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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biology and toxicity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biology_and_toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Overview </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acute_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acute_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Acute effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acute_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long_term_(chronic)_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long_term_(chronic)_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Long term (chronic) effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long_term_(chronic)_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulatory_exposure_limits_and_handling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulatory_exposure_limits_and_handling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Regulatory exposure limits and handling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulatory_exposure_limits_and_handling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cases_of_poisoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cases_of_poisoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Cases of poisoning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cases_of_poisoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.2 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Treatment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detection_in_biological_specimens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection_in_biological_specimens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Detection in biological specimens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detection_in_biological_specimens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence_in_humans_and_the_biosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence_in_humans_and_the_biosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Occurrence in humans and the biosphere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence_in_humans_and_the_biosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tobacco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tobacco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Tobacco </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tobacco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 Food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Polonium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 144 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-144" aria-hidden="true" > 144 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%96%E1%88%8E%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ፖሎኒየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፖሎኒየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="पोलोनियम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पोलोनियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="بولونيوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بولونيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonio" title="Polonio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Polonio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloniu" title="Poloniu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Poloniu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloniu" title="Poloniu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Poloniu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="পোলোনিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পোলোনিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Полоний – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Полоний" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Палоній – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Палоній" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Палён – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Палён" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="पोलोनियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पोलोनियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonyo_(elemento)" title="Polonyo (elemento) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Polonyo (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Полоний – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полоний" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="བོ་ལོ་ནིམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བོ་ལོ་ནིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonij" title="Polonij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Polonij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloniom" title="Poloniom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Poloniom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloni" title="Poloni – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Poloni" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Полоний – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Полоний" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonyo" title="Polonyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Polonyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloniu" title="Poloniu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Poloniu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloniwm" title="Poloniwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Poloniwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="پولونيوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پولونيوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloonium" title="Poloonium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Poloonium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Πολώνιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολώνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonio" title="Polonio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Polonio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonio" title="Polonio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Polonio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonio" title="Polonio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Polonio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="پولونیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پولونیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloni" title="Poloni – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Poloni" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B3iniam" title="Polóiniam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Polóiniam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonio" title="Polonio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Polonio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="પોલોનીયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પોલોનીયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Полон – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Полон" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4%EB%A1%9C%EB%8A%84" title="폴로늄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴로늄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Պոլոնիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պոլոնիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="पोलोनियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पोलोनियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonij" title="Polonij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Polonij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonio" title="Polonio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Polonio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Полоний – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Полоний" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImPosumu" title="ImPosumu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ImPosumu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lon" title="Pólon – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pólon" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonio" title="Polonio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polonio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="פולוניום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פולוניום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%94l%C9%94n%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Pɔlɔnɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɔlɔnɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪೊಲೊನಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೊಲೊನಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="პოლონიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლონიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Полоний – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Полоний" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloniom" title="Poloniom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Poloniom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloni" title="Poloni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Poloni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Полоний – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Полоний" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polony%C3%B2m" title="Polonyòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Polonyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polony%C3%BBm" title="Polonyûm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Polonyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Полоний – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Полоний" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Полоний – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Полоний" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonijs" title="Polonijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Polonijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonis" title="Polonis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Polonis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonnio" title="Polonnio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Polonnio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonii" title="Polonii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Polonii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jicmrpoloni" title="jicmrpoloni – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jicmrpoloni" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonio" title="Polonio – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Polonio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B3nium" title="Polónium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Polónium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Полониум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Полониум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="പൊളോണിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പൊളോണിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="पोलोनियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोलोनियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="بولونيوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بولونيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯄꯣꯂꯣꯅꯤꯌꯝ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯣꯂꯣꯅꯤꯌꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Полони – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Полони" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ပိုလိုနီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပိုလိုနီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="पोलोनियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पोलोनियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="ポロニウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポロニウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloonium" title="Poloonium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Poloonium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2ni" title="Polòni – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Polòni" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE" title="ପୋଲୋନିଅମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପୋଲୋନିଅମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloniy" title="Poloniy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Poloniy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਪੋਲੋਨੀਅਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੋਲੋਨੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="पोलोनियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="पोलोनियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="پولونیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پولونیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%85" title="پولونيم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پولونيم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2ni" title="Polòni – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Polòni" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polon" title="Polon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Polon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B4nio" title="Polônio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Polônio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloniu" title="Poloniu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Poloniu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulunyu" title="Pulunyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pulunyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Полоний – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Полоний" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="पोलोनियम – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पोलोनियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2niu" title="Polòniu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Polòniu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloniumi" title="Poloniumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Poloniumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloniu" title="Poloniu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Poloniu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="පොලෝනියම් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පොලෝනියම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B3nium" title="Polónium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Polónium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonij" title="Polonij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Polonij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boloniyaam" title="Boloniyaam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Boloniyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%84%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="پۆلۆنیۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پۆلۆنیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Полонијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Полонијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonijum" title="Polonijum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Polonijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonyo_(elemento)" title="Polonyo (elemento) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Polonyo (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பொலோனியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொலோனியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Полоний – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Полоний" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="పొలోనియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పొలోనియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="พอโลเนียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พอโลเนียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Полоний – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Полоний" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonyum" title="Polonyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Polonyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Полоній – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Полоній" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="پولونیئم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پولونیئم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A" title="پولونىي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پولونىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonii" title="Polonii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Polonii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloni" title="Poloni – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Poloni" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%99" title="釙 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="釙" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonyo" title="Polonyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Polonyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%8B" title="钋 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="钋" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="פאלאניום – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאלאניום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%99" title="釙 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="釙" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%8B" title="钋 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="钋" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q979#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 84 (Po)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Polonium, 84Po</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Polonium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/66/Polonium.jpg/220px-Polonium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/66/Polonium.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="314" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Polonium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/pəˈloʊniəm/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">pə-LOH-nee-əm</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">Allotropes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">α, β</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">silvery</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">Mass number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[209]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Polonium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a 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title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> ↑ Po ↓ <a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a> ← polonium → <a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">astatine</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">84</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">group 16 (chalcogens)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">period 6</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#p-block" title="Block (periodic table)">p-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 6</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">527 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (254 °C, 489 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1235 K (962 °C, 1764 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">α-Po: 9.196 g/cm3 β-Po: 9.398 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ca. 13 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">102.91 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">26.4 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>(846) </td> <td>1003 </td> <td>1236 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: −2, +2, +4 +5<a href="#cite_note-Thayer_p78-1">[1]</a> +6,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 2.0 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 812.1 kJ/mol </li><li> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 168 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">140±4 pm </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_radius" title="Van der Waals radius">Van der Waals radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">197 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:84_(Po_I)_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/84_%28Po_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/240px-84_%28Po_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/84_%28Po_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/360px-84_%28Po_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/84_%28Po_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/480px-84_%28Po_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of polonium</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">from decay</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">cubic</a><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cubic crystal structure for polonium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Cubic.svg/50px-Cubic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Cubic.svg/75px-Cubic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Cubic.svg/100px-Cubic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="127" /></a></div> α-Po</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Crystal structure</th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Trigonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigonal crystal system">rhombohedral</a><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhombohedral.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rhombohedral crystal structure for polonium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhombohedral.svg/50px-Rhombohedral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhombohedral.svg/75px-Rhombohedral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhombohedral.svg/100px-Rhombohedral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="141" /></a></div> β-Po</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">23.5 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20 W/(m⋅K) (?)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">α-Po: 0.40 µΩ⋅m (at 0 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data">nonmagnetic </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-08-6 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Naming</th><td class="infobox-data">after Polonia, Latin for <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, homeland of Marie Curie</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> (1898)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First isolation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Willy_Marckwald" title="Willy Marckwald">Willy Marckwald</a> (1902)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_polonium" title="Isotopes of polonium">Isotopes of polonium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_polonium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox polonium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_polonium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox polonium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-3">[3]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">208Po </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">2.898 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">α</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Lead-204" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead-204">204Pb</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_plus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta plus decay">β+</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth-208" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth-208">208Bi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">209Po </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">124 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Lead-205" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead-205">205Pb</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β+ </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth-209" title="Bismuth-209">209Bi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium-210" title="Polonium-210">210Po</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">trace</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">138.376 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Lead-206" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead-206">206Pb</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Polonium" title="Category:Polonium">Category: Polonium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_polonium" title="Template:Infobox polonium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_polonium" title="Template talk:Infobox polonium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_polonium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox polonium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Polonium is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Symbol_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (chemistry)">symbol</a> Po and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 84. A rare and highly <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a> <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> (although sometimes classified as a <a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">metalloid</a>) with no stable <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_polonium" title="Isotopes of polonium">isotopes</a>, polonium is a <a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">chalcogen</a> and chemically similar to <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a>, though its metallic character resembles that of its <a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">horizontal neighbors</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>. Due to the short <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of all its isotopes, its natural occurrence is limited to tiny traces of the fleeting <a href="/wiki/Polonium-210" title="Polonium-210">polonium-210</a> (with a half-life of 138 days) in <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ores</a>, as it is the <a href="/wiki/Decay_chain" title="Decay chain">penultimate daughter</a> of natural <a href="/wiki/Uranium-238#Radium_series_(or_uranium_series)" title="Uranium-238">uranium-238</a>. Though two longer-lived isotopes exist (polonium-209 with a half-life of 124 years and polonium-208 with a half-life of 2.898 years), they are much more difficult to produce. Today, polonium is usually produced in milligram quantities by the <a href="/wiki/Neutron_irradiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron irradiation">neutron irradiation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>. Due to its intense radioactivity, which results in the <a href="/wiki/Radiolysis" title="Radiolysis">radiolysis</a> of chemical bonds and radioactive self-heating, its chemistry has mostly been investigated on the trace scale only. Polonium was discovered on 18 July 1898 by <a href="/wiki/Marie_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Skłodowska-Curie">Marie Skłodowska-Curie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a>, when it was extracted from the uranium ore <a href="/wiki/Pitchblende" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitchblende">pitchblende</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and identified solely by its strong radioactivity: it was the first element to be discovered in this way.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Polonium was named after Marie Skłodowska-Curie's homeland of Poland, which at the time was <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitioned</a> between three countries. Polonium has few applications, and those are related to its radioactivity: heaters in <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antistatic_device" title="Antistatic device">antistatic devices</a>, sources of <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poison</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Poisoning_of_Alexander_Litvinenko" title="Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko">poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko</a>). It is extremely dangerous to humans. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> 210Po is an <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha emitter</a> that has a half-life of 138.4 days; it decays directly to its stable <a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">daughter isotope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">206Pb</a>. A milligram (5 <a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">curies</a>) of 210Po emits about as many alpha particles per second as 5 grams of <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">226Ra</a>,<a href="#cite_note-anl-6">[6]</a> which means it is 5,000 times more radioactive than radium. A few <a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">curies</a> (1 curie equals 37 <a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">gigabecquerels</a>, 1 Ci = 37 GBq) of 210Po emit a blue glow which is caused by <a href="/wiki/Ionized-air_glow" title="Ionized-air glow">ionisation</a> of the surrounding air. About one in 100,000 alpha emissions causes an excitation in the nucleus which then results in the emission of a <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma ray</a> with a maximum energy of 803 keV.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solid_state_form">Solid state form</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Solid state form">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alpha_po_lattice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Alpha_po_lattice.jpg/220px-Alpha_po_lattice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Alpha_po_lattice.jpg/330px-Alpha_po_lattice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Alpha_po_lattice.jpg/440px-Alpha_po_lattice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The alpha form of solid polonium</figcaption></figure> Polonium is a radioactive element that exists in two <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metallic</a> <a href="/wiki/Allotrope" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotrope">allotropes</a>. The alpha form is the only known example of a <a href="/wiki/Cubic_(crystal_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubic (crystal system)">simple cubic</a> crystal structure in a single atom basis at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">space group</a> Pm3m, no. 221). The unit cell has an edge length of 335.2 <a href="/wiki/Picometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Picometer">picometers</a>; the beta form is <a href="/wiki/Rhombohedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhombohedral">rhombohedral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The structure of polonium has been characterized by <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> <a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">diffraction</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electron_diffraction" title="Electron diffraction">electron diffraction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> 210Po has the ability <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">to become airborne with ease</a>: if a sample is heated in air to 55 °C (131 °F), 50% of it is vaporized in 45 hours to form <a href="/wiki/Diatomic_molecule" title="Diatomic molecule">diatomic</a> Po2 molecules, even though the melting point of polonium is 254 °C (489 °F) and its boiling point is 962 °C (1,764 °F).<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-CRC-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thayer_p78-1">[1]</a> More than one hypothesis exists for how polonium does this; one suggestion is that small clusters of polonium atoms are <a href="/wiki/Spallation" title="Spallation">spalled off</a> by the alpha decay.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chemistry">edit</a>]</div> The chemistry of polonium is similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a>, although it also shows some similarities to its neighbor <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a> due to its metallic character. Polonium dissolves readily in dilute <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a> but is only slightly <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">soluble</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkalis</a>. Polonium <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solutions</a> are first colored in pink by the Po2+ ions, but then rapidly become yellow because alpha radiation from polonium ionizes the solvent and converts Po2+ into Po4+. As polonium also emits alpha-particles after disintegration so this process is accompanied by bubbling and emission of heat and light by <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_glassware" title="Laboratory glassware">glassware</a> due to the absorbed alpha particles; as a result, polonium solutions are volatile and will evaporate within days unless sealed.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> At pH about 1, polonium ions are readily hydrolyzed and complexed by acids such as <a href="/wiki/Oxalic_acid" title="Oxalic acid">oxalic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid">citric acid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tartaric_acid" title="Tartaric acid">tartaric acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Compounds">Compounds</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Compounds">edit</a>]</div> Polonium has no common compounds, and almost all of its compounds are synthetically created; more than 50 of those are known.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The most stable class of polonium compounds are <a href="/wiki/Polonide" title="Polonide">polonides</a>, which are prepared by direct reaction of two elements. <a href="/wiki/Sodium_polonide" title="Sodium polonide">Na2Po</a> has the <a href="/wiki/Antifluorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifluorite">antifluorite</a> structure, the polonides of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_polonide" title="Calcium polonide">Ca</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barium_polonide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barium polonide (page does not exist)">Ba</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_polonide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercury polonide (page does not exist)">Hg</a>, Pb and lanthanides form a NaCl lattice, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beryllium_polonide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beryllium polonide (page does not exist)">BePo</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmium_polonide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cadmium polonide (page does not exist)">CdPo</a> have the <a href="/wiki/Wurtzite" title="Wurtzite">wurtzite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_polonide" title="Magnesium polonide">MgPo</a> the <a href="/wiki/Nickel_arsenide" title="Nickel arsenide">nickel arsenide</a> structure. Most polonides decompose upon heating to about 600 °C, except for HgPo that decomposes at ~300 °C and the <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanide</a> polonides, which do not decompose but melt at temperatures above 1000 °C. For example, the polonide of <a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">praseodymium</a> (PrPo) melts at 1250 °C, and that of <a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">thulium</a> (TmPo) melts at 2200 °C.<a href="#cite_note-g766-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lead_polonide" title="Lead polonide">PbPo</a> is one of the very few naturally occurring polonium compounds, as polonium <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha decays</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Polonium_hydride" title="Polonium hydride">Polonium hydride</a> (PoH 2) is a volatile liquid at room temperature prone to dissociation; it is thermally unstable.<a href="#cite_note-g766-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">Water</a> is the only other known <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chalcogenide" title="Hydrogen chalcogenide">hydrogen chalcogenide</a> which is a liquid at room temperature; however, this is due to hydrogen bonding. The three oxides, <a href="/wiki/Polonium_monoxide" title="Polonium monoxide">PoO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polonium_dioxide" title="Polonium dioxide">PoO2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polonium_trioxide" title="Polonium trioxide">PoO3</a>, are the products of oxidation of polonium.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Halide" title="Halide">Halides</a> of the structure PoX2, PoX4 and PoF6 are known. They are soluble in the corresponding hydrogen halides, i.e., PoClX in HCl, PoBrX in HBr and PoI4 in HI.<a href="#cite_note-figgins-25">[25]</a> Polonium dihalides are formed by direct reaction of the elements or by reduction of PoCl4 with SO2 and with PoBr4 with H2S at room temperature. Tetrahalides can be obtained by reacting polonium dioxide with HCl, HBr or HI.<a href="#cite_note-g765-26">[26]</a> Other polonium compounds include the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonite (page does not exist)">polonite</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Potassium_polonite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potassium polonite (page does not exist)">potassium polonite</a>; various <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonate (page does not exist)">polonate</a> solutions; and the <a href="/wiki/Acetate" title="Acetate">acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromate" title="Bromate">bromate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrate">citrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromate_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromate ion">chromate</a>, cyanide, <a href="/wiki/Formate" title="Formate">formate</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium(II)_hydroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium(II) hydroxide (page does not exist)">(II)</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium(IV)_hydroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium(IV) hydroxide (page does not exist)">(IV)</a> hydroxide, <a href="/wiki/Polonium_tetranitrate" title="Polonium tetranitrate">nitrate</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_selenate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium selenate (page does not exist)">selenate</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_selenite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium selenite (page does not exist)">selenite</a>, monosulfide, <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polonium_disulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonium disulfate">disulfate</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_sulfite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium sulfite (page does not exist)">sulfite</a> salts.<a href="#cite_note-figgins-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> A limited <a href="/wiki/Organopolonium_chemistry" title="Organopolonium chemistry">organopolonium chemistry</a> is known, mostly restricted to dialkyl and diaryl polonides (R2Po), triarylpolonium halides (Ar3PoX), and diarylpolonium dihalides (Ar2PoX2).<a href="#cite_note-Z-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-M-29">[29]</a> Polonium also forms soluble compounds with some <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligands</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/2,3-butanediol" class="mw-redirect" title="2,3-butanediol">2,3-butanediol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thiourea" title="Thiourea">thiourea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Z-28">[28]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Polonium compounds<a href="#cite_note-g765-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Formula</th> <th>Color</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a> (°C)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">Sublimation</a> temp. (°C)</th> <th>Symmetry</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">Pearson symbol</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">Space group</a></th> <th>No</th> <th>a (pm)</th> <th>b(pm)</th> <th>c(pm)</th> <th>Z</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">ρ</a> (g/cm3)</th> <th>ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polonium_monoxide" title="Polonium monoxide">PoO</a></td> <td>black</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polonium_dioxide" title="Polonium dioxide">PoO2</a></td> <td>pale yellow</td> <td>500 (dec.)</td> <td>885</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Face-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Face-centered cubic">fcc</a></td> <td>cF12</td> <td>Fm3m</td> <td>225</td> <td>563.7</td> <td>563.7</td> <td>563.7</td> <td>4</td> <td>8.94</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Bagnall-31">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polonium_hydride" title="Polonium hydride">PoH2</a></td> <td></td> <td>-35.5</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polonium_dichloride" title="Polonium dichloride">PoCl2</a></td> <td>dark ruby red</td> <td>355</td> <td>130</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthorhombic">orthorhombic</a></td> <td>oP3</td> <td>Pmmm</td> <td>47</td> <td>367</td> <td>435</td> <td>450</td> <td>1</td> <td>6.47</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-PoCl-32">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polonium_dibromide" title="Polonium dibromide">PoBr2</a></td> <td>purple-brown</td> <td>270 (dec.)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-PoBr-33">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polonium_tetrachloride" title="Polonium tetrachloride">PoCl4</a></td> <td>yellow</td> <td>300</td> <td>200</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monoclinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoclinic">monoclinic</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-PoCl-32">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polonium_tetrabromide" title="Polonium tetrabromide">PoBr4</a></td> <td>red</td> <td>330 (dec.)</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Face-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Face-centered cubic">fcc</a></td> <td>cF100</td> <td>Fm3m</td> <td>225</td> <td>560</td> <td>560</td> <td>560</td> <td>4</td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-PoBr-33">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polonium_tetraiodide" title="Polonium tetraiodide">PoI4</a></td> <td>black</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> Oxides <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_monoxide" title="Polonium monoxide">PoO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_dioxide" title="Polonium dioxide">PoO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_trioxide" title="Polonium trioxide">PoO3</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> Hydrides <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_hydride" title="Polonium hydride">PoH2</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <a href="/wiki/Halide" title="Halide">Halides</a> <ul><li>PoX2 (except PoF2)</li> <li>PoX4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_hexafluoride" title="Polonium hexafluoride">PoF6</a></li> <li>PoBr2Cl2 (salmon pink)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_polonium" title="Isotopes of polonium">Isotopes of polonium</a></div> Polonium has 42 known isotopes, all of which are <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactive</a>. They have <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass" title="Atomic mass">atomic masses</a> that range from 186 to 227 <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic mass unit">u</a>. <a href="/wiki/Polonium-210" title="Polonium-210">210Po</a> (half-life 138.376 days) is the most widely available and is manufactured via neutron capture by natural <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>. It also naturally occurs as a trace in uranium ores, as it is the penultimate member of the decay chain of 238U. The longer-lived 209Po (half-life 124 years, longest-lived of all polonium isotopes)<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-3">[3]</a> and 208Po (half-life 2.9 years) can be manufactured through the alpha, proton, or deuteron bombardment of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> or bismuth in a <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-emsley-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Tentatively called "<a href="/wiki/Radium#History" title="Radium">radium F</a>", polonium was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie</a> and Pierre Curie in July 1898,<a href="#cite_note-c1-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> and was named after Marie Curie's native land of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Polonia).<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Poland at the time was under <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partition</a>, and did not exist as an independent country. It was Curie's hope that naming the element after her native land would publicize its lack of independence. Polonium may be the first element named to highlight a political controversy.<a href="#cite_note-Przemysl-40">[40]</a> This element was the first one discovered by the Curies while they were investigating the cause of <a href="/wiki/Uraninite" title="Uraninite">pitchblende</a> <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactivity</a>. Pitchblende, after removal of the radioactive elements <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a>, was more radioactive than the uranium and thorium combined. This spurred the Curies to search for additional radioactive elements. They first separated out polonium from pitchblende in July 1898, and five months later, also isolated <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-c1-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-c2-41">[41]</a> German scientist <a href="/wiki/Willy_Marckwald" title="Willy Marckwald">Willy Marckwald</a> successfully isolated 3 milligrams of polonium in 1902, though at the time he believed it was a new element, which he dubbed "radio-tellurium", and it was not until 1905 that it was demonstrated to be the same as polonium.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In the United States, polonium was produced as part of the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dayton_Project" title="Dayton Project">Dayton Project</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Polonium and <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> were the key ingredients of the '<a href="/wiki/Modulated_neutron_initiator#Urchin" title="Modulated neutron initiator">Urchin</a>' initiator at the center of the bomb's spherical <a href="/wiki/Pit_(nuclear_weapon)" title="Pit (nuclear weapon)">pit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nwfaq41-44">[44]</a> 'Urchin' initiated the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear chain reaction</a> at the moment of <a href="/wiki/Prompt-critical" class="mw-redirect" title="Prompt-critical">prompt-criticality</a> to ensure that the weapon did not <a href="/wiki/Fizzle_(nuclear_test)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fizzle (nuclear test)">fizzle</a>. 'Urchin' was used in early U.S. weapons; subsequent U.S. weapons utilized a pulse neutron generator for the same purpose.<a href="#cite_note-nwfaq41-44">[44]</a> Much of the basic physics of polonium was <a href="/wiki/Classified_information" title="Classified information">classified</a> until after the war. The fact that a polonium-beryllium (Po-Be) initiator was used in the gun-type nuclear weapons was classified until the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-FAS_Project-45">[45]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">Atomic Energy Commission</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> funded <a href="/wiki/Human_experimentation_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Human experimentation in the United States">human experiments</a> using polonium on five people at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a> between 1943 and 1947. The people were administered between 9 and 22 <a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">microcuries</a> (330 and 810 <a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">kBq</a>) of polonium to study its <a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excretion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-congress1986-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-nes1950-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence_and_production">Occurrence and production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Occurrence and production">edit</a>]</div> Polonium is a very rare element in nature because of the short <a href="/wiki/Half-lives" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-lives">half-lives</a> of all its isotopes. Nine isotopes, from 210 to 218 inclusive, occur in <a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">traces</a> as <a href="/wiki/Decay_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Decay products">decay products</a>: 210Po, 214Po, and 218Po occur in the <a href="/wiki/Decay_chain" title="Decay chain">decay chain</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uranium-238" title="Uranium-238">238U</a>; 211Po and 215Po occur in the decay chain of <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">235U</a>; 212Po and 216Po occur in the decay chain of <a href="/wiki/Thorium-232" title="Thorium-232">232Th</a>; and 213Po and 217Po occur in the decay chain of <a href="/wiki/Neptunium-237" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptunium-237">237Np</a>. (No primordial 237Np survives, but traces of it are continuously regenerated through (n,2n) knockout reactions in natural 238U.)<a href="#cite_note-4n1-49">[49]</a> Of these, 210Po is the only isotope with a half-life longer than 3 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-po484-50">[50]</a> Polonium can be found in <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> ores at about 0.1 mg per <a href="/wiki/Metric_ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric ton">metric ton</a> (1 part in 1010),<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> which is approximately 0.2% of the abundance of radium. The amounts in the Earth's crust are not harmful. Polonium has been found in <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoke" title="Tobacco smoke">tobacco smoke</a> from tobacco leaves grown with <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> fertilizers.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Muggli08-55">[55]</a> Because it is present in small concentrations, isolation of polonium from natural sources is a tedious process. The largest batch of the element ever extracted, performed in the first half of the 20th century, contained only 40 Ci (1.5 TBq) (9 mg) of <a href="/wiki/Polonium-210" title="Polonium-210">polonium-210</a> and was obtained by processing 37 tonnes of residues from radium production.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Polonium is now usually obtained by irradiating bismuth with high-energy neutrons or protons.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-g249-57">[57]</a> In 1934, an experiment showed that when natural <a href="/wiki/Bismuth-209" title="Bismuth-209">209Bi</a> is bombarded with <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>, 210Bi is created, which then decays to 210Po via beta-minus decay. By irradiating certain bismuth salts containing light element nuclei such as beryllium, a cascading (α,n) reaction can also be induced to produce 210Po in large quantities.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The final purification is done pyrochemically followed by liquid-liquid extraction techniques.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Polonium may now be made in milligram amounts in this procedure which uses high neutron fluxes found in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-g249-57">[57]</a> Only about 100 grams are produced each year, practically all of it in Russia, making polonium exceedingly rare.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> This process can cause problems in <a href="/wiki/Lead-bismuth_eutectic" title="Lead-bismuth eutectic">lead-bismuth</a> based <a href="/wiki/Liquid_metal_cooled_reactor" title="Liquid metal cooled reactor">liquid metal cooled nuclear reactors</a> such as those used in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-27" title="Soviet submarine K-27">K-27</a>. Measures must be taken in these reactors to deal with the unwanted possibility of 210Po being released from the coolant.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The longer-lived isotopes of polonium, 208Po and 209Po, can be formed by <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> or <a href="/wiki/Deuteron" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteron">deuteron</a> bombardment of bismuth using a <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a>. Other more neutron-deficient and more unstable isotopes can be formed by the irradiation of platinum with <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> nuclei.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> Polonium-based sources of alpha particles were produced in the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rus1-65">[65]</a> Such sources were applied for measuring the thickness of industrial coatings via attenuation of alpha radiation.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Because of intense alpha radiation, a one-gram sample of 210Po will spontaneously heat up to above 500 °C (932 °F) generating about 140 watts of power. Therefore, 210Po is used as an atomic heat source to power <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">radioisotope thermoelectric generators</a> via <a href="/wiki/Thermoelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermoelectric">thermoelectric</a> materials.<a href="#cite_note-anl-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-nbb-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-g251-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> For example, 210Po heat sources were used in the <a href="/wiki/Lunokhod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunokhod">Lunokhod</a> 1 (1970) and Lunokhod 2 (1973) <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> rovers to keep their internal components warm during the lunar nights, as well as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Kosmos_satellites_(1%E2%80%93250)" title="List of Kosmos satellites (1–250)">Kosmos 84</a> and 90 satellites (1965).<a href="#cite_note-rus1-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The alpha particles emitted by polonium can be converted to neutrons using beryllium oxide, at a rate of 93 neutrons per million alpha particles.<a href="#cite_note-g251-67">[67]</a> Po-BeO mixtures are used as passive <a href="/wiki/Neutron_source" title="Neutron source">neutron sources</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-ray">gamma-ray</a>-to-<a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> production ratio of 1.13 ± 0.05, lower than for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a>-based neutron sources.<a href="#cite_note-gtn-70">[70]</a> Examples of Po-BeO mixtures or <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> used as neutron sources are a <a href="/wiki/Urchin_(detonator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Urchin (detonator)">neutron trigger or initiator</a> for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a><a href="#cite_note-nbb-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> and for inspections of oil wells. About 1500 sources of this type, with an individual activity of 1,850 Ci (68 TBq), had been used annually in the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Polonium was also part of brushes or more complex tools that eliminate static charges in photographic plates, <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a> mills, paper rolls, sheet plastics, and on substrates (such as automotive) prior to the application of coatings.<a href="#cite_note-BoiceCohen2014-73">[73]</a> Alpha particles emitted by polonium ionize air molecules that neutralize charges on the nearby surfaces.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Some anti-static brushes contain up to 500 microcuries (20 MBq) of 210Po as a source of charged particles for neutralizing static electricity.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In the US, devices with no more than 500 μCi (19 MBq) of (sealed) 210Po per unit can be bought in any amount under a "general license",<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> which means that a buyer need not be registered by any authorities. Polonium needs to be replaced in these devices nearly every year because of its short half-life; it is also highly radioactive and therefore has been mostly replaced by less dangerous <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta particle</a> sources.<a href="#cite_note-anl-6">[6]</a> Tiny amounts of 210Po are sometimes used in the laboratory and for teaching purposes—typically of the order of 4–40 kBq (0.11–1.08 μCi), in the form of sealed sources, with the polonium deposited on a substrate or in a resin or polymer matrix—are often exempt from licensing by the NRC and similar authorities as they are not considered hazardous. Small amounts of 210Po are manufactured for sale to the public in the United States as "needle sources" for laboratory experimentation, and they are retailed by scientific supply companies. The polonium is a layer of plating which in turn is plated with a material such as gold, which allows the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha radiation">alpha radiation</a> (used in experiments such as cloud chambers) to pass while preventing the polonium from being released and presenting a toxic hazard.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Polonium <a href="/wiki/Spark_plug" title="Spark plug">spark plugs</a> were marketed by <a href="/wiki/Firestone_Tire_and_Rubber_Company" title="Firestone Tire and Rubber Company">Firestone</a> from 1940 to 1953. While the amount of radiation from the plugs was minuscule and not a threat to the consumer, the benefits of such plugs quickly diminished after approximately a month because of polonium's short half-life and because buildup on the conductors would block the radiation that improved engine performance. (The premise behind the polonium spark plug, as well as <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Matthew_Hubbard" title="Alfred Matthew Hubbard">Alfred Matthew Hubbard</a>'s prototype <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a> plug that preceded it, was that the radiation would improve ionization of the fuel in the cylinder and thus allow the motor to fire more quickly and efficiently.)<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology_and_toxicity">Biology and toxicity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Biology and toxicity">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> Polonium can be hazardous and has no biological role.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-18">[18]</a> By mass, polonium-210 is around 250,000 times more toxic than <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">hydrogen cyanide</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">LD50</a> for 210Po is less than 1 <a href="/wiki/Microgram" title="Microgram">microgram</a> for an average adult (see below) compared with about 250 <a href="/wiki/Milligrams" class="mw-redirect" title="Milligrams">milligrams</a> for hydrogen cyanide<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a>). The main hazard is its intense radioactivity (as an alpha emitter), which makes it difficult to handle safely. Even in <a href="/wiki/Microgram" title="Microgram">microgram</a> amounts, handling 210Po is extremely dangerous, requiring specialized equipment (a negative pressure alpha <a href="/wiki/Glove_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Glove box">glove box</a> equipped with high-performance filters), adequate monitoring, and strict handling procedures to avoid any contamination. Alpha particles emitted by polonium will damage organic tissue easily if polonium is ingested, inhaled, or absorbed, although they do not penetrate the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(skin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (skin)">epidermis</a> and hence are not hazardous as long as the alpha particles remain outside the body and do not come near the eyes, which are living tissue. Wearing chemically resistant and intact gloves is a mandatory precaution to avoid transcutaneous <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffusion</a> of polonium directly through the <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>. Polonium delivered in concentrated <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> can easily diffuse through inadequate gloves (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Latex_gloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Latex gloves">latex gloves</a>) or the acid may damage the gloves.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Polonium does not have toxic chemical properties.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> It has been reported that some <a href="/wiki/Microbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbe">microbes</a> can <a href="/wiki/Methylation" title="Methylation">methylate</a> polonium by the action of <a href="/wiki/Methylcobalamin" title="Methylcobalamin">methylcobalamin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> This is similar to the way in which <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a> are methylated in living things to create <a href="/wiki/Organometallic" class="mw-redirect" title="Organometallic">organometallic</a> compounds. Studies investigating the metabolism of polonium-210 in rats have shown that only 0.002 to 0.009% of polonium-210 ingested is excreted as volatile polonium-210.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acute_effects">Acute effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Acute effects">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">median lethal dose</a> (LD50) for acute radiation exposure is about 4.5 <a href="/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert">Sv</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pnl-86">[86]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Committed_effective_dose_equivalent_(CEDE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE)">committed effective dose equivalent</a> 210Po is 0.51 μSv/<a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">Bq</a> if ingested, and 2.5 μSv/Bq if inhaled.<a href="#cite_note-nsds-87">[87]</a> A fatal 4.5 Sv dose can be caused by ingesting 8.8 MBq (240 μCi), about 50 <a href="/wiki/Nanogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanogram">nanograms</a> (ng), or inhaling 1.8 MBq (49 μCi), about 10 ng. One gram of 210Po could thus in theory poison 20 million people, of whom 10 million would die. The actual toxicity of 210Po is lower than these estimates because radiation exposure that is spread out over several weeks (the <a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">biological half-life</a> of polonium in humans is 30 to 50 days<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a>) is somewhat less damaging than an instantaneous dose. It has been estimated that a <a href="/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">median lethal dose</a> of 210Po is 15 megabecquerels (0.41 mCi), or 0.089 micrograms (μg), still an extremely small amount.<a href="#cite_note-nuclearweaponsarchive-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> For comparison, one grain of <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">table salt</a> is about 0.06 mg = 60 μg.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long_term_(chronic)_effects">Long term (chronic) effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Long term (chronic) effects">edit</a>]</div> In addition to the acute effects, radiation exposure (both internal and external) carries a long-term risk of death from cancer of 5–10% per Sv.<a href="#cite_note-pnl-86">[86]</a> The general population is exposed to small amounts of polonium as a <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a> daughter in indoor air; the isotopes 214Po and 218Po are thought to cause the majority<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> of the estimated 15,000–22,000 lung cancer deaths in the US every year that have been attributed to indoor radon.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking#Health_risks_of_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">Tobacco smoking</a> causes additional exposure to polonium.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulatory_exposure_limits_and_handling">Regulatory exposure limits and handling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Regulatory exposure limits and handling">edit</a>]</div> The maximum allowable body burden for ingested 210Po is only 1.1 kBq (30 nCi), which is equivalent to a particle massing only 6.8 picograms.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The maximum permissible workplace concentration of airborne 210Po is about 10 Bq/m3 (3×10−10 μCi/cm3).<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The target organs for polonium in humans are the <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> As the spleen (150 g) and the liver (1.3 to 3 kg) are much smaller than the rest of the body, if the polonium is concentrated in these vital organs, it is a greater threat to life than the dose which would be suffered (on average) by the whole body if it were spread evenly throughout the body, in the same way as <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a> (as T2O).<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> 210Po is widely used in industry, and readily available with little regulation or restriction.<a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In the US, a tracking system run by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission was implemented in 2007 to register purchases of more than 16 curies (590 GBq) of polonium-210 (enough to make up 5,000 lethal doses). The IAEA "is said to be considering tighter regulations ... There is talk that it might tighten the polonium reporting requirement by a factor of 10, to 1.6 curies (59 GBq)."<a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman-100">[100]</a> As of 2013, this is still the only alpha emitting byproduct material available, as a NRC Exempt Quantity, which may be held without a radioactive material license.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Polonium and its compounds must be handled with caution inside special alpha <a href="/wiki/Glove_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Glove box">glove boxes</a>, equipped with <a href="/wiki/HEPA" title="HEPA">HEPA</a> filters and continuously maintained under depression to prevent the radioactive materials from leaking out. Gloves made of <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">natural rubber</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">latex</a>) do not properly withstand chemical attacks, a.o. by concentrated <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> (e.g., 6 M <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>HNO3) commonly used to keep polonium in <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solution</a> while minimizing its <a href="/wiki/Sorption" title="Sorption">sorption</a> onto glass. They do not provide sufficient protection against the contamination from polonium (<a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffusion</a> of 210Po solution through the intact latex membrane, or worse, direct contact through tiny holes and cracks produced when the latex begins to suffer degradation by acids or UV from ambient light); additional surgical gloves are necessary (inside the glovebox to protect the main gloves when handling strong acids and bases, and also from outside to protect the operator hands against 210Po contamination from diffusion, or direct contact through glove defects). Chemically more resistant, and also denser, <a href="/wiki/Neoprene" title="Neoprene">neoprene</a> and butyl gloves shield alpha particles emitted by polonium better than natural rubber.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The use of natural rubber gloves is not recommended for handling 210Po solutions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cases_of_poisoning">Cases of poisoning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cases of poisoning">edit</a>]</div> Despite the element's highly hazardous properties, circumstances in which polonium poisoning can occur are rare. Its extreme scarcity in nature,<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> the short half-lives of all its isotopes, the specialised facilities and equipment needed to obtain any significant quantity, and safety precautions against laboratory accidents all make harmful exposure events unlikely. As such, only a handful of cases of radiation poisoning specifically attributable to polonium exposure have been confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20th_century">20th century</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> In response to concerns about the risks of occupational polonium exposure, quantities of 210Po were administered to five human volunteers at the University of Rochester from 1944 to 1947, in order to study its biological behaviour. These studies were funded by the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> and the AEC. Four men and a woman participated, all suffering from terminal cancers, and ranged in age from their early thirties to early forties; all were chosen because experimenters wanted subjects who had not been exposed to polonium either through work or accident.<a href="#cite_note-Rochester-105">[105]</a> 210Po was injected into four hospitalised patients, and orally given to a fifth. None of the administered doses (all ranging from 0.17 to 0.30 μ<a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">Ci</a> kg−1) approached fatal quantities.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rochester-105">[105]</a> The first documented death directly resulting from polonium poisoning occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, on 10 July 1954.<a href="#cite_note-Gasteva-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> An unidentified 41-year-old man presented for medical treatment on 29 June, with severe vomiting and fever; the previous day, he had been working for five hours in an area in which, unknown to him, a capsule containing 210Po had depressurised and begun to disperse in aerosol form. Over this period, his total intake of airborne 210Po was estimated at 0.11 GBq (almost 25 times the estimated LD50 by inhalation of 4.5 MBq). Despite treatment, his condition continued to worsen and he died 13 days after the exposure event.<a href="#cite_note-Gasteva-107">[107]</a> From 1955 to 1957 the <a href="/wiki/Windscale_Piles" title="Windscale Piles">Windscale Piles</a> had been releasing polonium-210. The <a href="/wiki/Windscale_fire" title="Windscale fire">Windscale fire</a> brought the need for testing of the land downwind for radioactive material contamination, and this is how it was found. An estimate of 8.8 terabecquerels (240 Ci) of polonium-210 has been made. It has also been suggested that <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a>'s 1956 death from leukaemia was owed to the radiation effects of polonium. She was accidentally exposed in 1946 when a sealed capsule of the element exploded on her laboratory bench.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> As well, several deaths in Israel during 1957–1969 have been alleged to have resulted from 210Po exposure.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> A leak was discovered at a <a href="/wiki/Weizmann_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Weizmann Institute">Weizmann Institute</a> laboratory in 1957. Traces of 210Po were found on the hands of Professor Dror Sadeh, a physicist who researched radioactive materials. Medical tests indicated no harm, but the tests did not include bone marrow. Sadeh, one of his students, and two colleagues died from various <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancers</a> over the subsequent few years. The issue was investigated secretly, but there was never any formal admission of a connection between the leak and the deaths.<a href="#cite_note-LA_Times_2007-01-01-111">[111]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Church_Rock_uranium_mill_spill" title="Church Rock uranium mill spill">Church Rock uranium mill spill</a> 16 July 1979 is reported to have released <a href="/wiki/Polonium-210" title="Polonium-210">polonium-210</a>. The report states animals had higher concentrations of lead-210, polonium-210 and radium-226 than the tissues from control animals.<a href="#cite_note-Millard1983-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="21st_century">21st century</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Poisoning_of_Alexander_Litvinenko" title="Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko">Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cause_of_Yasser_Arafat%27s_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Cause of Yasser Arafat's death">Cause of Yasser Arafat's death</a></div> The cause of the <a href="/wiki/Poisoning_of_Alexander_Litvinenko" title="Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko">2006 death</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Litvinenko" title="Alexander Litvinenko">Alexander Litvinenko</a>, a former Russian <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">FSB</a> agent who had defected to the United Kingdom in 2001, was identified to be poisoning with a lethal dose of 210Po;<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc-114">[114]</a> it was subsequently determined that the 210Po had probably been deliberately administered to him by two Russian ex-security agents, <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Lugovoy" title="Andrey Lugovoy">Andrey Lugovoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Kovtun" title="Dmitry Kovtun">Dmitry Kovtun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> As such, Litvinenko's death was the first (and, to date, only) confirmed instance in which polonium's extreme toxicity has been used with malicious intent.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-PoAlJazeera-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In 2011, an allegation surfaced that the death of <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Palestine">Palestinian</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a>, who died on 11 November 2004 of uncertain causes, also resulted from deliberate polonium poisoning,<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> and in July 2012, concentrations of 210Po many times more than normal were detected in Arafat's clothes and personal belongings by the Institut de Radiophysique in Lausanne, Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-BartReuters-123">[123]</a> Even though Arafat's symptoms were acute gastroenteritis with diarrhoea and vomiting,<a href="#cite_note-NBC_News-124">[124]</a> the institute's spokesman said that despite the tests the symptoms described in Arafat's medical reports were not consistent with 210Po poisoning, and conclusions could not be drawn.<a href="#cite_note-BartReuters-123">[123]</a> In 2013 the team found levels of polonium in Arafat's ribs and pelvis 18 to 36 times the average,<a href="#cite_note-AJ_Swiss_study-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters_Arafat_poisoned-126">[126]</a> even though by this point in time the amount had diminished by a factor of 2 million.<a href="#cite_note-LT24.05.14-127">[127]</a> Forensic scientist Dave Barclay stated, "In my opinion, it is absolutely certain that the cause of his illness was polonium poisoning. ... What we have got is the smoking gun - the thing that caused his illness and was given to him with malice."<a href="#cite_note-NBC_News-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-AJ_Swiss_study-125">[125]</a> Subsequently, French and Russian teams claimed that the elevated 210Po levels were not the result of deliberate poisoning, and did not cause Arafat's death.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> It has also been suspected that Russian businessman <a href="/wiki/Roman_Tsepov" title="Roman Tsepov">Roman Tsepov</a> was killed with polonium. He had symptoms similar to Aleksander Litvinenko.<a href="#cite_note-timesonline-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment">Treatment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Treatment">edit</a>]</div> It has been suggested that <a href="/wiki/Chelation_therapy" title="Chelation therapy">chelation agents</a>, such as British anti-Lewisite (<a href="/wiki/Dimercaprol" title="Dimercaprol">dimercaprol</a>), can be used to decontaminate humans.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In one experiment, rats were given a fatal dose of 1.45 MBq/kg (8.7 ng/kg) of 210Po; all untreated rats were dead after 44 days, but 90% of the rats treated with the chelation agent HOEtTTC remained alive for five months.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detection_in_biological_specimens">Detection in biological specimens</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Detection in biological specimens">edit</a>]</div> Polonium-210 may be quantified in biological specimens by alpha particle spectrometry to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients or to provide evidence in a medicolegal death investigation. The baseline urinary excretion of polonium-210 in healthy persons due to routine exposure to environmental sources is normally in a range of 5–15 mBq/day. Levels in excess of 30 mBq/day are suggestive of excessive exposure to the radionuclide.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occurrence_in_humans_and_the_biosphere">Occurrence in humans and the biosphere</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Occurrence in humans and the biosphere">edit</a>]</div> Polonium-210 is widespread in the <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a>, including in human tissues, because of its position in the <a href="/wiki/Uranium_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium series">uranium-238 decay chain</a>. Natural <a href="/wiki/Uranium-238" title="Uranium-238">uranium-238</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a> decays through a series of solid radioactive intermediates including <a href="/wiki/Radium-226" title="Radium-226">radium-226</a> to the radioactive noble gas <a href="/wiki/Radon-222" title="Radon-222">radon-222</a>, some of which, during its 3.8-day half-life, diffuses into the atmosphere. There it decays through several more steps to polonium-210, much of which, during its 138-day half-life, is washed back down to the Earth's surface, thus entering the biosphere, before finally decaying to stable <a href="/wiki/Lead-206" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead-206">lead-206</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> As early as the 1920s, French biologist <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lacassagne" title="Antoine Lacassagne">Antoine Lacassagne</a>, using polonium provided by his colleague <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a>, showed that the element has a specific pattern of uptake in rabbit tissues, with high concentrations, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Testes" class="mw-redirect" title="Testes">testes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> More recent evidence suggests that this behavior results from polonium substituting for its congener sulfur, also in group 16 of the periodic table, in sulfur-containing amino-acids or related molecules<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> and that similar patterns of distribution occur in human tissues.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Polonium is indeed an element naturally present in all humans, contributing appreciably to natural background dose, with wide geographical and cultural variations, and particularly high levels in arctic residents, for example.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tobacco">Tobacco</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tobacco">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Polonium-210" title="Polonium-210">Polonium-210</a> in tobacco contributes to many of the cases of <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a> worldwide. Most of this polonium is derived from <a href="/wiki/Lead-210" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead-210">lead-210</a> deposited on tobacco leaves from the atmosphere; the lead-210 is a product of <a href="/wiki/Radon-222" title="Radon-222">radon-222</a> gas, much of which appears to originate from the decay of <a href="/wiki/Radium-226" title="Radium-226">radium-226</a> from fertilizers applied to the tobacco soils.<a href="#cite_note-Muggli08-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martell1974-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martell1975-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> The presence of polonium in tobacco smoke has been known since the early 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Some of the world's biggest tobacco firms researched ways to remove the substance—to no avail—over a 40-year period. The results were never published.<a href="#cite_note-Muggli08-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Food">edit</a>]</div> Polonium is found in the food chain, especially in seafood.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_halo" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonium halo">Polonium halo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisoning_of_Alexander_Litvinenko" title="Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko">Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Thayer_p78-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thayer_p78_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thayer_p78_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThayer2010" class="citation journal cs1">Thayer, John S. (2010). "Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements". Relativistic Methods for Chemists. 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American Elements: The Materials Science Company. Retrieved 17 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Elements%3A+The+Materials+Science+Company&rft.atitle=Polonium+%28Po%29+%7C+AMERICAN+ELEMENTS+%C2%AE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanelements.com%2Fpo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadvanyiVillain2017" class="citation journal cs1">Radvanyi, Pierre; Villain, Jacques (1 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631070517300786">"The discovery of radioactivity"</a>. Comptes Rendus. Physique. 18 (9–10): 544–550. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CRPhy..18..544R">2017CRPhy..18..544R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crhy.2017.10.008">10.1016/j.crhy.2017.10.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus.+Physique&rft.atitle=The+discovery+of+radioactivity&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E544-%3C%2Fspan%3E550&rft.date=2017-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.crhy.2017.10.008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017CRPhy..18..544R&rft.aulast=Radvanyi&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.au=Villain%2C+Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS1631070517300786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-anl-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-anl_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-anl_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-anl_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703021010/http://www.ead.anl.gov/pub/doc/polonium.pdf">"Polonium"</a> (PDF). Argonne National Laboratory. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ead.anl.gov/pub/doc/polonium.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 July 2007. Retrieved 5 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polonium&rft.pub=Argonne+National+Laboratory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ead.anl.gov%2Fpub%2Fdoc%2Fpolonium.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#Greenwood">Greenwood</a>, p. 250 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atom.kaeri.re.kr/cgi-bin/decay?Po-210%20A">"210PO α decay"</a>. Nuclear Data Center, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. 2000. 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(1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130722232602/http://www.academie-sciences.fr/activite/archive/dossiers/Curie/Curie_pdf/CR1898_p1215_1217.pdf">"Sur une nouvelle substance fortement radio-active contenue dans la pechblende"</a> [On a new, strongly radioactive substance contained in pitchblende] (PDF). Comptes Rendus (in French). 127: 1215–1217. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academie-sciences.fr/activite/archive/dossiers/Curie/Curie_pdf/CR1898_p1215_1217.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus&rft.atitle=Sur+une+nouvelle+substance+fortement+radio-active+contenue+dans+la+pechblende&rft.volume=127&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1215-%3C%2Fspan%3E1217&rft.date=1898&rft.au=Curie%2C+P.&rft.au=Curie%2C+M.&rft.au=B%C3%A9mont%2C+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.academie-sciences.fr%2Factivite%2Farchive%2Fdossiers%2FCurie%2FCurie_pdf%2FCR1898_p1215_1217.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aip.org/history/curie/discover.htm">English translation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090806083923/http://www.aip.org/history/curie/discover.htm">Archived</a> 6 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F073549b0">"Polonium and Radio-Tellurium"</a>. Nature. 73 (549): 549. 1906. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1906Natur..73R.549.">1906Natur..73R.549.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F073549b0">10.1038/073549b0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Polonium+and+Radio-Tellurium&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=549&rft.pages=549&rft.date=1906&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F073549b0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1906Natur..73R.549.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F073549b0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeufeldt2012" class="citation book cs1">Neufeldt, Sieghard (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0lFQjLAlgC0C&pg=PA115">Chronologie Chemie: Entdecker und Entdeckungen</a>. 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"Polonium 210 content of mainstream cigarette smoke". Science. 149 (3683): 537–538. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965Sci...149..537K">1965Sci...149..537K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.149.3683.537">10.1126/science.149.3683.537</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14325152">14325152</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22567612">22567612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Polonium+210+content+of+mainstream+cigarette+smoke&rft.volume=149&rft.issue=3683&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E537-%3C%2Fspan%3E538&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.149.3683.537&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22567612%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14325152&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1965Sci...149..537K&rft.au=Kelley+TF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOta,_TomokoSanada,_TetsuyaKashiwara,_YokoMorimoto,_Takao2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ota, Tomoko; Sanada, Tetsuya; Kashiwara, Yoko; Morimoto, Takao; et al. 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Japanese Journal of Health Physics. 44 (1): 80–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5453%2Fjhps.44.80">10.5453/jhps.44.80</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Health+Physics&rft.atitle=Evaluation+for+Committed+Effective+Dose+Due+to+Dietary+Foods+by+the+Intake+for+Japanese+Adults&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5453%2Fjhps.44.80&rft.au=Ota%2C+Tomoko&rft.au=Sanada%2C+Tetsuya&rft.au=Kashiwara%2C+Yoko&rft.au=Morimoto%2C+Takao&rft.au=Sato%2C+Kaneaki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F110007226760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith-Briggs,_JLBradley,_EJ1984" class="citation journal cs1">Smith-Briggs, JL; Bradley, EJ (1984). "Measurement of natural radionuclides in U.K. diet". Science of the Total Environment. 35 (3): 431–40. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984ScTEn..35..431S">1984ScTEn..35..431S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0048-9697%2884%2990015-9">10.1016/0048-9697(84)90015-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6729447">6729447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Measurement+of+natural+radionuclides+in+U.K.+diet&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E431-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6729447&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0048-9697%2884%2990015-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984ScTEn..35..431S&rft.au=Smith-Briggs%2C+JL&rft.au=Bradley%2C+EJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bagnall" class="citation book cs1">Bagnall, K. W. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8qePsa3V8GQC&pg=PA212">"The Chemistry of Polonium"</a>. Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry. Vol. 4. New York: <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. pp. 197–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0065-2792%2808%2960268-X">10.1016/S0065-2792(08)60268-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-023604-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-023604-6"><bdi>978-0-12-023604-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Chemistry+of+Polonium&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Inorganic+Chemistry+and+Radiochemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E197-%3C%2Fspan%3E226&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0065-2792%2808%2960268-X&rft.isbn=978-0-12-023604-6&rft.aulast=Bagnall&rft.aufirst=K.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8qePsa3V8GQC%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Greenwood" class="citation book cs1">Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth–Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0080379418" title="Special:BookSources/978-0080379418"><bdi>978-0080379418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth%E2%80%93Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0080379418&rft.au=Greenwood%2C+Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="extiw" title="commons:Polonium">Polonium</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Polonium" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Polonium">Polonium</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/084.htm">Polonium</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table18" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8;color:inherit; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polonium_compounds86" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polonium_compounds" title="Template:Polonium compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polonium_compounds" title="Template talk:Polonium compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polonium_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polonium compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polonium_compounds86" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Polonium_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonium compounds">Polonium compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polonide" title="Polonide">Polonium(−II)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_polonide" title="Lithium polonide">Li2Po</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_polonide" title="Sodium polonide">Na2Po</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_polonide" title="Potassium polonide">K2Po</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubidium_polonide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rubidium polonide (page does not exist)">Rb2Po</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesium_polonide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caesium polonide (page does not exist)">Cs2Po</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beryllium_polonide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beryllium polonide (page does not exist)">BePo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_polonide" title="Magnesium polonide">MgPo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_polonide" title="Calcium polonide">CaPo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strontium_polonide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strontium polonide (page does not exist)">SrPo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barium_polonide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barium polonide (page does not exist)">BaPo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc_polonide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zinc polonide (page does not exist)">ZnPo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmium_polonide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cadmium polonide (page does not exist)">CdPo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_polonide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercury polonide (page does not exist)">HgPo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_polonide" title="Lead polonide">PbPo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polonium(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_hydride" title="Polonium hydride">PoH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_dichloride" title="Polonium dichloride">PoCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_dibromide" title="Polonium dibromide">PoBr2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_diiodide" title="Polonium diiodide">PoI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_monoxide" title="Polonium monoxide">PoO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_sulfide" title="Polonium sulfide">PoS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium(II)_hydroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium(II) hydroxide (page does not exist)">Po(OH)2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_dinitrate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium dinitrate (page does not exist)">Po(NO3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_sulfoxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium sulfoxide (page does not exist)">"PoSO3"</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_selenoxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium selenoxide (page does not exist)">"PoSeO3"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polonium(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_tetrafluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium tetrafluoride (page does not exist)">PoF4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_tetrachloride" title="Polonium tetrachloride">PoCl4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_tetrabromide" title="Polonium tetrabromide">PoBr4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_tetraiodide" title="Polonium tetraiodide">PoI4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_dichloride_dibromide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium dichloride dibromide (page does not exist)">PoCl2Br2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_dioxide" title="Polonium dioxide">PoO2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium(IV)_oxide_hydroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium(IV) oxide hydroxide (page does not exist)">PoO(OH)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium(IV)_sulfate" title="Polonium(IV) sulfate">Po(SO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_selenate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium selenate (page does not exist)">Po(SeO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_tetranitrate" title="Polonium tetranitrate">Po(NO3)4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium carbonate (page does not exist)">Po(CO3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium phosphate (page does not exist)">Po3(PO4)4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_chromate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium chromate (page does not exist)">Po(CrO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_iodate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium iodate (page does not exist)">Po(IO3)4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_hexabromopolonite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen hexabromopolonite (page does not exist)">H2PoBr6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesium_hexachloropolonite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caesium hexachloropolonite (page does not exist)">Cs2PoCl6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesium_hexabromopolonite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caesium hexabromopolonite (page does not exist)">Cs2PoBr6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesium_hexaiodopolonite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caesium hexaiodopolonite (page does not exist)">Cs2PoI6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonous_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonous acid (page does not exist)">H2PoO3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potassium_polonite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potassium polonite (page does not exist)">K2PoO3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_oxalate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium oxalate (page does not exist)">Po(C2O4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium acetate (page does not exist)">Po(CH3CO2)4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_cyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium cyanide (page does not exist)">Po(CN)4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polonium(VI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_hexafluoride" title="Polonium hexafluoride">PoF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_trioxide" title="Polonium trioxide">PoO3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marie_and_Pierre_Curie129" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marie_and_Pierre_Curie" title="Template:Marie and Pierre Curie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marie_and_Pierre_Curie" title="Template talk:Marie and Pierre Curie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marie_and_Pierre_Curie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marie and Pierre Curie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marie_and_Pierre_Curie129" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie"> Marie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie"> Pierre</a> Curie</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discoveries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curie%27s_law" title="Curie's law">Curie's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curie%E2%80%93Weiss_law" title="Curie–Weiss law">Curie–Weiss law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curie_temperature" title="Curie temperature">Curie temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean-field_theory" title="Mean-field theory">Mean-field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piezoelectricity" title="Piezoelectricity">Piezoelectricity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curie%27s_principle" title="Curie's principle">Curie's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Radioactivity" title="Treatise on Radioactivity">Treatise on Radioactivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Museum" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Curie_family" title="Curie family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%88ve_Curie" title="Ève Curie">Ève Curie</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Langevin-Joliot" title="Hélène Langevin-Joliot">Hélène Langevin-Joliot</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Joliot" title="Pierre Joliot">Pierre Joliot</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul-Jacques_Curie" title="Paul-Jacques Curie">Paul-Jacques Curie</a> (Pierre's brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a> (son-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Namesakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curie_Institute_(Paris)" title="Curie Institute (Paris)">Curie Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">Curie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Marie_Sklodowska-Curie_Award" title="IEEE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Award">IEEE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie_Medal" title="Marie Curie Medal">Marie Curie Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Bridge,_Warsaw" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Bridge, Warsaw">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Park" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Park">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Curie-Sk%C5%82odowska_University" title="Maria Curie-Skłodowska University">Maria Curie-Skłodowska University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_and_Marie_Curie_University" title="Pierre and Marie Curie University">Pierre and Marie Curie University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_National_Research_Institute_of_Oncology" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology">Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curie_Island" title="Curie Island">Curie Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7000_Curie" class="mw-redirect" title="7000 Curie">7000 Curie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Monument_(Lublin)" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument (Lublin)">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument in Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Monument_(Downtown,_Warsaw)" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument (Downtown, Warsaw)">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument in Warsaw (Downtown)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Monument_(Ochota)" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument (Ochota)">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument in Warsaw (Ochota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie_Gargoyle" title="Marie Curie Gargoyle">Marie Curie Gargoyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Medallion" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Medallion">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Medallion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Curie_(film)" title="Madame Curie (film)">Madame Curie</a> (1943 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Palmes_de_M._Schutz" title="Les Palmes de M. Schutz">Les Palmes de M. Schutz</a> (1997 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie,_une_femme_sur_le_front" title="Marie Curie, une femme sur le front">Marie Curie, une femme sur le front</a> (2014 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie:_The_Courage_of_Knowledge" title="Marie Curie: The Courage of Knowledge">Marie Curie: The Courage of Knowledge</a> (2016 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_(film)" title="Radioactive (film)">Radioactive</a> (2019 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1120" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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