. <i>Calmets Great dictionary of the holy bible</i>. p. 340 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cypros+II&rft.btitle=Calmets+Great+dictionary+of+the+holy+bible&rft.pages=340&rft.date=1812&rft.aulast=Calmet&rft.aufirst=Augustin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHc03AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPT340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Feast_of_Herod" title="The Feast of Herod">The Feast of Herod</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Feast_of_Herod_(Donatello)" title="The Feast of Herod (Donatello)">The Feast of Herod (Donatello)</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Feast_of_Herod_(Rubens)" title="The Feast of Herod (Rubens)">The Feast of Herod (Rubens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Herod_the_Great" title="Cultural depictions of Herod the Great">Cultural depictions of Herod the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod%27s_Palace_(Jerusalem)" title="Herod's Palace (Jerusalem)">Herod's Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judean_date_palm#Germination_of_2000-year-old_seeds" title="Judean date palm">Judean date palm: Germination of 2000-year-old seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɛr/: 'err' in 'merry'">ɛr</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">הוֹרְדוֹס</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Hōrəḏōs</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἡρῴδης</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Hērṓidēs</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on Josephus' descriptions, one medical expert has diagnosed Herod's cause of death as <a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease" title="Chronic kidney disease">chronic kidney disease</a> complicated by <a href="/wiki/Fournier%27s_gangrene" class="mw-redirect" title="Fournier's gangrene">Fournier's gangrene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Steinmann2009-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steinmann2009_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steinmann2009_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steinmann, Andrew "When Did Herod the Great Reign?", Novum Testamentum, Volume 51, Number 1, 2009, pp. 1–29; Young, Rodger C. and Andrew E. Steinmann, “Caligula’s Statue for the Jerusalem Temple and Its Relation to the Chronology of Herod the Great,” Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 62 (2019): 759–774; Steinmann, Andrew E. and Rodger C. Young, “Elapsed Times for Herod the Great in Josephus,” Bibliotheca Sacra 177 (2020): 308–328; Steinmann, Andrew E. and Rodger C. Young, “Consular Years and Sabbatical Years in the Life of Herod the Great,” Bibliotheca Sacra 177 (2020): 442–461.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayerJacobsBroydé1906-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayerJacobsBroydé1906_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBayer">Bayer</a>; <a href="#CITEREFJacobsBroydé1906">Jacobs & Broydé 1906</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerowne200392–93-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerowne200392–93_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerowne2003">Perowne 2003</a>, pp. 92–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2005" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Francis E. (2005). <i>The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition: The Words and Will of God The Words And Will of God</i>. Vol. II. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monotheists%3A+Jews%2C+Christians%2C+and+Muslims+in+Conflict+and+Competition%3A+The+Words+and+Will+of+God+The+Words+And+Will+of+God&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Francis+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasherWitztum2007" class="citation book cs1">Kasher, Aryeh; Witztum, Eliezer (2007). <i>King Herod: a persecuted persecutor: a case study in psychohistory and psychobiography</i>. Translated by Gold, Karen. Walter de Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Herod%3A+a+persecuted+persecutor%3A+a+case+study+in+psychohistory+and+psychobiography&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Kasher&rft.aufirst=Aryeh&rft.au=Witztum%2C+Eliezer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D153Awhistonchapter3D113Awhistonsection3D6_15.11.6]-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D153Awhistonchapter3D113Awhistonsection3D6_15.11.6]_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntiquities_of_the_Jews"><i>Antiquities of the Jews</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0146%3Abook%3D15%3Awhiston+chapter%3D11%3Awhiston+section%3D6">15.11.6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ta%27anit_(Talmud)" title="Ta'anit (Talmud)">Ta'anit</a></i> 23a). Herod the Great rebuilt the Temple sanctuary and expanded the Temple Mount at its north side around the older Temple courts, and "enclosed an area double the former size." Formerly, according to the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Middot.2.1?lang=bi"><i>Middot</i> 2:1</a>), the Temple Mount had measured 500 × 500 cubits square, and its expansion was done to accommodate the pilgrims.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Jewish_War''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101483Abook3D13Awhistonchapter3D21_1.21.1]-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Jewish_War''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101483Abook3D13Awhistonchapter3D21_1.21.1]_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Jewish_War"><i>The Jewish War</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148%3Abook%3D1%3Awhiston+chapter%3D21">1.21.1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz2014-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz2014_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz2014_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz2014_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz2014_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2014" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Seth (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6pkAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA59">"Herod to Florus"</a>. <i>The Ancient Jews from Alexander to Muhammad</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">59–</span>62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04127-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04127-1"><bdi>978-1-107-04127-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Herod+to+Florus&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Jews+from+Alexander+to+Muhammad&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-04127-1&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY6pkAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1999269-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999269_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen1999">Cohen 1999</a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinmann2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Steinmann" title="Andrew Steinmann">Steinmann, Andrew</a> (2009). "When Did Herod the Great Reign?". <i><a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum" title="Novum Testamentum">Novum Testamentum</a></i>. <b>51</b> (1): 1–29 [12]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853608X245953">10.1163/156853608X245953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Novum+Testamentum&rft.atitle=When+Did+Herod+the+Great+Reign%3F&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-29+12&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853608X245953&rft.aulast=Steinmann&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFilmer1966" class="citation journal cs1">Filmer, W. E. (1966). "The Chronology of the Reign of Herod the Great". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Theological_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Theological Studies">Journal of Theological Studies</a></i>. <b>17</b> (2): 283–298 [293]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjts%2FXVII.2.283">10.1093/jts/XVII.2.283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Chronology+of+the+Reign+of+Herod+the+Great&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=283-298+293&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjts%2FXVII.2.283&rft.aulast=Filmer&rft.aufirst=W.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinmann2011219–256-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinmann2011219–256_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinmann2011219–256_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteinmann2011">Steinmann 2011</a>, pp. 219–256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Britannica''"Thus,_Herod_was_of_Arab_origin,_although_he_was_a_practicing_Jew"-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Britannica''"Thus,_Herod_was_of_Arab_origin,_although_he_was_a_practicing_Jew"_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBritannica"><i>Britannica</i></a>, "Thus, Herod was of Arab origin, although he was a practicing Jew".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Kasher" title="Aryeh Kasher">Aryeh Kasher</a> and Eliezer Witztum, <i>King Herod: A Persecuted Persecutor: A Case Study in Psychohistory</i>, pp. 19–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRetsö2013" class="citation book cs1">Retsö, Jan (2013). <i>The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads</i>. Routledge. p. 374.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabs+in+Antiquity%3A+Their+History+from+the+Assyrians+to+the+Umayyads&rft.pages=374&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Rets%C3%B6&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELosch2008155-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELosch2008155_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELosch2008155_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLosch2008">Losch 2008</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <i>Geography</i> Bk.16.2.34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Britannica''-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Britannica''_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Britannica''_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBritannica"><i>Britannica</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERetsö2013487-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERetsö2013487_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRetsö2013">Retsö 2013</a>, p. 487.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChancey2002" class="citation book cs1">Chancey, Mark A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YrrRaeP5po0C&pg=PA44"><i>The Myth of a Gentile Galilee</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-43465-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-43465-2"><bdi>978-1-139-43465-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+a+Gentile+Galilee&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-139-43465-2&rft.aulast=Chancey&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYrrRaeP5po0C%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahidShahîd1984" class="citation book cs1">Shahid, Irfan; Shahîd, Irfan (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W4H97SA6pMAC&q=Idumaeans"><i>Rome and the Arabs: A Prolegomenon to the Study of Byzantium and the Arabs</i></a>. Dumbarton Oaks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-115-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-115-5"><bdi>978-0-88402-115-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+the+Arabs%3A+A+Prolegomenon+to+the+Study+of+Byzantium+and+the+Arabs&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-88402-115-5&rft.aulast=Shahid&rft.aufirst=Irfan&rft.au=Shah%C3%AEd%2C+Irfan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW4H97SA6pMAC%26q%3DIdumaeans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritannica"Thus,_Herod_was_of_Arab_origin,_although_he_was_a_practicing_Jew"-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritannica"Thus,_Herod_was_of_Arab_origin,_although_he_was_a_practicing_Jew"_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBritannica">Britannica</a>, "Thus, Herod was of Arab origin, although he was a practicing Jew".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1">Josephus. <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i> (Loeb ed.). pp. Antiquity of the Jews Book XII/Chapter 9/Section 4, Book XII/Chapter 10/Section 6, Book XIII/Chapter 5/Section 8, Book XIV/Chapter 1/Section 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antiquities+of+the+Jews&rft.pages=Antiquity+of+the+Jews+Book+XII%2FChapter+9%2FSection+4%2C+Book+XII%2FChapter+10%2FSection+6%2C+Book+XIII%2FChapter+5%2FSection+8%2C+Book+XIV%2FChapter+1%2FSection+3&rft.edition=Loeb&rft.au=Josephus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D143Asection3D143_14.8.5]-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D143Asection3D143_14.8.5]_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntiquities_of_the_Jews"><i>Antiquities of the Jews</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0146%3Abook%3D14%3Asection%3D143">14.8.5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schürer, Emil, T. Alec. Burkill, Geza Vermes, and Fergus Millar. <i>The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 B.C.–A.D. 135)</i>. Edinburgh: Clark, 1973. pp. 270–275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. H. Hayes & S. Mandell, <i>The Jewish People in Classical Antiquity: From Alexander to Bar Kochba</i>, <a href="/wiki/Westminster_John_Knox_Press" title="Westminster John Knox Press">Westminster John Knox Press</a>: Louisville 1998, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=er1Ls6bSQNMC&pg=PA101">118</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25727-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25727-9">978-0-664-25727-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D143Asection3D158_14.9.1–2]-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D143Asection3D158_14.9.1–2]_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntiquities_of_the_Jews"><i>Antiquities of the Jews</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0146%3Abook%3D14%3Asection%3D158">14.9.1–2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Jewish_War''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101483Abook3D13Awhistonchapter3D103Awhistonsection3D8_1.10.8]-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Jewish_War''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101483Abook3D13Awhistonchapter3D103Awhistonsection3D8_1.10.8]_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Jewish_War"><i>The Jewish War</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148%3Abook%3D1%3Awhiston+chapter%3D10%3Awhiston+section%3D8">1.10.8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsBroydé1906"He_was_of_commanding_presence;_he_excelled_in_physical_exercises;_he_was_a_skillful_diplomatist;_and,_above_all,_he_was_prepared_to_commit_any_crime_in_order_to_gratify_his_unbounded_ambition."-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsBroydé1906"He_was_of_commanding_presence;_he_excelled_in_physical_exercises;_he_was_a_skillful_diplomatist;_and,_above_all,_he_was_prepared_to_commit_any_crime_in_order_to_gratify_his_unbounded_ambition."_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobsBroydé1906">Jacobs & Broydé 1906</a>, "He was of commanding presence; he excelled in physical exercises; he was a skillful diplomatist; and, above all, he was prepared to commit any crime in order to gratify his unbounded ambition.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Jewish_War''[httpearlyjewishwritingscomtextjosephuswar1html_1.14.4]:_"&#91;[[Mark_Antony]]&#93;_then_resolved_to_get_him_made_king_of_the_Jews...told_them_that_it_was_for_their_advantage_in_the_[[Parthian_Empire|Parthian]]_war_that_Herod_should_be_king;_so_they_all_gave_their_votes_for_it._And_when_the_senate_was_separated,_Antony_and_[[Augustus|Caesar]]_went_out,_with_Herod_between_them;_while_the_consul_and_the_rest_of_the_magistrates_went_before_them,_in_order_to_offer_sacrifices_[to_the_Roman_gods],_and_to_lay_the_decree_in_the_Capitol._Antony_also_made_a_feast_for_Herod_on_the_first_day_of_his_reign"-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Jewish_War''[httpearlyjewishwritingscomtextjosephuswar1html_1.14.4]:_"&#91;[[Mark_Antony]]&#93;_then_resolved_to_get_him_made_king_of_the_Jews...told_them_that_it_was_for_their_advantage_in_the_[[Parthian_Empire|Parthian]]_war_that_Herod_should_be_king;_so_they_all_gave_their_votes_for_it._And_when_the_senate_was_separated,_Antony_and_[[Augustus|Caesar]]_went_out,_with_Herod_between_them;_while_the_consul_and_the_rest_of_the_magistrates_went_before_them,_in_order_to_offer_sacrifices_[to_the_Roman_gods],_and_to_lay_the_decree_in_the_Capitol._Antony_also_made_a_feast_for_Herod_on_the_first_day_of_his_reign"_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Jewish_War"><i>The Jewish War</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earlyjewishwritings.com/text/josephus/war1.html">1.14.4</a>: "[<a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a>] then resolved to get him made king of the Jews...told them that it was for their advantage in the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> war that Herod should be king; so they all gave their votes for it. And when the senate was separated, Antony and <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Caesar</a> went out, with Herod between them; while the consul and the rest of the magistrates went before them, in order to offer sacrifices [to the Roman gods], and to lay the decree in the Capitol. Antony also made a feast for Herod on the first day of his reign".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D143Asection3D468_14.16.1]-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D143Asection3D468_14.16.1]_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntiquities_of_the_Jews"><i>Antiquities of the Jews</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0146%3Abook%3D14%3Asection%3D468">14.16.1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Jewish_War''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101483Abook3D13Awhistonchapter3D173Awhistonsection3D2_1.17.2]-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Jewish_War''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101483Abook3D13Awhistonchapter3D173Awhistonsection3D2_1.17.2]_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Jewish_War"><i>The Jewish War</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148%3Abook%3D1%3Awhiston+chapter%3D17%3Awhiston+section%3D2">1.17.2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Dio</a>, <i>Roman History</i> 49.23.1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson1996" class="citation journal cs1">Atkinson, Kenneth (October 1996). "Herod the Great, Sosius, and the Siege of Jerusalem (37 B.C.) in Psalm of Solomon 17". <i>Novum Testamentum</i>. <b>38</b> (4). Brill: <span class="nowrap">312–</span>322. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1568536962613216">10.1163/1568536962613216</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1560892">1560892</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Novum+Testamentum&rft.atitle=Herod+the+Great%2C+Sosius%2C+and+the+Siege+of+Jerusalem+%2837+B.C.%29+in+Psalm+of+Solomon+17&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E312-%3C%2Fspan%3E322&rft.date=1996-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1568536962613216&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1560892%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschKohlerJacobsFriedenwald1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hirsch, Emil G.; Kohler, Kaufmann; Jacobs, Joseph; Friedenwald, Aaron; Broydé, Isaac (1906). "Circumcision Necessary or Not?". In <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=514&letter=C&search=Circumcision#1790"><i>Circumcision</i></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls – via JewishEncyclopedia.com. <q>The rigorous <a href="/wiki/Shammai" title="Shammai">Shammaite</a> view, voiced in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a> (l.c.), prevailed in the time of King <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a>, who forced the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_covenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic covenant">Abrahamic rite</a> upon the Idumeans, and in that of King Aristobulus, who made the Itureans undergo circumcision</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Circumcision&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Hirsch&rft.aufirst=Emil+G.&rft.au=Kohler%2C+Kaufmann&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Friedenwald%2C+Aaron&rft.au=Broyd%C3%A9%2C+Isaac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D514%26letter%3DC%26search%3DCircumcision%231790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span>, citing <a href="#CITEREFAntiquities_of_the_Jews"><i>Antiquities of the Jews</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0526.tlg001.perseus-eng1:13.314">13.314</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayer-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayer_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBayer">Bayer</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Jewish_War''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3atext3a1999010148_2.13.7]:_"There_was_also_another_disturbance_at_Caesarea,_–_those_Jews_who_were_mixed_with_the_Syrians_that_lived_there_rising_a_tumult_against_them._The_Jews_pretended_that_the_city_was_theirs,_and_said_that_he_who_built_it_was_a_Jew,_meaning_King_Herod._The_Syrians_confessed_also_that_its_builder_was_a_Jew;_but_they_still_said,_however,_that_the_city_was_a_Grecian_city;_for_that_he_who_set_up_statues_and_temples_in_it_could_not_design_it_for_Jews"-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Jewish_War''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3atext3a1999010148_2.13.7]:_"There_was_also_another_disturbance_at_Caesarea,_–_those_Jews_who_were_mixed_with_the_Syrians_that_lived_there_rising_a_tumult_against_them._The_Jews_pretended_that_the_city_was_theirs,_and_said_that_he_who_built_it_was_a_Jew,_meaning_King_Herod._The_Syrians_confessed_also_that_its_builder_was_a_Jew;_but_they_still_said,_however,_that_the_city_was_a_Grecian_city;_for_that_he_who_set_up_statues_and_temples_in_it_could_not_design_it_for_Jews"_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Jewish_War"><i>The Jewish War</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0148">2.13.7</a>: "There was also another disturbance at Caesarea, – those Jews who were mixed with the Syrians that lived there rising a tumult against them. The Jews pretended that the city was theirs, and said that he who built it was a Jew, meaning King Herod. The Syrians confessed also that its builder was a Jew; but they still said, however, that the city was a Grecian city; for that he who set up statues and temples in it could not design it for Jews".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsBroydé1906Opposition_of_the_Pious:_"All_the_worldly_pomp_and_splendor_which_made_Herod_popular_among_the_pagans,_however,_rendered_him_abhorrent_to_the_Jews,_who_could_not_forgive_him_for_insulting_their_religious_feelings_by_forcing_upon_them_heathen_games_and_combats_with_wild_animals"-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsBroydé1906Opposition_of_the_Pious:_"All_the_worldly_pomp_and_splendor_which_made_Herod_popular_among_the_pagans,_however,_rendered_him_abhorrent_to_the_Jews,_who_could_not_forgive_him_for_insulting_their_religious_feelings_by_forcing_upon_them_heathen_games_and_combats_with_wild_animals"_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobsBroydé1906">Jacobs & Broydé 1906</a>, Opposition of the Pious: "All the worldly pomp and splendor which made Herod popular among the pagans, however, rendered him abhorrent to the Jews, who could not forgive him for insulting their religious feelings by forcing upon them heathen games and combats with wild animals".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Jewish_War''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocJBJ1144fromdocPerseus3Atext3A1999010148_1.14.4]:_"...Antony_then_resolved_to_get_him_made_king_of_the_Jews_..._told_them_that_it_was_for_their_advantage_in_the_[[Roman–Parthian_Wars|Parthian_war]]_that_Herod_should_be_king;_so_they_all_gave_their_votes_for_it._And_when_the_senate_was_separated[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_December_2015]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="margin-left:0.1em;_white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Please_clarify|<span_title="The_text_near_this_tag_may_need_clarification_or_removal_of_jargon._(December_2015)">clarification_needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>,_Antony_and_Caesar_went_out,_with_Herod_between_them;_while_the_[[consul]]_and_the_rest_of_the_[[magistrates]]_went_before_them,_in_order_to_offer_sacrifices_[to_the_Roman_gods],_and_to_lay_the_decree_in_the_Capitol._Antony_also_made_a_feast_for_Herod_on_the_first_day_of_his_reign."-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Jewish_War''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocJBJ1144fromdocPerseus3Atext3A1999010148_1.14.4]:_"...Antony_then_resolved_to_get_him_made_king_of_the_Jews_..._told_them_that_it_was_for_their_advantage_in_the_[[Roman–Parthian_Wars|Parthian_war]]_that_Herod_should_be_king;_so_they_all_gave_their_votes_for_it._And_when_the_senate_was_separated[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_December_2015]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="margin-left:0.1em;_white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Please_clarify|<span_title="The_text_near_this_tag_may_need_clarification_or_removal_of_jargon._(December_2015)">clarification_needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>,_Antony_and_Caesar_went_out,_with_Herod_between_them;_while_the_[[consul]]_and_the_rest_of_the_[[magistrates]]_went_before_them,_in_order_to_offer_sacrifices_[to_the_Roman_gods],_and_to_lay_the_decree_in_the_Capitol._Antony_also_made_a_feast_for_Herod_on_the_first_day_of_his_reign."_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Jewish_War"><i>The Jewish War</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=J.+BJ+1.14.4&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148">1.14.4</a>: "...Antony then resolved to get him made king of the Jews ... told them that it was for their advantage in the <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars" title="Roman–Parthian Wars">Parthian war</a> that Herod should be king; so they all gave their votes for it. And when the senate was separated<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, Antony and Caesar went out, with Herod between them; while the <a href="/wiki/Consul" title="Consul">consul</a> and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Magistrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistrates">magistrates</a> went before them, in order to offer sacrifices [to the Roman gods], and to lay the decree in the Capitol. Antony also made a feast for Herod on the first day of his reign.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerowne200370-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerowne200370_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerowne2003">Perowne 2003</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1999267-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999267_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen1999">Cohen 1999</a>, p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerowne200367-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerowne200367_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerowne200367_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerowne2003">Perowne 2003</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerowne200370–72-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerowne200370–72_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerowne2003">Perowne 2003</a>, pp. 70–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1999270-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999270_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999270_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999270_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999270_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999270_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen1999">Cohen 1999</a>, p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerowne200375-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerowne200375_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerowne2003">Perowne 2003</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerowne200377–80,_92–93-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerowne200377–80,_92–93_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerowne2003">Perowne 2003</a>, pp. 77–80, 92–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1999271-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999271_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999271_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999271_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999271_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen1999">Cohen 1999</a>, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rocca2009-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rocca2009_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rocca2009_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rocca2009_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rocca2009_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rocca2009_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocca2009" class="citation book cs1">Rocca, Samuel (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=znRtCb6mXLIC"><i>The Army of Herod the Great</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">15–</span>16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-206-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-206-6"><bdi>978-1-84603-206-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Army+of+Herod+the+Great&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-206-6&rft.aulast=Rocca&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DznRtCb6mXLIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1999269–273-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999269–273_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999269–273_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999269–273_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen1999">Cohen 1999</a>, pp. 269–273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levine1998-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levine1998_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levine1998_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Levine, Amy-Jill. "Visions of Kingdoms: From Pompey to the First Jewish Revolt," in <i>The Oxford History of the Biblical World</i>, ed. Michael D. Coogan. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJagersma1985" class="citation book cs1">Jagersma, Henk (1985). <i>A History of Israel from Alexander the Great to Bar Kochba</i>. Translated by Bowden, John. London: SCM Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-1890-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-1890-2"><bdi>978-0-8006-1890-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Israel+from+Alexander+the+Great+to+Bar+Kochba&rft.place=London&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=SCM+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-1890-2&rft.aulast=Jagersma&rft.aufirst=Henk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourgel2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bourgel, Jonathan (1 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/45647596">"Herod's golden eagle on the Temple gate: a reconsideration"</a>. <i>Journal of Jewish Studies</i>. <b>72</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">23–</span>44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18647%2F3480%2Fjjs-2021">10.18647/3480/jjs-2021</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233561671">233561671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Jewish+Studies&rft.atitle=Herod%27s+golden+eagle+on+the+Temple+gate%3A+a+reconsideration&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=2021-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18647%2F3480%2Fjjs-2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233561671%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bourgel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F45647596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schiffman, Lawrence H. "The Jewish–Christian Schism," in <i>From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism</i> (Hoboken: Ktav Publishing House, 1991), p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlin2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Berlin, Andrea M. (2015). <bdi lang="he">הורדוסאוגוסטוס והאוגוסטיאום בפניון</bdi> [Herod, Augustus, and the Augusteum at the Paneion]. <i>Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies</i> <bdi lang="he">ארץ-ישראל: מחקרים בידיעת הארץ ועתיקותיה</bdi> (in Hebrew). <b>לא</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0071-108X">0071-108X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24433087">24433087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eretz-Israel%3A+Archaeological%2C+Historical+and+Geographical+Studies&rft.atitle=%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A1+%D7%95%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F&rft.volume=%D7%9C%D7%90&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24433087%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0071-108X&rft.aulast=Berlin&rft.aufirst=Andrea+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquities.org.il/Article_eng.aspx?sec_id=25&subj_id=240&id=1882&hist=1">"Building the Western Wall: Herod Began it but Didn't Finish it"</a>. Israel Antiquities Authority. December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Building+the+Western+Wall%3A+Herod+Began+it+but+Didn%27t+Finish+it&rft.pub=Israel+Antiquities+Authority&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiquities.org.il%2FArticle_eng.aspx%3Fsec_id%3D25%26subj_id%3D240%26id%3D1882%26hist%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton1906-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton1906_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton1906_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarton1906">Barton 1906</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graetz, Heinrich (1893). <i>History of the Jews: From the Reign of Hyrcanus (135 BCE) to the Completion of the Babylonian Talmud (500 CE)</i>, Cosimo, New York, Volume 2, 2009 ed, p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maier1998-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maier1998_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maier1998_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaier1998" class="citation book cs1">Maier, Paul L. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mWnYvI5RdLMC&pg=PA169">"Herod and the Infants of Bethlehem"</a>. In Summers, Ray; Vardaman, Jerry (eds.). <i>Chronos, Kairos, Christos II: Chronological, Nativity, and Religious Studies in Memory of Ray Summers</i>. <a href="/wiki/Mercer_University_Press" title="Mercer University Press">Mercer University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">170–</span>171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-582-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-582-3"><bdi>978-0-86554-582-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Herod+and+the+Infants+of+Bethlehem&rft.btitle=Chronos%2C+Kairos%2C+Christos+II%3A+Chronological%2C+Nativity%2C+and+Religious+Studies+in+Memory+of+Ray+Summers&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E170-%3C%2Fspan%3E171&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-86554-582-3&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=Paul+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmWnYvI5RdLMC%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">Sanders, E. P.</a> (1994). <i>The Historical Figure of Jesus</i>. Viking Adult. pp. 87–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1971" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Michael (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/herodgreat00gran_0"><i>Herod the Great</i></a>. American Heritage Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-024073-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-024073-5"><bdi>978-0-07-024073-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herod+the+Great&rft.pub=American+Heritage+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-07-024073-5&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fherodgreat00gran_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1996" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Peter (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MWTakr1BbvkC&q=richardson+herod"><i>Herod King of the Jews and Friend of the Romans</i></a>. University of North Carolina Press. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-136-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-136-6"><bdi>978-1-57003-136-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herod+King+of+the+Jews+and+Friend+of+the+Romans&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-136-6&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMWTakr1BbvkC%26q%3Drichardson%2Bherod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1996288-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1996288_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardson1996">Richardson 1996</a>, p. 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagness2021126-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagness2021126_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagness2021">Magness 2021</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CNN.com – Health (25 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2002/HEALTH/conditions/01/25/king.herod/">Mystery of Herod's death 'solved'</a> <i>CNN</i> Archives, 2002. Accessed 30 January 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/196/what-loathsome-disease-did-king-herod-die-of">What loathsome disease did King Herod die of?</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Straight_Dope" title="The Straight Dope">The Straight Dope</a></i>, November 23, 1979</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocJAJ1765fromdocPerseus3Atext3A1999010146_17.6.5]-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocJAJ1765fromdocPerseus3Atext3A1999010146_17.6.5]_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntiquities_of_the_Jews"><i>Antiquities of the Jews</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=J.+AJ+17.6.5&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0146">17.6.5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D173Awhistonchapter3D73Awhistonsection3D1_17.7]-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D173Awhistonchapter3D73Awhistonsection3D1_17.7]_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntiquities_of_the_Jews"><i>Antiquities of the Jews</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0146%3Abook%3D17%3Awhiston+chapter%3D7%3Awhiston+section%3D1">17.7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarnecki1984" class="citation book cs1">Zarnecki, George, ed. (1984). <i>English romanesque art 1066–1200: Hayward Gallery; London 5 April–8 July 1984</i>. London: Arts Council of Great Britain. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7287-0386-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7287-0386-5"><bdi>978-0-7287-0386-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+romanesque+art+1066%E2%80%931200%3A+Hayward+Gallery%3B+London+5+April%E2%80%938+July+1984&rft.place=London&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Arts+Council+of+Great+Britain&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7287-0386-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2000" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Alexander (2000). <i>Suicide in the Middle Ages: The Curse on Self-Murder</i>. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-161399-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-161399-9"><bdi>978-0-19-161399-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suicide+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+The+Curse+on+Self-Murder&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-161399-9&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D173Awhistonchapter3D63Awhistonsection3D5_17.6.5]-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D173Awhistonchapter3D63Awhistonsection3D5_17.6.5]_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntiquities_of_the_Jews"><i>Antiquities of the Jews</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0146%3Abook%3D17%3Awhiston+chapter%3D6%3Awhiston+section%3D5">17.6.5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D173Awhistonchapter3D83Awhistonsection3D2_17.8.2]-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D173Awhistonchapter3D83Awhistonsection3D2_17.8.2]_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntiquities_of_the_Jews"><i>Antiquities of the Jews</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0146%3Abook%3D17%3Awhiston+chapter%3D8%3Awhiston+section%3D2">17.8.2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%BCrer,_Emil" class="mw-redirect" title="Schürer, Emil">Schürer, Emil</a>. <i>A History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ</i>, Vol. I, Herod the Great pp. 400–467, New York, Scribner's, 1896. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp01sch/">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall2012-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall2012_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall2012_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall2012_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall, Taylor. <i>The Eternal City</i> (Dallas: St. John, 2012), pp. 35–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, Timothy David. "The Date of Herod's Death," <i>Journal of Theological Studies</i> ns 19 (1968), 204–219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernegger, P. M. "Affirmation of Herod's Death in 4 B.C.", <i>Journal of Theological Studies</i> ns 34 (1983), 526–531.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knoblet, Jerry. <i>Herod the Great</i> (University Press of America, 2005), p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Jewish_War''1.631–632-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Jewish_War''1.631–632_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Jewish_War"><i>The Jewish War</i></a>, 1.631–632.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Jewish_War''2.26-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Jewish_War''2.26_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Jewish_War"><i>The Jewish War</i></a>, 2.26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hoehner" title="Harold Hoehner">Hoehner, Harold</a>. <i>Herod Antipas</i>, (Zondervan, 1980) p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwards, Ormond. "Herodian Chronology", <i><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine Exploration Quarterly">Palestine Exploration Quarterly</a></i> 114 (1982) 29–42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keresztes, Paul. <i>Imperial Rome and the Christians: From Herod the Great to About 200 AD</i> (Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1989), pp. 1–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVardamanYamauchi1989" class="citation journal cs1">Vardaman, Jerry; Yamauchi, Edwin M., eds. (1989). "The Nativity and Herod's Death". <i>Chronos, Kairos, Christos: Nativity and Chronological Studies Presented to Jack Finegan</i>. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns: <span class="nowrap">85–</span>92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chronos%2C+Kairos%2C+Christos%3A+Nativity+and+Chronological+Studies+Presented+to+Jack+Finegan&rft.atitle=The+Nativity+and+Herod%27s+Death&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finegan, Jack. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/brill/not/2009/00000051/00000001/art00001"><i>Handbook of Biblical Chronology</i></a>, Rev. ed. (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1998) 300, § 516.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Filmer1966-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Filmer1966_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filmer1966_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Filmer, W. E. "Chronology of the Reign of Herod the Great", <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Theological_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Theological Studies">Journal of Theological Studies</a></i> ns 17 (1966), 283–298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinmannYoung2021" class="citation journal cs1">Steinmann, Andrew E.; Young, Rodger C. (2021). "The Case for Antedating in the Reigns of Herod's Sons". <i>Bibliotheca Sacra</i>. <b>178</b>: <span class="nowrap">436–</span>455.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bibliotheca+Sacra&rft.atitle=The+Case+for+Antedating+in+the+Reigns+of+Herod%27s+Sons&rft.volume=178&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E436-%3C%2Fspan%3E455&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Steinmann&rft.aufirst=Andrew+E.&rft.au=Young%2C+Rodger+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocJAJ1764fromdocPerseus3Atext3A1999010146_17.6.4]-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocJAJ1764fromdocPerseus3Atext3A1999010146_17.6.4]_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntiquities_of_the_Jews"><i>Antiquities of the Jews</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=J.+AJ+17.6.4&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0146">17.6.4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steinmann, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/brilleclipses">/not/2009/00000051/00000001/art00001 "When Did Herod the Great Reign?"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, <i>Novum Testamentum</i>, Volume 51, Number 1, 2009, pp. 1–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190715202448/http://www.verednoam.com/articles/Noam%20MegillatTaanit.pdf">Megillat Taanit – The Scroll of Fasting</a> by <a href="/wiki/Vered_Noam" title="Vered Noam">Vered Noam</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntiquities_of_the_Jews"><i>Antiquities of the Jews</i></a>, 17.12.317–319. Augustus "appointed Archelaus, not indeed to be the king of the whole country, but <a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">ethnarch</a> of one half of that which had been subject to Herod, and promised to give him the royal dignity hereafter, if he governed his part virtuously. But as for the other half, he divided it into two parts, and gave it to two other of Herod's sons, to Philip and to <a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a>, that Herod Antipas who disputed with Archelaus for the whole kingdom. Now, to him it was that <a href="/wiki/Perea" title="Perea">Perea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> paid their tribute, which amounted annually to two hundred talents, while <a href="/wiki/Batanea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batanea">Batanea</a> with <a href="/wiki/Trachonitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Trachonitis">Trachonitis</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Auranitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Auranitis">Auranitis</a>, with a certain part of what was called House of Lenodorus, paid the tribute of one hundred talents to Philip; but Idumea, and Judea, and the country of Samaria, paid tribute to Archelaus, but had now a fourth part of that tribute taken off by the order of Caesar, who decreed them that mitigation, because they did not join in this revolt with the rest of the multitude."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben-Sasson, H. H. <i>A History of the Jewish People</i>, Harvard University Press, 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39731-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39731-6">978-0-674-39731-6</a>, p. 246: "When Archelaus was deposed from the ethnarchy in 6 CE, Judea proper, Samaria and Idumea were converted into a Roman province under the name Iudaea."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%203:1&version=nrsv">Luke 3:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwgutenbergorgfiles28482848-h2848-hhtmlink172HCH0008_Concerning_Herod's_Death,_And_Testament,_And_Burial]-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwgutenbergorgfiles28482848-h2848-hhtmlink172HCH0008_Concerning_Herod's_Death,_And_Testament,_And_Burial]_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntiquities_of_the_Jews"><i>Antiquities of the Jews</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2848/2848-h/2848-h.htm#link172HCH0008">Concerning Herod's Death, And Testament, And Burial</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwgutenbergorgfiles28482848-h2848-hhtmlink172HCH0011_An_Embassage_To_Caesar;_And_How_Caesar_Confirmed_Herod's_Testament]-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwgutenbergorgfiles28482848-h2848-hhtmlink172HCH0011_An_Embassage_To_Caesar;_And_How_Caesar_Confirmed_Herod's_Testament]_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntiquities_of_the_Jews"><i>Antiquities of the Jews</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2848/2848-h/2848-h.htm#link172HCH0011">An Embassage To Caesar; And How Caesar Confirmed Herod's Testament</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Jewish_War"><i>The Jewish War</i></a>, 5.33.1. On the historical circumstances of the building of Herodium, see: Jonathan Bourgel & Roi Porat, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/45647662/Herodium_as_a_Reflection_of_Herod_s_Policy_in_Judea_and_Idumea">Herodium as a Reflection of Herod's Policy in Judea and Idumea</a>," Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 135/2 (2019), 188–209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosovsky1983" class="citation web cs1">Rosovsky, Nitza (24 April 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/04/24/travel/discovering-herod-s-israel.html">"Discovering Herod's Israel"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Discovering+Herod%27s+Israel&rft.date=1983-04-24&rft.aulast=Rosovsky&rft.aufirst=Nitza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1983%2F04%2F24%2Ftravel%2Fdiscovering-herod-s-israel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkat2007" class="citation news cs1">Barkat, Amiram (7 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/archeologist-king-herod-s-tomb-desecrated-but-discovery-high-point-1.219914">"Archeologist: King Herod's tomb desecrated, but discovery 'high point'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Archeologist%3A+King+Herod%27s+tomb+desecrated%2C+but+discovery+%27high+point%27&rft.date=2007-05-07&rft.aulast=Barkat&rft.aufirst=Amiram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Farcheologist-king-herod-s-tomb-desecrated-but-discovery-high-point-1.219914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Associated Press (7 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,270575,00.html">"Israeli Archaeologist Finds Tomb of King Herod"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206050422/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,270575,00.html">Archived</a> 2008-12-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox_News_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox News Channel"><i>FOX News</i></a>, Accessed 7 May 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isracast.com/Articles/Article.aspx?ID=634">"Herod's Tomb Discovered"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070814131042/http://www.isracast.com/Articles/Article.aspx?ID=634">Archived</a> 2007-08-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>IsraCast</i>, May 8, 2007. Accessed 7 May 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kalman, Matthew (8 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2007/05/08/herods_tomb_reportedly_found_inside_his_desert_palace/">"Herod's tomb reportedly found inside his desert palace"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>, Accessed 7 May 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeizman2007" class="citation news cs1">Weizman, Steve (8 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/science/2007-05-07-3709859735_x.htm">"Archaeologists Find Tomb of King Herod"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Archaeologists+Find+Tomb+of+King+Herod&rft.date=2007-05-08&rft.aulast=Weizman&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Ftech%2Fscience%2F2007-05-07-3709859735_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobson, David (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40159748">"Editorial: Has Herod's Place of Burial Been Found?"</a>. <i>Palestine Exploration Quarterly</i>. <b>139</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">207–</span>208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F003103207x227346">10.1179/003103207x227346</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162335572">162335572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palestine+Exploration+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Editorial%3A+Has+Herod%27s+Place+of+Burial+Been+Found%3F&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E208&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F003103207x227346&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162335572%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F40159748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasson2013" class="citation news cs1">Hasson, Nir (October 11, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/archaeology/.premium-1.551881">"Archaeological stunner: Not Herod's Tomb after all?"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Archaeological+stunner%3A+Not+Herod%27s+Tomb+after+all%3F&rft.date=2013-10-11&rft.aulast=Hasson&rft.aufirst=Nir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fjewish%2Farchaeology%2F.premium-1.551881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasson2012" class="citation news cs1">Hasson, Nir (29 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/2012-01-29/ty-article/top-archaeologists-condemn-israeli-plan-to-rebuild-ancient-tomb/0000017f-f569-ddde-abff-fd6d85dc0000">"Top Archaeologists Condemn Israeli Plan to Rebuild Ancient Tomb"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Top+Archaeologists+Condemn+Israeli+Plan+to+Rebuild+Ancient+Tomb&rft.date=2012-01-29&rft.aulast=Hasson&rft.aufirst=Nir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2F2012-01-29%2Fty-article%2Ftop-archaeologists-condemn-israeli-plan-to-rebuild-ancient-tomb%2F0000017f-f569-ddde-abff-fd6d85dc0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1993" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Raymond (1993). <i>The Birth of the Messiah</i>. New York: Doubleday.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Messiah&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tierney, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07289c.htm">"Herod: Herod the Great"</a>, <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i> (1910): "Herod, surnamed the Great, called by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Graetz" title="Heinrich Graetz">Grätz</a> "the evil genius of the Judean nation" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofje02grae#page/76/mode/2up">(<i>Hist</i>., v. II, p. 77)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsBroydé1906"above_all,_he_was_prepared_to_commit_any_crime_in_order_to_gratify_his_unbounded_ambition"-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsBroydé1906"above_all,_he_was_prepared_to_commit_any_crime_in_order_to_gratify_his_unbounded_ambition"_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobsBroydé1906">Jacobs & Broydé 1906</a>, "above all, he was prepared to commit any crime in order to gratify his unbounded ambition".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1999273-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999273_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen1999">Cohen 1999</a>, p. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1999272-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999272_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen1999">Cohen 1999</a>, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eyal Regev, "Herod's Jewish Ideology Facing Romanization: On Intermarriage, Ritual Baths, and Speeches," <i>The Jewish Quarterly Review</i> 100 (2010): 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regev, "Herod's Jewish Ideology," 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Regev-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Regev_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Regev_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Regev, "Herod's Jewish Ideology," 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regev, "Herod's Jewish Ideology," 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1999296-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999296_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen1999">Cohen 1999</a>, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocJAJ1578fromdocPerseus3Atext3A1999010146_15.7.8]-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocJAJ1578fromdocPerseus3Atext3A1999010146_15.7.8]_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntiquities_of_the_Jews"><i>Antiquities of the Jews</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=J.+AJ+15.7.8&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0146">15.7.8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D153Awhistonchapter3D93Awhistonsection3D3_15.9.3]-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D153Awhistonchapter3D93Awhistonsection3D3_15.9.3]_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntiquities_of_the_Jews"><i>Antiquities of the Jews</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0146%3Abook%3D15%3Awhiston+chapter%3D9%3Awhiston+section%3D3">15.9.3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D183Awhiston20chapter3D13Awhiston20section3D2_18.1.2–3]-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Antiquities_of_the_Jews''[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990101463Abook3D183Awhiston20chapter3D13Awhiston20section3D2_18.1.2–3]_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntiquities_of_the_Jews"><i>Antiquities of the Jews</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0146%3Abook%3D18%3Awhiston%20chapter%3D1%3Awhiston%20section%3D2">18.1.2–3</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1999" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Shaye J. D. (1999). "Roman Domination: the Jewish Revolt and the Destruction of the Second Temple". In Shanks, Hershel (ed.). <i>Ancient Israel: from Abraham to the Roman destruction of the Temple</i> (Revised ed.). Washington, D.C.: Biblical Archaeology Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-880317-53-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-880317-53-2"><bdi>978-1-880317-53-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roman+Domination%3A+the+Jewish+Revolt+and+the+Destruction+of+the+Second+Temple&rft.btitle=Ancient+Israel%3A+from+Abraham+to+the+Roman+destruction+of+the+Temple&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Biblical+Archaeology+Society&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-880317-53-2&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Shaye+J.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Jewish_War" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (c. 1760) [c. 75]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0148"><i>The Jewish War</i></a>. Translated by Whiston, William.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+War&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253atext%253a1999.01.0148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntiquities_of_the_Jews" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (c. 1760) [c. 93]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0146"><i>Antiquities of the Jews</i></a>. Translated by Whiston, William.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antiquities+of+the+Jews&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagness2021" class="citation book cs1">Magness, Jodi (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KR4OEAAAQBAJ"><i>Masada: From Jewish Revolt to Modern Myth</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-21677-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-21677-5"><bdi>978-0-691-21677-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masada%3A+From+Jewish+Revolt+to+Modern+Myth&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-691-21677-5&rft.aulast=Magness&rft.aufirst=Jodi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKR4OEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerowne2003" class="citation book cs1">Perowne, Stewart Henry (2003). <i>The Life and Times of Herod the Great</i>. Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3273-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3273-8"><bdi>978-0-7509-3273-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Herod+the+Great&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-3273-8&rft.aulast=Perowne&rft.aufirst=Stewart+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tertiary_sources">Tertiary sources</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayer" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bayer, Bathja (2007) [1971–1972]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/herod-i">"Herod I"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i> – via Encyclopedia.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Herod+I&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Bayer&rft.aufirst=Bathja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Freligion%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fherod-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarton1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Barton, George A. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14304-temple-of-herod">"Temple of Herod"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls – via JewishEncyclopedia.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Temple+of+Herod&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=George+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F14304-temple-of-herod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritannica" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Perowne, Stewart Henry (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/263437/Herod">"Herod"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Herod&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Perowne&rft.aufirst=Stewart+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F263437%2FHerod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsBroydé1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jacobs, Joseph; Broydé, Isaac (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=630&letter=H">"Herod I"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls – via JewishEncyclopedia.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Herod+I&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Broyd%C3%A9%2C+Isaac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D630%26letter%3DH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLosch2008" class="citation book cs1">Losch, Richard R. (2008). <i>All the People in the Bible</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2454-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2454-7"><bdi>978-0-8028-2454-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+the+People+in+the+Bible&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2454-7&rft.aulast=Losch&rft.aufirst=Richard+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinmann2011" class="citation book cs1">Steinmann, Andrew E. (2011). <i>From Abraham to Paul: A Biblical Chronology</i>. St. Louis: Concordia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7586-2799-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7586-2799-5"><bdi>978-0-7586-2799-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Abraham+to+Paul%3A+A+Biblical+Chronology&rft.place=St.+Louis&rft.pub=Concordia&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7586-2799-5&rft.aulast=Steinmann&rft.aufirst=Andrew+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Bourgel, Jonathan <i>Hérode Roi d'Israël</i> (Paris: Cerf, 2019).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandon1962" class="citation journal cs1">Brandon, S. G. F. (1962). "Herod the Great: Judaea's Most Able but Most Hated King". <i>History Today</i>. <b>12</b>: <span class="nowrap">234–</span>242.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Herod+the+Great%3A+Judaea%27s+Most+Able+but+Most+Hated+King&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E234-%3C%2Fspan%3E242&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Brandon&rft.aufirst=S.+G.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Grant_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Grant (author)">Grant, Michael</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/herodgreat00gran_0"><i>Herod the Great</i></a>. New York: American Heritage Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-024073-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-024073-5"><bdi>978-0-07-024073-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herod+the+Great&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=American+Heritage+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-07-024073-5&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fherodgreat00gran_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Günther, Linda-Marie (hg.) <i>Herodes und Jerusalem</i> (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2009).</li> <li>Günther, Linda-Marie (hg.) <i>Herodes und Rom</i> (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2007).</li> <li>Jacobson, David M. and Nikos Kokkinos (eds). <i>Herod and Augustus: Papers Held at the Institute of Jewish Studies Conference, University College London, 21–23 June 2005</i> (Leiden, Brill, 2009) (IJS Studies in Judaica, 6).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Kasher" title="Aryeh Kasher">Kasher, Aryeh</a> and Witztum, Eliezer. <i>King Herod: A Persecuted Persecutor. A Case Study in Psychohistory and Psychobiography</i> (Berlin and New York, Walter de Gruyter, 2006).</li> <li>Knoblet, Jerry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tWZW4a95vy0C"><i>Herod the Great</i></a>. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2005.</li> <li>Kokkinos, Nikos. <i>The Herodian Dynasty: Origins, Role in Society and Eclipse</i> (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic, 1998).</li> <li>Marshak, Adam Kolman. <i>The Many Faces of Herod the Great.</i> Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm B. Eerdmans, 2015.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshak2006" class="citation journal cs1">Marshak, Adam Kolman (2006). "The Dated Coins of Herod the Great: Towards a New Chronology". <i>Journal for the Study of Judaism</i>. <b>37</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">212–</span>240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157006306776564700">10.1163/157006306776564700</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+Judaism&rft.atitle=The+Dated+Coins+of+Herod+the+Great%3A+Towards+a+New+Chronology&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E212-%3C%2Fspan%3E240&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157006306776564700&rft.aulast=Marshak&rft.aufirst=Adam+Kolman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Netzer, Ehud. <i>The Architecture of Herod, the Great Builder</i> (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerowne1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Perowne" title="Stewart Perowne">Perowne, Stewart</a> (1956). <i>The Life and Times of Herod the Great</i>. New York: Abingdon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Herod+the+Great&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Abingdon&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Perowne&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Richardson, Peter. <i>Herod the King of the Jews and Friend of the Romans</i> (Edinburgh: 1999).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoller1998" class="citation book cs1">Roller, Duane W. (1998). <i>The Building Program of Herod the Great</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91935-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91935-8"><bdi>978-0-520-91935-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Building+Program+of+Herod+the+Great&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-520-91935-8&rft.aulast=Roller&rft.aufirst=Duane+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Schalit" title="Abraham Schalit">Schalit, Abraham</a>. Konig Herodes – der Mann und sein Werk. Berlin, 1969 (in German, expansion of the former book by the same name from 1960 in Hebrew: הורדוס המלך – האיש ופועלו. ירושלים: מוסד ביאליק).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandmel1967" class="citation book cs1">Sandmel, Samuel (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/herodprofileofty00sand"><i>Herod: Profile of a Tyrant</i></a></span>. Philadelphia: Lippincott.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herod%3A+Profile+of+a+Tyrant&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Lippincott&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Sandmel&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fherodprofileofty00sand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Schwentzel, Christian-Georges (2011). <i>Hérode le Grand</i>. Paris: Pygmalion.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeitlin1963" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Zeitlin" title="Solomon Zeitlin">Zeitlin, Solomon</a> (1963). "Herod: A Malevolent Maniac". <i>Jewish Quarterly Review</i>. <b>54</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1453457">10.2307/1453457</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1453457">1453457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Herod%3A+A+Malevolent+Maniac&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1453457&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1453457%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Zeitlin&rft.aufirst=Solomon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeitlin1962–1978" class="citation book cs1">Zeitlin, Solomon (1962–1978). <i>The Rise and Fall of the Judean State</i>. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Judean+State&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=The+Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=1962%2F1978&rft.aulast=Zeitlin&rft.aufirst=Solomon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerod+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 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.sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Herod the Great</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Herod_the_Great" class="extiw" title="c:Herod the Great">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Herod_the_Great" class="extiw" title="q:Herod the Great">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Herod_the_Great" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Herod the Great">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51672" class="extiw" title="d:Q51672">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122185817/http://www.imj.org.il/exhibitions/presentation/exhibit.asp?id=850">"Herod the Great: The King's Final Journey"</a>, The <a href="/wiki/Israel_Museum" title="Israel Museum">Israel Museum</a>, Jerusalem, February 13, 2013 – October 5, 2013. Curators: Dudi Mevorach and Silvia Rozenberg.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishhistory.huji.ac.il/internetresources/historyresources/second_temple_and_talmudic_era.htm#Herod">Herod and the Herodian Dynasty</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160814122639/http://jewishhistory.huji.ac.il/internetresources/historyresources/second_temple_and_talmudic_era.htm#Herod">Archived</a> 2016-08-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Jewish History Resource Center – Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Herod the Great </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herodian dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> c. 72 BCE</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 4 or 1 BCE</span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="4">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Mattathias" title="Antigonus II Mattathias">Antigonus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> King of the Jews </b><br />37–4 BCE </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Herod Archelaus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Ruler of Galilee</a> </b><br />37–4 BCE </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Batanaea" title="Batanaea">Ruler of Batanea</a> </b><br />37–4 BCE </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Iamnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iamnia">Ruler of Iamnia</a> </b><br />37–4 BCE </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Salome_I" title="Salome I">Salome I</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Template:Gospel of Matthew"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Template talk:Gospel of Matthew"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel of Matthew"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gospel_of_Matthew123" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_Matthew_chapters" title="Category:Gospel of Matthew chapters">Chapters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1" title="Matthew 1">Matthew 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_2" title="Matthew 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_3" title="Matthew 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_4" title="Matthew 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_5" title="Matthew 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_6" title="Matthew 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_7" title="Matthew 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_8" title="Matthew 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_9" title="Matthew 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_10" title="Matthew 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_11" title="Matthew 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_12" title="Matthew 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_13" title="Matthew 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_14" title="Matthew 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_15" title="Matthew 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_16" title="Matthew 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_17" title="Matthew 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_18" title="Matthew 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_19" title="Matthew 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_20" title="Matthew 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_21" title="Matthew 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_22" title="Matthew 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_23" title="Matthew 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_24" title="Matthew 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_25" title="Matthew 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_26" title="Matthew 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_27" title="Matthew 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_28" title="Matthew 28">28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_Matthew_verses" title="Category:Gospel of Matthew verses">Verses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_1" title="Category:Matthew 1">Matthew 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_2" title="Category:Matthew 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_3" title="Category:Matthew 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_4" title="Category:Matthew 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_5" title="Category:Matthew 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_6" title="Category:Matthew 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_7" title="Category:Matthew 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_8" title="Category:Matthew 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_9" title="Category:Matthew 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_10" title="Category:Matthew 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_11" title="Category:Matthew 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_12" title="Category:Matthew 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_14" title="Category:Matthew 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_15" title="Category:Matthew 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_16:2b%E2%80%933" title="Matthew 16:2b–3">16:2b–3</a>,<a href="/wiki/Matthew_16:19" title="Matthew 16:19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_27" title="Category:Matthew 27">27:1–12; 52–66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_28" title="Category:Matthew 28">28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events<br />and phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Jesus' birth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_family_of_Jesus_to_Nazareth" title="Return of the family of Jesus to Nazareth">Return to Nazareth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_heaven_(Gospel_of_Matthew)" title="Kingdom of heaven (Gospel of Matthew)">Kingdom of heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_Jesus_to_Galilee" title="Return of Jesus to Galilee">Galilean ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishers_of_men" title="Fishers of men">Fishers of men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecce_homo#Eastern_Christianity" title="Ecce homo">Behold the bridegroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_preaches_in_a_ship" title="Jesus preaches in a ship">Jesus preaches in a ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calming_the_storm" title="Calming the storm">Calming the storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">Feeding the multitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_walking_on_water" title="Jesus walking on water">Walking on water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Ten_Virgins" title="Parable of the Ten Virgins">Ten Virgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Herod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Zebedee" class="mw-redirect" title="James, son of Zebedee">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Groups</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Angels">Angels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethany" title="Bethany">Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Q_source" title="Q source">Q source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_source" title="M source">M source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Textual variants in the Gospel of Matthew">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_hypothesis" title="Augustinian hypothesis">Augustinian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-gospel_hypothesis" title="Two-gospel hypothesis">Two-gospel hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthean_Posteriority_hypothesis" title="Matthean Posteriority hypothesis">Matthean Posteriority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Discourses_of_Matthew" title="Five Discourses of Matthew">Five Discourses of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calling_of_Matthew" title="Calling of Matthew">Calling of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_heaven_(Gospel_of_Matthew)" title="Kingdom of heaven (Gospel of Matthew)">Kingdom of heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel" title="Immanuel">Immanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Pseudo-Matthew" title="Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew">Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_translations_of_Matthew" title="Rabbinical translations of Matthew">Rabbinical translations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shem_Tob%27s_Hebrew_Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Shem Tob's Hebrew Gospel of Matthew">Shem Tob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith%E2%80%93Matthew" title="Joseph Smith–Matthew">Joseph Smith–Matthew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion" title="St Matthew Passion">St Matthew Passion</a></i> (Bach, 1727/29) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion_structure" title="St Matthew Passion structure">Structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_According_to_St._Matthew_(film)" title="The Gospel According to St. Matthew (film)">The Gospel According to St. Matthew</a></i> (1964 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Godspell" title="Godspell">Godspell</a></i> (1971 musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Godspell_(film)" title="Godspell (film)">Godspell</a></i> (1973 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Visual_Bible:_Matthew" title="The Visual Bible: Matthew">The Visual Bible: Matthew</a></i> (1993 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_1" title="Papyrus 1">Papyrus 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_4" title="Papyrus 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_19" title="Papyrus 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_21" title="Papyrus 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_25" title="Papyrus 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_35" title="Papyrus 35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_37" title="Papyrus 37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_44" title="Papyrus 44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_53" title="Papyrus 53">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_62" title="Papyrus 62">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_70" title="Papyrus 70">70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_71" title="Papyrus 71">71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_73" title="Papyrus 73">73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_77" title="Papyrus 77">77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_83" title="Papyrus 83">83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_86" title="Papyrus 86">86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_96" title="Papyrus 96">96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_101" title="Papyrus 101">101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_102" title="Papyrus 102">102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_103" title="Papyrus 103">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_104" title="Papyrus 104">104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_105" title="Papyrus 105">105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_110" title="Papyrus 110">110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalen_papyrus" title="Magdalen papyrus">Magdalen papyrus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Κατά Ματθαίον">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Matthaeus" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Matthaeus">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Matthew">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Matthew">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Matthew">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Testament_people273" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Testament_people" title="Template:New Testament people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Testament_people" title="Template talk:New Testament people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Testament_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Testament people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Testament_people273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament_people" title="Category:New Testament people">New Testament people</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">In Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Life of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphaeus" title="Alphaeus">Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna the Prophetess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annas" title="Annas">Annas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barabbas" title="Barabbas">Barabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_blind_near_Jericho" title="Healing the blind near Jericho">Bartimaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_man_of_Bethsaida" title="Blind man of Bethsaida">Blind man <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bethsaida)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celidonius" title="Celidonius">Celidonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopas" title="Cleopas">Cleopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Penitent thief <span style="font-size:85%;">("Dismas")</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impenitent_thief" title="Impenitent thief">Impenitent thief <span style="font-size:85%;">("Gestas")</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_Jairus%27_daughter" title="Raising of Jairus' daughter">Jairus' daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna,_wife_of_Chuza" title="Joanna, wife of Chuza">Joanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Jude, brother of Jesus">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany" title="Lazarus of Bethany">Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_(demons)" title="Legion (demons)">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysanias" title="Lysanias">Lysanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malchus" title="Malchus">Malchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha" title="Martha">Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_James" title="Mary, mother of James">Mary, mother of James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Clopas" title="Mary of Clopas">Mary of Clopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_fugitive" title="Naked fugitive">Naked fugitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_the_son_of_the_widow_of_Nain" title="Raising of the son of the widow of Nain">Son of Nain's widow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemus" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nicodemus_ben_Gurion" title="Nicodemus ben Gurion">Nicodemus ben Gurion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(disciple)" title="Salome (disciple)">Salome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_woman_at_the_well" title="Samaritan woman at the well">Samaritan woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Simon, brother of Jesus">Simon, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Leper" title="Simon the Leper">Simon the Leper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Pharisee" title="Simon the Pharisee">Simon the Pharisee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(disciple)" title="Susanna (disciple)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_of_the_Syrophoenician_woman%27s_daughter" title="Exorcism of the Syrophoenician woman's daughter">Syrophoenician woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_(biblical)" title="Theophilus (biblical)">Theophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacchaeus" title="Zacchaeus">Zacchaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_James" title="New Testament people named James">People named James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_John" title="New Testament people named John">People named John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Joseph" title="New Testament people named Joseph">People named Joseph</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Joses" title="Joses">Joses</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Judas_or_Jude" title="New Testament people named Judas or Jude">People named Judas or Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Mary" title="New Testament people named Mary">People named Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Simon" title="New Testament people named Simon">People named Simon or Simeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel#Christian_beliefs" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Jesus's brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">Demons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_disciples_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Female disciples of Jesus">Female disciples of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God-fearer" title="God-fearer">God-fearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodians" title="Herodians">Herodians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrhbearers" title="Myrrhbearers">Myrrhbearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_for_the_biblical_nameless#New_Testament" title="List of names for the biblical nameless">Nameless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselyte" title="Proselyte">Proselytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofer" title="Sofer">Scribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_at_the_crucifixion" title="Women at the crucifixion">Women at the crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealots_(Judea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealots (Judea)">Zealots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_(follower_of_Jesus)" title="Nathanael (follower of Jesus)">Nathanael</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James, son of Alphaeus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Less" title="James the Less">Less</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James, son of Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">Patmos</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Disciple whom Jesus loved</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Judas Thaddaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon the Zealot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_(biblical_figure)" title="Aeneas (biblical figure)">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_of_Damascus" title="Ananias of Damascus">Ananias <span style="font-size:85%;">(Damascus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Ananias <span style="font-size:85%;">(Judaea)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_son_of_Nedebeus" title="Ananias son of Nedebeus">Ananias son of Nedebeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Thessalonica" title="Aristarchus of Thessalonica">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastus" title="Blastus">Blastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damaris_(biblical_figure)" title="Damaris (biblical figure)">Damaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_(biblical_figure)" title="Demetrius (biblical figure)">Demetrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas" title="Dorcas">Dorcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymas" title="Elymas">Elymas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_(prophet)" title="Egyptian (prophet)">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_eunuch" title="Ethiopian eunuch">Ethiopian eunuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutychus" title="Eutychus">Eutychus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_of_Thessalonica" title="Jason of Thessalonica">Jason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barsabbas" title="Joseph Barsabbas">Joseph Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Galilee" title="Judas of Galilee">Judas of Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_of_Cyrene" title="Lucius of Cyrene">Lucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_of_Thyatira" title="Lydia of Thyatira">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manahen" title="Manahen">Manaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">(John) Mark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_cousin_of_Barnabas" title="Mark the cousin of Barnabas">cousin of Barnabas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_John_Mark" title="Mary, mother of John Mark">Mary, mother of (John) Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnason" title="Mnason">Mnason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicanor_the_Deacon" title="Nicanor the Deacon">Nicanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaism#Nicolas" title="Nicolaism">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenas" title="Parmenas">Parmenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Evangelist" title="Philip the Evangelist">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochorus_(deacon)" title="Prochorus (deacon)">Prochorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Publius" title="Saint Publius">Publius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoda_(biblical_figure)" title="Rhoda (biblical figure)">Rhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Sapphira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceva" title="Sceva">Sceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Deacons" title="Seven Deacons">Seven Deacons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Silvanus_of_the_Seventy" title="Silvanus of the Seventy">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Niger" title="Simeon Niger">Simeon Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon Magus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopater" title="Sopater">Sopater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosthenes" title="Sosthenes">Sosthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudas" title="Theudas">Theudas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophimus" title="Trophimus">Trophimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tychicus" title="Tychicus">Tychicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenas_the_Lawyer" title="Zenas the Lawyer">Zenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Romans and<br /><a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herod's family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Gospels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Antipas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Archelaus</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Herod the Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herodias" title="Herodias">Herodias</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longinus" title="Longinus">Longinus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife" title="Pontius Pilate's wife">Pilate's wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinius" title="Quirinius">Quirinius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salome" title="Salome">Salome</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Acts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Agrippa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Agrippa II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berenice_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Berenice</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Drusilla_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Drusilla (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Drusilla</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonius_Felix" title="Antonius Felix">Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcius_Festus" title="Porcius Festus">Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Gallio_Annaeanus" title="Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus">Gallio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Lysias" title="Claudius Lysias">Lysias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_Paulus" title="Sergius Paulus">Paullus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaicus_of_Corinth" title="Achaicus of Corinth">Achaicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Ephesian)" title="Alexander (Ephesian)">Alexander of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Coppersmith" title="Alexander the Coppersmith">Alexander the Coppersmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronicus_of_Pannonia" title="Andronicus of Pannonia">Andronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archippus" title="Archippus">Archippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretas_IV_Philopatris" title="Aretas IV Philopatris">Aretas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_(saint)" title="Artemas (saint)">Artemas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpus_of_Beroea" title="Carpus of Beroea">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Claudia" title="Saint Claudia">Claudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescens" title="Crescens">Crescens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demas" title="Demas">Demas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diotrephes" title="Diotrephes">Diotrephes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphras" title="Epaphras">Epaphras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphroditus" title="Epaphroditus">Epaphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_of_Corinth" title="Erastus of Corinth">Erastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_(biblical_figure)" title="Eunice (biblical figure)">Eunice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euodia_and_Syntyche" title="Euodia and Syntyche">Euodia and Syntyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodion_of_Patras" title="Herodion of Patras">Herodion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymenaeus_(biblical_figure)" title="Hymenaeus (biblical figure)">Hymenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Justus" title="Jesus Justus">Jesus Justus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junia_(New_Testament_person)" title="Junia (New Testament person)">Junia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_(biblical_figure)" title="Lois (biblical figure)">Lois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Rome" title="Mary of Rome">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphas" title="Nymphas">Nymphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympas" title="Olympas">Olympas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesimus" title="Onesimus">Onesimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesiphorus" title="Onesiphorus">Onesiphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pudens" title="Saint Pudens">Pudens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philemon_(biblical_figure)" title="Philemon (biblical figure)">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philetus_(biblical_figure)" title="Philetus (biblical figure)">Philetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(biblical_figure)" title="Phoebe (biblical figure)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartus" title="Quartus">Quartus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosipater" title="Sosipater">Sosipater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertius_of_Iconium" title="Tertius of Iconium">Tertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryphena_and_Tryphosa" title="Tryphena and Tryphosa">Tryphena and Tryphosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipas_of_Pergamum" title="Antipas of Pergamum">Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Apollyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christmas672" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christmas" title="Template:Christmas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christmas" title="Template talk:Christmas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christmas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christmas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christmas672" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Christmas_(holiday)" title="Blue Christmas (holiday)">Blue Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day" title="Children's Day">Children's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Day" title="Saint Nicholas Day">Saint Nicholas Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen%27s_Day" title="Saint Stephen's Day">Saint Stephen's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In<br />Christianity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Biblical Magi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Adoration of the Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Angel Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">Annunciation to the shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Herod the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">flight into Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_later_culture" title="Nativity of Jesus in later culture">in later culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity scene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_nativity_scene" title="Neapolitan nativity scene">Neapolitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Twelfth Night</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In folklore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badalisc" title="Badalisc">Badalisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caganer" title="Caganer">Caganer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christkind" title="Christkind">Christkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BDla" title="Grýla">Grýla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Frost" title="Jack Frost">Jack Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korvatunturi" title="Korvatunturi">Korvatunturi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikantzaros" title="Kallikantzaros">Kallikantzaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Christmas_Spider" title="Legend of the Christmas Spider">Legend of the Christmas Spider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Lwyd" title="Mari Lwyd">Mari Lwyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miner%27s_figure" title="Miner's figure">Miner's figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">Nisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Man_Winter" title="Old Man Winter">Old Man Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchta" title="Perchta">Perchta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_workshop" title="Santa's workshop">Santa's workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti%C3%B3_de_Nadal" title="Tió de Nadal">Tió de Nadal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turo%C5%84" title="Turoń">Turoń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertep" title="Vertep">Vertep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Wenceslaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_cat" title="Yule cat">Yule cat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift-bringer" title="Christmas gift-bringer">Gift-bringers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_(European_folklore)" title="Saint Nicholas (European folklore)">folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Befana" title="Befana">Befana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ded_Moroz" title="Ded Moroz">Ded Moroz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandpa_Indian" title="Grandpa Indian">Grandpa Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joulupukki" title="Joulupukki">Joulupukki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julemanden" title="Julemanden">Julemanden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Baba" title="Noel Baba">Noel Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olentzero" title="Olentzero">Olentzero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_No%C3%ABl" title="Père Noël">Père Noël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_winter_gift-bringers" title="List of Christmas and winter gift-bringers">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Saint_Nicholas" title="Companions of Saint Nicholas">Companions of<br />Saint Nicholas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belsnickel" title="Belsnickel">Belsnickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_elf" title="Christmas elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knecht_Ruprecht" title="Knecht Ruprecht">Knecht Ruprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus">Krampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Claus" title="Mrs. Claus">Mrs. Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Fouettard" title="Père Fouettard">Père Fouettard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_Man" title="Sack Man">Sack Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27_daughter" title="Santa Claus' daughter">Santa Claus' daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27s_reindeer" title="Santa Claus's reindeer">Santa's reindeer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer" title="Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer">Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snegurochka" title="Snegurochka">Snegurochka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwarte_Piet" title="Zwarte Piet">Zwarte Piet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_traditions" title="Christmas traditions">Traditions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_calendar" title="Advent calendar">Advent calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent_candle" title="Advent candle">Advent candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent_wreath" title="Advent wreath">Advent wreath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar%27s_Head_Feast" title="Boar's Head Feast">Boar's Head Feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwibbogen" title="Schwibbogen">Candle arches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalking_the_door" title="Chalking the door">Chalking the door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_card" title="Christmas card">Cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carols_by_Candlelight" title="Carols by Candlelight">Carols by Candlelight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalcade_of_Magi" title="Cavalcade of Magi">Cavalcade of Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christingle" title="Christingle">Christingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_jumper" title="Christmas jumper">Christmas jumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Peace" title="Christmas Peace">Christmas Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cracker" title="Christmas cracker">Crackers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_decoration" title="Christmas decoration">Decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didukh" title="Didukh">Didukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Elf_on_the_Shelf" title="The Elf on the Shelf">The Elf on the Shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Seven_Fishes" title="Feast of the Seven Fishes">Feast of the Seven Fishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Santa" title="Flying Santa">Flying Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift" title="Christmas gift">Gifts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Santa_Tracker" title="Google Santa Tracker">Google Santa Tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamper#Christmas_hamper" title="Hamper">Hampers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Posadas" title="Las Posadas">Las Posadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_letter" title="Round-robin letter">Letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights" title="Christmas lights">Lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Misrule" title="Lord of Misrule">Lord of Misrule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_market" title="Christmas market">Markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Mass" title="Midnight Mass">Midnight Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_star" title="Moravian star">Moravian star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummers%27_play" title="Mummers' play">Mummers' play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lessons_and_Carols" title="Nine Lessons and Carols">Nine Lessons and Carols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORAD_Tracks_Santa" title="NORAD Tracks Santa">NORAD Tracks Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker" title="Nutcracker">Nutcrackers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker_doll" title="Nutcracker doll">dolls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_ornament" title="Christmas ornament">Ornaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_parade" title="Santa Claus parade">Parades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_holiday_season_parades" title="List of Christmas and holiday season parades">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1ata" title="Piñata">Piñatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poinsettia" title="Poinsettia">Poinsettia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pyramid" title="Christmas pyramid">Pyramids</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4uchermann" title="Räuchermann">Räuchermann</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_seals" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas seals">Christmas seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Santa" title="Secret Santa">Secret Santa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spanbaum" title="Spanbaum">Spanbaum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_szopka" title="Kraków szopka">Szopka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_stamp" title="Christmas stamp">Stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_stocking" title="Christmas stocking">Stockings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Days_of_Christmas" title="Twelve Days of Christmas">Twelve Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassailing" title="Wassailing">Wassailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_window" title="Christmas window">Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_goat" title="Yule goat">Yule goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_log" title="Yule log">Yule log</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Observance_of_Christmas_by_country" title="Observance of Christmas by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Australia" title="Christmas in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boro_Din" title="Boro Din">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Colombia" title="Christmas in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_and_Christmas_in_Denmark" title="Yule and Christmas in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Christmas" title="Ethiopian Christmas">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Finland" title="Christmas in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_France" title="Christmas in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihnachten" title="Weihnachten">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Christmas in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hungary" title="Christmas in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Iceland" title="Christmas in Iceland">Iceland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Christmas_folklore" title="Icelandic Christmas folklore">folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Indonesia" title="Christmas in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ireland" title="Christmas in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Italy" title="Christmas in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Mexico" title="Christmas in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Zealand" title="Christmas in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Norway" title="Christmas in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_Philippines" title="Christmas in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Poland" title="Christmas in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Romania" title="Christmas in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Russia" title="Christmas in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Scotland" title="Christmas in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Serbia" title="Christmas in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Sweden" title="Christmas in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ukraine" title="Christmas in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Christmas in the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hawaii" title="Christmas in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Mexico" title="Christmas in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_music" title="Christmas music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Carols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_carols" title="List of Christmas carols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_operas" title="List of Christmas operas">Operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_hit_singles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of Christmas hit singles in the United Kingdom">Hit singles in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popular_Christmas_singles_in_the_United_States" title="List of popular Christmas singles in the United States">Hit singles in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Christmas_Holiday_charts" title="Billboard Christmas Holiday charts">Music charts (<i>Billboard</i>)</a></li> <li>Music books <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carols_for_Choirs" title="Carols for Choirs">Carols for Choirs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The Oxford Book of Carols">The Oxford Book of Carols</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The New Oxford Book of Carols">The New Oxford Book of Carols</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piae_Cantiones" title="Piae Cantiones">Piae Cantiones</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_by_medium" title="Christmas by medium">Other media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas-themed_literature" title="List of Christmas-themed literature">In literature</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_films" title="List of Christmas films">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_in_film" title="Santa Claus in film">Santa Claus in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li></ul></li> <li>Poetry <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Old_Santeclaus_with_Much_Delight" title="Old Santeclaus with Much Delight">Old Santeclaus with Much Delight</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas" title="A Visit from St. Nicholas">A Visit from St. Nicholas</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_in_the_Workhouse" title="Christmas Day in the Workhouse">Christmas Day in the Workhouse</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Journey_of_the_Magi" title="Journey of the Magi">Journey of the Magi</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tomten_(poem)" title="Tomten (poem)">Tomten</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_television_specials" title="List of Christmas television specials">Christmas television specials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Christmas_television_specials" title="List of United States Christmas television specials">United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yule_Log_(TV_program)" title="Yule Log (TV program)">Yule Log</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In<br />modern<br />society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Advent Conspiracy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(partying)" title="Black Friday (partying)">Black Friday (partying)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday (shopping)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronner%27s_Christmas_Wonderland" title="Bronner's Christmas Wonderland">Bronner's Christmas Wonderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season" title="Christmas and holiday season">Christmas and holiday season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_club" title="Christmas club">Christmas club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_creep" title="Christmas creep">Christmas creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_(Trading)_Act_2004" title="Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004">Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_jumper" title="Christmas jumper">Christmas jumpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_Christmas_Lectures" title="Royal Institution Christmas Lectures">Christmas Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmasland_in_New_Taipei_City" title="Christmasland in New Taipei City">Christmasland in New Taipei City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Mountains" title="Christmas Mountains">Christmas Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_seals" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas seals">Christmas seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_controversies" title="Christmas controversies">Controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Monday" title="Cyber Monday">Cyber Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_Christmas" title="Economics of Christmas">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GivingTuesday" title="GivingTuesday">GivingTuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinch" title="Grinch">Grinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Christmas_Lottery" title="Spanish Christmas Lottery">El Gordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_July" title="Christmas in July">In July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_August_(Yellowstone)" title="Christmas in August (Yellowstone)">In August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBA_Christmas_games" title="NBA Christmas games">NBA games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFL_on_Christmas_Day" title="NFL on Christmas Day">NFL games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pikkujoulu" title="Pikkujoulu">Pikkujoulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SantaCon" title="SantaCon">SantaCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_Candy_Castle" title="Santa's Candy Castle">Santa's Candy Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_Village" title="Santa Claus Village">Santa Claus Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge">Scrooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Saturday" title="Small Business Saturday">Small Business Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Saturday" title="Super Saturday">Super Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_O%27Hanlon" title="Virginia O'Hanlon">Virginia O'Hanlon</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Yes,_Virginia,_there_is_a_Santa_Claus" title="Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus">Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Christmas_(weather)" title="White Christmas (weather)">White Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xmas" title="Xmas">Xmas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_dishes" title="List of Christmas dishes">Food and<br />drink</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_dinner" title="Christmas dinner">Dinner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joulup%C3%B6yt%C3%A4" title="Joulupöytä">Joulupöytä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smorgasbord#Julbord" title="Smorgasbord">Julbord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julebord" title="Julebord">Julebord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%AB%C4%8Dios" title="Kūčios">Kūčios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon" title="Réveillon">Réveillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_desserts" title="Thirteen desserts">Thirteen desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-dish_Christmas_Eve_supper" title="Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper">Twelve-dish supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigilia" title="Wigilia">Wigilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em">Sweets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska" title="Baked Alaska">Baked Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy_cane" title="Candy cane">Candy cane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cake" title="Christmas cake">Cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cookie" title="Christmas cookie">Cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozonac" title="Cozonac">Cozonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruitcake" title="Fruitcake">Fruitcake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerbread" title="Gingerbread">Gingerbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutia" title="Kutia">Kutia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak%C3%B3wki" title="Makówki">Makówki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melomakarono" title="Melomakarono">Melomakarono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mince_pie" title="Mince pie">Mince pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampushka" title="Pampushka">Pampushka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panettone" title="Panettone">Panettone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlova_(dessert)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlova (dessert)">Pavlova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_pie" title="Pecan pie">Pecan pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed_roll" title="Poppy seed roll">Poppy seed roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pudding" title="Christmas pudding">Pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie" title="Pumpkin pie">Pumpkin pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurabiya" title="Qurabiya">Qurabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_velvet_cake" title="Red velvet cake">Red velvet cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plum" title="Sugar plum">Sugar plum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stollen" title="Stollen">Stollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szaloncukor" title="Szaloncukor">Szaloncukor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turr%C3%B3n" title="Turrón">Turrón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_log_(cake)" title="Yule log (cake)">Yule log</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em">Soup</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menudo_(soup)" title="Menudo (soup)">Menudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">Borscht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em">Sauces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread_sauce" title="Bread sauce">Bread sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_sauce" title="Cranberry sauce">Cranberry sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcurrant_sauce" title="Redcurrant sauce">Redcurrant sauce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em">Beverages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cider" title="Apple cider">Apple cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champurrado" title="Champurrado">Champurrado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggnog" title="Eggnog">Eggnog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_chocolate" title="Hot chocolate">Hot chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissel" title="Kissel">Kissel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">Mulled wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_bishop" title="Smoking bishop">Smoking bishop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponche_crema" title="Ponche crema">Ponche crema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowball_(cocktail)" title="Snowball (cocktail)">Snowball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em">Dumplings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hallaca" title="Hallaca">Hallaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">Pierogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamale" title="Tamale">Tamale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em">Meat and fish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefilte_fish" title="Gefilte fish">Gefilte fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_ham" title="Christmas ham">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickled_herring" title="Pickled herring">Pickled herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roast_goose" title="Roast goose">Roast goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeritos" title="Romeritos">Romeritos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuffing" title="Stuffing">Stuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourti%C3%A8re" title="Tourtière">Tourtière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas" title="Category:Christmas">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nativity_of_Jesus151" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Template:Nativity of Jesus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Template talk:Nativity of Jesus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nativity of Jesus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nativity_of_Jesus151" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_(magus)" title="Melchior (magus)">Melchior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_(magus)" title="Caspar (magus)">Caspar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthazar_(magus)" title="Balthazar (magus)">Balthazar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Shepherds</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Herod the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_(1622).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/220px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/330px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/440px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2057" data-file-height="1690" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Place</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi#Gifts" title="Biblical Magi">Gifts of the Magi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Narratives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1" title="Matthew 1">Matthew 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:18" title="Matthew 1:18">Matthew 1:18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:19" title="Matthew 1:19">Matthew 1:19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:20" title="Matthew 1:20">Matthew 1:20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:21" title="Matthew 1:21">Matthew 1:21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:22" title="Matthew 1:22">Matthew 1:22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:23" title="Matthew 1:23">Matthew 1:23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:24" title="Matthew 1:24">Matthew 1:24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:25" title="Matthew 1:25">Matthew 1:25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_2:11" title="Matthew 2:11">Matthew 2:11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Adoration_of_the_Magi_in_art" title="Category:Adoration of the Magi in art">In art</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luke_2" title="Luke 2">Luke 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">Annunciation to the shepherds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manger" title="Manger">Manger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_dreams" title="Saint Joseph's dreams">Saint Joseph's dreams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_later_culture" title="Nativity of Jesus in later culture">In culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">In art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_the_Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Category:Films about the Nativity of Jesus">In film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batlejka" title="Batlejka">Batlejka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalking_the_door" title="Chalking the door">Chalking the door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_village" title="Christmas village">Christmas village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_szopka" title="Kraków szopka">Szopka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_Jesus_theft" title="Baby Jesus theft">theft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_play" title="Nativity play">Nativity play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertep" title="Vertep">Vertep</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vertep_(Serbian)" title="Vertep (Serbian)">Serbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Category:Nativity of Jesus in art">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Remembrances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51672#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3633" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51672#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3633" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51672#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122592324">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/107903854">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/22151776821118012922">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/391144647672689024031">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/644154380894930290065">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/311827681">5</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1823778/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjD8kDd4T6CY6WRKpXggw3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118549847">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50051417">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12003931x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12003931x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620817">Japan</a></span></li><li><span 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class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007500762105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058615005406706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA13568757?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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250.233 7 Template:Efn"," 12.93% 220.782 28 Template:Cite_book"," 9.66% 165.046 63 Template:Sfn"," 8.31% 141.954 10 Template:Navbox"," 7.33% 125.270 3 Template:Langx"," 6.20% 105.904 2 Template:Notelist"," 6.06% 103.532 1 Template:Notelist-lg"," 5.52% 94.366 5 Template:Efn-lg"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.972","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22530380,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAntiquities_of_the_Jews\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtkinson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarkat2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarton1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBayer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerlin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBourgel2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrandon1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritannica\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalmet1812\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChancey2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFilmer1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant1971\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHasson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirschKohlerJacobsFriedenwald1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobsBroydé1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJagersma1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosephus\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKasherWitztum2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLosch2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagness2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaier1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshak2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerowne1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerowne2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRetsö2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRocca2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoller1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosovsky1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandmel1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShahidShahîd1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinmann2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinmann2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinmannYoung2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Jewish_War\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVardamanYamauchi1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeizman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZarnecki1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeitlin1962–1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeitlin1963\"] = 1,\n [\"Year_of_death:_either_5,_4_or_1_BCE,_or_1_CE\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 3,\n [\"Bracket\"] = 1,\n [\"By whom\"] = 1,\n [\"Christmas\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 9,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EJ\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Jewish Encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 2,\n [\"Clarification needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn-lg\"] = 5,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Googlebooks\"] = 1,\n [\"Gospel of Matthew\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 3,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox royalty\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Legend inline\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiref\"] = 1,\n [\"N/A\"] = 2,\n [\"Nativity of Jesus\"] = 1,\n [\"New Testament people\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist-lg\"] = 1,\n [\"Nwr\"] = 3,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 5,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 4,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 1,\n [\"S-break\"] = 3,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-hou\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 63,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Tlit\"] = 5,\n [\"Tree chart\"] = 36,\n [\"Tree chart/end\"] = 2,\n [\"Tree chart/start\"] = 2,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-65b64b4b74-lzc2r","timestamp":"20250219122552","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Herod the Great","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herod_the_Great","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q51672","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q51672","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-04T19:18:13Z","dateModified":"2025-02-17T15:28:48Z","headline":"king of Judea from 37\/6 BCE to 4\/1 BCE"}</script> </body> </html>