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class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Germanic boar helmet</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Germanic_boar_helmet" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Germanic_boar_helmet" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector disabled"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Germanic+boar+helmet" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_boar_helmet&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> Germanic boar helmets or boar crested helmets are attested in archaeological finds from England, Denmark and Sweden, dating to <a href="/wiki/Vendel_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vendel period">Vendel</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a> periods, and <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> written sources. They consist of helmets decorated with either a <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">boar</a> crest or other boar imagery that was believed to offer protection in battle to the wearer. They have also been proposed to be a costume for the ritual transformation into a boar, similar to <a href="/wiki/Berserkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Berserkers">berserkers</a>, and to be associated with <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a>. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torslundapl%C3%A5tarna_1995_(108869_HST).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Torslundapl%C3%A5tarna_1995_%28108869_HST%29.jpg/300px-Torslundapl%C3%A5tarna_1995_%28108869_HST%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Torslundapl%C3%A5tarna_1995_%28108869_HST%29.jpg/450px-Torslundapl%C3%A5tarna_1995_%28108869_HST%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Torslundapl%C3%A5tarna_1995_%28108869_HST%29.jpg/600px-Torslundapl%C3%A5tarna_1995_%28108869_HST%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="750"></a><figcaption>Warriors wearing boar-crested helmets on a <a href="/wiki/Torslunda_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Torslunda plate">Torslunda plate</a>, dated to between the 6th and 8th century CE.</figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Context">1 Context</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Roman,_Celtic_and_Baltic">1.1 Roman, Celtic and Baltic</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Germanic">1.2 Germanic</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Archeological_record">2 Archeological record</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Helmets_and_fragments">2.1 Helmets and fragments</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Images">2.2 Images</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Literary_attestations">3 Literary attestations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Old_English">3.1 Old English</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Beowulf">3.1.1 Beowulf</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Elene">3.1.2 Elene</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Old_Norse">3.2 Old Norse</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Function_of_imagery">4 Function of imagery</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Notes">5 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Citations">7 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Bibliography">8 Bibliography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Primary">8.1 Primary</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Secondary">8.2 Secondary</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Context">Context</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_boar_helmet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Context" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman,_Celtic_and_Baltic">Roman, Celtic and Baltic</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_boar_helmet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Roman, Celtic and Baltic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boar-helmeted_figure_on_the_Gundestrup_Cauldron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Boar-helmeted_figure_on_the_Gundestrup_Cauldron.jpg/146px-Boar-helmeted_figure_on_the_Gundestrup_Cauldron.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="896"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 146px;height: 300px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Boar-helmeted_figure_on_the_Gundestrup_Cauldron.jpg/146px-Boar-helmeted_figure_on_the_Gundestrup_Cauldron.jpg" data-width="146" data-height="300" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Boar-helmeted_figure_on_the_Gundestrup_Cauldron.jpg/220px-Boar-helmeted_figure_on_the_Gundestrup_Cauldron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Boar-helmeted_figure_on_the_Gundestrup_Cauldron.jpg/293px-Boar-helmeted_figure_on_the_Gundestrup_Cauldron.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gundestrup_cauldron" title="Gundestrup cauldron">Gundestrup cauldron</a> depiction, dating to between 200 BCE and 300 CE</figcaption></figure> The boar was an important symbol in prehistoric Europe, where, according to the archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Foster" title="Jennifer Foster">Jennifer Foster</a>, it was "venerated, eulogised, hunted and eaten ... for millennia, until its virtual extinction in recent historical time."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1977b1-1">[1]</a> Anglo-Saxon and Vendel era boar symbols are preceded by a thousand years of similar iconography, coming after <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène</a> examples in the fourth century BCE, <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gaulish</a> specimens three centuries later, and Roman boars in the fourth century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank200878-2">[2]</a> The boar is said to have been sacred to a <a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">mother goddess</a> figure among linguistically Celtic communities in <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> Europe,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1977b5-3">[3]</a> while the Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, writing around the first century CE, suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Baltic</a> <a href="/wiki/Aesti" title="Aesti">Aesti</a> wore boar symbols in battle to invoke her protection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus186831-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus188625-5">[5]</a> Four <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Legio_XX_Valeria_Victrix" title="Legio XX Valeria Victrix">twentieth</a> that was stationed in Britain,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1977b15,_19,_26-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank200878-2">[2]</a> also adopted the boar as their emblem. The sole unequivocal depictions of boar-crested helmets outside of Germanic sources are on interior plate E of the <a href="/wiki/Gundestrup_cauldron" title="Gundestrup cauldron">Gundestrup cauldron</a>, dating to the <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène</a> period or early <a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a>, which is commonly believed to be Celtic in origin but also has elements suggesting <a href="/wiki/Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracian">Thracian</a> origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011164%E2%80%93165-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanic">Germanic</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_boar_helmet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Germanic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Boars had a prominent role for the Germanic peoples and were closely associated with battle. The <a href="/wiki/Svinfylking" title="Svinfylking">boar's snout formation</a> was a wedge formation first attested in the 4th century CE, used by the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> and named due to its appearance. The formation was also used in the medieval period, as attested in sources such as <a href="/wiki/Kn%C3%BDtlinga_saga" title="Knýtlinga saga">Knýtlinga saga</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%93lafs_saga_Tryggvasonar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ólafs saga Tryggvasonar">Ólafs saga Tryggvasonar</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Danorum" title="Gesta Danorum">Gesta Danorum, Book VII</a>, the formation is taught by <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> to <a href="/wiki/Harald_Wartooth" title="Harald Wartooth">Harald Wartooth</a>, who was named due to the tusks he grew to replace two of his teeth that fell out while he was young.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011153,_158%E2%80%93161-8">[8]</a> In mythological sources, the boar <a href="/wiki/Saehrimnir" class="mw-redirect" title="Saehrimnir">Saehrimnir</a> is killed each day to feed the <a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">einherjar</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Gullinbursti" title="Gullinbursti">Gullinbursti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hildisv%C3%ADni" class="mw-redirect" title="Hildisvíni">Hildisvíni</a> are owned by the gods <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2007122,_147,_273-9">[9]</a> Both Freyr and Freyja share names with swine, with boars referred to as Vaningi, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_names_of_Freyr" title="List of names of Freyr">name for Freyr</a>, and Freyja as Sýr (sow).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2007309,_351-10">[10]</a> In a ritual context, swine are often sacrificed and eaten during <a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">blóts</a> (in particular the <a href="/wiki/Sonarbl%C3%B3t" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonarblót">sonarblót</a>), and are central in some forms of <a href="/wiki/Heitstrenging" title="Heitstrenging">heitstrenging</a>, where the boar is described as being holy. Scholars have proposed the sonarblót was devoted to Freyr, while in the U and H manuscripts of <a href="/wiki/Hervarar_saga_ok_Hei%C3%B0reks" title="Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks">Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks</a>, the link between the god and Heitstrenging is explicit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2007298-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011196-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guldgubbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Guldgubbar">Guldgubbar</a> finds include figures of swine and their ritual deposition has been linked with Vanir worship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinnell200560-13">[13]</a> Boar symbolism and religious practice is closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, a cultic centre for Freyr, and where it has been suggested to have been a <a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">totemic animal</a>. Both the Swedish <a href="/wiki/Yngling" title="Yngling">Yngling</a> royal family and families of Icelandic settlers that can be traced back to Sweden are described as specifically worshiping Freyr and owning boars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011203%E2%80%93212-14">[14]</a> A number of Germanic names feature as an element in names related to jǫfurr (derived from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a>: *eburaR, wild boar) such as Jǫfurfǫst and Jǫfurbjǫrn, attested in Swedish runic inscriptions, and <a href="/wiki/Eofor" title="Eofor">Eofor</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Geat" class="mw-redirect" title="Geat">Geat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011113%E2%80%93117-15">[15]</a> In later sources, jǫfurr the meaning of 'boar' and has been predominantly replaced by 'ruler' or 'prince'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011118%E2%80%93119-16">[16]</a> This transition has been proposed due to the association between boar helmets and nobility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2000141-17">[17]</a> Despite the numerous associations between boars and the <a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a>, Freyr and Freyja, it is to be noted that the boar also has symbolism in its own right and is not always linked with the gods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011212-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1977b27-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank200880,_86-20">[20]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Archeological_record">Archeological record</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_boar_helmet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Archeological record" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Helmets_and_fragments">Helmets and fragments</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_boar_helmet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Helmets and fragments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Both boar-crested helmets and crest fragments dating to the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon period">Anglo-Saxon period</a> have been discovered in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Benty_Grange_helmet" title="Benty Grange helmet">Benty Grange helmet</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a>, dating to the 7th century CE. Boars also feature on the eyebrow terminals of the <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_Helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutton Hoo Helmet">Sutton Hoo Helmet</a> which shares features both with other Anglo-Saxon and Vendel era helmets, and has been suggested to have been made in Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011181-21">[21]</a> It has been proposed that a post-Roman introduction of a Germanic tradition from the <a href="/wiki/European_mainland" class="mw-redirect" title="European mainland">European mainland</a>, rather than the continuation of a tradition in Britain through 400 years of Roman rule, resulted in the return to prominence in the Anglo-Saxon period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1977b27-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaney1970123%E2%80%93124-22">[22]</a> The Benty Grange boar has been suggested to have originally been fitted with boar bristles which would form an accentuated dorsal crest, a motif that has been suggested to point towards the animal's aggression and ferocity, consistent with martial associations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_boar_on_replica-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldhouse-Green1992152-24">[24]</a> It has also been proposed that the golden decoration of the boar represents <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr's</a> boar <a href="/wiki/Gullinbursti" title="Gullinbursti">Gullinbursti</a> who has golden bristles, however there is no direct evidence that this story was known in England at the time of construction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974238-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011174-26">[26]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 72.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 70.666666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Horncastle_helmet_fragment.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Horncastle boar crest fragment"><noscript><img alt="Horncastle boar crest fragment" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Horncastle_helmet_fragment.jpg/106px-Horncastle_helmet_fragment.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="1408"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 71px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Horncastle_helmet_fragment.jpg/106px-Horncastle_helmet_fragment.jpg" data-alt="Horncastle boar crest fragment" data-width="71" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Horncastle_helmet_fragment.jpg/159px-Horncastle_helmet_fragment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Horncastle_helmet_fragment.jpg/212px-Horncastle_helmet_fragment.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Horncastle_boar%27s_head" title="Horncastle boar's head">Horncastle boar crest fragment</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90.666666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pioneer_Helmet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wollaston Helmet"><noscript><img alt="Wollaston Helmet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Pioneer_Helmet.jpg/136px-Pioneer_Helmet.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="721"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 91px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Pioneer_Helmet.jpg/136px-Pioneer_Helmet.jpg" data-alt="Wollaston Helmet" data-width="91" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Pioneer_Helmet.jpg/203px-Pioneer_Helmet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Pioneer_Helmet.jpg/271px-Pioneer_Helmet.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wollaston_Helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Wollaston Helmet">Wollaston Helmet</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 238px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 236px;"><a href="/wiki/File:BentyGrangeHelmSide.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Benty Grange helmet"><noscript><img alt="Benty Grange helmet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/BentyGrangeHelmSide.jpg/354px-BentyGrangeHelmSide.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4135" data-file-height="2804"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 236px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/BentyGrangeHelmSide.jpg/354px-BentyGrangeHelmSide.jpg" data-alt="Benty Grange helmet" data-width="236" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/BentyGrangeHelmSide.jpg/531px-BentyGrangeHelmSide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/BentyGrangeHelmSide.jpg/708px-BentyGrangeHelmSide.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Benty_Grange_helmet" title="Benty Grange helmet">Benty Grange helmet</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 386px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 384px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Boar_crop_sharpen.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Guilden Morden boar crest fragment"><noscript><img alt="Guilden Morden boar crest fragment" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Boar_crop_sharpen.png/576px-Boar_crop_sharpen.png" decoding="async" width="384" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2727" data-file-height="1137"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 384px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Boar_crop_sharpen.png/576px-Boar_crop_sharpen.png" data-alt="Guilden Morden boar crest fragment" data-width="384" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Boar_crop_sharpen.png/864px-Boar_crop_sharpen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Boar_crop_sharpen.png/1152px-Boar_crop_sharpen.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Guilden_Morden_boar" title="Guilden Morden boar">Guilden Morden boar crest fragment</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Images">Images</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_boar_helmet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Images" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Unlike those found in England, no Scandinavian helmets have yet been discovered with boar crests, however plates depicting them have been found in Sweden, dating to the <a href="/wiki/Vendel_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Vendel era">Vendel era</a>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vendel_I_helmet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vendel I helmet (page does not exist)">Vendel I helmet</a>, dated to approximately 650 CE has plates showing a rider accompanied by a bird of prey with a boar-crested helmet. Similarly, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valsg%C3%A4rde_7_helmet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valsgärde 7 helmet (page does not exist)">Valsgärde 7 helmet</a> has a plate depicting two warriors carrying spears and wearing boar-crested helmets, a motif that bears a strong resemblance to one of the 6th century <a href="/wiki/Torslunda_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Torslunda plate">Torslunda plates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1977b5-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011176%E2%80%93177-27">[27]</a> It has been suggested that the helmets depicted on these plates are of an older style than the helmets that the plates are decorating.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatto1957159-28">[28]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Literary_attestations">Literary attestations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_boar_helmet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Literary attestations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_helmet#Beowulf" title="Sutton Hoo helmet">Sutton Hoo helmet § Beowulf</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2004_sutton_hoo_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Colour photograph of a modern replica of the Sutton Hoo helmet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/2004_sutton_hoo_01.JPG/220px-2004_sutton_hoo_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/2004_sutton_hoo_01.JPG/220px-2004_sutton_hoo_01.JPG" data-alt="Colour photograph of a modern replica of the Sutton Hoo helmet." data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/2004_sutton_hoo_01.JPG/330px-2004_sutton_hoo_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/2004_sutton_hoo_01.JPG/440px-2004_sutton_hoo_01.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Replica of the <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_helmet" title="Sutton Hoo helmet">Sutton Hoo helmet</a> showing the gilded boar terminals on the eyebrows.<a href="#cite_note-29">[note 1]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_English">Old English</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_boar_helmet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Old English" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beowulf">Beowulf</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_boar_helmet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Beowulf" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Boar helmets are referenced in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> poem <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a> five times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1977a167-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlaeber1922ll._303%E2%80%93306,_1110%E2%80%931112,_1286,_1327%E2%80%931328,_1448%E2%80%931454-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatto1957155%E2%80%93156-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeake198080-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman186133-34">[33]</a> In three cases they appear to feature freestanding boars atop the helmets,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaney1970123%E2%80%93124-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlaeber1922ll._1110%E2%80%931112,_1286,_1327%E2%80%931328-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECramp195762%E2%80%9363-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1968354-37">[36]</a> like the Guilden Morden example. Such is the case when <a href="/wiki/Grendel%27s_mother" title="Grendel's mother">Grendel's mother</a> seeks vengeance for the death of <a href="/wiki/Grendel" title="Grendel">her son</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStiegemannKrokerWalter2013189-38">[37]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> Com þa to Heorote, ðær Hring-Dene geond þæt sæld swæfun. Þa ðær sona wearð edhwyrft eorlum, siþðan inne fealh Grendles modor. Wæs se gryre læssa efne swa micle, swa bið mægþa cræft, wiggryre wifes be wæpnedmen, þonne heoru bunden, hamere geþruen, sweord swate fah swin ofer helme ecgum dyhtig andweard scireð. Ða wæs on healle heardecg togen sweord ofer setlum, sidrand manig hafen handa fæst; helm ne gemunde, byrnan side, þa hine se broga angeat. </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> She came to Heorot. There, inside the hall, Danes lay asleep, earls who would soon endure a great reversal, once Grendel's mother attacked and entered. Her onslaught was less only by as much as an amazon warrior's strength is less than an armed man's when the hefted sword, its hammered edge and gleaming blade slathered in blood, razed the sturdy boar-ridge off a helmet. Then in the hall, hard-honed swords were grabbed from the bench, many a broad shield lifted and braced; there was little thought of helmets or woven mail when they woke in terror. </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—<a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> text<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlaeber1922ll._1279%E2%80%931291-39">[38]</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—<a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Heaney</a> Translation<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeaney200089%E2%80%9391-40">[39]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> In another case, <a href="/wiki/Hr%C5%8D%C3%B0g%C4%81r" class="mw-redirect" title="Hrōðgār">Hrōðgār</a> laments the death of his advisor by Grendel's mother: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> Ne frín þú æfter saélum, sorh is geníwod Denigea léodum, déad is Æschere Yrmenláfes yldra bróþor mín rúnwita ond mín raédbora eaxlgestealla, ðonne we on orlege hafelan weredon, þonne hniton feþan, eoferas cnysedan, swylc eorl scolde wesan aérgód swylc Æschere wæs. </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> Ask not for news of happy hours! Sorrow is come anew upon the people of the Danes. Dead is <a href="/wiki/%C3%86schere" title="Æschere">Æschere</a>, the elder son of Yrmenlaf; my counsels were his and his wisdom mine, at my right hand he stood when on fatal field we fended our lives, as the ranks clashed in battle and the boar-crests rang. Such should a good man be, of noble birth long tried in deeds, even as was <a href="/wiki/%C3%86schere" title="Æschere">Æschere</a>! </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—<a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> text<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlaeber1922ll._1326%E2%80%931328-41">[40]</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—<a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R.R. Tolkien">Tolkien</a> Translation<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolkien201451-42">[41]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> In two instances, boars are referred to in the plural, such as when Beowulf and his men leave their ship as "[b]oar-shapes flashed above their cheek-guards" (<a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: eoforlic scionon ofer hleorbergan)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlaeber1922ll._303%E2%80%93306,_1448%E2%80%931454-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeaney200021%E2%80%9323-44">[43]</a> These references may refer instead boars like those on the eyebrows of the <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_helmet" title="Sutton Hoo helmet">Sutton Hoo helmet</a>, as opposed to crests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECramp195762%E2%80%9363-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1968354-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaney1970123-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1972122-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elene">Elene</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_boar_helmet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Elene" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the poem <a href="/wiki/Elene" title="Elene">Elene</a>, the word eoforcumbol appears twice and has been translated as "boar-crest on a helmet" or "boar-banner". In this context, it is presented both as a symbol of protection, and as a heathen symbol that is contrasted with the <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">Christian cross</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011182%E2%80%93183-47">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Norse">Old Norse</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_boar_helmet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Old Norse" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vendel_I_helmet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Vendel_I_helmet.jpg/150px-Vendel_I_helmet.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="1644"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 240px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Vendel_I_helmet.jpg/150px-Vendel_I_helmet.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="240" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Vendel_I_helmet.jpg/225px-Vendel_I_helmet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Vendel_I_helmet.jpg/300px-Vendel_I_helmet.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Vendel I helmet, dating to c.650 CE<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011176-48">[47]</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> sources, helmets may be associated with boars, in particular those of the <a href="/wiki/Yngling" title="Yngling">Yngling royal house</a>. The Swedish king <a href="/wiki/A%C3%B0ils" class="mw-redirect" title="Aðils">Aðils</a> owned the helmets <a href="/wiki/Hildisv%C3%ADn" class="mw-redirect" title="Hildisvín">Hildisvín</a> ('Battle-swine')<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewton199342-49">[48]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hildig%C7%ABltr" class="mw-redirect" title="Hildigǫltr">Hildigǫltr</a> ('Battle-boar'),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByock1999105-50">[49]</a> the former of which was inherited from another Yngling, his parental uncle <a href="/wiki/%C3%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Áli">Áli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011203%E2%80%93204-51">[50]</a> Hildigǫltr is also listed as a <a href="/wiki/Heiti" title="Heiti">heiti</a> for a helmet in <a href="/wiki/Nafna%C3%BEulur" title="Nafnaþulur">Nafnaþulur</a>, and is attested in the <a href="/wiki/Skaldic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Skaldic poetry">skaldic poetry</a> of <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1ttatal" title="Háttatal">Háttatal</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturluson-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011179-53">[52]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> Holt felr hildigelti heila bæs, ok deilir gulls í gelmis stalli gunnseið, skörungr, reiðir. </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> The outstanding one covers the hill of the dwelling of the brain (his cranium) with a battle boar (helmet) and the distributor of gold brandishes the battle fish (sword) in the hawk's perch (hand). </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> text<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturluson20075-54">[53]</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—Faulkes translation<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturluson1987168-55">[54]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The heiti valgǫltr is also used in <a href="/wiki/Hrafnsm%C3%A1l" title="Hrafnsmál">Hrafnsmál</a> as part of a battle <a href="/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning">kenning</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011179-53">[52]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> Feldi folks valdi fyrst ens gollbyrsta velti valgaltar Vígfús þanns hétu; slíta þar síðan sôrum benskárar brôð af bǫð-Nirði, Bjarnar arfnytja. </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> First the Folk-wielder Felled there the feller Of fight-boar gold-bristled, Vigfus men hight him. The wound-mews thereafter There were they tearing Full meat of fight-god, Biorn's heirship wearer. </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> text<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefilsson-56">[55]</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—<a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a> translation<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrisEirikr2019-57">[56]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> It has been further proposed that the helmet heiti valhrímnir and hallhrímnir refer to swine through the component -hrimnir, a heiti for swine attested in <a href="/wiki/Nafna%C3%BEulur" title="Nafnaþulur">Nafnaþulur</a> also found as a suffix in the name <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6hr%C3%ADmnir" title="Sæhrímnir">Sæhrímnir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturluson-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011107%E2%80%93108,_179-58">[57]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Function_of_imagery">Function of imagery</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_boar_helmet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Function of imagery" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Boar imagery on Anglo-Saxon helmets is associated explicitly with protection in <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a> where the poet describes the figures on helmets kept watch over the warriors wearing them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlaeber1922ll._303%E2%80%93306-59">[58]</a> It has been proposed that the figures have an <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">apotropaic</a> role and that cutting them off will result in the death of the warrior. In the latter case, the boar and warrior appear to be regarded as a singular entity with a shared life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011181%E2%80%93182-60">[59]</a> It has also been proposed that, similar to <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Alfhe%C3%B0nar" class="mw-redirect" title="Úlfheðnar">úlfheðnar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berserker" title="Berserker">berserkers</a>, putting on a boar-helmet may be akin to shape-changing, allowing the wearer to take on qualities of the animal, in addition to its appearance. Consistent with this is a helmet plate from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vendel_grave_XIV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vendel grave XIV (page does not exist)">Vendel grave XIV</a> in Uppland that depicts two warriors with bird-crest helmets, one of which also has boar tusks, suggesting it is the armour that makes them a representation of the animal. People in medieval Germanic literature can be referred to as boars such as <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Lo%C3%B0br%C3%B3k" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragnar Loðbrók">Ragnar Loðbrók</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Ragnars_saga_lo%C3%B0br%C3%B3kar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragnars saga loðbrókar">eponymous saga</a>. In the case of <a href="/wiki/Kjalnesinga_saga" title="Kjalnesinga saga">Kjalnesinga saga</a>, a warrior is specifically described as having boar-like teeth when fighting. While úlfheðnar and berserkers are frequently in service to kings, they are commonly portrayed negatively, instead of as noble heroes, and lacking control over their actions. On the other hand, identification or comparison with a wild boar is positive and closely associated with the warrior elite. The distinction has been suggested to result from bears and wolves being predatory, while boars, though fierce and often fighting to the death when cornered, forage rather than hunt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011153%E2%80%93156-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatto1957156-62">[61]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_boar_helmet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> The impression of design 4 on the top left corner of the replica cheek guard is actually upside down. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_boar_helmet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boar%27s_tusk_helmet" title="Boar's tusk helmet">Boar's tusk helmet</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_boar_helmet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1977b1-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster1977b1_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoster1977b">Foster 1977b</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank200878-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank200878_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank200878_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrank2008">Frank 2008</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1977b5-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster1977b5_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster1977b5_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoster1977b">Foster 1977b</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus186831-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus186831_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTacitus1868">Tacitus 1868</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus188625-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus188625_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTacitus1886">Tacitus 1886</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1977b15,_19,_26-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster1977b15,_19,_26_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoster1977b">Foster 1977b</a>, pp. 15, 19, 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovárová2011164–165-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011164%E2%80%93165_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011">Kovárová 2011</a>, pp. 164–165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovárová2011153,_158–161-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011153,_158%E2%80%93161_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011">Kovárová 2011</a>, pp. 153, 158–161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2007122,_147,_273-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2007122,_147,_273_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimek2007">Simek 2007</a>, pp. 122, 147, 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2007309,_351-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2007309,_351_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimek2007">Simek 2007</a>, pp. 309, 351. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2007298-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2007298_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimek2007">Simek 2007</a>, p. 298. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovárová2011196-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011196_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011">Kovárová 2011</a>, p. 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinnell200560-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinnell200560_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKinnell2005">McKinnell 2005</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovárová2011203–212-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011203%E2%80%93212_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011">Kovárová 2011</a>, pp. 203–212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovárová2011113–117-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011113%E2%80%93117_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011">Kovárová 2011</a>, pp. 113–117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovárová2011118–119-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011118%E2%80%93119_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011">Kovárová 2011</a>, pp. 118–119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2000141-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2000141_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2000">Sundqvist 2000</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovárová2011212-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011212_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011">Kovárová 2011</a>, pp. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1977b27-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster1977b27_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster1977b27_19-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoster1977b">Foster 1977b</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank200880,_86-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank200880,_86_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrank2008">Frank 2008</a>, pp. 80, 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovárová2011181-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011181_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011">Kovárová 2011</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaney1970123–124-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaney1970123%E2%80%93124_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaney1970123%E2%80%93124_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChaney1970">Chaney 1970</a>, pp. 123–124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_boar_on_replica-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_boar_on_replica_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuseums_Sheffield_boar_on_replica">Museums Sheffield boar on replica</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldhouse-Green1992152-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldhouse-Green1992152_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAldhouse-Green1992">Aldhouse-Green 1992</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974238-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974238_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce-Mitford1974">Bruce-Mitford 1974</a>, p. 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovárová2011174-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011174_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011">Kovárová 2011</a>, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovárová2011176–177-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011176%E2%80%93177_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011">Kovárová 2011</a>, pp. 176–177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatto1957159-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatto1957159_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHatto1957">Hatto 1957</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1977a167-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster1977a167_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoster1977a">Foster 1977a</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlaeber1922ll._303–306,_1110–1112,_1286,_1327–1328,_1448–1454-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlaeber1922ll._303%E2%80%93306,_1110%E2%80%931112,_1286,_1327%E2%80%931328,_1448%E2%80%931454_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlaeber1922">Klaeber 1922</a>, ll. 303–306, 1110–1112, 1286, 1327–1328, 1448–1454. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatto1957155–156-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatto1957155%E2%80%93156_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHatto1957">Hatto 1957</a>, pp. 155–156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeake198080-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpeake198080_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpeake1980">Speake 1980</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman186133-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateman186133_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBateman1861">Bateman 1861</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlaeber1922ll._1110–1112,_1286,_1327–1328-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlaeber1922ll._1110%E2%80%931112,_1286,_1327%E2%80%931328_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlaeber1922">Klaeber 1922</a>, ll. 1110–1112, 1286, 1327–1328. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECramp195762–63-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECramp195762%E2%80%9363_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECramp195762%E2%80%9363_36-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCramp1957">Cramp 1957</a>, pp. 62–63. 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1326–1328. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETolkien201451-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolkien201451_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTolkien2014">Tolkien 2014</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlaeber1922ll._303–306,_1448–1454-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlaeber1922ll._303%E2%80%93306,_1448%E2%80%931454_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlaeber1922">Klaeber 1922</a>, ll. 303–306, 1448–1454. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeaney200021–23-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeaney200021%E2%80%9323_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeaney2000">Heaney 2000</a>, pp. 21–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaney1970123-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaney1970123_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChaney1970">Chaney 1970</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1972122-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1972122_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce-Mitford1972">Bruce-Mitford 1972</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovárová2011182–183-47"><a 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href="#CITEREFSturluson">Sturluson</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovárová2011179-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011179_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011179_53-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011">Kovárová 2011</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESturluson20075-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESturluson20075_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSturluson2007">Sturluson 2007</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESturluson1987168-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESturluson1987168_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSturluson1987">Sturluson 1987</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefilsson-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefilsson_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrefilsson">Trefilsson</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrisEirikr2019-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrisEirikr2019_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorrisEirikr2019">Morris & Eirikr 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovárová2011107–108,_179-58"><a 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onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_boar_helmet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary">Primary</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_boar_helmet&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Primary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKlaeber1922" 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In <a href="/wiki/Alfred_John_Church" title="Alfred John Church">Church, Alfred John</a> & <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:William_Jackson_Brodribb" class="extiw" title="s:Author:William Jackson Brodribb">Brodribb, William Jackson</a> (eds.). The Agricola and Germania of Tacitus: With a Revised Text, English Notes, and Maps. London: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germania&rft.btitle=The+Agricola+and+Germania+of+Tacitus%3A+With+a+Revised+Text%2C+English+Notes%2C+and+Maps&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1886&rft.au=Tacitus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVqwBAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanic+boar+helmet" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><noscript><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" data-alt="Open access icon" data-width="9" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (2014). Beowulf : a translation and commentary, together with Sellic spell. London: Harper Collins Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780007590070" title="Special:BookSources/9780007590070"><bdi>9780007590070</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beowulf+%3A+a+translation+and+commentary%2C+together+with+Sellic+spell&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Harper+Collins+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780007590070&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanic+boar+helmet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrefilsson" class="citation web cs1">Trefilsson, Þormóðr. Quinn, Judy (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1424">"Hrafnsmál"</a>. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages. Retrieved 5 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skaldic+Poetry+of+the+Scandinavian+Middle+Ages&rft.atitle=Hrafnsm%C3%A1l&rft.aulast=Trefilsson&rft.aufirst=%C3%9Eorm%C3%B3%C3%B0r&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskaldic.org%2Fm.php%3Fp%3Dtext%26i%3D1424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanic+boar+helmet" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary">Secondary</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_boar_helmet&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Secondary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldhouse-Green1992" class="citation book cs1">Aldhouse-Green, Miranda J. (1992). Animals in Celtic life and myth. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415185882" title="Special:BookSources/0415185882"><bdi>0415185882</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animals+in+Celtic+life+and+myth&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0415185882&rft.aulast=Aldhouse-Green&rft.aufirst=Miranda+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanic+boar+helmet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBateman1861" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bateman_(antiquary)" title="Thomas Bateman (antiquary)">Bateman, Thomas</a> (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oopBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA28">Ten Years' Digging in Celtic and Saxon Grave Hills, in the Counties of Derby, Stafford, and York, from 1848 to 1858; with Notices of some Former Discoveries, Hitherto Unpublished, and Remarks on the Crania and Pottery from the Mounds</a>. 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"The Sutton Hoo Helmet: A New Reconstruction". <a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Quarterly" title="British Museum Quarterly">The British Museum Quarterly</a>. XXXVI (3–4). British Museum: 120–130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4423116">10.2307/4423116</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4423116">4423116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Museum+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Sutton+Hoo+Helmet%3A+A+New+Reconstruction&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=XXXVI&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=120-130&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4423116&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4423116%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bruce-Mitford&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanic+boar+helmet" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><noscript><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" data-alt="Closed access icon" data-width="9" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce-Mitford1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Bruce-Mitford" title="Rupert Bruce-Mitford">Bruce-Mitford, Rupert</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aspectsofanglosa0000bruc">Aspects of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology: Sutton Hoo and Other Discoveries</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gollancz_Ltd" title="Victor Gollancz Ltd">Victor Gollancz Limited</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-575-01704-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-575-01704-X"><bdi>0-575-01704-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Anglo-Saxon+Archaeology%3A+Sutton+Hoo+and+Other+Discoveries&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Victor+Gollancz+Limited&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-575-01704-X&rft.aulast=Bruce-Mitford&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faspectsofanglosa0000bruc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanic+boar+helmet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaney1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Chaney" title="William Chaney">Chaney, William A.</a> (1970). 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"Bronze Boar Figurines in Iron Age and Roman Britain". British Archaeological Reports. 39. BAR Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-904531-74-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-904531-74-9"><bdi>978-0-904531-74-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Archaeological+Reports&rft.atitle=Bronze+Boar+Figurines+in+Iron+Age+and+Roman+Britain&rft.volume=39&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-904531-74-9&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanic+boar+helmet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Frank" title="Roberta Frank">Frank, Roberta</a> (2008). "The Boar on the Helmet". In <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Karkov" title="Catherine Karkov">Karkov, Catherine E.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Helen_Damico" title="Helen Damico">Damico, Helen</a> (eds.). Aedificia Nova: Studies in Honor of Rosemary Cramp. Publications of the Richard Rawlinson Center. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University. pp. 76–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58044-110-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58044-110-0"><bdi>978-1-58044-110-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Boar+on+the+Helmet&rft.btitle=Aedificia+Nova%3A+Studies+in+Honor+of+Rosemary+Cramp&rft.place=Kalamazoo&rft.series=Publications+of+the+Richard+Rawlinson+Center&rft.pages=76-88&rft.pub=Medieval+Institute+Publications%2C+Western+Michigan+University&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58044-110-0&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanic+boar+helmet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatto1957" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Thomas_Hatto" title="Arthur Thomas Hatto">Hatto, Arthur Thomas</a> (1957). 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Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1843840421" title="Special:BookSources/1843840421"><bdi>1843840421</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meeting+the+other+in+Norse+myth+and+legend&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk%2C+UK&rft.pub=D.S.+Brewer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1843840421&rft.aulast=McKinnell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanic+boar+helmet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton1993" class="citation book cs1">Newton, Sam (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5a_WO4rcTBkC&dq=newton+wulfing+sweden&pg=PA116">The Origins of Beowulf and the Pre-Viking Kingdom of East Anglia</a>. 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Cambridge: D. S. Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780859915137" title="Special:BookSources/9780859915137"><bdi>9780859915137</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Northern+Mythology&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=D.+S.+Brewer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780859915137&rft.aulast=Simek&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanic+boar+helmet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeake1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Speake" title="George Speake">Speake, George</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archive.org/details/anglosaxonanimal0000spea">Anglo-Saxon Animal Art</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press#Clarendon_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Clarendon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-813194-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-813194-1"><bdi>0-19-813194-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/79-41091">79-41091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+Animal+Art&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F79-41091&rft.isbn=0-19-813194-1&rft.aulast=Speake&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanglosaxonanimal0000spea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanic+boar+helmet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiegemannKrokerWalter2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stiegemann, Christoph; Kroker, Martin & Walter, Wolfgang, eds. 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Uppsala: Uppsala University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9155452639" title="Special:BookSources/9155452639"><bdi>9155452639</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freyr%27s+Offspring.+Rulers+and+Religion+in+Ancient+Svea+Society&rft.place=Uppsala&rft.pub=Uppsala+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9155452639&rft.aulast=Sundqvist&rft.aufirst=Olof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanic+boar+helmet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuseums_Sheffield_boar_on_replica" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idigsheffield.org.uk/object.asp?ref=1995_260boar">"The boar on the replica Benty Grange helmet"</a>. I Dig Sheffield. Museums Sheffield. 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