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id="toc-Künga_Migyur's_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Künga_Migyur's_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Künga Migyur's family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Künga_Migyur's_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parents_and_naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parents_and_naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Parents and naming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parents_and_naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Künga_Migyur's_childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Künga_Migyur's_childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Künga Migyur's childhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Künga_Migyur's_childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Künga_Migyur's_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Künga_Migyur's_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Künga Migyur's recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Künga_Migyur's_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monastic_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monastic_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Monastic life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Monastic_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Monastic life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Monastic_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ordination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ordination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ordination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_the_Panchen_Lama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_the_Panchen_Lama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Relations with the Panchen Lama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_Panchen_Lama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Education and practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruler_of_Tibet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruler_of_Tibet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ruler of Tibet</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ruler_of_Tibet-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ruler of Tibet subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ruler_of_Tibet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rise_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Rise to power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dzungar_military_intervention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dzungar_military_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Dzungar military intervention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dzungar_military_intervention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dzungar_conquest_of_Altishahr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dzungar_conquest_of_Altishahr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Dzungar conquest of Altishahr</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dzungar_conquest_of_Altishahr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Domestic activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reestablishing_Lhasa_as_capital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reestablishing_Lhasa_as_capital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Reestablishing Lhasa as capital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reestablishing_Lhasa_as_capital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Building_the_Potala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_the_Potala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1.1</span> <span>Building the Potala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_the_Potala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishing_Nechung_as_state_oracle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishing_Nechung_as_state_oracle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Establishing Nechung as state oracle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishing_Nechung_as_state_oracle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disposing_of_"perfidious_spirit"_Dolgyal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disposing_of_"perfidious_spirit"_Dolgyal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2.1</span> <span>Disposing of "perfidious spirit" Dolgyal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disposing_of_"perfidious_spirit"_Dolgyal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Later_opposition_on_Shugden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_opposition_on_Shugden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2.1.1</span> <span>Later opposition on Shugden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_opposition_on_Shugden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resolving_sectarian_divides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resolving_sectarian_divides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Resolving sectarian divides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resolving_sectarian_divides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Specific_grievances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_grievances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3.1</span> <span>Specific grievances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_grievances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Of_the_Kagyü_and_Bön_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Of_the_Kagyü_and_Bön_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3.1.1</span> <span>Of the Kagyü and Bön traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Of_the_Kagyü_and_Bön_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Of_the_Jonang_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Of_the_Jonang_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3.1.2</span> <span>Of the Jonang tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Of_the_Jonang_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Redress_and_reconciliation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Redress_and_reconciliation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3.2</span> <span>Redress and reconciliation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Redress_and_reconciliation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-With_the_Kagyü_and_Bön" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_the_Kagyü_and_Bön"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3.2.1</span> <span>With the Kagyü and Bön</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_the_Kagyü_and_Bön-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-With_the_Jonang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_the_Jonang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3.2.2</span> <span>With the Jonang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_the_Jonang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishing_pluralist_theocracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishing_pluralist_theocracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Establishing pluralist theocracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishing_pluralist_theocracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Establishing_relations_with_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishing_relations_with_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Establishing relations with China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishing_relations_with_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_mutual_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_mutual_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1.1</span> <span>History of mutual independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_mutual_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_envoy_to_Beijing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_envoy_to_Beijing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1.2</span> <span>Diplomatic envoy to Beijing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_envoy_to_Beijing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_missionaries_in_Tibet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_missionaries_in_Tibet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>European missionaries in Tibet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_missionaries_in_Tibet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jesuit_missions_in_Tibet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jesuit_missions_in_Tibet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2.1</span> <span>Jesuit missions in Tibet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jesuit_missions_in_Tibet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Jesuit_mission_at_Tsaparang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Jesuit_mission_at_Tsaparang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2.1.1</span> <span>First Jesuit mission at Tsaparang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Jesuit_mission_at_Tsaparang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Jesuit_mission_at_Shigatse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Jesuit_mission_at_Shigatse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2.1.2</span> <span>Second Jesuit mission at Shigatse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Jesuit_mission_at_Shigatse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evacuation_of_Jesuit_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evacuation_of_Jesuit_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2.1.3</span> <span>Evacuation of Jesuit missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evacuation_of_Jesuit_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Jesuit_expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Jesuit_expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2.2</span> <span>Third Jesuit expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Jesuit_expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Death and succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-His_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#His_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>His writings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-His_writings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle His writings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-His_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Autobiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autobiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Autobiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autobiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Religious texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Historical texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">5th Dalai Lama</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88" title="لوزانغ غياتسو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لوزانغ غياتسو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8B" title="ঙ্গাগ-দ্বাং-ব্লো-ব্জাং-র্গ্যা-ম্ত্শো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঙ্গাগ-দ্বাং-ব্লো-ব্জাং-র্গ্যা-ম্ত্শো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama_5-s%C3%A8" title="Dalai Lama 5-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Dalai Lama 5-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B" title="ངག་དབང་བློ་བཟང་རྒྱ་མཚོ་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ངག་དབང་བློ་བཟང་རྒྱ་མཚོ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="5-р Далай Лама – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="5-р Далай Лама" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngawang_Lobsang_Guiamtso" title="Ngawang Lobsang Guiamtso – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ngawang Lobsang Guiamtso" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama" title="5th Dalai Lama – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="5th Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngawang_Lozang_Gjamccho" title="Ngawang Lozang Gjamccho – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ngawang Lozang Gjamccho" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lozang_Gyatso" title="Lozang Gyatso – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lozang Gyatso" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngawang_Lobsang_Gyatsho" title="Ngawang Lobsang Gyatsho – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ngawang Lobsang Gyatsho" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lozang_Gyatso" title="Lozang Gyatso – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lozang Gyatso" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%83%CE%BF" title="Λοζάνγκ Γκιάτσο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λοζάνγκ Γκιάτσο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngawang_Lobsang_Gyatso" title="Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngawang_Lobsang_Gyatso" title="Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="پنجمین دالایی لاما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پنجمین دالایی لاما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobsang_Gyatso" title="Lobsang Gyatso – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lobsang Gyatso" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C5%EB%8C%80_%EB%8B%AC%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4_%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%88" title="제5대 달라이 라마 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제5대 달라이 라마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama_ke-5" title="Dalai Lama ke-5 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dalai Lama ke-5" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngawang_Lozang_Gyatso" title="Ngawang Lozang Gyatso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ngawang Lozang Gyatso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama_V" title="Dalai Lama V – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dalai Lama V" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loszang_Gyaco" title="Loszang Gyaco – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Loszang Gyaco" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%83%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BE" title="Лозанг Ѓацо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лозанг Ѓацо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobsang_Gyatso" title="Lobsang Gyatso – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lobsang Gyatso" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE" title="അഞ്ചാം ദലായ് ലാമ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അഞ്ചാം ദലായ് ലാമ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88" title="لوزانج جياتسو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لوزانج جياتسو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="5-р Далай лам – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="5-р Далай лам" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngawang_Lobsang_Gyatso" title="Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9E5%E4%B8%96" title="ダライ・ラマ5世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダライ・ラマ5世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngawang_Lobsang_Gyatso" title="Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobsang_Gjaco" title="Lobsang Gjaco – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lobsang Gjaco" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobsang_Gyatso" title="Lobsang Gyatso – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lobsang Gyatso" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_V" title="Далай-лама V – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Далай-лама V" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngawang_Lozang_Gjamccho" title="Ngawang Lozang Gjamccho – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ngawang Lozang Gjamccho" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngawang_Lobsang_Gyatso" title="Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikalimang_Dalai_Lama_ng_Tibet" title="Ikalimang Dalai Lama ng Tibet – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ikalimang Dalai Lama ng Tibet" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="V-ки Далай-Лама – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="V-ки Далай-Лама" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_V" title="Далай-лама V – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Далай-лама V" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85" title="دلائی لاما پنجم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دلائی لاما پنجم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngawang_Lobsang_Gyatso" title="Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%97%BA%E7%BE%85%E6%A1%91%E5%98%89%E6%8E%AA" title="阿旺羅桑嘉措 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿旺羅桑嘉措" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" title="第五世达赖喇嘛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第五世达赖喇嘛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25252#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Spiritual and political leader of Tibet from 1642 to 1682</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background: #800547; color: #FFD068;; color:;"><div class="fn">5th Dalai Lama, Ngawang Lobsang</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:NgawangLozangGyatso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/NgawangLozangGyatso.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="242" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="157" data-file-height="242" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">5th Dalai Lama, Ngawang Lozang Gyatso</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data">His Holiness the 5th Dalai Lama</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #800547; color: #FFD068;; color:;">Personal</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1617<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Takts%C3%A9_Castle" title="Taktsé Castle">Lhoka Chingwar Taktse</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang" title="Ü-Tsang">Ü-Tsang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1682 (aged 64–65)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Dudul Rabten (father)</li><li>Kunga Lhanzi (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #800547; color: #FFD068;; color:;">Senior posting</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period in office</th><td class="infobox-data">1642–1682</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/4th_Dalai_Lama" title="4th Dalai Lama">4th Dalai Lama, Yonten Gyatso</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/6th_Dalai_Lama" title="6th Dalai Lama">6th Dalai Lama, Tsangyang Gyatso</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #FFCC33;">Tibetan name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan alphabet">Tibetan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1106655535">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ངག་དབང་བློ་བཟང་རྒྱ་མཚོ་</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="bo-Latn">Ngag-dbang blo-bzang rgya-mtsho</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/THL_Simplified_Phonetic_Transcription" title="THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription">THL</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="bo-Latn">Ngawang Lozang Gyatso</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg/40px-Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg/60px-Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg/80px-Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan alphabet">Tibetan script</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">rendering support</a>, you may see very small fonts, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan alphabet">Tibetan characters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p>The <b>5th Dalai Lama, Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ངག་དབང་བློ་བཟང་རྒྱ་མཚོ་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>Ngag-dbang blo-bzang rgya-mtsho</i>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Tibetan pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="bo-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tibetan" title="Help:IPA/Tibetan">[ŋɑ̀wɑ̀ŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>lɔ́psɑ̀ŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>cɑ̀t͡só]</a></span>; 1617–1682) was recognized as the 5th Dalai Lama, and he became the first Dalai Lama to hold both Tibet's political and spiritual leadership roles. He is often referred to simply as <b>the Great Fifth</b>, being the key religious and temporal leader of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>. He is credited with unifying all of Tibet under the <a href="/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang" title="Ganden Phodrang">Ganden Phodrang</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Gushri_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gushri Khan">Gushri Khan</a>'s successful military interventions. As an independent head of state, he established priest and patron relations with both <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> simultaneously,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had positive relations with other neighboring countries. He began the custom of meeting early <a href="/wiki/History_of_European_exploration_in_Tibet" title="History of European exploration in Tibet">European explorers</a>. The 5th Dalai Lama built the Potala Palace, and also wrote 24 volumes' worth of scholarly and religious works on a wide range of subjects. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To understand the context within which the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> institution came to hold temporal power in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> during the lifetime of the 5th, it may be helpful to review not just the early life of Lobsang Gyatso but also the world into which he was born, as Künga Migyur. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Künga_Migyur's_family"><span id="K.C3.BCnga_Migyur.27s_family"></span>Künga Migyur's family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Künga Migyur's family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The child who would become the 5th <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> was born in the Chonggye Valley in <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C_(region)" title="Ü (region)">Ü</a>, south of the <a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarlung Tsangpo River">Yarlung Tsangpo River</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and about two days' journey south-east of Lhasa,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to a prominent family of <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobles</a> with traditional ties to both <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a> lineages.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aristocratic Zahor family into which he was born had held their seat since the 14th century at <a href="/wiki/Takts%C3%A9_Castle" title="Taktsé Castle">Taktsé Castle</a>, south of Lhasa<sup id="cite_ref-Dalai_Lamas_List_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalai_Lamas_List-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> –  a legendary stronghold of Tibetan kings in the days of the early empire, before <a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a> (604–650 CE) had moved his capital from there to <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Berzin_Early_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berzin_Early-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parents_and_naming">Parents and naming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Parents and naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 5th Dalai Lama's father was called Dudul Rabten, the local ruler of the Chonggye valley,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as Hor Dudül Dorjé;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his mother was called Tricham,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kunga Lhadze<sup id="cite_ref-kar09506_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kar09506-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Kunga Lhanzi.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalai_Lamas_List_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalai_Lamas_List-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father had friendly relations with the Drugpa Kagyu and his mother had connections with the Jonangpa Kagyu through her family at Nakartse Dzong.<sup id="cite_ref-kar09506_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kar09506-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, after his birth on the 22nd day of the 9th month of the Fire-snake year (late 1617),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Taranatha" title="Taranatha">Taranatha</a>, the most remarkable scholar and exponent of the <a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a> school (a.k.a. Tagten Tulku, a.k.a. Kunga Nyingpo),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> named the child 'Kün-ga Migyur Tobgyal Wanggi Gyalpo'.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His family called him 'Künga Migyur'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Künga_Migyur's_childhood"><span id="K.C3.BCnga_Migyur.27s_childhood"></span>Künga Migyur's childhood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Künga Migyur's childhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shigatse_Dzong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Shigatse_Dzong.jpg/220px-Shigatse_Dzong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Shigatse_Dzong.jpg/330px-Shigatse_Dzong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Shigatse_Dzong.jpg/440px-Shigatse_Dzong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shigatse" title="Shigatse">Shigatse</a>, 2009.</figcaption></figure> <p>The child's father, Dudul Rabten, was arrested in 1618 for his involvement in a plot to overthrow <a href="/wiki/Karma_Phuntsok_Namgyal" title="Karma Phuntsok Namgyal">Karma Phuntsok Namgyal</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Tsangpa" title="Tsangpa">Tsang hegemony</a>. Karma Phuntsok's grandfather <a href="/wiki/Karma_Tseten" title="Karma Tseten">Zhingshak Tseten Dorje</a> (also known as Karma Tseten) had originally been appointed Governor of <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang" title="Ü-Tsang">Tsang</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Rinpungpa" title="Rinpungpa">Rinpung</a><sup id="cite_ref-Berzin_Rinpung_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berzin_Rinpung-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desi_(Tibet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desi (Tibet) (page does not exist)">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Ngawang_Namgyal_(Rinpungpa)" title="Ngawang Namgyal (Rinpungpa)">Ngawang Namgyel</a> in 1548. <a href="/wiki/Karma_Tseten" title="Karma Tseten">Tseten Dorje</a> had rebelled against the heirs of <a href="/wiki/Ngawang_Namgyal_(Rinpungpa)" title="Ngawang Namgyal (Rinpungpa)">Ngawang Namgyel</a> starting in 1557, eventually overthrowing the Rinpung and establishing the <a href="/wiki/Tsangpa" title="Tsangpa">Tsang hegemony</a> in 1565 by declaring himself <a href="/wiki/Tsangpa" title="Tsangpa">King of Tsang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Berzin_Tsang_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berzin_Tsang-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tseten Dorje established his residence at <a href="/wiki/Samzhubz%C3%AA_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Samzhubzê District">Samdruptse</a> castle, also called <a href="/wiki/Shigatse" title="Shigatse">Shigatse</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> monastery of <a href="/wiki/Tashilhunpo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashilhunpo">Tashilhunpo</a>, and together with his nine sons, eventually extended the reach of his power over both of Tibet's central provinces of Ü and Tsang.<sup id="cite_ref-IIAS_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIAS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The secular government of King Tseten Dorje and his descendants enjoyed general support from the <a href="/wiki/Sakya_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (tribe)">Sakya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a> schools, while maintaining somewhat tense but cordial relations with his <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> neighbours at <a href="/wiki/Tashilhunpo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashilhunpo">Tashilhunpo</a>. Then <a href="/wiki/Altan_Khan" title="Altan Khan">Altan Khan</a>, King of the Tumed Mongols, invited <a href="/wiki/Drepung" class="mw-redirect" title="Drepung">Drepung</a> Monastery's abbot <a href="/wiki/3rd_Dalai_Lama" title="3rd Dalai Lama">Sonam Gyatso</a> to Mongolia. In 1577–78 Sonam Gyatso accepted, went there and converted him and his subjects to Buddhism, receiving the Mongolian name "Dalai" in the process by which action his lineage became known as the "Dalai Lamas" and he became the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Dalai_Lama" title="3rd Dalai Lama">3rd Dalai Lama</a>. His two predecessors became known as the 1st and 2nd Dalai Lamas posthumously. The Samdruptse government saw this development as a politico-religious alliance between the <a href="/wiki/Gelugpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelugpa">Gelugpa</a> and a foreign power. When <a href="/wiki/3rd_Dalai_Lama" title="3rd Dalai Lama">Sonam Gyatso</a> died, the Gelugpa recognised a Mongolian prince as his incarnation and so a Mongolian <a href="/wiki/4th_Dalai_Lama" title="4th Dalai Lama">4th Dalai Lama</a>, Yonten Gyatso (1589–1617), was installed as the abbot of Drepung. This increased Mongolian involvement with the Gelugpa even further and enabled more Mongolian intervention in Tibetan affairs. As a result, King Tseten Dorje's suspicions about Gelugpa ambitions rose and when in 1616 the <a href="/wiki/4th_Dalai_Lama" title="4th Dalai Lama">4th Dalai Lama</a> died young, at the age of 28, in an attempt to defeat the process the King prohibited the Gelugpa monks from searching for his incarnation.<sup id="cite_ref-IIAS_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIAS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dudul Rabten's arrest occurred at roughly the same time that his infant son had been recognized, in secret, by <a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">lamas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> order as the reincarnation of the <a href="/wiki/4th_Dalai_Lama" title="4th Dalai Lama">4th Dalai Lama</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Tashilhunpo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashilhunpo">Tashilhunpo</a>'s abbot <a href="/wiki/Lobsang_Ch%C3%B6kyi_Gyaltsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen">Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen</a> used diplomacy to persuade King Karma Phuntsok Namgyal to lift the ban he'd put in place on seeking out the 5th Dalai Lama. Dudul Rabten escaped his captors and tried to reach eastern Tibet, but was rearrested. Dudul Rabten died in captivity in 1626 at <a href="/wiki/Samzhubz%C3%AA_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Samzhubzê District">Samdruptse</a> – Karma Phuntsok Namgyal's castle also known as <a href="/wiki/Shigatse" title="Shigatse">Shigatse</a> – and thus, he never lived to see his son again. The young 5th Dalai Lama's family were ordered by Karma Phuntsok Namgyal to live at court in <a href="/wiki/Samzhubz%C3%AA_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Samzhubzê District">Samdruptse</a>, but his mother, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunga_Lhanzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kunga Lhanzi (page does not exist)">Kunga Lhanzi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dalai_Lamas_List_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalai_Lamas_List-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fearing retribution from the king, returned with her son to her family's home, <a href="/wiki/Nagarz%C3%AA,_Tibet" title="Nagarzê, Tibet">Narkatse</a> castle, in <a href="/wiki/Yamdrok_Lake" title="Yamdrok Lake">Yardrog</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IIAS_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIAS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Künga_Migyur's_recognition"><span id="K.C3.BCnga_Migyur.27s_recognition"></span>Künga Migyur's recognition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Künga Migyur's recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The infant Künga Migyur's name had been drawn, by lot, from among the names of three children considered likely candidates in a series of <a href="/wiki/Mo_(divination)" title="Mo (divination)">divination rituals</a> including a doughball divination<sup id="cite_ref-doughball_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doughball-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was held in secret (on account of King Dorje's prohibition against seeking the 4th Dalai Lama's reincarnation) at <a href="/wiki/Reting_Monastery" title="Reting Monastery">Radeng monastery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IIAS_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIAS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former <a href="/wiki/4th_Dalai_Lama" title="4th Dalai Lama">4th Dalai Lama</a>'s chief attendant, <a href="/wiki/Sonam_Choephel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonam Choephel">Sonam Choephel</a> (1595–1658),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is credited with having discovered the incarnation.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalai_Lamas_List_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalai_Lamas_List-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Karma, Drugpa and Jonangpa Kagyu orders, (beside the <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> group from <a href="/wiki/Drepung_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Drepung monastery">Drepung monastery</a>) had all independently sought to claim Künga Migyur as a reincarnation of one or another of their own <a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">lamas</a> who'd also died in 1616,<sup id="cite_ref-kar09506_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kar09506-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> young Künga Migyur's parents reportedly resisted their demands.<sup id="cite_ref-IIAS_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIAS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monastic_life">Monastic life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Monastic life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ordination">Ordination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ordination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lobsang_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobsang Gyatso">Lobsang Gyatso</a> was the name which Künga Migyur received from <a href="/wiki/Lobsang_Ch%C3%B6kyi_Gyaltsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen">Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen</a> upon taking novice monastic ordination from him at <a href="/wiki/Drepung" class="mw-redirect" title="Drepung">Drepung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1638 when he took full ordination, also in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Lobsang_Ch%C3%B6kyi_Gyaltsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen">Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen</a> at the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa, Ngawang was added to his name, Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso.<sup id="cite_ref-K888_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K888-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time his interest in the Nyingmapa teachings began to deepen and his devotion to the Nyingma master Zur Choying Rangdrol became somewhat conspicuous.<sup id="cite_ref-K888_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K888-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_the_Panchen_Lama">Relations with the Panchen Lama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Relations with the Panchen Lama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-17-08-40,_Tibetexpedition,_Kloster_Tashi_Lhunpo,_Tempelhof.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-17-08-40%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Kloster_Tashi_Lhunpo%2C_Tempelhof.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-17-08-40%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Kloster_Tashi_Lhunpo%2C_Tempelhof.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-17-08-40%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Kloster_Tashi_Lhunpo%2C_Tempelhof.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-17-08-40%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Kloster_Tashi_Lhunpo%2C_Tempelhof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-17-08-40%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Kloster_Tashi_Lhunpo%2C_Tempelhof.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-17-08-40%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Kloster_Tashi_Lhunpo%2C_Tempelhof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="796" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tashilhunpo_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashilhunpo Monastery">Tashilhunpo Monastery</a>, 1938 <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> expedition photograph by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Ernst Schäfer">Ernst Schäfer</a> in <a href="/wiki/German_Federal_Archives" title="German Federal Archives">German Federal Archives</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Lobsang_Ch%C3%B6kyi_Gyaltsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen">Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen</a> (1570–1662), <a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">the Panchen Lama</a> and the first to be accorded this title during his lifetime, was the tutor and a close ally of the 5th Dalai Lama,<sup id="cite_ref-mull174_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mull174-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who, according to <a href="/wiki/Thubten_Jigme_Norbu" title="Thubten Jigme Norbu">Thubten Jigme Norbu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_E._Richardson" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh E. Richardson">Hugh E. Richardson</a>, declared or pronounced the Panchen to be 'an incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Dhayani Buddha Amitābha</a>'<sup id="cite_ref-tjnorbu121_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tjnorbu121-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – although other sources all appear to indicate that he was considered as such from the start. After the 5th Dalai Lama returned from China, on a teaching tour of <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang" title="Ü-Tsang">Tsang</a> he visited his senior tutor and close friend the elderly Panchen Lama at <a href="/wiki/Tashilhunpo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashilhunpo">Tashilhunpo</a> to receive lineage transmissions which he still lacked and at this point he requested the Panchen to accept <a href="/wiki/Tashilhunpo_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashilhunpo Monastery">Tashilhunpo Monastery</a>, built by the <a href="/wiki/1st_Dalai_Lama" title="1st Dalai Lama">1st Dalai Lama</a>, as his multi-lifetime seat for future incarnations.<sup id="cite_ref-mull205_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mull205-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, every incarnation of the Panchen Lama has been the master of Tashilhunpo Monastery<sup id="cite_ref-tjnorbu121_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tjnorbu121-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is there that they have all received their education and their mummified bodies were enshrined.<sup id="cite_ref-mull205_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mull205-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Lobsang_Ch%C3%B6kyi_Gyaltsen,_4th_Panchen_Lama" title="Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen, 4th Panchen Lama">Panchen Gyaltsen</a> died in 1662 at 93, the 5th Dalai Lama immediately commenced the tradition of searching for his next incarnation. He composed a special prayer asking his master "to return" and directed the monks of Tibet's great monasteries to recite it.<sup id="cite_ref-IIAS_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIAS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also reserved the traditional title of <i>Panchen</i> (short for <i>Pandita chen po</i> "Great Scholar") – which had previously been a courtesy title for all exceptionally learned lamas – exclusively for the Panchen Lama and his successors (and, for those who consider him the 4th Panchen, for his three predecessors as well).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had also predicted that Gyaltsen would continue to be reincarnated in future as the 'Panchen Lama'.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two had a teacher/disciple relationship going back to the <a href="/wiki/1st_Dalai_Lama" title="1st Dalai Lama">1st Dalai Lama Gendun Drup</a> and his teacher <a href="/wiki/Khedrup_Je" class="mw-redirect" title="Khedrup Je">Khedrup Je</a>, considered by some in retrospect as the <a href="/wiki/1st_Panchen_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Panchen Lama">1st Panchen Lama</a>. From the time of the 5th the two offices were known as <i>Yab Sey Gonpo</i> or "Father/Son Protectors" characterising their spiritual provenance as emanations of <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avalokitesvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalokitesvara">Avalokitesvara</a> as well as their interchangeable guru/disciple relationship. This continued, lifetime after lifetime well into the 20th century with whichever was elder becoming the teacher of the younger, giving both monastic ordination and passing on tantric lineage transmissions.<sup id="cite_ref-mull174_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mull174-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_practice">Education and practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Education and practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lhukhang8.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lhukhang8.JPG/220px-Lhukhang8.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lhukhang8.JPG/330px-Lhukhang8.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lhukhang8.JPG/440px-Lhukhang8.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/Potala" class="mw-redirect" title="Potala">Potala</a> from 5th <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>'s private <a href="/wiki/Lukhang" title="Lukhang">Lukhang</a> temple, December, 2008.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the 5th Dalai Lama, Lobsang Gyatso, completed all his formal monastic training as a <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelugpa</a>, proving to be an exceptional scholar, he also studied <a href="/wiki/Nyingmapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyingmapa">Nyingmapa</a> doctrines, and took Nyingma <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantric</a> empowerments.<sup id="cite_ref-Country_p._249_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Country_p._249-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The great Geluk scholar Sumpa Khenpo acknowledged that Lobsang Gyatso took a special interest in Nyingma tantric doctrines.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the Fifth Dalai Lama states in his autobiography that rather than the Panchen Lama or any other Geluk masters, the great Nyingma lama Zur Choying Rangdrol ‘the omniscient’ (kun mkhyen zur chos dbyings rang grol, 1604–1657) was his 'root guru', 'spiritual master' and his 'root master'.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ruler_of_Tibet">Ruler of Tibet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ruler of Tibet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fifth Dalai Lama Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso's rule over central Tibet may be characterized, in very broad terms, </p> <ul><li><b>politically</b> –  <ul><li>by the Mongol military intervention which ended decades of clan-wars in Dbus and Gtsang provinces,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> c.q. the Tibetan civil war of 1639–1642, whereafter he was invested with temporal power over Tibet;</li></ul></li> <li><b>domestically</b> –  <ul><li>Reestablishing Lhasa as capital;</li> <li>Establishing Nechung as state oracle, and disposing of "perfidious spirit" Dolgyal, which later came to be identified with <a href="/wiki/Dorje_Shugden" title="Dorje Shugden">Dorje Shugden</a>;</li> <li>Resolving sectarian divides;</li> <li>Establishing a pluralist theocracy.</li></ul></li> <li><b>In terms of foreign policy</b> –  <ul><li>by the formal establishment of friendly diplomatic relations with <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>'s imperial court during the formative years of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, and</li> <li>by his meeting with European missionaries, early <a href="/wiki/History_of_European_exploration_in_Tibet" title="History of European exploration in Tibet">European explorers of Tibet</a>, and</li> <li>his military expeditions against <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal_war_of_1679-1684" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal war of 1679-1684">war against Ladakh</a>. The Moghuls withdrew after being paid off by the 5th Dalai Lama.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rise to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dzungar_military_intervention">Dzungar military intervention</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dzungar military intervention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the Fifth Dalai Lama would ultimately come to be known for unifying Tibet, it was his first regent <a href="/wiki/Sonam_Choephel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonam Choephel">Sonam Choephel</a> (1595-1657 CE, also known as Sonam Rabten, treasurer of <a href="/wiki/Ganden" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganden">Ganden</a>) who was, in fact, "the prime architect of the <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a>'s rise to power".<sup id="cite_ref-IIAS_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIAS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 5th Dalai Lama would eventually assume complete power – including that of appointing his regents.<sup id="cite_ref-Richardson,_Hugh_E._1984_p._42_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardson,_Hugh_E._1984_p._42-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sonam_Choephel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonam Choephel">Sonam Choephel</a>, the regent during the 5th Dalai Lama Lobsang Gyatso's youth, requested the aid of <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCshi_Khan" title="Güshi Khan">Güshi Khan</a>, a powerful <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar</a> military leader in carrying out a military strategy in the Dalai Lama's name, though apparently with neither Lobsang Gyatso's prior knowledge nor consent.<sup id="cite_ref-IIAS_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIAS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCshi_Khan" title="Güshi Khan">Güshi Khan</a> (who was head of the <a href="/wiki/Khoshut" title="Khoshut">Khoshut</a> tribe<sup id="cite_ref-Dalai_Lamas_List_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalai_Lamas_List-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) conquered <a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a> in 1640 bringing the <a href="/wiki/Sakya_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (tribe)">Sakyas</a> and the lords of Kham and <a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a> under their control. His victory over <a href="/wiki/Karma_Tenkyong" title="Karma Tenkyong">Karma Tenkyong</a>, the prince of <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang" title="Ü-Tsang">Tsang</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shigatse" title="Shigatse">Shigatse</a>, in 1642, completed the military conquest of the country and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut Khanate</a>. By this feat the <a href="/wiki/Phagmodrupa_dynasty" title="Phagmodrupa dynasty">Phagmodrupa dynasty</a>, which was associated with a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a> school, was technically replaced; in fact it had been powerless for many years. By subsequently formally recognizing the Fifth Dalai Lama's authority in 1642, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCshi_Khan" title="Güshi Khan">Güshi Khan</a> effectively made Gyatso the temporal ruler of all Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-IIAS_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIAS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCshi_Khan" title="Güshi Khan">Güshi Khan</a> maintained friendly and respectful relations with Lobsang Gyatso, but died in 1655, leaving ten sons. Eight of them (along with their tribes) settled in the strategically important <a href="/wiki/Koko_Nur" class="mw-redirect" title="Koko Nur">Koko Nur</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a>, where they frequently fought over territory. The 5th Dalai Lama sent several governors to the region between 1656 and 1659 to restore order. Although <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCshi_Khan" title="Güshi Khan">Güshi Khan</a>'s descendants (who would come to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mongols" title="Upper Mongols">Upper Mongols</a>) showed little interest in the administration of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, they did appoint a regent for a while to act on their behalf in <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>, and gradually assimilated certain aspects of Tibetan culture into their own. They would also come to play a crucial rôle in extending the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> school within <a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IIAS_16-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIAS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dzungar_conquest_of_Altishahr">Dzungar conquest of Altishahr</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dzungar conquest of Altishahr"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 5th Dalai Lama tutored <a href="/wiki/Galdan_Boshugtu_Khan" title="Galdan Boshugtu Khan">Galdan Boshugtu Khan</a> who later became leader of the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a> and granted him the titles of <a href="/wiki/Hongtaiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongtaiji">Hongtaiji</a> and Boshoghtu (or Boshughtu) Khan. The Dalai Lama also sanctioned Galdan Boshugtu Khan's invasion of the last remaining remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_conquest_of_Altishahr" title="Dzungar conquest of Altishahr">Dzungar conquest of Altishahr</a> after <a href="/wiki/Afaq_Khoja" title="Afaq Khoja">Afaq Khoja</a> requested help from the Dalai Lama over the power struggle between the Afaqi and Ishaqi <a href="/wiki/Khoja_(Turkestan)" title="Khoja (Turkestan)">Khojas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal_War"><span id="Tibet.E2.80.93Ladakh.E2.80.93Mughal_War"></span>Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tibet%E2%80%93Ladakh%E2%80%93Mughal_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War">Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War</a></div> <p>In 1679, the 5th Dalai Lama overruled the advice of his Prime Minister and launched an expedition resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Tibet%E2%80%93Ladakh%E2%80%93Mughal_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War">Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War</a> that did not conclude until two years after his death with the 1684 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tingmosgang" title="Treaty of Tingmosgang">Treaty of Tingmosgang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Page / location: 349
Quotation: "Firstly, from the passage dated 5 July 1679, it seems that the decision to send the expedition to Ladakh was taken by the 5th Dalai Lama himself who, concurring with the advice given by dGa'-lDan Tshe-dBan dPal bZan (that an expedition be sent), over-ruled the advice given by the sDe-pa Blo-bZan sByin-pa (that the expedition be postponed). It should be remembered that the sDe-pa Blo bZan sByin-pa was, at this time, in the very last days of his tenure of office as sDe-pa. Already Already on 27 June 1679, a notice has been issued, naming Sans-rGyas rGya-mTsho as sDe-pa"" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">349</span> </sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Page / location: 351
Quotation: "Now, in 1684, the government of Tibet, headed by the sDe-pa Sans-rGyas rGya-mTsho, annexed Gu-ge to Tibet, and fixed the frontier between Ladakh and Tibet at the lHa-ri stream at bDe-mChog."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">351</span> </sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_activities">Domestic activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Domestic activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reestablishing_Lhasa_as_capital">Reestablishing Lhasa as capital</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Reestablishing Lhasa as capital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a move distinctly evocative of <a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Berzin_Early_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berzin_Early-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lobsang Gyatso once again proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a> to be the capital of Tibet. Assembling his government there, he "appointed governors to the districts, chose ministers for his government, and promulgated a set of laws". The young Dalai Lama also transformed his regent into a prime minister – or, as the Tibetans call him, the <i>Desi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-IIAS_16-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIAS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Administrative authority was vested in the person of the <i>Desi</i>, while military power remained the special domain of <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCshi_Khan" title="Güshi Khan">Güshi Khan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whom the 5th Dalai Lama acknowledged as king of the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar</a> <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mongols" title="Upper Mongols">Upper Mongols</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kokonor_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kokonor (disambiguation)">Kokonor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IIAS_16-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIAS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Building_the_Potala">Building the Potala</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Building the Potala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Potala-from-behind_07-2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Potala-from-behind_07-2005.jpg/220px-Potala-from-behind_07-2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Potala-from-behind_07-2005.jpg/330px-Potala-from-behind_07-2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Potala-from-behind_07-2005.jpg/440px-Potala-from-behind_07-2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2772" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Potala_Palace" title="Potala Palace">Potala</a> from behind: July, 2005.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Fifth Dalai Lama began construction of the <a href="/wiki/Potala_Palace" title="Potala Palace">Potala Palace</a> in 1645<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after one of his spiritual advisors, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konchog_Chophel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konchog Chophel (page does not exist)">Konchog Chophel</a> (d. 1646), pointed out that the site would be an ideal seat of government, situated as it is between <a href="/wiki/Drepung" class="mw-redirect" title="Drepung">Drepung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sera_Monastery" title="Sera Monastery">Sera</a> monasteries, and overlooking <a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a>'s old capital city of Lhasa.<sup id="cite_ref-IIAS_16-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIAS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 5th Dalai Lama and his government moved into the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potrang_Karpo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potrang Karpo (page does not exist)">Potrang Karpo</a></i> – the White Palace – in 1649.<sup id="cite_ref-IIAS_16-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIAS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The initial phase of construction continued until 1694,<sup id="cite_ref-Stein,_R._A._1962_p._84_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein,_R._A._1962_p._84-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some twelve years after the 5th Dalai Lama's death, which was kept secret from the general public for that length of time.<sup id="cite_ref-Samphel_2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samphel_2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Potrang_Marpo" class="mw-redirect" title="Potrang Marpo">Potrang Marpo</a></i> – or Red Palace – was added between 1690 and 1694.<sup id="cite_ref-Stein,_R._A._1962_p._84_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein,_R._A._1962_p._84-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Establishing_Nechung_as_state_oracle">Establishing Nechung as state oracle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Establishing Nechung as state oracle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Fifth Dalai Lama formally institutionalized the Tibetan state oracle of <a href="/wiki/Nechung_Oracle" title="Nechung Oracle">Nechung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lobsang Gyatso established <a href="/wiki/Nechung" title="Nechung">Nechung Monastery</a> as the seat of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>'s state oracle by instituting <a href="/wiki/Gyalpo_Pehar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyalpo Pehar">Gyalpo Pehar</a> as the protector of Tibet's newly consolidated <a href="/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang" title="Ganden Phodrang">Ganden Phodrang</a> government. <i>Nechung</i> – which, translated literally, means "small place" – was a shrine dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Gyalpo_Pehar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyalpo Pehar">Pehar</a>, located about ten minutes east on foot from <a href="/wiki/Drepung" class="mw-redirect" title="Drepung">Drepung</a> monastery near Tibet's newly declared capital city of <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>. </p><p>The rôle of the three-headed, six-armed <a href="/wiki/Gyalpo_Pehar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyalpo Pehar">Pehar</a> as <a href="/wiki/Dharmapala" title="Dharmapala">protector</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> can be traced back to at least the 8th century, when Pehar was oath-bound by <a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a> to act as chief among Tibet's protector's, with <a href="/wiki/Dorje_Drakden" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorje Drakden">Dorje Drakden</a> named his chief emissary. The 5th Dalai Lama also composed a <a href="/wiki/Generation_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Generation stage">generation stage</a> practice and invocation of the protector entitled simply <i>Dra-Yang-Ma</i> (Melodic Chant), which was incorporated into the ritual cycles of <a href="/wiki/Nechung" title="Nechung">Nechung Monastery</a>, where it continues to be practiced, up to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nechung4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Nechung4.jpg/220px-Nechung4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Nechung4.jpg/330px-Nechung4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Nechung4.jpg/440px-Nechung4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3757" data-file-height="2339" /></a><figcaption>Main temple at <a href="/wiki/Nechung" title="Nechung">Nechung Monastery</a>, 2009.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Disposing_of_"perfidious_spirit"_Dolgyal"><span id="Disposing_of_.22perfidious_spirit.22_Dolgyal"></span>Disposing of "perfidious spirit" Dolgyal</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Disposing of "perfidious spirit" Dolgyal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nechung" title="Nechung">Nechung</a>'s role in warding off one interfering spirit in particular is quite extensively detailed in the 5th Dalai Lama's autobiography.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Cannot find any reference to this, nor any mention of Shugden, in Samten Karmay's 2014 translation of Lobsang Gyatso's autobiography Volume I, ''The Illusive Play'' (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some contemporary scholars and the current <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> would appear to agree: Lobsang Gyatso specifically states that a <a href="/wiki/Gyalpo_spirits" title="Gyalpo spirits">gyalpo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">རྒྱལ་པོ་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>rgyal-po</i>: a particular type of "very powerful, perfidious spirit") in the area of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dol_Chumig_Karmo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dol Chumig Karmo (page does not exist)">Dol Chumig Karmo</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Autobiography_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Autobiography-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had "...been harming the teaching of the Buddha and sentient beings in general and in particular" since at least the fire-bird year of 1657 (CE).<sup id="cite_ref-Concerning_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Concerning-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The version of events which the 5th Dalai Lama relates is substantially corroborated by the account laid out in 1749 (CE) by <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumpa_Khenpo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumpa Khenpo (page does not exist)">Sumpa Khenpo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">སུམ་པ་མཁན་པོ་ཡེ་ཤེས་དཔལ་འབྱོར་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>sum-pa mKhan-po ye-shes dpal-‘byor</i> 1702–1788 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-GD_1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GD_1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At any rate: confronted with the death of both people and cattle combined with harsh, unpredictable weather in an atmosphere of political intrigue and diplomatic insecurity, Gyatso undertook a specific course of action which might be considered somewhat unconventional, even for a religiously affiliated head of state. </p><p>At the end of the earth-bird year of 1669 (CE), a special crypt was constructed, and offerings placed within it in hopes that it might serve as a home in which the disturbed spirit of <a href="/wiki/Tulku_Dragpa_Gyaltsen" title="Tulku Dragpa Gyaltsen">Drakpa Gyaltsen</a> – an iconoclastic <a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">tulku</a> and rival scholar who had died under mysterious circumstances at a time of considerable political turmoil – might finally settle.<sup id="cite_ref-Autobiography_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Autobiography-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GD_1_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GD_1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reportedly, though, the evil spirit's harmful activities only intensified, manifesting (in part) as atmospheric disturbances including hailstorms, but also causing both people and cattle to fall prey to disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Autobiography_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Autobiography-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deaths of some monks were attributed to the spirit as well – which was named "Dolgyal" by combining <i><a href="/wiki/Gyalpo_spirits" title="Gyalpo spirits">gyalpo</a></i> with the <a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">ghost</a>'s place of residence.<sup id="cite_ref-Concerning_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Concerning-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only later that Dolgyal would come to be identified with <a href="/wiki/Dorje_Shugden" title="Dorje Shugden">Dorje Shugden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">རྡོ་རྗེ་ཤུགས་ལྡན་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>rDo-rje Shugs-ldan</i>) through conflation with a much older <a href="/wiki/Sakya_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (tribe)">Sakya</a> <a href="/wiki/Dharmapala" title="Dharmapala">protector</a> of the same name<sup id="cite_ref-Mumford_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mumford-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> associated with the remote <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepali</a> village of <a href="/wiki/Tsap" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsap">Tsap</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Autobiography_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Autobiography-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GD_I-A_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GD_I-A-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modest but extensive offerings to monks of wheat and tea along with small amounts of gold reportedly resulted in <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutra</a> recitations numbering in the tens of thousands. Combined with the performance of many far more complex tantric rituals, the coordinated efforts reached eleven separate district capitals, and spread through no fewer than seventy monasteries including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorje_Drag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorje Drag (page does not exist)">Dorje Drag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sera_Monastery" title="Sera Monastery">Sera</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drepung" class="mw-redirect" title="Drepung">Drepung</a>. The entire cycle was concluded with an elaborate <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_puja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fire puja (page does not exist)">fire puja</a> offering in which the "perfidious spirit" was ritually burnt by seven different groups of practitioners, led by </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pema_Trinley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pema Trinley (page does not exist)">Pema Trinley</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorje_Drag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorje Drag (page does not exist)">Dorje Drag</a>,</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choegyal_Terdag_Lingpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choegyal Terdag Lingpa (page does not exist)">Choegyal Terdag Lingpa</a> (1646–1714, of <a href="/wiki/Mindroling" class="mw-redirect" title="Mindroling">Mindroling</a><sup id="cite_ref-McCune_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCune-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choeje_Vugja_Lungpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choeje Vugja Lungpa (page does not exist)">Choeje Vugja Lungpa</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngari_Prefecture" title="Ngari Prefecture">Ngari</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngagchang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngagchang (page does not exist)">Ngagchang</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konchok_Lhundup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konchok Lhundup (page does not exist)">Konchok Lhundup</a>,</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palri (page does not exist)">Palri</a> <a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a>, and</li> <li>two separate groups of monks from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phende_Lekshe_Ling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phende Lekshe Ling (page does not exist)">Phende Lekshe Ling</a>,</li></ul> <p>the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lamas</a>' personal monastery (already known as <a href="/wiki/Namgyal_Monastery" title="Namgyal Monastery">Namgyal</a> by that time). Thus invoking all of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dharmapala" title="Dharmapala">dharma protectors</a> – including <a href="/wiki/Nechung" title="Nechung">Nechung</a> – the 5th Dalai Lama charged them to "not support, protect, or give ... shelter" to <a href="/wiki/Tulku_Dragpa_Gyaltsen" title="Tulku Dragpa Gyaltsen">Drakpa Gyaltsen</a> in a formal <a href="/wiki/Promulgation" title="Promulgation">promulgation</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tibetan_Rulers'_Documents_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tibetan_Rulers'_Documents-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which the current <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> characterizes as "quite strongly worded".<sup id="cite_ref-fire_puja_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fire_puja-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recalling the events of that time later, the 5th Dalai Lama wrote that "...indirectly these creatures..." – <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">འབྱུང་པོ་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>‘byung-po</i> means, roughly, "creature" or "evil spirit" – "...were delivered to the peaceful state of being, released from having to experience the intolerable suffering of bad states of rebirth due to their increasingly negative actions."<sup id="cite_ref-Autobiography_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Autobiography-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the unification of Tibet having occurred at least in part on account of <a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">scapegoating</a> the departed spirit of a controversial but popular rival <a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">lama</a> was not to be without eventual historic consequence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Later_opposition_on_Shugden">Later opposition on Shugden</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Later opposition on Shugden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The growth of the 19th-century nonsectarian <a href="/wiki/Rime_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Rime movement">Rime movement</a> served in part to expose and exacerbate political tensions within the <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> hierarchy as it had come to organize itself in the centuries following the 5th Dalai Lama's death.<sup id="cite_ref-GD_II_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GD_II-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of his acts were subsequently misconstrued by certain conservative factions within the <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> order as an "elevation" by Lobsang Gyatso of the dangerously volatile Dolgyal (by now, quite thoroughly conflated with the original <a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a> <a href="/wiki/Dharmapala" title="Dharmapala">protector</a> named Shugden)<sup id="cite_ref-Dolgyal_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dolgyal-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the status of <a href="/wiki/Dharmapala" title="Dharmapala">Dharmapala</a> – in other words: a particularly forceful <a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">emanation</a> of a blissfully awakened <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">enlightened activity</a> and therefore basically an enlightened being, himself.<sup id="cite_ref-GD_II_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GD_II-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/13th_Dalai_Lama" title="13th Dalai Lama">13th Dalai Lama</a> therefore sought to clarify his view about Dorje Shugden's status in his letter to <a href="/wiki/Pabongkhapa_D%C3%A9chen_Nyingpo" title="Pabongkhapa Déchen Nyingpo">Pabongkhapa Déchen Nyingpo</a>, in which he identified Dorje Shugden as a "wrathful worldly spirit", the propitiation of which "contradicts the precepts of taking refuge". In reply, Phabongka (who is better remembered for his teachings on <a href="/wiki/Lam_rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Lam rim">the graded stages of the path</a> and reputation of conferring <a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a> empowerments to large crowds of laypeople regardless of his having enthusiastically propitiated Shugden) acknowledged his "error". In the same letter, Phabongka said "...I have propitiated Shugden until now because my old mother told me that Shugden is the deity of my maternal lineage", thereby acknowledging Shugden practice's provincial and even familial (as well as <a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a>) origins.<sup id="cite_ref-dalailama.com_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dalailama.com-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1291428-1-_Siegel_des_5._Dalai_Lama_Dieter_Schuh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1291428-1-_Siegel_des_5._Dalai_Lama_Dieter_Schuh.jpg/220px-1291428-1-_Siegel_des_5._Dalai_Lama_Dieter_Schuh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1291428-1-_Siegel_des_5._Dalai_Lama_Dieter_Schuh.jpg/330px-1291428-1-_Siegel_des_5._Dalai_Lama_Dieter_Schuh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/1291428-1-_Siegel_des_5._Dalai_Lama_Dieter_Schuh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Official impression of trilingual (<a href="/wiki/Manchurian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchurian language">Manchurian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Tibetan</a>) great seal<sup id="cite_ref-Tibetische_Siegel_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tibetische_Siegel-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of 5th Dalai Lama. Inscription (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhal-ris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhal-ris (page does not exist)">zhal-ris</a></i>) translates to <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> as "<a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">Seal</a> of the omniscient <a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra">vajra</a> holder <i>la'i Ta-bla-ma</i>, the excellent, fully-come-to-rest <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">buddha</a> of the West, lord of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">buddhist teachings</a> in the world."</figcaption></figure> <p>The current <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a>, for his part, continues to maintain it was the Fifth's intent to appease the interfering spirit of the <i><a href="/wiki/Gyalpo_spirits" title="Gyalpo spirits">Gyalpo</a></i> class from <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dol_Chumig_Karmo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dol Chumig Karmo (page does not exist)">Dol Chumig Karmo</a></i> – hence his insistence on using the name "Dolgyal" to disambiguate a practice he disrecommends from one of a protector of the <a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a> school to which he's tied through prior incarnations.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_References_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_References-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resolving_sectarian_divides">Resolving sectarian divides</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Resolving sectarian divides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due largely to the determined cunning of his first regent <a href="/wiki/Sonam_Ch%C3%B6phel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonam Chöphel">Sonam Chöphel</a> and the military support of his Mongolian disciple Güsri Khan, in 1642 the 25-year-old 5th Dalai Lama Lobsang Gyatso inherited military and political control of a nation that had been torn by over a century of power struggles and civil war characterized by factionalism and sectarian allegiances.<sup id="cite_ref-IIAS_16-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIAS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general form of government he instituted would remain largely in place until Tibet's military occupation by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> in the 1950s. Nevertheless, Lobsang Gyatso's rule over Tibet included various incidents which, 350 years later, certain keen observers – namely, the heirs of those Kagyupa followers whose patrons lost power during unification or during the quelling of their subsequent rebellions – still consider to have been the abuse of government power. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TIB-lhasa-potala-weisser-palast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/TIB-lhasa-potala-weisser-palast.jpg/220px-TIB-lhasa-potala-weisser-palast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/TIB-lhasa-potala-weisser-palast.jpg/330px-TIB-lhasa-potala-weisser-palast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/TIB-lhasa-potala-weisser-palast.jpg/440px-TIB-lhasa-potala-weisser-palast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1402" data-file-height="931" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Potala_Palace" title="Potala Palace">Potala</a>'s white palace in <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>, the seat of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang" title="Ganden Phodrang">Ganden Phodrang</a> government, built by the 5th Dalai Lama.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Specific_grievances">Specific grievances</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Specific grievances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Of_the_Kagyü_and_Bön_traditions"><span id="Of_the_Kagy.C3.BC_and_B.C3.B6n_traditions"></span>Of the Kagyü and Bön traditions</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Of the Kagyü and Bön traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1648, Tibetans loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> school reportedly joined Mongol forces in coercing monks of certain <a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bonpo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonpo">Bön</a> institutions to embrace specifically Gelug doctrines.<sup id="cite_ref-Richardson,_Hugh_E._1984_p._42_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardson,_Hugh_E._1984_p._42-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern Tibetans still differentiate between <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6n" class="mw-redirect" title="Bön">Bön</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> in common parlance, calling members of the <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> schools <i>nangpa</i><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (meaning "insider"), while referring to practitioners of Bön as <i>bönpo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Of_the_Jonang_tradition">Of the Jonang tradition</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Of the Jonang tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Jonangpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonangpa">Jonangpa</a> order belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Kagyupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kagyupa">Kagyupa</a> group of schools, the 7th one to emerge.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/David_Snellgrove" title="David Snellgrove">Snellgrove</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_E._Richardson" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh E. Richardson">Richardson</a>, it was a difference in philosophy that caused a bitter schism to arise with the Gelugpa,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however <a href="/wiki/Samten_Karmay" title="Samten Karmay">Samten Karmay</a> maintains that the 5th Dalai Lama's negative attitude towards the Jonangpa was determined by political rather than philosophical or religious considerations.<sup id="cite_ref-IIAS_16-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIAS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He records elsewhere that the Fifth Dalai Lama's personal biographer and Sanskrit teacher the renowned Jonang scholar Jamyang Wangyal Dorje Mondrowa was a master of the Jonang tradition and belonged to a well-known Jonang family from Lato in Tsang with whom the Dalai Lama had good relations.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any case, it was during Lobsang Gyatso's rule after the civil wars and rebellions of 1640-1643 that <a href="/wiki/Jonangpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonangpa">Jonangpa</a> institutions, teachings and followers were banished and moved out of central Tibet to be re-established in <a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a> for allying with the Tsangpa and fighting against the Ganden Phodrang.<sup id="cite_ref-IIAS_16-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIAS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1650 the Jonangpa printing presses were officially sealed and teaching of their <i><a href="/wiki/Zhentong" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhentong">zhentong</a></i> philosophical views was forbidden within central Tibet, indicating that the basis of the schism was more philosophical in nature. Then in 1658 the main <a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a> monastery Takten Damchö Ling in <a href="/wiki/Lhatse" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhatse">Lhatse</a> – which had been the monastic seat of the great Jonangpa exponent <a href="/wiki/Taranatha" title="Taranatha">Taranatha</a> (1575–1634) – was converted to a <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> institution and renamed Phuntsok Choling.<sup id="cite_ref-Living_Tradition_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Living_Tradition-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Redress_and_reconciliation">Redress and reconciliation</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Redress and reconciliation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Fifth Dalai Lama's Regent or <i>Desi</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sonam_Rapten#Relations_with_Fifth_Dalai_Lama.2C_1622-1658" title="Sonam Rapten">Sonam Rapten</a> was, in fact, a fanatical Gelugpa supremacist as well as a shrewd and canny political operator with an eye for the main chance. Being 22 years the Dalai Lama's senior he dominated him as he raised him from the age of 5.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his autobiography <i>The Dukula</i> the lama repeatedly remarks how he had to defer to the Desi, or had to do as he said, and even as an adult he rarely got his way if he disagreed with Sonam Rapten's wishes.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That the infamous sectarian policies implemented in the decade after the 1642 civil war were the work of the Desi can be inferred from the decree that the Fifth Dalai Lama issued to him and his administration just as he departed to Beijing in the summer of 1652 to see the Emperor, leaving the Desi behind in Tibet. The issuance of such a decree, at the age of 35, indicates his growing maturity and his firm intention to start imposing his will over that of his Regent concerning such important policies which the Dalai Lama disapproved of. He presents this decree as his instructions to his regent in the form of a testament to be implemented while he was absent in China, and, perhaps, in case he did not return from the long and perilous journey for any reason. In <i>The Dukula</i>, he explains how, before departing, he handed to Sonam Rapten "for his memory, with explanations, a scroll of the following list concerning what was to be done (in my absence)".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then specifies what (amongst other things) this decree placed a ban on, and he thus ordered the reversal of specified sectarian policies being implemented, evidently without his approval, by the Desi's government: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Around this time, the adepts of the Sakya, Kagyu and Nyingma schools were not allowed to wear hats in their own way, and it was intended that their religious affinities would gradually be converted to the Gelug. Many of our major and minor figures had given their approval for this and even made pleas (for this policy). If this was going to serve the interests of our [Gelugpa] school, it would most likely be good to have a unified school. However, to have a unified school would be beneficial neither to our own school nor to the others. In the long run it would come to: 'Whatever one does, the results of that action will ripen'. Therefore this was a gross policy that needed to be renounced, because there was little purpose in it: no conversion of the schools should be undertaken and no hat style to be changed; the bad example of the big schools preventing the small ones from recruiting new monks was to be discouraged."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="With_the_Kagyü_and_Bön"><span id="With_the_Kagy.C3.BC_and_B.C3.B6n"></span>With the Kagyü and Bön</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: With the Kagyü and Bön"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1674, the 5th Dalai Lama met with 10th <a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a> (<i>i.e.</i>, the specific <a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">tulku</a>, or incarnate <a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">lama</a> who heads the <a href="/wiki/Karma_Kagyu" title="Karma Kagyu">Karma Kagyu</a> school) <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6ying_Dorje" class="mw-redirect" title="Chöying Dorje">Chöying Dorje</a> (1604–1674) at the <a href="/wiki/Potala" class="mw-redirect" title="Potala">Potala</a>. This mutual gesture of "reconciliation" was reportedly "welcomed by both parties after the many conflicts and misunderstandings between 1612 and 1642".<sup id="cite_ref-IIAS_16-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIAS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the 5th Dalai Lama issued the edict to appoint <a href="/wiki/Sangye_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangye Gyatso">Sangye Gyatso</a> as his Desi in 1679, in the same edict he also recognised the Yungdrung Bön as Tibet's native religion and describes it as being the "holder of secret mantras ".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="With_the_Jonang">With the Jonang</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: With the Jonang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolpopa%27s_Great_Stupa_at_Jomonang,_Tibet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stupa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dolpopa%27s_Great_Stupa_at_Jomonang%2C_Tibet.jpg/220px-Dolpopa%27s_Great_Stupa_at_Jomonang%2C_Tibet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dolpopa%27s_Great_Stupa_at_Jomonang%2C_Tibet.jpg/330px-Dolpopa%27s_Great_Stupa_at_Jomonang%2C_Tibet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dolpopa%27s_Great_Stupa_at_Jomonang%2C_Tibet.jpg/440px-Dolpopa%27s_Great_Stupa_at_Jomonang%2C_Tibet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3398" data-file-height="2265" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jomonang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jomonang (page does not exist)">Jomonang</a> (<a href="/wiki/U-Tsang" class="mw-redirect" title="U-Tsang">U-Tsang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lhatse" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhatse">Lhatse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>) completed in 1333 by <a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Dolpopa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolpopa">Dolpopa</a> (1292–1361). Courtesy <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jonangfoundation.org">Jonang Foundation</a> © 2007.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are some fairly subtle philosophical differences between the <a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> schools' respective <i><a href="/wiki/Zhentong" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhentong">zhentong</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Rangtong" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangtong">rangtong</a></i> views on voidness.<sup id="cite_ref-Survey_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Survey-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After moving to <a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a> the school's distinct transmission lineages of both <i><a href="/wiki/Zhentong" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhentong">zhentong</a></i> philosophy and Dro <a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a> <a href="/wiki/Completion_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Completion stage">completion stage</a> practices could be preserved and survived intact to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-Lineages_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lineages-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 2001, the current <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> reportedly composed an "Aspiration Prayer for the Flourishing of the Jonang Teachings" entitled in <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཇོ་ནང་པའི་བསྟན་རྒྱས་སྨོན་ལམ་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>Jo-nang pa'i bStan rGyas sMon-lam</i> (which might be called quite strongly worded).<sup id="cite_ref-Flourishing_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flourishing-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Establishing_pluralist_theocracy">Establishing pluralist theocracy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Establishing pluralist theocracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 5th Dalai Lama Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso established a centralized <a href="/wiki/Dual_system_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual system of government">dual system of government</a> under the Gyalwa Rinpoche (<i>i.e.</i>, the institution of the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>) which was divided equally between laymen and monks (both <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelugpa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nyingmapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyingmapa">Nyingmapa</a>). This form of government, with few changes, survived up to modern times. He also revitalized the <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a> <a href="/wiki/Monlam_Prayer_Festival" title="Monlam Prayer Festival">Mönlam</a>, the capital city's New Year Festival,<sup id="cite_ref-Country_p._249_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Country_p._249-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had originally been created by the reformer <a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkhapa</a> in 1409 (CE).<sup id="cite_ref-Berzin_Tsongkhapa_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berzin_Tsongkhapa-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was under Gyatso's rule that the "rule of religion" was finally firmly established "even to the layman, to the nomad, or to the farmer in his fields". This was not the supremacy of the <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> school over <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6n" class="mw-redirect" title="Bön">Bön</a>, or over the other Buddhist schools, but "the dedication of an entire nation to a religious principle".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Foreign relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Fifth Dalai Lama Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso was the first <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> to accept an invitation from an <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">emperor of China</a> to visit the Chinese capital city of <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>.</li> <li>Three separate <a href="/wiki/History_of_European_exploration_in_Tibet" title="History of European exploration in Tibet">expeditions</a> known from European sources to have visited Tibet did so during the 5th Dalai Lama's lifetime; and he met with members of the third of these.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Establishing_relations_with_China">Establishing relations with China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Establishing relations with China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5th_Dalai_Lama_having_an_audience_with_Shunzhi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/5th_Dalai_Lama_having_an_audience_with_Shunzhi.png/220px-5th_Dalai_Lama_having_an_audience_with_Shunzhi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/5th_Dalai_Lama_having_an_audience_with_Shunzhi.png/330px-5th_Dalai_Lama_having_an_audience_with_Shunzhi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/5th_Dalai_Lama_having_an_audience_with_Shunzhi.png/440px-5th_Dalai_Lama_having_an_audience_with_Shunzhi.png 2x" data-file-width="2114" data-file-height="2499" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> painting of the 5th Dalai Lama meeting the <a href="/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor" title="Shunzhi Emperor">Shunzhi Emperor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, 1653.</figcaption></figure><p>The 5th Dalai Lama's official visit, as an independent head of state, to Beijing in 1653 should be understood in the context of the prior relationship which existed between China and Tibet. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="History_of_mutual_independence">History of mutual independence</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: History of mutual independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Earlier invitations to visit the <a href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchu</a> court in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> had been turned down by both <a href="/wiki/3rd_Dalai_Lama" title="3rd Dalai Lama">3rd Dalai Lama</a> Sonam Gyatso and <a href="/wiki/4th_Dalai_Lama" title="4th Dalai Lama">4th Dalai Lama</a> Yonten Gyatso.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryant_1_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryant_1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analyzing the Ming emperors' repeated invitations of Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">lamas</a> from various schools, contemporary Buddhist scholar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berzin_(scholar)" title="Alexander Berzin (scholar)">Alexander Berzin</a> says that "requests by the Ming emperors for Tibetan lamas to visit China and the freedom the lamas exercised in responding to these requests, characterize the Sino Tibetan relationship at this time as one of mutual independence."<sup id="cite_ref-Berzin_Ming_Policy_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berzin_Ming_Policy-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Diplomatic_envoy_to_Beijing">Diplomatic envoy to Beijing</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Diplomatic envoy to Beijing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fifth Dalai Lama Lobsang Gyatso established diplomatic relations with the second emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, accepting the <a href="/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor" title="Shunzhi Emperor">Shunzhi Emperor</a>'s 1649 invitation. The Shunzhi Emperor invited him to Beijing instead of Mongolia, following the advice of his Han advisors over the suggestion by his Manchu advisors.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 5th Dalai Lama set out from <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a> in 1652 accompanied by 3,000 men. The journey to <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> took nine months. Lobsang Gyatso and his entourage spent two months in the yellow palace which had been especially constructed by the emperor in order to house him. </p><p>The Shunzhi Emperor, who was only 14 years old (13 by Western reckoning) at the time, first met the Dalai Lama in January 1653, honouring him with two grand imperial receptions.<sup id="cite_ref-IIAS_16-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIAS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians claim that the emperor treated the Dalai Lama as an equal<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others dispute this claim.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emperor gave Gyatso a parting gift of an elaborate gold <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">seal</a> reading "Dalai Lama, Overseer of the Buddhist Faith on Earth Under the Great Benevolent Self-subsisting Buddha of the Western Paradise".<sup id="cite_ref-Berzin_Ming_Policy_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berzin_Ming_Policy-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the Fifth Dalai Lama did not accept it. He wrote that after he left Beijing on his way back to Tibet, "the emperor made his men bring a golden seal for me" but "The Tibetan version of the inscription of the seal was translated by a Mongolian translator but was not a good translation." Furthermore, when he arrived back in Tibet, he discarded the emperor's famous golden seal and made a new one for important Tibetan state usage, writing in his autobiography: "Leaving out the Chinese characters that were on the seal given by the emperor, a new seal was carved for stamping documents that dealt with territorial issues. The first imprint of the seal was offered with prayers to the image of Lokeshvara ...".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The event is described in <a href="/wiki/Samten_Karmay" title="Samten Karmay">Samten Karmay</a>'s account as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Just a few days before his departure for Tibet, a gold seal with a gold plaque engraved with a decree were hastily sent to him from Peking. The imperial functionaries had not dared present the seal in front of the Emperor to the Dalai Lama while he was officially visiting Peking as head of state of a foreign country. Since the seal was offered to the Dalai Lama with no particular form of protocol, he attached little importance to it. He simply remarks in his autobiography that the Tibetan translation of the title engraved on the seal was very poor. The seal, however, is currently exploited by the Chinese authorities for propaganda purposes to justify their policy towards Tibet."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The White Dagoba at <a href="/wiki/Beihai_Park" title="Beihai Park">Beihai Park</a> was constructed to honour his visit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_missionaries_in_Tibet">European missionaries in Tibet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: European missionaries in Tibet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_European_exploration_in_Tibet" title="History of European exploration in Tibet">History of European exploration in Tibet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kircher_Dalai_Lama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Kircher_Dalai_Lama.jpg/220px-Kircher_Dalai_Lama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Kircher_Dalai_Lama.jpg/330px-Kircher_Dalai_Lama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Kircher_Dalai_Lama.jpg/440px-Kircher_Dalai_Lama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Contemporary Western <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a> of 5th Dalai Lama, figure XIX, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> caption translates "The figure of the great Lama, or the Eternal Father". Bust caption for figure XX translates "The late king Han of Tanguth is worshipped with divine honors"; thus more likely depicts <a href="/wiki/Altan_Khan" title="Altan Khan">Altan Khan</a> of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Tümed">Tümed</a> than <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCshi_Khan" title="Güshi Khan">Güshi Khan</a>. Based on reports by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Grueber" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Grueber">Johannes Grueber</a> of his 1661 visit to <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher" title="Athanasius Kircher">A. Kircher</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/China_Illustrata" title="China Illustrata">China Illustrata</a></i>, 1667.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first documented Europeans to arrive in Tibet may have been the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> missionaries, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Andrade" title="António de Andrade">António de Andrade</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Marques_(Guge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Marques (Guge) (page does not exist)">Manuel Marques</a> who did so in either July or August 1624, when the 5th Dalai Lama would have been about seven or eight years old. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Jesuit_missions_in_Tibet">Jesuit missions in Tibet</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Jesuit missions in Tibet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the first two <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> mission churches to be established in Tibet followed in direct result of Andrade and Marques' 1624 visit, neither would remain to see the 1642 enthronement of 5th Dalai Lama Lobsang Gyatso at <a href="/wiki/Samdruptse" class="mw-redirect" title="Samdruptse">Samdruptse</a> castle in <a href="/wiki/Shigatse" title="Shigatse">Shigatse</a><sup id="cite_ref-IIAS_16-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIAS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the temporal ruler of Tibet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="First_Jesuit_mission_at_Tsaparang">First Jesuit mission at Tsaparang</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: First Jesuit mission at Tsaparang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Andrade and Marques were reportedly welcomed warmly by the King and Queen of <a href="/wiki/Guge" title="Guge">Guge</a>, becoming the first documented Europeans to enter Tibet. Staying in Tibet for only a month, Andrade and Marques would return to <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> by November 1624 to organize a mission trip for the following year. In 1625, with the full support of the King and Queen of Guge, Andrade and Marques established a permanent mission at <a href="/wiki/Tsaparang" title="Tsaparang">Tsaparang</a>, in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garuda_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garuda Valley (page does not exist)">Garuda Valley</a> of western Tibet's <a href="/wiki/Ngari_Prefecture" title="Ngari Prefecture">Ngari</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-MacGregor_1_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacGregor_1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Second_Jesuit_mission_at_Shigatse">Second Jesuit mission at Shigatse</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Second Jesuit mission at Shigatse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On Andrade's advice, a second Jesuit mission was dispatched to southern Tibet from India in 1627. The Portuguese missionaries <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Cabral" title="João Cabral">João Cabral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_Cacella" title="Estêvão Cacella">Estêvão Cacella</a> were reportedly welcomed at <a href="/wiki/Shigatse" title="Shigatse">Shigatse</a> by the King of <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang" title="Ü-Tsang">Ü-Tsang</a>, and Cabral and Cacella established their mission there in 1628.<sup id="cite_ref-MacGregor_2_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacGregor_2-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cabral and Cacella provided the first information to reach the West about the mystical country of <a href="/wiki/Shambhala" title="Shambhala">Shambhala</a> (which they transcribed as "Xembala") in their reports back to India.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernbaum_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernbaum-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Evacuation_of_Jesuit_missions">Evacuation of Jesuit missions</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Evacuation of Jesuit missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both of the Portuguese missions were evacuated in 1635 after becoming embroiled in the power struggles for control of Tibet at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would be twenty-five years before the next documented Europeans visited Tibet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Third_Jesuit_expedition">Third Jesuit expedition</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Third Jesuit expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Europeans to meet a Dalai Lama were probably the two Jesuits, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Grueber" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Grueber">Johannes Grueber</a> of Austria and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Dorville" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Dorville">Albert Dorville</a> (D’Orville). In 1661, Grueber and D'Orville travelled through <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a> on their way from <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> to <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> on an Imperial Passport.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is this expedition from which another jesuit priest <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher" title="Athanasius Kircher">Athanasius Kircher</a>'s 1667 engraving in <i><a href="/wiki/China_Illustrata" title="China Illustrata">China Illustrata</a></i> (purported to depict 5th Dalai Lama Lobsang Gyatso) is derived, based on expedition journals and charts left to him by Grueber.<sup id="cite_ref-Grueber_1_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grueber_1-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_succession">Death and succession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Death and succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_of_Ethnology_Vienna_002.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Museum_of_Ethnology_Vienna_002.JPG/220px-Museum_of_Ethnology_Vienna_002.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Museum_of_Ethnology_Vienna_002.JPG/330px-Museum_of_Ethnology_Vienna_002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Museum_of_Ethnology_Vienna_002.JPG/440px-Museum_of_Ethnology_Vienna_002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1502" data-file-height="1127" /></a><figcaption>Statue portrait of 5th Dalai Lama. <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, 19th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>The death of the Fifth Dalai Lama in 1682 at the age of 65 was kept hidden until 1696 by <a href="/wiki/Desi_Sangye_Gyatso" title="Desi Sangye Gyatso">Desi Sangye Gyatso</a>, his Prime Minister, and, according to persistent rumours, his son, whom he had appointed in 1679.<sup id="cite_ref-Country_p._249_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Country_p._249-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was done so that the Potala Palace could be finished and to prevent Tibet's neighbors taking advantage of an interregnum in the succession of the Dalai Lamas.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Desi Sangay Gyatso also served as regent until the assumption of power by the <a href="/wiki/Tsangyang_Gyatso,_6th_Dalai_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsangyang Gyatso, 6th Dalai Lama">Sixth Dalai Lama</a>. </p> <dl><dd>"In order to complete the Potala Palace, <i>Desi</i> Sangye Gyatso carried out the wishes of the Fifth Dalai Lama and kept his death a secret for fifteen years. People were told that the Great Fifth was continuing his long retreat. Meals were taken to his chamber and on important occasions the Dalai Lama's ceremonial gown was placed on the throne. However, when Mongol princes insisted on having an audience, an old monk called Depa Deyab of <a href="/wiki/Namgyal_Monastery" title="Namgyal Monastery">Namgyal monastery</a>, who resembled the Dalai Lama, was hired to pose in his place. He wore a hat and an eye shade to conceal the fact that he lacked the Dalai Lama's piercing eyes. The <i>Desi</i> managed to maintain this charade till he heard that a boy in Mon exhibited remarkable abilities. He sent his trusted attendants to the area and, in 1688, the boy [the future 6th Dalai Lama] was brought to Nankartse near lake Yardog Yutsho in the south. There he was educated by teachers appointed by the <i>Desi</i> until 1697...."<sup id="cite_ref-Samphel_2_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samphel_2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 17th-century Tibet, after centuries of bitter rivalry the Gelug superseded the older sects as the country's pre-eminent religious-political power.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bitterness and controversial accusations from heirs of older sects, who lost power and prestige, still persist today.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elliot Sperling notes that the "standard image" of the Dalai Lamas as "Nobel Peace Prize laureate[s]" is a contemporary perception, referring to the 5th Dalai Lama's involvement in military action to establish and maintain the worldly power of the Dalai Lamas. <sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="His_writings">His writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: His writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lobsang Gyatso was a prolific writer and respected scholar, who wrote in a free style which allowed him to frankly – and sometimes, ironically – express his own deepest feelings and independent interpretations.<sup id="cite_ref-IIAS_16-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIAS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His canonical works total 24 volumes, in all.<sup id="cite_ref-Concerning_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Concerning-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1291431-1-Urkunde_des_5._Dalai_Lama_Dieter_Schuh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/1291431-1-Urkunde_des_5._Dalai_Lama_Dieter_Schuh.jpg/220px-1291431-1-Urkunde_des_5._Dalai_Lama_Dieter_Schuh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/1291431-1-Urkunde_des_5._Dalai_Lama_Dieter_Schuh.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Legal document showing traditional application of two of the 5th Dalai Lama's official <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">seals</a>, 1676 (CE).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autobiography">Autobiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Autobiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lobsang Gyatso left an autobiography – entitled in <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཟ་ཧོར་གྱི་བན་དེ་ངག་དབང་བློ་བཟང་རྒྱ་མཚོའི་འདི་སྣང་འཁྲུལ་བའི་རོལ་རྩེད་རྟོགས་བརྗོད་ཀྱི་ཚུལ་དུ་བཀོད་པ་དུ་ཀུ་ལའི་གོས་བཟང་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>Za hor gyi ban de ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtsho'i 'di snang 'khrul ba'i rol rtsed rtogs brjod kyi tshul du bkod pa du ku la'i gos bzang</i><sup id="cite_ref-McCune_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCune-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – but far more commonly referred to simply as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dukulai_Gosang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dukulai Gosang (page does not exist)">Dukulai Gosang</a></i> – in which, according to <a href="/wiki/Samten_Gyaltsen_Karmay" class="mw-redirect" title="Samten Gyaltsen Karmay">Samten Gyaltsen Karmay</a>, he wrote: </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>The official Tsawa Kachu of the Ganden Palace showed me statues and rosaries (that belonged to the Fourth Dalai Lama and other lamas), but I was unable to distinguish between them! When he left the room I heard him tell the people outside that I had successfully passed the tests. Later, when he became my tutor, he would often admonish me and say: "You must work hard, since you were unable to recognize the objects!"<sup id="cite_ref-IIAS_16-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIAS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Despite what he wrote above himself later in life, three different English-language histories attest that he was subjected to an earlier object-recognition test, in 1619, when <a href="/wiki/Sonam_Rapten" title="Sonam Rapten">Sonam Rapten</a>, the Chandzeu, went to his family home at Chonggye in great secrecy (since the king had banned the search for the Trulku) to confirm information he had received about the boy. He took with him a number of the late Yonten Gyatsho's personal belongings (specifically, the Fourth Dalai Lama's personal samta boards, vajra, bell and porcelain bowls all mixed with identical items belonging to others) to submit the less-than two year old candidate to a private recognition test, presumably in front of his family, which the boy passed without any difficulty. It is supposed that everyone present was sworn to secrecy, and that the Dalai Lama did not refer to this test in his autobiography because it occurred when he was not more than two years old and he would have forgotten about it.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This autobiography has been a rich source of information for research on this period of Tibetan history by scholars and writers. ‘<i>Dukula</i>’ affords a detailed and objective account of daily events in the author's life which permits the reader to envision a panoramic view of Lhasan and Tibetan society through most of the 17th century. By 1681 Lobsang Gyatso personally wrote three volumes and his last Regent Desi <a href="/wiki/Sangye_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangye Gyatso">Sangye Gyatso</a> added another two after his master's death in 1682. These 5 volumes "represent the most important – in both size and content – document of Tibetan autobiographical literature in existence, since they include the memories of two of the greatest statesmen of Tibet".<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also wrote in his autobiography that "When I finished the <i>Oral teachings of Manjushri</i> [in 1658], I had to leave the ranks of the Gelug. Today [in 1674], having completed the <i>Oral teachings of the Knowledge-holders</i>, I will probably have to withdraw from the Nyingma ranks as well!"<sup id="cite_ref-IIAS_16-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIAS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_texts">Religious texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Religious texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Thukdrup Yang Nying Kundü</i><sup id="cite_ref-RS_TYNK_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RS_TYNK-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "Union of All Innermost Essences" (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཐུགས་སྒྲུབ་ཡང་སྙིང་ཀུན་འདུས་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>thugs sgrub yang snying kun 'dus</i>) <i><a href="/wiki/Sadhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhana">sadhana</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a>'s Eight Manifestations<sup id="cite_ref-RS-EM_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RS-EM-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> comes from a "pure vision"<sup id="cite_ref-RS-PV_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RS-PV-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">དག་སྣང་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>dag snang</i>) <i><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">terma</a></i> of the 5th Dalai Lama. It is contained in his <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangwa_Gyachen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sangwa Gyachen (page does not exist)">Sangwa Gyachen</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-RS-SG_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RS-SG-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">གསང་བ་རྒྱ་ཅན་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>gsang ba rgya can</i>). (Both the <i><a href="/wiki/Sadhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhana">sadhana</a></i> and its related empowerment texts were arranged by <a href="/wiki/Jamyang_Khyentse_Wangpo" title="Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo">Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_texts">Historical texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Historical texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 5th Dalai Lama "enthusiastically" wrote <a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Tibet_by_the_Fifth_Dalai_Lama_of_Tibet" title="A History of Tibet by the Fifth Dalai Lama of Tibet">a detailed history of Tibet</a> at the request of <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCshi_Khan" title="Güshi Khan">Güshi Khan</a> in 1643.<sup id="cite_ref-IIAS_16-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIAS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sperling refers to the conflict with Tsangpa Desi in 1638/39, and the Mongol Gusri Qan's military intervention in 1640/41; and to a rebellion in Tsang in early 1660. With respect to the 1660 rebellion, Sperling quotes an invocative prayer by the 5th Dalai Lama, which he interprets as "a clear determination to unleash severe military retribution against those who had risen against his authority." In fact, the passage quoted was merely an invocation prayer to a spirit to subdue two treasonous Gelugpa officers, Depa Norbu and Gonashakpa Ngodrub, who had absconded from their posts in Lhasa, seized the castle at Shigatse and tried to foment a rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-sk416_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sk416-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Tibetan translator of the 5th Dalai Lama's autobiography <a href="/wiki/Samten_Karmay" title="Samten Karmay">Samten Karmay</a> confirmed the correct context in 2016, Sperling admitted his mistake and added a note to 'Note 5' of his essay to explain. The note says: 'Note by Elliot Sperling, Feb. 4, 2016: "Rather than indicating military action, as the original article mistakenly implied, the missive from the 5th Dalai Lama was addressed to a protector deity and sought the punishments that are mentioned therein via divine means. I’m grateful to Samten Karmay for pointing this out and to Sean Jones for spurring further inquiry. ES'"<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gangchen Khishong, <i> Tibet and Manchu: An Assessment of Tibet-Manchu Relations in Five Phases of Historical Development</i>. Dharmsala: Narthang Press, 2001, p.1-70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karmay 2014, pp.39–41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell 1946, p.43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karmay 2014, p.43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalai_Lamas_List-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dalai_Lamas_List_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalai_Lamas_List_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalai_Lamas_List_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalai_Lamas_List_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalai_Lamas_List_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGyatso" class="citation web cs1">Gyatso, Tenzin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130202012132/http://www.dalailama.com/biography/the-dalai-lamas">"The Dalai Lamas"</a>. Dharamsala, India: Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dalailama.com/biography/the-dalai-lamas">the original</a> on 2 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dalai+Lamas&rft.place=Dharamsala%2C+India&rft.pub=Office+of+His+Holiness+the+Dalai+Lama&rft.aulast=Gyatso&rft.aufirst=Tenzin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdalailama.com%2Fbiography%2Fthe-dalai-lamas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berzin_Early-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berzin_Early_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berzin_Early_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerzin1996" class="citation web cs1">Berzin, Alexander (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://studybuddhism.com/web/en/archives/study/history_buddhism/buddhism_tibet/details_tibetan_history/history_early_period_buddhism_tibet/Part_1.html">"The History of the Early Period of Buddhism and Bon in Tibet"</a>. <i>The Historical Interaction between the Buddhist and Islamic Cultures before the Mongol Empire</i>. Study Buddhism<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2016</span>. <q>With Tibet conceived as a demoness lying on her back and locations for the temples carefully selected according to the rules of Chinese acupuncture applied to the body of the demoness, Songtsen-gampo hoped to neutralize any opposition to his rule from local malevolent spirits. Of the thirteen Buddhist temples, the major one was constructed eighty miles from the imperial capital, at the site that later became known as "Lhasa" (Lha-sa, The Place of the Gods). At the time, it was called "Rasa" (Ra-sa, The Place of the Goats). Western scholars speculate that the Emperor was persuaded to avoid building the temple at the capital so as not to offend the traditional gods.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Interaction+between+the+Buddhist+and+Islamic+Cultures+before+the+Mongol+Empire&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+Early+Period+of+Buddhism+and+Bon+in+Tibet&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Berzin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstudybuddhism.com%2Fweb%2Fen%2Farchives%2Fstudy%2Fhistory_buddhism%2Fbuddhism_tibet%2Fdetails_tibetan_history%2Fhistory_early_period_buddhism_tibet%2FPart_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karmay 2014, p.41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shakabpa 2010, p.327 et seq.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karmay 2014, p.42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kar09506-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kar09506_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kar09506_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kar09506_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karmay 2009, p.506</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karmay 2014, p.39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karmay 2014, p.9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karmay 2014, p.40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berzin_Rinpung-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berzin_Rinpung_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerzin" class="citation web cs1">Berzin, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://studybuddhism.com/web/en/archives/e-books/unpublished_manuscripts/survey_tibetan_history/chapter_4.html">"A Survey of Tibetan History, Chapter 4"</a>. <i>Reading notes taken by Alexander Berzin from Tsepon, W. D. Shakabpa, Tibet: A Political History. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1967</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2016</span>. <q><a href="/wiki/Gongma_Drakpa_Gyaltsen" title="Gongma Drakpa Gyaltsen">Dragpa-gyeltsen</a> died in 1432, and the ensuing conflict between his nephews for control of Sakya signaled, in 1434, the beginning of the collapse of the Pagmodru hegemony. This year marked the end of the peaceful period in Central Tibet that had started during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tai_Situ_Changchub_Gyaltsen" title="Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen">Jangchub-gyeltsen</a>. It was followed by a century-long power struggle between the <a href="/wiki/Phagmodrupa_dynasty" title="Phagmodrupa dynasty">Pagmodru</a> faction, backed by the Gelugpas, in U Province and the <a href="/wiki/Rinpungpa" title="Rinpungpa">Rinpung</a> faction, backed by the Karma Kagyupas, in Tsang Province. Under the Pagmodru Prime Minister Dragpa-gyeltsen, Namka-gyeltsen (Nam-mkha' rgyal-mtshan) had administered the Rinpung and Sakya districts in the Tsang Province of Central Tibet. As was customary, he took the family name Rinpung (Rin-spungs). In 1435, the Rinpung family conquered Shigatse (gZhis-ka-rtse), also in Tsang Province, under the leadership of Dondrub-dorjey (Don-grub rdo-rje). Eventually, much of Tsang allied with the Rinpung family.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reading+notes+taken+by+Alexander+Berzin+from+Tsepon%2C+W.+D.+Shakabpa%2C+Tibet%3A+A+Political+History.+New+Haven%2C+Yale+University+Press%2C+1967&rft.atitle=A+Survey+of+Tibetan+History%2C+Chapter+4&rft.aulast=Berzin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstudybuddhism.com%2Fweb%2Fen%2Farchives%2Fe-books%2Funpublished_manuscripts%2Fsurvey_tibetan_history%2Fchapter_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berzin_Tsang-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berzin_Tsang_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerzin" class="citation web cs1">Berzin, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://studybuddhism.com/web/en/archives/e-books/unpublished_manuscripts/survey_tibetan_history/chapter_4.html">"A Survey of Tibetan History: Chapter 4"</a>. <i>Reading notes taken by Alexander Berzin from Tsepon, W. D. Shakabpa, Tibet: A Political History. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1967</i>. Berlin, Germany<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2016</span>. <q>The Tumed Mongols ruled in the Ordos region of what later became 'Inner Mongolia.' They gradually extended their domain into northeastern Amdo, since the local Tibetan overlords were involved in squabbles among themselves. Meanwhile, in Central Tibet, the Rinpung rulers continued in power in Tsang. In 1548, the Rinpung Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ngawang_Namgyal_(Rinpungpa)" title="Ngawang Namgyal (Rinpungpa)">Ngawang Namgyel</a> appointed Tseten Dorje as Governor of Tsang at Shigatse. Starting in 1557, Tseten Dorje rebelled against the Rinpung authorities, overthrowing them and declaring himself King of Tsang in 1565. Gradually, he took over most of Tsang and eventually U as well. Thus began the <a href="/wiki/Tsangpa" title="Tsangpa">Tsang hegemony</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reading+notes+taken+by+Alexander+Berzin+from+Tsepon%2C+W.+D.+Shakabpa%2C+Tibet%3A+A+Political+History.+New+Haven%2C+Yale+University+Press%2C+1967&rft.atitle=A+Survey+of+Tibetan+History%3A+Chapter+4&rft.aulast=Berzin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstudybuddhism.com%2Fweb%2Fen%2Farchives%2Fe-books%2Funpublished_manuscripts%2Fsurvey_tibetan_history%2Fchapter_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IIAS-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IIAS_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIAS_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIAS_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIAS_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIAS_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIAS_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIAS_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIAS_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIAS_16-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIAS_16-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIAS_16-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIAS_16-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIAS_16-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIAS_16-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIAS_16-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIAS_16-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIAS_16-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIAS_16-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIAS_16-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIAS_16-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIAS_16-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIAS_16-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIAS_16-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIAS_16-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karmay, 2009, pp. 504-517</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doughball-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-doughball_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTseten1995" class="citation web cs1">Tseten, Dorjee (March–April 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080504030221/http://www.tibet.com/buddhism/divination.html">"Tibetan Art of Divination"</a>. <i>Tibetan Bulletin</i>. The Office of Tibet. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tibet.com/buddhism/divination.html">the original</a> on 2008-05-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-28</span></span>. <q>Doughball Divination: This method is practised mainly in the monasteries or by individual lamas when an important decisions needs to be made, such as in the search for the reincarnation of very high lamas. A number of possible answers to the enquiry, such as the names of likely candidates for a reincarnation, are written on slips of paper. These are then encased in equal sized balls of dough. Great care is taken to weigh the dough balls to ensure that they are exactly the same size. The doughballs are then placed in a bowl, which is carefully sealed and placed in front of a sacred object, such as the Jowo statue in the main temple in Lhasa, images of Dharma protectors or the funerary monuments of great lamas, requesting their inspiration in deciding the outcome. For a period of three days monks remain in the temple reciting prayers day and night. During that time no one is allowed to touch the bowl. On the fourth day, before all those present the cover of the bowl is removed. A prominent lama rolls the doughballs round in the bowl before the sacred object until one of them falls out. That is the ball containing the answer.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tibetan+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Tibetan+Art+of+Divination&rft.date=1995-03%2F1995-04&rft.aulast=Tseten&rft.aufirst=Dorjee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tibet.com%2Fbuddhism%2Fdivination.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mullin 2001, pp.190–191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karmay 2014, p.365 (date of death)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karmay 2014, p.51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-K888-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-K888_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-K888_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karmay 1988, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karmay 2014, p.62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mull174-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mull174_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mull174_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mullin 2001, p.174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tjnorbu121-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tjnorbu121_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tjnorbu121_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tibet is My Country: Autobiography of <a href="/wiki/Thubten_Jigme_Norbu" title="Thubten Jigme Norbu">Thubten Jigme Norbu</a>, Brother of the Dalai Lama as told to <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Harrer" title="Heinrich Harrer">Heinrich Harrer</a></i>, p. 121. First published in German in 1960. English translation by Edward Fitzgerald, published 1960. Reprint, with updated new chapter, (1986): Wisdom Publications, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-045-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-045-2">0-86171-045-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richardson 1984, p.54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mull205-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mull205_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mull205_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mullin 2001, p.205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Institution of the Dalai Lama", by R. N. Rahul Sheel in <i>The Tibet Journal</i>, Vol. XIV No. 3. Autumn 1989, p. 32, n. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richardson 1984, pp.54–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Country_p._249-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Country_p._249_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Country_p._249_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Country_p._249_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tibet is My Country: Autobiography of Thubten Jigme Norbu, Brother of the Dalai Lama as told to Heinrich Harrer</i>, p. 249. English translation by Edward Fitzgerald, published 1960. Reprint, with updated new chapter, (1986): Wisdom Publications, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-045-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-045-2">0-86171-045-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stein, R. A. (1972). <i>Tibetan Civilization</i>, pp. 171–172. Stanford University Press, Stanford California. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-0806-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-0806-1">0-8047-0806-1</a> (cloth); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-0901-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-0901-7">0-8047-0901-7</a> (paper).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karmay 2014, pp. 200, 215 and 355 (Dukula 264, 284 and 479)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald M. Davidson, <i>Tibet</i>. In: Robert M. Buswell (ed.), <i>Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i>, p.856</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElverskog2011" class="citation book cs1">Elverskog, Johan (6 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N7_4Gr9Q438C&pg=PA223"><i>Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 223–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0531-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0531-2"><bdi>978-0-8122-0531-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+Islam+on+the+Silk+Road&rft.pages=223-&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011-06-06&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0531-2&rft.aulast=Elverskog&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN7_4Gr9Q438C%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richardson,_Hugh_E._1984_p._42-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson,_Hugh_E._1984_p._42_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson,_Hugh_E._1984_p._42_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richardson, Hugh E. (1984). <i>Tibet and its History</i>. Second Edition, Revised and Updated, p. 42. Shambhala. Boston & London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87773-376-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87773-376-7">0-87773-376-7</a>.(pbk)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laird, Thomas. (2006). <i>The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama</i>, pp. 158–162. Grove Press, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1827-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1827-1">978-0-8021-1827-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richardson,_Hugh_E" class="mw-redirect" title="Richardson, Hugh E">Richardson, Hugh E</a>. (1984). <i>Tibet and its History</i>. Second Edition, Revised and Updated, p. 42. Shambhala. Boston & London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87773-376-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87773-376-7">0-87773-376-7</a>.(pbk)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmad-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad1968" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmad, Zahiruddin (1968). "New light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal war of 1679—1684". <i>East and West</i>. <b>18</b> (3/4): 340–361. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29755343">29755343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+and+West&rft.atitle=New+light+on+the+Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal+war+of+1679%E2%80%941684&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=340-361&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29755343%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Zahiruddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laird, Thomas. (2006). <i>The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama</i>, p. 161. Grove Press, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1827-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1827-1">978-0-8021-1827-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laird, Thomas. (2006). <i>The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama</i>, pp. 175. Grove Press, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1827-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1827-1">978-0-8021-1827-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stein,_R._A._1962_p._84-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stein,_R._A._1962_p._84_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stein,_R._A._1962_p._84_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stein, R. A. <i>Tibetan Civilization</i> (1962). Translated into English with minor revisions by the author. 1st English edition by Faber & Faber, London (1972). Reprint: Stanford University Press (1972), p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samphel_2-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Samphel_2_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samphel_2_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Dalai Lamas of Tibet</i>, pp. 93–94. Thubten Samphel and Tendar. Roli & Janssen, New Delhi. (2004). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7436-085-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-7436-085-9">81-7436-085-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prince Peter of Greece and Denmark. (1979). "Tibetan Oracles." <i>The Tibet Journal</i>, Vol. IV, No. 2, Summer 1979, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724094743/http://www.nechung.org/monastery.shtml">"Nechung Temple – Nechung Monastery"</a>. Nechung.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nechung.org/monastery.shtml">the original</a> on 2013-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nechung+Temple+%E2%80%93+Nechung+Monastery&rft.pub=Nechung.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nechung.org%2Fmonastery.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Autobiography-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Autobiography_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Autobiography_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Autobiography_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Autobiography_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Autobiography_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGyatso1682" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gyatso, Ngawang Lobsang (1682). <i>Autobiography: Dukulai Gosang (Wylie: Du-ku La'i gos-bzang, Autobiography)</i> (pecha) (in Tibetan). Vol. Kha (II) (Lhasa ed.). pp. Folio 157.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autobiography%3A+Dukulai+Gosang+%28Wylie%3A+Du-ku+La%27i+gos-bzang%2C+Autobiography%29&rft.pages=Folio+157&rft.edition=Lhasa&rft.date=1682&rft.aulast=Gyatso&rft.aufirst=Ngawang+Lobsang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Concerning-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Concerning_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Concerning_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Concerning_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGyatso1997" class="citation web cs1">Gyatso, Tenzin (October 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091215071514/http://www.dalailama.com/messages/dolgyal-shugden/speeches-by-his-holiness/dharamsala-teaching">"Concerning Dolgyal with Reference to the Views of Past Masters and Other Related Matters"</a>. Dharamsala, India: Office of His Holiness, the Fourteenth Dalai Lama of Tibet. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dalailama.com/messages/dolgyal-shugden/speeches-by-his-holiness/dharamsala-teaching">the original</a> on 2009-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concerning+Dolgyal+with+Reference+to+the+Views+of+Past+Masters+and+Other+Related+Matters&rft.place=Dharamsala%2C+India&rft.pub=Office+of+His+Holiness%2C+the+Fourteenth+Dalai+Lama+of+Tibet&rft.date=1997-10&rft.aulast=Gyatso&rft.aufirst=Tenzin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdalailama.com%2Fmessages%2Fdolgyal-shugden%2Fspeeches-by-his-holiness%2Fdharamsala-teaching&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GD_1-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GD_1_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GD_1_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreyfus1999" class="citation web cs1">Dreyfus, Georges (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116143448/http://dalailama.com/messages/dolgyal-shugden/ganden-tripa/the-shugden-affair-i">"The Shugden Affair: Origins of a Controversy. Part I."</a> Williams College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dalailama.com/messages/dolgyal-shugden/ganden-tripa/the-shugden-affair-i">the original</a> on 16 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Shugden+Affair%3A+Origins+of+a+Controversy.+Part+I.&rft.pub=Williams+College&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Dreyfus&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdalailama.com%2Fmessages%2Fdolgyal-shugden%2Fganden-tripa%2Fthe-shugden-affair-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mumford-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mumford_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMumford1989" class="citation book cs1">Mumford, Stan Royal (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfBMPREWdnQC&q=264&pg=PA264"><i>Himalayan Dialogue: Tibetan Lamas and Gurung Shamans in Nepal</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-11984-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-11984-3"><bdi>978-0-299-11984-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2013</span>. <q>Protect the Dharma in general, and in particular the Sakyapas. I praise you, who have agreed to be the Srungma of the Sakyapas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Himalayan+Dialogue%3A+Tibetan+Lamas+and+Gurung+Shamans+in+Nepal&rft.place=Madison%2C+WI&rft.pages=264&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-299-11984-3&rft.aulast=Mumford&rft.aufirst=Stan+Royal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkfBMPREWdnQC%26q%3D264%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GD_I-A-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GD_I-A_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreyfus1999" class="citation web cs1">Dreyfus, Georges (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116143448/http://dalailama.com/messages/dolgyal-shugden/ganden-tripa/the-shugden-affair-i">"The Shugden Affair: Origins of a Controversy. Part I."</a> Williams College. p. 13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dalailama.com/messages/dolgyal-shugden/ganden-tripa/the-shugden-affair-i">the original</a> on 16 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2013</span>. <q>The regional connection with Southern Tibet and the sectarian link with the Sa‐gya tradition are further confirmed by Stanley Mumford's anthropological description of the propitiation of Shuk‐den in the Himalayan region. In his study of the religious life in the remote village of Tsap in Nepal, Mumford describes the practice of Shuk‐den as a Sa‐gya practice well established among the Tibetans of the region. In a small text used for this practice Shuk‐den is presented as a worldly protector in charge of bestowing wealth, food, life and good fortune, of protecting the dharma, preventing its destruction, and of repelling the external and internal enemies of the ten regions. Finally, Shuk‐den is invoked as a special protector of the Sa‐gya tradition: 'Protect the dharma in general, and in particular the Sakyapas. I praise you, who have agreed to be the Srungma of the Sakyapas'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Shugden+Affair%3A+Origins+of+a+Controversy.+Part+I.&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Williams+College&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Dreyfus&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdalailama.com%2Fmessages%2Fdolgyal-shugden%2Fganden-tripa%2Fthe-shugden-affair-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCune-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McCune_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCune_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCune2007" class="citation web cs1">McCune, Lindsay G. (30 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214190452/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04092007-003235/unrestricted/lgm_thesis.pdf">"Tales of Intrigue from Tibet's Holy City: the Historical Underpinnings of a Modern Buddhist Crisis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Master's Thesis</i>. Florida State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04092007-003235/unrestricted/lgm_thesis.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Master%27s+Thesis&rft.atitle=Tales+of+Intrigue+from+Tibet%27s+Holy+City%3A+the+Historical+Underpinnings+of+a+Modern+Buddhist+Crisis&rft.date=2007-03-30&rft.aulast=McCune&rft.aufirst=Lindsay+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetd.lib.fsu.edu%2Ftheses%2Favailable%2Fetd-04092007-003235%2Funrestricted%2Flgm_thesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tibetan_Rulers'_Documents-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tibetan_Rulers'_Documents_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetische_Herrscherurkunden" class="extiw" title="de:Tibetische Herrscherurkunden">de:Tibetische Herrscherurkunden</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fire_puja-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fire_puja_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGyatso1997" class="citation web cs1">Gyatso, Tenzin (October 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091215071514/http://www.dalailama.com/messages/dolgyal-shugden/speeches-by-his-holiness/dharamsala-teaching">"Concerning Dolgyal with Reference to the Views of Past Masters and Other Matters"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dalailama.com/messages/dolgyal-shugden/speeches-by-his-holiness/dharamsala-teaching">the original</a> on 2009-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2013</span>. <q>The so-called Drakpa Gyaltsen pretends to be a sublime being, even though he is not, \ And since this interfering spirit and creature of distorted prayers Is harming everything – both the dharma and sentient beings – \ Do not support, protect or give him shelter, but grind him to dust. \ Having agreed before the root and lineage lama Vajra Dharas \ To increase what is good and beneficial to sentient beings and the dharma, \ If you protect this perfidious spirit, \ Will you not cause your own past pledges to degenerate? \ There are groups of interfering spirits who display inopportune miracles In the form of human sickness, cattle disease, hailstorms, famine and drought. May their power and ability \ Their body, speech and mind be smashed into tiny particles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concerning+Dolgyal+with+Reference+to+the+Views+of+Past+Masters+and+Other+Matters&rft.date=1997-10&rft.aulast=Gyatso&rft.aufirst=Tenzin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdalailama.com%2Fmessages%2Fdolgyal-shugden%2Fspeeches-by-his-holiness%2Fdharamsala-teaching&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GD_II-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GD_II_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GD_II_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreyfus1999" class="citation web cs1">Dreyfus, Georges (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116143516/http://dalailama.com/messages/dolgyal-shugden/ganden-tripa/the-shugden-affair-ii">"The Shugden Affair: Origin of a Controversy, Part II"</a>. Williams College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dalailama.com/messages/dolgyal-shugden/ganden-tripa/the-shugden-affair-ii">the original</a> on 16 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Shugden+Affair%3A+Origin+of+a+Controversy%2C+Part+II&rft.pub=Williams+College&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Dreyfus&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdalailama.com%2Fmessages%2Fdolgyal-shugden%2Fganden-tripa%2Fthe-shugden-affair-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dolgyal-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dolgyal_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGyatso" class="citation web cs1">Gyatso, Tenzin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dalailama.com/messages/dolgyal-shugden">"Dolgyal (Shugden)"</a>. Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dolgyal+%28Shugden%29&rft.pub=Office+of+His+Holiness+the+Dalai+Lama&rft.aulast=Gyatso&rft.aufirst=Tenzin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdalailama.com%2Fmessages%2Fdolgyal-shugden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dalailama.com-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dalailama.com_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pages 471–2 front and back of the Tibetan text of the biography of Phabongkhapa Dechen Nyingpo (1878–1941) composed by his student Denma Losang Dorje and published by the Nyimo Publisher Palden</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tibetische_Siegel-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tibetische_Siegel_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetische_Siegel" class="extiw" title="de:Tibetische Siegel">de:Tibetische Siegel</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Historical_References-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Historical_References_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGyatso" class="citation web cs1">Gyatso, Tenzin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dalailama.com/messages/dolgyal-shugden/historical-references">"Historical References"</a>. Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+References&rft.pub=Office+of+His+Holiness+the+Dalai+Lama&rft.aulast=Gyatso&rft.aufirst=Tenzin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdalailama.com%2Fmessages%2Fdolgyal-shugden%2Fhistorical-references&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laird, Thomas. (2006). <i>The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama</i>, p. 165. Grove Press, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1827-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1827-1">978-0-8021-1827-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Page xxxvi of 'The Words of My Perfect Teacher' (aka Kunzang Lama'i Shelung) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-066449-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-066449-5">0-06-066449-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Bon Children's Home In Dolanji and Polish Aid Foundation For Children of Tibet – NYATRI."<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://nyatri.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=455&Itemid=118">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snellgrove & Richardson 1986, p.179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snellgrove & Richardson 1986, p.180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karmay 2005, 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Living_Tradition-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Living_Tradition_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jonangfoundation.org/living-tradition">"The Living Tradition"</a>. Cambridge, MA: Jonang Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2013</span>. <q>In the year 1650, the 5th Dalai Lama sealed and banned the study of zhentong, prohibiting the printing of Jonang zhentong texts throughout Tibet although Samten Karmay says the Dalai lama did not issue any edict formally banning the Jonang school from Central Tibet. Then in 1658, the 5th Dalai Lama forcibly converted Jonang Takten Damcho Ling (Phuntsok Choling) Monastery into a Geluk Monastery — officially initiating the demise of the Jonangpa in U-Tsang. Although the sphere of Geluk political and military influence reached to the borders of Central Tibet, it did not penetrate the far northeastern domain of Amdo, Tibet. Here, in the remote valleys and vast countrysides of the Dzamthang, Golok and Ngawa regions, the Jonangpa took refuge and made their home.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Living+Tradition&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Jonang+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjonangfoundation.org%2Fliving-tradition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karmay 2014, pp. 3–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karmay 2014, chapters 4 to 31, pp. 46–384</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karmay 2014, p. 269</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karmay 2014, pp. 270</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1998" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Hugh (1998). <i>High Peaks, Pure Earth, Collected Writings on Tibetan History and Culture</i>. Chicago: Serindia Publications. p. 444. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0906026466" title="Special:BookSources/0906026466"><bdi>0906026466</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Peaks%2C+Pure+Earth%2C+Collected+Writings+on+Tibetan+History+and+Culture&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=444&rft.pub=Serindia+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0906026466&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Survey-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Survey_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerzin2006" class="citation web cs1">Berzin, Alexander (April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806140755/http://studybuddhism.com/web/x/nav/group.html_943849830.html">"Brief Survey of Self-Voidness and Other-Voidness Views"</a>. Morelia, Mexico: Study Buddhism. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://studybuddhism.com/web/x/nav/group.html_943849830.html">the original</a> on 6 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2016</span>. <q>I've been asked today to speak a little bit about the two views of voidness, rangtong (rang-stong) and zhentong (gzhan-stong) in Tibetan – that's self-voidness and other-voidness. Self-voidness is short for voidness of a self-establishing nature. Whereas other-voidness is short for voidness of other tainted factors, let's call them, which is referring primarily to other levels of mind.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brief+Survey+of+Self-Voidness+and+Other-Voidness+Views&rft.place=Morelia%2C+Mexico&rft.pub=Study+Buddhism&rft.date=2006-04&rft.aulast=Berzin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstudybuddhism.com%2Fweb%2Fx%2Fnav%2Fgroup.html_943849830.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lineages-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lineages_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jonangfoundation.org/transmission-lineages">"Jonang Transmission Lineages"</a>. Cambridge, MA: Jonang Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2013</span>. <q>Since the Tibetan yogi Kunpang Thukje Tsondru (1243–1313) synthesized 17 transmission lines of the Kalachakra in the mid-13th century, the Jonang tradition has specialized in this unique tantra, its philosophical and cosmological thought, and the ritual life associated with the tantra. According to tradition, in a simultaneous and parallel continuum from the historical Buddha and then on through Maitreyanatha and his disciples is the Great Madhyamaka (dbu ma chen po) meditative tradition and system of sutra zhentong ("shentong," gzhan stong). Synthesizing sutra and tantra, the Jonang luminary Kunkhyen Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen (1292–1361) brought these seemingly disparate systems of Indian Buddhist thought together, intersecting the Kalachakra transmission lineages with the Zhentong Great Madhyamaka. Interpreting sutras by means of tantras and vice versa, Dolpopa's interfusion of the technical tantric vocabulary found within the Kalachakra Tantra with the philosophical language and thinking of Great Madhyamaka consequently redefined the contemplative, intellectual, and literary heritage of the Jonang.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jonang+Transmission+Lineages&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Jonang+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjonangfoundation.org%2Ftransmission-lineages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flourishing-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flourishing_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGyatso2001" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gyatso, Tenzin (23 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130425171030/http://jonangfoundation.org/pdf/translation-prayer-jonang-dalai-lama.pdf">"An Aspiration Prayer for the Flourishing of the Jonang Teachings"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Tibetan and English). Translated by Sheehy, Michael R. Cambridge, MA: Jonang Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jonangfoundation.org/pdf/translation-prayer-jonang-dalai-lama.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2013</span>. <q>The timelessly ultimate residing, stable, enduring \ Enlightened essence is the indivisible ground and fruition. \ This is the way elucidated in the Essence Sutras and the meaning beheld by Nagarjuna. \ May the teachings of the Jonang flourish! \\ Your Middle Way zhentong view of the sutras \ And your practice of the Six Yogas which unfolds the meaning of the tantras \ Are great traditions of explanation that activate the actual dimension of reality. \ May the teachings of the Jonang flourish! \\ Through the great blessings of the sources of refuge, the victor and the victor's children, \ Through the power of the unalterable ultimate nature of reality, \ Through the force of divine virtue, and through our devotion, \ May this aspiration prayer be fulfilled accordingly!</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Aspiration+Prayer+for+the+Flourishing+of+the+Jonang+Teachings&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Jonang+Foundation&rft.date=2001-11-23&rft.aulast=Gyatso&rft.aufirst=Tenzin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjonangfoundation.org%2Fpdf%2Ftranslation-prayer-jonang-dalai-lama.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berzin_Tsongkhapa-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berzin_Tsongkhapa_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerzin2003" class="citation web cs1">Berzin, Alexander (December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://studybuddhism.com/en/tibetan-buddhism/spiritual-teachers/tsongkhapa/the-life-of-tsongkhapa">"Life of Tsongkhapa"</a>. Munich, Germany: Study Buddhism<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2016</span>. <q>Then in the year 1409, at the age of 52, he started the Monlam Great Prayer Festival (sMon-lam chen-mo) in Lhasa at the Jokang. All the monks from all the different monasteries and traditions come together for a great session of prayers, and practice, and—bringing everybody together. Very important.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+of+Tsongkhapa&rft.place=Munich%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Study+Buddhism&rft.date=2003-12&rft.aulast=Berzin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstudybuddhism.com%2Fen%2Ftibetan-buddhism%2Fspiritual-teachers%2Ftsongkhapa%2Fthe-life-of-tsongkhapa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tibet is My Country: Autobiography of Thubten Jigme Norbu, Brother of the Dalai Lama as told to Heinrich Harrer</i>, p. 247. English translation by Edward Fitzgerald, published 1960. Reprint, with updated new chapter, (1986): Wisdom Publications, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-045-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-045-2">0-86171-045-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bryant_1-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bryant_1_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant1992" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Barry (1992). <i>The Wheel of Time Sand Mandala: Visual Scripture of Tibetan Buddhism</i> (2003 1st U.S. ed.). Ithaca, NY, United States: Snow Lion Publications. pp. 96–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55939-187-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-55939-187-1"><bdi>1-55939-187-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wheel+of+Time+Sand+Mandala%3A+Visual+Scripture+of+Tibetan+Buddhism&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY%2C+United+States&rft.pages=96-100&rft.edition=2003+1st+U.S.&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-55939-187-1&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berzin_Ming_Policy-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berzin_Ming_Policy_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berzin_Ming_Policy_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerzin" class="citation web cs1">Berzin, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://studybuddhism.com/web/en/archives/e-books/unpublished_manuscripts/survey_tibetan_history/chapter_4.html">"A Survey of Tibetan History"</a>. <i>Reading notes taken by Alexander Berzin from Tsepon, W. D. Shakabpa, Tibet: A Political History. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1967</i>. Berlin, Germany: Study Buddhism<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2016</span>. <q>The Ming policy that evolved was to grant titles and lavish gifts to any leading lamas who would accept an invitation to China, regardless of their school affiliation. According to Turrell Wylie ('Lama Tribute in the Ming Dynasty' in Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson), this policy was intended to fragment the Tibetan lamas by rewarding all of them and discouraging any special lama-patron relationship. The aim was to woo the Tibetans away from forming any further alliance with the Mongols.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reading+notes+taken+by+Alexander+Berzin+from+Tsepon%2C+W.+D.+Shakabpa%2C+Tibet%3A+A+Political+History.+New+Haven%2C+Yale+University+Press%2C+1967&rft.atitle=A+Survey+of+Tibetan+History&rft.aulast=Berzin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstudybuddhism.com%2Fweb%2Fen%2Farchives%2Fe-books%2Funpublished_manuscripts%2Fsurvey_tibetan_history%2Fchapter_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uj6d9_4F0EIC&pg=PA43">Hevia 1995</a>, pp. 43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laird, Thomas. (2006). <i>The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama</i>, pp. 170–174. Grove Press, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1827-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1827-1">978-0-8021-1827-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grunfeld, A. Tom, <i>The Making of Modern Tibet</i>, p. 42, reads in part "<i>Both</i> (Tibetan and Chinese)<i> accounts agree that the Dalai Lama was exempt from the traditional kowtow symbolizing total subservience; he was, however, required to kneel before the emperor.</i>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karmay 2014, p. 402, Dukula fo. 545</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karmay 2009, p. 513</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacGregor_1-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacGregor_1_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacGregor, John. (1970). <i>Tibet: A Chronicle of Exploration</i>, pp. 34–39. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, SBN 7100-6615-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacGregor_2-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacGregor_2_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacGregor, John. (1970). <i>Tibet: A Chronicle of Exploration</i>, pp. 44–45. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, SBN 7100-6615-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernbaum-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bernbaum_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernbaum, Edwin. (1980). <i>The Way to Shambhala</i>, pp. 18–19. Reprint: (1989). Jeremy P. Tarcher, Inc., Los Angeles. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87477-518-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87477-518-3">0-87477-518-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacGregor, John. (1970). <i>Tibet: A Chronicle of Exploration</i>, pp. 47. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, SBN 7100-6615-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, Gerald H (Editor). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oQ8BFk9K0ToC&pg=PA266">Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions, pg 266</a>. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, MI, 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grueber_1-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grueber_1_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrueber1667" class="citation book cs1">Grueber, Johann (1667). <i>China Illustrata</i> (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Athanasius Kircher. pp. 64–67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Illustrata&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=64-67&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Athanasius+Kircher&rft.date=1667&rft.aulast=Grueber&rft.aufirst=Johann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrueber1670" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grueber, Johann (1670). <i>China Illustrata</i> (in French) (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Athanasius Kircher.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Illustrata&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Athanasius+Kircher&rft.date=1670&rft.aulast=Grueber&rft.aufirst=Johann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laird, Thomas. (2006). <i>The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama</i>, pp. 181–182. Grove Press, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1827-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1827-1">978-0-8021-1827-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stein 1972, pp. 80–83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mullin 2001, p. 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snellgrove & Richardson 1986, p. 197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elliot Sperling (1996), "Orientalism and Aspects of Violence in the Tibetan Tradition". In: Thierry Dodin, Heinz Räther (eds.)(1996), <i>Imagining Tibet</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sk416-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sk416_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karmay 2014, p.416</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info-buddhism.com/Orientalism_Violence_Tibetan_Buddhism_Elliot_Sperling.html#fn5">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Orientalism' and Aspects of Violence in the Tibetan Tradition by Elliot Sperling"</a>. <i>info-buddhism.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=info-buddhism.com&rft.atitle=%27Orientalism%27+and+Aspects+of+Violence+in+the+Tibetan+Tradition+by+Elliot+Sperling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfo-buddhism.com%2FOrientalism_Violence_Tibetan_Buddhism_Elliot_Sperling.html%23fn5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karmay 2014, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shakabpa 1984, p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dhondup, pp. 14-15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karmay 2005 (reprint edn. 2014), p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pommaret 2003, p.184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pommaret 2003, Chapter 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RS_TYNK-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RS_TYNK_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Tukdrup_Yang_Nying_Kundü">"Tukdrup Yang Nying Kundü"</a>. Rigpa Shedra<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2012</span>. <q>Tukdrup Yang Nying Kundü (Wyl. thugs sgrub yang snying kun 'dus) 'The Union of All the Innermost Essences' – Sadhana of Guru Rinpoche and his eight manifestations from the Sangwa Gyachen cycle of pure visions of the Great Fifth Dalai Lama. The sadhana and empowerment texts were arranged by Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tukdrup+Yang+Nying+Kund%C3%BC&rft.pub=Rigpa+Shedra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rigpawiki.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTukdrup_Yang_Nying_Kund%C3%BC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RS-EM-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RS-EM_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Eight_Manifestations_of_Guru_Rinpoche">"Eight Manifestations"</a>. Rigpa Shedra<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2012</span>. <q>The Eight Manifestations of Guru Rinpoche .... are the eight principal forms assumed by Guru Rinpoche at different points in his life .... The Eight Manifestations of Padmasambhava do not depict different Padmasambhavas, but reflect his ability to appear according to different needs and demands. In fact, they are called in Tibetan <i>Guru Tsen Gyé</i>, the eight 'names' of the Guru; each manifestation demonstrates a different principle that unveils the innermost nature of mind. As Guru Rinpoche said: "Mind itself is Padmasambhava; there is no practice or meditation apart from that."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eight+Manifestations&rft.pub=Rigpa+Shedra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rigpawiki.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DEight_Manifestations_of_Guru_Rinpoche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RS-PV-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RS-PV_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Pure_vision">"Pure Vision"</a>. Rigpa Shedra<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2012</span>. <q>Pure vision or visionary revelations .... are teachings received by masters directly from deities or gurus, in experiences or in dreams. More specifically, in the Nyingma tradition, pure vision teachings are one of the three main transmissions (Wyl. babs so), as well as one of the seven authoritative transmissions (Tib. བཀའ་བབས་བདུན་, Wyl. bka' babs bdun) received by Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo and Chokgyur Dechen Lingpa.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pure+Vision&rft.pub=Rigpa+Shedra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rigpawiki.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPure_vision&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RS-SG-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RS-SG_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Sangwa_Gyachen">"Sangwa Gyachen"</a>. Rigpa Shedra<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2012</span>. <q>Sangwa Gyachen .... 'Bearing the Seal of Secrecy' – visionary teachings of the Great Fifth Dalai Lama, composed of twenty-five sections dealing with distinct visions, including the <i>Tukdrup Yang Nying Kundü</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sangwa+Gyachen&rft.pub=Rigpa+Shedra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rigpawiki.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DSangwa_Gyachen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center; background-color:#DAA520"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFEBC2">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Category:Tibetan Buddhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFEBC2"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#7D0545">Tibetan Buddhism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Tibetan Dharma Wheel"><img alt="Tibetan Dharma Wheel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetian_Wheel.svg/100px-Tibetian_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetian_Wheel.svg/150px-Tibetian_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetian_Wheel.svg/200px-Tibetian_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadam_(Tibetan_Buddhism)" title="Kadam (Tibetan Buddhism)">Kadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodongpa" title="Bodongpa">Bodong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists#Tibetan" title="List of Buddhists">Key personalities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <dl><dt>First dissemination<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhāva">Padmasambhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81ntarak%E1%B9%A3ita" title="Śāntarakṣita">Śāntarakṣita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala%C5%9B%C4%ABla" title="Kamalaśīla">Kamalaśīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisong_Detsen" title="Trisong Detsen">Trisong Detsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralpacan" title="Ralpacan">Ralpacan</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Second dissemination<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilopa" title="Tilopa">Talika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Abhayakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niguma" title="Niguma">Niguma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhasiddhi" title="Sukhasiddhi">Sukhasiddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milarepa" title="Milarepa">Milarepa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Nyingma</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Tsogyal" title="Yeshe Tsogyal">Yeshe Tsogyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchenpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Lingpa" title="Jigme Lingpa">Jigme Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrul_Rinpoche" title="Patrul Rinpoche">Patrul Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudjom_Lingpa" title="Dudjom Lingpa">Dudjom Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Ju_Mipham_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso">Mipham</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Kagyu<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marpa_Lotsawa" title="Marpa Lotsawa">Marpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangjung_Dorje,_3rd_Karmapa_Lama" title="Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama">Rangjung Dorje</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Jonang<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolpopa_Sherab_Gyaltsen" title="Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen">Dolpopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranatha" title="Taranatha">Taranatha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Sakya<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Pandita" title="Sakya Pandita">Sakya Pandita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorampa" title="Gorampa">Gorampa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Bodongpa<br /></dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Samding_Dorje_Phagmo" title="Samding Dorje Phagmo">Samding Dorje Phagmo</a> </p> <dl><dt>Gelugpa<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkhapa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">5th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Dalai_Lama" title="13th Dalai Lama">13th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen,_10th_Panchen_Lama" title="Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama">10th Panchen Lama</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Teachings</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <dl><dt>General Buddhist</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Saṃsāra</i></span></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma (Buddhism)">Dharma</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Tibetan</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Tenets_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Tenets system">Four Tenets system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangtong-Shentong" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangtong-Shentong">Rangtong-Shentong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika-Prasa%E1%B9%85gika_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction">Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Nyingma</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointing-out_instruction" title="Pointing-out instruction">Pointing-out instruction</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)">Practices and attainment</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamrim" title="Lamrim">Lamrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitās</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Laity</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tantric_practice" title="Tibetan tantric practice">Tantra techniques</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_yoga" title="Guru yoga">Guru yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_yoga" title="Dream yoga">Dream yoga</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Thukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tibetan_monasteries" title="List of Tibetan monasteries">Major monasteries</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tradruk_Temple" title="Tradruk Temple">Tradruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drepung_Monastery" title="Drepung Monastery">Drepung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen_Monastery" title="Dzogchen Monastery">Dzogchen</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Monastery" title="Ganden Monastery">Ganden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokhang" title="Jokhang">Jokhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbum_Monastery" title="Kumbum Monastery">Kumbum</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labrang_Monastery" title="Labrang Monastery">Labrang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindrolling_Monastery" title="Mindrolling Monastery">Mindrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_Monastery" title="Namgyal Monastery">Namgyal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narthang_Monastery" title="Narthang Monastery">Narthang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechung" title="Nechung">Nechung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabonka_Hermitage" title="Pabonka Hermitage">Pabonka</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palcho_Monastery" title="Palcho Monastery">Palcho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralung_Monastery" title="Ralung Monastery">Ralung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoche_Temple" title="Ramoche Temple">Ramoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rato_Dratsang" title="Rato Dratsang">Rato</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Monastery" title="Sakya Monastery">Sakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanga_Monastery" title="Sanga Monastery">Sanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sera_Monastery" title="Sera Monastery">Sera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalu_Monastery" title="Shalu Monastery">Shalu</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tashi_Lhunpo_Monastery" title="Tashi Lhunpo Monastery">Tashi Lhunpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsurphu_Monastery" title="Tsurphu Monastery">Tsurphu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerpa" title="Yerpa">Yerpa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)">Institutional roles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_festivals" title="Tibetan festivals">Festivals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chotrul_Duchen" title="Chotrul Duchen">Chotrul Duchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dajyur" title="Dajyur">Dajyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdan_Namchot" title="Galdan Namchot">Galdan Namchot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losar" title="Losar">Losar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosmoche" title="Dosmoche">Dosmoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monlam_Prayer_Festival" title="Monlam Prayer Festival">Monlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sho_Dun_Festival" title="Sho Dun Festival">Sho Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losoong_Festival" title="Losoong Festival">Losoong</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangyur" title="Kangyur">Kangyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengyur" title="Tengyur">Tengyur</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma_Gyubum" title="Nyingma Gyubum">Nyingma Gyubum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_art" title="Tibetan art">Art</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mandala" title="Sand mandala">Sand mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_wall_paintings" title="Tibetan Buddhist wall paintings">Wall paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamangala" title="Ashtamangala">Ashtamangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_physiology" title="Tree of physiology">Tree of physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thongdrel" title="Thongdrel">Festival thangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_stone" title="Mani stone">Mani stone</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)">History and overview</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibetan_Buddhism" title="History of Tibetan Buddhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index of articles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tibetan_Buddhism_sidebar" title="Template:Tibetan Buddhism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tibetan_Buddhism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Tibetan Buddhism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tibetan_Buddhism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tibetan Buddhism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Bell, Sir Charles (1946). <i>Portrait of the Dalai Lama</i> Wm. Collins, London. 1st edition. (1987) Wisdom Publications, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/086171055X" title="Special:BookSources/086171055X">086171055X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarmay2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samten_Karmay" title="Samten Karmay">Karmay, Samten G.</a> (2014). <i>The Illusive Play: The Autobiography of the Fifth Dalai Lama</i>. Serindia Publications. Chicago. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932476675" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932476675"><bdi>978-1-932476675</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illusive+Play%3A+The+Autobiography+of+the+Fifth+Dalai+Lama&rft.pub=Serindia+Publications.+Chicago&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-932476675&rft.aulast=Karmay&rft.aufirst=Samten+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaines2018" class="citation journal cs1">Haines, R Spencer (2018). "Charismatic Authority in Context: An Explanation of Guushi Khan's Swift Rise to Power in the Early 17th Century". <i>Mongolica: An International Journal of Mongolian Studies</i>. <b>52</b>. International Association of Mongolists: 24–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mongolica%3A+An+International+Journal+of+Mongolian+Studies&rft.atitle=Charismatic+Authority+in+Context%3A+An+Explanation+of+Guushi+Khan%27s+Swift+Rise+to+Power+in+the+Early+17th+Century&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=24-31&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Haines&rft.aufirst=R+Spencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Karmay, Samten G. (1988, reprint 1998). <i>Secret Visions of the Fifth Dalai Lama.</i> London: Serindia Publications, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010429033757/http://www.bremen.de/info/nepal/Gallery-3/Misc/12-17/secret-visions-book.htm">Some additional information</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0906026202" title="Special:BookSources/0906026202">0906026202</a>.</li> <li>Karmay, Samten G. (1998). <i>The Fifth Dalai Lama and his Reunification of Tibet</i>. Chapter 29 of: <i>The Arrow and the Spindle, Studies in History, Myths, Rituals and Beliefs in Tibet</i>. Revised edition 2009. Kathmandu, Nepal, Mandala Book Point. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789994655106" title="Special:BookSources/9789994655106">9789994655106</a>.</li> <li>Karmay, Samten G. (2005, reprint edition 2014). <i>The Arrow and the Spindle, Studies in History, Myths, Rituals and Beliefs in Tibet</i>. Volume II. Kathmandu, Nepal, Mandala Book Point. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/999331028X" title="Special:BookSources/999331028X">999331028X</a>.</li> <li>Karmay, Samten G. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130915182901/http://www.iias.nl/nl/39/IIAS_NL39_1213.pdf"><i>The Great Fifth</i></a> – International Institute of Asian Studies, Leiden, Netherlands; Newsletter #39 Winter 2005, pp. 12–13.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaird2006" class="citation book cs1">Laird, Thomas (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyoftibetconv00lair"><i>The Story of Tibet : Conversations with the Dalai Lama</i></a></span> (1st ed.). New York: Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1827-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1827-1"><bdi>978-0-8021-1827-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Tibet+%3A+Conversations+with+the+Dalai+Lama&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-1827-1&rft.aulast=Laird&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryoftibetconv00lair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mullin, Glenn H. (2001). <i>The Fourteen Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnation</i>, pp. 184–237. Clear Light Publishers. Santa Fe, New Mexico. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57416-092-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-57416-092-3">1-57416-092-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorbuTurnbull1968" class="citation book cs1">Norbu, Thubten Jigme; Turnbull, Colin M. (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tibet0000thub"><i>Tibet</i></a></span>. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-20559-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-20559-5"><bdi>0-671-20559-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-671-20559-5&rft.aulast=Norbu&rft.aufirst=Thubten+Jigme&rft.au=Turnbull%2C+Colin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftibet0000thub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Pommaret" title="Françoise Pommaret">Pommaret, Françoise</a>, ed. (2003) <i>Lhasa in the 17th Century; The Capital of the Dalai Lamas</i>. Brill. Leiden, Netherlands. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004128662" title="Special:BookSources/9004128662">9004128662</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1984" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Hugh E. (1984). <i>Tibet and its history</i> (2nd ed., rev. and updated. ed.). Boston: Shambhala. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0877733768" title="Special:BookSources/978-0877733768"><bdi>978-0877733768</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet+and+its+history&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=2nd+ed.%2C+rev.+and+updated.&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0877733768&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Hugh+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakabpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakabpa">Shakabpa</a>, Tsepon W.D. (1967), <i>Tibet: A Political History</i>. New York: Yale University Press, and (1984), Singapore: Potala Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0961147415" title="Special:BookSources/0961147415">0961147415</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShakabpa2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shakabpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakabpa">Shakabpa, Tsepon W.D.</a> (2010). <i>One Hundred Thousand Moons. An Advanced Political History of Tibet (2 vols)</i>. Leiden (Netherlands), Boston (USA): Brill's Tibetan Studies Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004177321" title="Special:BookSources/9789004177321"><bdi>9789004177321</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Hundred+Thousand+Moons.+An+Advanced+Political+History+of+Tibet+%282+vols%29&rft.place=Leiden+%28Netherlands%29%2C+Boston+%28USA%29&rft.pub=Brill%27s+Tibetan+Studies+Library&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789004177321&rft.aulast=Shakabpa&rft.aufirst=Tsepon+W.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnellgrove,_DavidRichardson,_Hugh1986" class="citation book cs1">Snellgrove, David; Richardson, Hugh (1986). <i>A Cultural History of Tibet</i>. Boston & London: Shambala Publications Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0877733546" title="Special:BookSources/0877733546"><bdi>0877733546</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Cultural+History+of+Tibet&rft.place=Boston+%26+London&rft.pub=Shambala+Publications+Inc&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0877733546&rft.au=Snellgrove%2C+David&rft.au=Richardson%2C+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein1972" class="citation book cs1">Stein, R. A. (1972). <i>Tibetan civilization</i> (English ed.). Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-0901-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-0901-7"><bdi>0-8047-0901-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibetan+civilization&rft.place=Stanford%2C+Calif.&rft.edition=English&rft.pub=Stanford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-8047-0901-7&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5th+Dalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Practice of Emptiness: The Perfection of Wisdom Chapter of the Fifth Dalai Lama's "Sacred Word of <a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Manjushri</a>"</i>. (1974) Translated by <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hopkins" title="Jeffrey Hopkins">Jeffrey Hopkins with</a> instruction from Geshe Rapden. Library of Tibetan Works and Archives. <a href="/wiki/Dharamsala" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharamsala">Dharamsala</a>, H.P., India.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lozang_Gyatso,_5th_Dalai_Lama" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lozang Gyatso, 5th Dalai Lama">Lozang Gyatso, 5th Dalai Lama</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Fifth-Dalai-Lama/TBRC_p37">The Fifth Dalai Lama, Ngawang Lobzang Gyatso</a> by Alexander Gardner</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info-buddhism.com/The_Great_5th-Dalai_Lama-Ngagwang_Lobzang_Gyatso_Samten_Karmay.html">The Fifth Dalai Lama and his Reunification of Tibet</a> by <a href="/wiki/Samten_Karmay" title="Samten Karmay">Samten Karmay</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://de.tibet328.cn/03/14/200908/t377756.htm">Gold Seal of the 5th Dalai Lama</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140107111859/http://de.tibet328.cn/03/14/200908/t377756.htm">Archived</a> 2014-01-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> given to him by the Shunzhi Emperor in 1653, on Chinese website (in German).</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/4th_Dalai_Lama" title="4th Dalai Lama">Yonten Gyatso</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> </b><br />1642–1682<br />Recognized in 1618 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/6th_Dalai_Lama" title="6th Dalai Lama">Tsangyang Gyatso</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4" style="background: #B00760; color: #FFD700;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dalai_Lamas" title="Template:Dalai Lamas"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: #FFD700">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dalai_Lamas" title="Template talk:Dalai Lamas"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: #FFD700">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dalai_Lamas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dalai Lamas"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: #FFD700">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dalai_Lamas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Dalai_Lama" title="1st Dalai Lama">Gendun Drup</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1391–1474)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Dalai_Lama" title="2nd Dalai Lama">Gendun Gyatso</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1475–1542)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Dalai_Lama" title="3rd Dalai Lama">Sonam</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1543–1588)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Dalai_Lama" title="4th Dalai Lama">Yonten</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1589–1617)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lozang</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1617–1682)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Dalai_Lama" title="6th Dalai Lama">Tsangyang</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1683–1706)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Dalai_Lama" title="7th Dalai Lama">Kelzang</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1708–1757)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Dalai_Lama" title="8th Dalai Lama">Jamphel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1758–1804)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Dalai_Lama" title="9th Dalai Lama">Lungtok</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1805–1815)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Dalai_Lama" title="10th Dalai Lama">Tsultrim</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1816–1837)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Dalai_Lama" title="11th Dalai Lama">Khedrup</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1838–1856)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Dalai_Lama" title="12th Dalai Lama">Trinley</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1857–1875)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Dalai_Lama" title="13th Dalai Lama">Thubten</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1876–1933)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935–present)</span></li></ol> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalai_Lama_1430_Luca_Galuzzi_2007crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama"><img alt="Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Dalai_Lama_1430_Luca_Galuzzi_2007crop.jpg/33px-Dalai_Lama_1430_Luca_Galuzzi_2007crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="33" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Dalai_Lama_1430_Luca_Galuzzi_2007crop.jpg/50px-Dalai_Lama_1430_Luca_Galuzzi_2007crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Dalai_Lama_1430_Luca_Galuzzi_2007crop.jpg/66px-Dalai_Lama_1430_Luca_Galuzzi_2007crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="1234" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="4" style="background: #B00760; color: #FFD700;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dalai_Lamas" title="List of Dalai Lamas"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFD700">List of Dalai Lamas</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFD700">Gelug Yellow Hat sect</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang" title="Ganden Phodrang"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFD700">Ganden Podrang</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potala_Palace" title="Potala Palace"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFD700">Potala Palace</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbulingka" title="Norbulingka"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFD700">Norbulingka</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_topics" title="Template talk:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/25px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/38px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/50px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a></span>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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