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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the religious practice in Germanic paganism. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Blot_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Blot (disambiguation)">Blot</a>.</div> Blót (<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>) or geblōt (Old English) are religious ceremonies in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a> that centred on the killing and offering of an animal to a particular being, typically followed by the communal cooking and eating of its meat. Old Norse sources present it as a central ritual in <a href="/wiki/Old_Nordic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Nordic religion">Old Nordic religion</a> that was intimately connected with many wider aspects of life. Large blót are often described as taking place in halls, organised by the rulers of the region who were expected to carry out the practice on behalf of the people. Blót were central to the legitimacy of rulers and Christian rulers refusing to hold them were at times replaced by more willing alternatives and driven out of the land. Smaller, household blót were sometimes recorded as being led by women. Beyond strengthening legitimacy for the ruling elites, the performance of blót was often in order to ensure the fertility of the land, a good harvest and peace, although they are also recorded as being performed for divination or to achieve desired results in legal matters. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stentoftenstenen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Stentoftenstenen.jpg/200px-Stentoftenstenen.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Stentoftenstenen.jpg/300px-Stentoftenstenen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Stentoftenstenen.jpg/400px-Stentoftenstenen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200"></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Stentoften_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Stentoften Stone">Stentoften Stone</a>, bearing a runic inscription that likely describes a blót of nine he-goats and nine male horses bringing fertility to the land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESantesson1989221-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">establishment of Christianity</a>, blót were routinely made punishable offences, as seen in early Germanic legal codes, with the recipients of the worship and sacrifice often equated with demons. Despite this, some aspects of the practice were likely incorporated into local Christian culture and continued into the modern period. The conscious performing of blót has also been revived in the modern period as part of the practice of <a href="/wiki/Modern_heathens" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern heathens">modern heathens</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology_and_meaning">1 Etymology and meaning</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Etymology">1.1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Usage">1.2 Usage</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#In_compounds">1.3 In compounds</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Components_of_the_practice">2 Components of the practice</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Location">2.1 Location</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Killing_of_humans_and_other_animals">2.2 Killing of humans and other animals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Role_of_blood_and_stallar">2.3 Role of blood and stallar</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Feasting_and_drinking">2.4 Feasting and drinking</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Function">2.5 Function</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Help_from_the_gods">2.5.1 Help from the gods</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Divination">2.5.2 Divination</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Legitimisation_of_rulers">2.5.3 Legitimisation of rulers</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Religious_and_cultic_leaders">3 Religious and cultic leaders</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Calendrical_bl%C3%B3t">4 Calendrical blót</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Yearly">4.1 Yearly</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Beginning_of_winter">4.1.1 Beginning of winter</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Later_in_winter">4.1.2 Later in winter</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Summer">4.1.3 Summer</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Other">4.1.4 Other</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Every_nine_years">4.2 Every nine years</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Lejre">4.2.1 Lejre</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Uppsala">4.2.2 Uppsala</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Reception_by_medieval_Christians">5 Reception by medieval Christians</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Bl%C3%B3t_strengthening_evil_spirits">5.1 Blót strengthening evil spirits</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Banning_and_suppression">5.2 Banning and suppression</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Incorporation_into_Christian_culture">5.3 Incorporation into Christian culture</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Modern_period">6 Modern period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Notes">8 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Bibliography">10 Bibliography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Primary">10.1 Primary</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Secondary">10.2 Secondary</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology_and_meaning">Etymology and meaning</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and meaning" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The verb form is seen in <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: blóta ("to worship; to sacrifice"), <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a>: blotan ("to serve (<a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>); to worship"; to honour (through sacrifice)"), <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: blōtan ("to sacrifice") and <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old High German language">Old High German</a>: blōzan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroonen201370-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel200350%E2%80%9351-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> form of the verb can be reconstructed as the strong verb *blōtanan, or *blōtan meaning "to sacrifice".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroonen201370-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel200350%E2%80%9351-3">[3]</a> The noun form is seen in <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: blót and ge-blót ("sacrifice"), and <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: blót ("sacrifice; worship").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel200350%E2%80%9351-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBT_ge-bl%C3%B3t-4">[4]</a> A Proto-Germanic form of the noun can be similarly reconstructed as *blōtan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel200350%E2%80%9351-3">[3]</a> A similar and related form can be reconstructed as *blōtan from <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old High German language">Old High German</a>: bluostar ("sacrifice") and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a>: blostreis, a component of guþ-blostreis ("worshipper of God").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel200350%E2%80%9351-3">[3]</a> Blót can also be used to mean "idol-worship" in general, an "idol" (often in the form blœti) or metaphorically to mean "cursing" or "swearing" in Christian times due to the negative view of heathenry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZo%C3%ABga191060-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECV_bl%C3%B3t-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[note 1]</a> The shared Germanic root has been proposed to be related to *blōtan ("to blow; to bloom; to blossom"), which is further connected to *blōđan ("blood").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel200350%E2%80%9351-3">[3]</a> A connection has been further proposed to <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Flamen" title="Flamen">flamen</a> ("priest"), although it has been argued that the validity of this is dependent on the exact root of flamen which cannot be determined with certainty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel200350%E2%80%9351-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroonen201370%E2%80%9371-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[note 2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage">Usage</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Usage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the context of "to worship" or "to worship with sacrifice", the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> verb blóta is typically used with that being worshipped in the <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative case</a>, and rarely with it in the <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative case</a>. The dative case is more typically used for the object being sacrificed. The verb is often followed by the aim of the blót, for example til friðar, sigrs, langlífis, árs, byrjar ("for peace, victory, long life, good season, fair wind").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZo%C3%ABga191060-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_compounds">In compounds</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In compounds" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: Blót is found in many compound words relating to worship or sacrifice. These include adjectives such as blót-auðigr ("rich in sacrifices") and terms for individuals also include it is a prefix such as blót-biskup, blót-kennimaðr, or blót-goði ("heathen priest"), blót-hofðingi ("heathen chief"). Other compounds include recipients of worship such as blót-guð ("heathen god") and blót-kálfr ("calf worshipped with sacrifices"). Items with religious function can also include it as a prefix such as blót-bolli ("sacrificial bowl") and blót-klæði ("garments worn at sacrifices"), and it can refer to religious concepts such as blót-dómr or blót-skapr ("idolatry"), and blótnaðr which is used to mean both "sacrificing to heathen gods" and "idolatry".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZo%C3%ABga191060%E2%80%9361-10">[8]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Components_of_the_practice">Components of the practice</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Components of the practice" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Location" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borg_Vestv%C3%A5g%C3%B8y_LC0165.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Borg_Vestv%C3%A5g%C3%B8y_LC0165.jpg/220px-Borg_Vestv%C3%A5g%C3%B8y_LC0165.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2335" data-file-height="1600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Borg_Vestv%C3%A5g%C3%B8y_LC0165.jpg/220px-Borg_Vestv%C3%A5g%C3%B8y_LC0165.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Borg_Vestv%C3%A5g%C3%B8y_LC0165.jpg/330px-Borg_Vestv%C3%A5g%C3%B8y_LC0165.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Borg_Vestv%C3%A5g%C3%B8y_LC0165.jpg/440px-Borg_Vestv%C3%A5g%C3%B8y_LC0165.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A reconstructed Viking Age hall at the <a href="/wiki/Lofotr_Viking_Museum" title="Lofotr Viking Museum">Lofotr Viking Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lofoten" title="Lofoten">Lofoten</a>, Norway</figcaption></figure> It has been proposed that during the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>, religious organisation drastically changed, with rulers gaining enough power to centralise sacrifices and ceremonies to their own homes rather than in outdoor spaces such as bogs and lakes, as had been done before. These indoor cultic buildings are referred to in Old Norse soures variously as <a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">hof</a>, hǫrgar, goðahús, blóthús.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist201596,_163Chapter_4._Ceremonial_Buildings_and_Sanctuaries,_chapter_5._The_Religious_Leadership_of_the_Sanctuaries_and_the_Economic_system-11">[9]</a> Sources do still record <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> blót taking place a diverse range of sites, with <a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">groves</a>, hofs and waterfalls being described as the recipients of blót, along with beings such as <a href="/wiki/Germanic_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic gods">gods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elves" class="mw-redirect" title="Elves">elves</a> and heathen <a href="/wiki/Wight" title="Wight">vættir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZo%C3%ABga191060-5">[5]</a> Some nouns for places include blót as a prefix, suggesting them as sites where these ceremonies took place, such as blót-haugr ("sacrificial mound or cairn") and blót-hof ("heathen house of worship").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZo%C3%ABga191060-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kjalnesinga_saga" title="Kjalnesinga saga">Kjalnesinga saga</a> describes how there was a site near a large <a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">hof</a> called Blótkelda ("sacrificial fen/bog/well/spring" or "fen near the heathen temple") into which sacrifices were thrown during sacrifical feasts. This idea is also reflected in Icelandic placenames such as Blótkelda at <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6%C3%B0rudalur" title="Möðrudalur">Möðrudalur</a> and Goðakelda ("fen/spring of the gods") at <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BDvatn" title="Mývatn">Mývatn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015260%E2%80%93261Chapter_6._The_Ritual_Structure_of_the_Sanctuaries_and_Cosmic_Symbolism-12">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Killing_of_humans_and_other_animals">Killing of humans and other animals</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Killing of humans and other animals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The written sources and the archaeological record indicate that in Old Norse religious practice, the sacrifice of <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">animals</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">horses</a>, played a significant part in the blót. Closer in conception to a gift, it usually involved killing animals, and sometimes humans, in ritual fashion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2020212-13">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a>'s account of the temple at <a href="/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala">Uppsala</a> notes that only the heads were offered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015340%E2%80%93341Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-14">[12]</a> This practice is possibly supported by the archaeological record. At the temple-hall of <a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof#Hofsta%C3%B0ir" title="Heathen hof">Hofstaðir</a> in northern Iceland, oxen were decapitated in seasonal rituals for many years and the heads displayed at the hall. <a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">Osteological</a> analysis of the bones shows that the animals were killed with blows to the neck by axe or sword. This method was perhaps intended to produce the spectacle of a shower of arterial blood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2020212-13">[11]</a> Similar observations have been made at other sites such as the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> birch stump found underneath the church at <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B6s%C3%B6n" title="Frösön">Frösön</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Wetlands_and_islands_in_Germanic_paganism#Toponomy" title="Wetlands and islands in Germanic paganism">Freyr's island</a>") in <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland">Jämtland</a>, and a site of a possible cult-house in Borg in <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Östergötland">Östergötland</a>. Both of these sites had a significant enrichment of skulls relative to other bones. It has been proposed that there was a widespread practice to offer the heads to the gods, whilst cooking the meat for the feast that followed. It has also been suggested that the number of skulls that a hall displayed would act as a status signal, indicating the size of the feast that could be hosted within.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015340%E2%80%93341,_347Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-15">[13]</a> The written sources speak of sacrifices made of prisoners of war; Roman descriptions of Germanic tribes sacrificing their defeated enemies to Mars or Mercury have a similarity with customs related to the cult of Óðinn in Old Norse religion. The Icelandic skáld Helgi Trausti mentions his killing an enemy as a sacrifice to Óðinn; <a href="/wiki/Egils_saga_einhenda_ok_%C3%81smundar_berserkjabana" title="Egils saga einhenda ok Ásmundar berserkjabana">Egils saga einhenda ok Ásmundar berserkjabana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orkneyinga_saga" title="Orkneyinga saga">Orkneyinga saga</a> describe the sacrificing of captive enemies to Óðinn. In depositions of remains found near Uppland, most of the human bodies are of young males with healed bone trauma, a possible congruence with the sacrificed captives of war mentioned in the written corpus. In almost all instances, human sacrifices occurring in the context of the Old Norse texts are related to Óðinn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWikstr%C3%B6m_af_Edholm2019265-16">[14]</a> Criminals and slaves are the humans being sacrificed in the majority of cases which has been compared to modern <a href="/wiki/Executions" class="mw-redirect" title="Executions">executions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECV_bl%C3%B3ta-17">[15]</a> Scholars doubt the reliability of some claims of human sacrifice. In the case of <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a>'s account of the sacrifices at Uppsala, for example, the author likely exaggerated about the sacrifices of humans in order to demonise <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic religion</a>. Similarly, the accuracy of the account of human sacrifice in Kjalnesinga saga has been doubted by some scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015260,_348Chapter_6._The_Ritual_Structure_of_the_Sanctuaries_and_Cosmic_Symbolism,_chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-18">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_blood_and_stallar">Role of blood and stallar</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Role of blood and stallar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacrificial_scene_on_Hammars_(II).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sacrificial_scene_on_Hammars_%28II%29.png/300px-Sacrificial_scene_on_Hammars_%28II%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="107" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2984" data-file-height="1069"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 107px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sacrificial_scene_on_Hammars_%28II%29.png/300px-Sacrificial_scene_on_Hammars_%28II%29.png" data-width="300" data-height="107" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sacrificial_scene_on_Hammars_%28II%29.png/450px-Sacrificial_scene_on_Hammars_%28II%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sacrificial_scene_on_Hammars_%28II%29.png/600px-Sacrificial_scene_on_Hammars_%28II%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Detail from Stora Hammars I showing a man lying on his belly with another man using a weapon on his back. This has been proposed to depict a stallr (platform used in specific religious contexts).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015334%E2%80%93335Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-19">[17]</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1konar_saga_g%C3%B3%C3%B0a" class="mw-redirect" title="Hákonar saga góða">Hákonar saga góða</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a> describes hlautteinar ("sacrificial twigs") being used like sprinklers to spread blood over the stallar ("altars" or "platforms"), the walls of the hof (both inside and outside) and the people who were present there. It is possible that this description was influenced by the ecclesiastical ceremonies of the medieval church in which holy water was sprinkled over the congregation, or the account in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> sprinkles blood on his people. Snorri in his description explicitly notes the similarity between hlautteinar and stǫklar ("<a href="/wiki/Aspergillum" title="Aspergillum">aspergillum</a>").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015317%E2%80%93318Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-20">[18]</a> Building on this, it has been proposed that the use of terms such as hlaut, hlautolli and hlautteinn to mean "sacrificial blood", "sacrificial twig" and "sacrificial bowl" respectively does not accurately reflect their use in pre-Christian times. This is partly based on the absence of the terms from <a href="/wiki/Skaldic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Skaldic poetry">Skaldic poetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eddic_poems" class="mw-redirect" title="Eddic poems">Eddic poems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015317%E2%80%93318Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-20">[18]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olof_Sundqvist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olof Sundqvist (page does not exist)">Olof Sundqvist</a> supports the idea that hlaut formerly had the meaning of "lot" in the context of <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015337Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-21">[19]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Klaus_D%C3%BCwel" title="Klaus Düwel">Klaus Düwel</a> has taken this argument further, arguing that the sprinkling of sacrificial blood had no influence from heathen Germanic culture and was derived wholly from other sources such as the Old Testament, this has been challenged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015317%E2%80%93318Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-20">[18]</a> The word stallar (corresponding to one of the places sprinkled with blood in Snorri's account), likely did have a meaning related to sacrifice in pre-Christian Scandinavian contexts. The phrase véstallr ("sacred stand") is found in Skaldic poetry and there are attestations of blood being smeared on holy objects elsewhere in Western Scandinavia. In <a href="/wiki/Hyndlulj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Hyndluljóð">Hyndluljóð</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a> says about how one of her worshippers has made a <a href="/wiki/H%C7%ABrgr" class="mw-redirect" title="Hǫrgr">hǫrgr</a> ("altar") for her, faced with stone that was turned to glass and reddened with ox blood. Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Hervarar_saga_ok_Hei%C3%B0reks" title="Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks">U-version of Hervarar saga</a> tells how a holy tree, referred to as a blóttre, is reddened with blood from a sacrificial horse. It is unclear if this is meant to be interpreted as a literal tree or as a platform or altar (véstallr, stallr or véstalli). In <a href="/wiki/Ynglinga_saga" title="Ynglinga saga">Ynglinga saga</a>, the king <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B3maldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dómaldi">Dómaldi</a> is sacrificed in order to make their crops grow and they redden the stallar with his blood; <a href="/wiki/Ynglingatal" title="Ynglingatal">Ynglingatal</a>, the poem upon which this narrative is built, does not reference stallar but it does emphasise that the ground was reddened with blood. It has been suggested that the pouring of blood on the ground below stallar may be related to the taking of soil from below the stallr by Þórólfr from Norway to Iceland during the <a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Iceland" title="Settlement of Iceland">settlement of the island</a>, as described in <a href="/wiki/Eyrbyggja_saga" title="Eyrbyggja saga">Eyrbyggja saga</a>. Religious objects are recorded as being reddened with blood during blót, like <a href="/wiki/Oath-ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Oath-ring">oath-rings</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Hauksb%C3%B3k" title="Hauksbók">Hauksbók</a> version of <a href="/wiki/Landn%C3%A1mab%C3%B3k" title="Landnámabók">Landnámabók</a>. The practice of collecting sacrificial blood and pouring it on altars is well attested in other cultures such as in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman religion">religion</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_burnt_offering" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish burnt offering">Jewish burnt offerings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015331%E2%80%93334Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-22">[20]</a> Along with having a role in divination, other suggestions for the importance of blood in blót have been put forward by scholars. It has been put forward that the violence used to kill the animals found at Hofstaðir may have acted as a way to remove tensions in the community. Olof Sundqvist instead proposes that the blood was used in a performative setting, creating a feeling of spectacle and that the event was strongly separate from usual daily life. If true, those participating in the ceremony would likely have become emotionally engaged in the ritual drama. He further suggests, consistent with ideas by <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lincoln" title="Bruce Lincoln">Bruce Lincoln</a>, that there may have been a perceived connection between the killing during the blót and the killing of <a href="/wiki/Ymir" title="Ymir">Ymir</a> during the creation account told in <a href="/wiki/Gylfaginning" title="Gylfaginning">Gylfaginning</a>, which acted as its mythic counterpart. In this context, the bloodshed may have signalled a renewal of the world, in which conditions would improve for those who performed the blót. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015331%E2%80%93343Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-23">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feasting_and_drinking">Feasting and drinking</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Feasting and drinking" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Symbel" title="Symbel">Symbel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_scene_on_an_image_stone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Drinking_scene_on_an_image_stone.jpg/220px-Drinking_scene_on_an_image_stone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Drinking_scene_on_an_image_stone.jpg/220px-Drinking_scene_on_an_image_stone.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Drinking_scene_on_an_image_stone.jpg/330px-Drinking_scene_on_an_image_stone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Drinking_scene_on_an_image_stone.jpg/440px-Drinking_scene_on_an_image_stone.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A drinking scene on an <a href="/wiki/Image_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Image stone">image stone</a> from <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Museum_of_National_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Museum of National Antiquities">Swedish Museum of National Antiquities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>.</figcaption></figure> Sacrificial feasts (<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: blótveizlur or blótdrykkjur) had a prominent place in the ancient religious practices of the Scandinavians, and were part of the seasonal festivals attended by large numbers of people. Family rituals such as the <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfabl%C3%B3t" title="Álfablót">álfablót</a> in western Sweden mentioned by the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skald</a> <a href="/wiki/Sigvatr_%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%B0arson" title="Sigvatr Þórðarson">Sigvatr Þórðarson</a> in an early 11th-century poem, were usually performed on farm homesteads.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultg%C3%A4rd2008215%E2%80%93216-24">[22]</a> Feasts and ritual drinking at blót are also mirrored in a mythological context in the depictions of <a href="/wiki/Valh%C7%ABll" class="mw-redirect" title="Valhǫll">Valhǫll</a> in <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1konarm%C3%A1l" title="Hákonarmál">Hákonarmál</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015353Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-25">[23]</a> Horses are often recorded as being eaten in blótveizlur and the <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">eating of horsemeat</a> was made an offence punishable by fines and <a href="/wiki/Outlawry" class="mw-redirect" title="Outlawry">outlawry</a> by a number of medieval Scandinavian laws made after the adoption of Christianity, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Borgarthings-Lov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borgarthings-Lov (page does not exist)">Borgarthings-Lov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulathings-Lov" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulathings-Lov">Den ældre Gulathings-Lov</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Frostathings-Lov" class="mw-redirect" title="Frostathings-Lov">Frostathings-Lov</a>. In Iceland, an exception was made for eating horsemeat in private for a short time after the <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation of Iceland">establishment of Christianity</a> but was later repealed. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015347Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-26">[24]</a> The ritual killing of animals was followed by feasts on the meat, as described in the <a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Eddic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skald#Skaldic_poetry" title="Skald">Scaldic poetry</a>, the Icelandic sagas, and on rune stones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnell2019303-27">[25]</a> The meat was boiled in large cooking pits with heated stones, either indoors or outdoors, and ale or <a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">mead</a> was drunk in the ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-Steinbock2014-28">[26]</a> Sites suggesting religious feasting have been found in Scandinavia such as in <a href="/wiki/Melhus_Municipality" title="Melhus Municipality">Melhus</a> where many cooking pits, mainly dating to between 900 and 1300 CE, were found containing bones of domesticated animals. The hearths in hall-room C at Borg in <a href="/wiki/Lofoten" title="Lofoten">Lofoten</a> has also been suggested to have been the site of ritual cooking of meat from sacrificed animals. One large pit measuring around 6 m by 3 m has been interpreted as a seyðir (a cooking pit intended for ritual preparation of meat). The <a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a> cognate term is found as a prefix in <a href="/wiki/Guta_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Guta saga">Guta saga</a>, which describes those who partook in blót together as suþnautar ("boiling companions") as they cooked their meals made from sacrificed animals together. Seyðir and suþ- are likely both related to <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a>: sauþs ("sacrifice"). <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015345%E2%80%93347,_349%E2%80%93350Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-29">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Function">Function</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Function" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> More than just a simple sacrifice, blót was central to all the ritual activities that took place in Norse sacral structures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2020212-13">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Help_from_the_gods">Help from the gods</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Help from the gods" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Bulls have been noted to have been often sacrificed when seeking help from the gods in legal matters. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011190%E2%80%93194-30">[28]</a> Blót are also often described as being performed in order to achieve good harvests, with some texts explicitly recording that they are held <a href="/wiki/Til_%C3%A1rs_ok_fri%C3%B0ar" title="Til árs ok friðar">til árs ok friðar</a> ("for a good harvest and peace"). The rituals are suggested to be effective by some sources such as <a href="/wiki/Fagrskinna" title="Fagrskinna">Fagrskinna</a>, which notes that <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1kon_Sigur%C3%B0arson" class="mw-redirect" title="Hákon Sigurðarson">Hákon Sigurðarson</a> restored the holy sites that had been damaged by Christians and made more blót than before and soon a period of prosperity followed, with a greater grain harvest and abundance of herring. This has been argued to show an ideology that a legitimate ruler must protect holy places and uphold blót so as to maintain a good relationship with the gods, in turn leading to the good fortunes of the people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015311%E2%80%93313,_321Chapter_8._Sacred_Sites,_Ritual_Restrictions_and_Religious_Strategies,_chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-31">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Divination">Divination</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Divination" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Divination is suggested to have occurred at some blót and is recorded in Ynglinga saga in connection to a sonarblót ("<a href="/wiki/Sonarg%C3%B6ltr" title="Sonargöltr">boar</a> sacrifice"). This is not accepted universally by scholars, with Düwel arguing the link is only seen in Snorri's works. The link has been proposed to be seen elsewhere though, such as the compound word blótspánn ("chip used in divination").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015337Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZo%C3%ABga191061-32">[30]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Eyrbyggja_saga" title="Eyrbyggja saga">Eyrbyggja saga</a>, Þórólf Mostrarskeggi made preparations for his settlement of Iceland by performing a blót before he left Norway: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="non" class="poem"> Þórólfr Mostrarskegg fekk at blóti miklu ok gekk til fréttar við Þór, ástvin sinn, hvárt hann skyldi sættast við konung eða fara af landi brott ok leita sér annarra forlaga, en fréttin vísaði Þórólfi til Íslandi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEyrbyggja_sagaChapter_4-33">[31]</a> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> Þórólfr Mostrarskeggi prepared a great sacrifice and enquired of Thór, his beloved friend, whether he should be reconciled with the king or leave the country to seek a new destiny for himself; and the answer directed Þórólfr to Iceland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA%C3%B0alsteinsson199916-34">[32]</a> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> According to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sturlub%C3%B3k&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sturlubók (page does not exist)">Sturlubók</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hauksb%C3%B3k" title="Hauksbók">Hauksbók</a> versions of <a href="/wiki/Landn%C3%A1mab%C3%B3k" title="Landnámabók">Landnámabók</a>, a man named Ingólf prepared to settle in Iceland with his brother Hjörleif by performing a blót in a similar way to Þórólf: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="non" class="poem"> Þenna vetr fekk Ingólfr at blóti miklu ok leitaði sér heilla um forlög sín, en Hjörleifr vildi aldri blóta. Fréttin vísaði Ingólfi til Íslands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandn%C3%A1mab%C3%B3k,_Fyrsti_hlutiChapter._5-35">[33]</a> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> That winter Ingólfr prepared a great sacrifice and sought omens for his destiny, but Hjorleifr would never sacrifice. The answer directed Ingólfr to Iceland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA%C3%B0alsteinsson199916-34">[32]</a> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> Hjörleif was later killed by his <a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">thralls</a> which Ingólf attributed to his refusal to uphold heathen customs. The book later states that no one dared live where Hjörleif had settled for fear of the <a href="/wiki/Landv%C3%A6ttir" title="Landvættir">landvættir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyland2013-36">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legitimisation_of_rulers">Legitimisation of rulers</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legitimisation of rulers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The holding of blót and associated feasts were an opportunity for rulers to demonstrate their wealth and generosity and praise of these traits is recorded in sources such as the skaldic poem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigur%C3%B0ardr%C3%A1pa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sigurðardrápa (page does not exist)">Sigurðardrápa</a>. Giving of gifts at feasts, such as <a href="/wiki/Rings_in_early_Germanic_cultures" title="Rings in early Germanic cultures">rings</a>, is well attested in Germanic texts such as <a href="/wiki/Egils_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Egils saga">Egils saga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a> and has been proposed to have been a central practice in building loyalty to the king and strengthening authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015359%E2%80%93360Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-37">[35]</a> Displaying of heads of eaten animals may have created a degree of competition between communities and played into the wider strategy of rulership in Viking Age Iceland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015347Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-26">[24]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Religious_and_cultic_leaders">Religious and cultic leaders</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religious and cultic leaders" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Offering_by_Lund.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Offering_by_Lund.jpg/250px-Offering_by_Lund.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="342" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1050"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 342px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Offering_by_Lund.jpg/250px-Offering_by_Lund.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="342" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Offering_by_Lund.jpg/375px-Offering_by_Lund.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Offering_by_Lund.jpg/500px-Offering_by_Lund.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A painting of a <a href="/wiki/Go%C3%B0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Goði">goði</a> leading the people in sacrificing to an idol of Thor by <a href="/wiki/J._L._Lund" class="mw-redirect" title="J. L. Lund">J. L. Lund</a>.</figcaption></figure> Scholars have debated the concept of religious leaders in Late Iron Age Scandinavia, with some such as <a href="/wiki/Folke_Str%C3%B6m" title="Folke Ström">Folke Ström</a> supporting the idea that there was no professional priesthood and that rulers instead held this role. While this remains debated by scholars, there is no strong evidence for formal training into religious role whilst the organisation of sanctuaries and blót by elites is well attested in Old Norse texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015164%E2%80%93172Chapter_5._The_Religious_Leadership_of_the_Sanctuaries_and_the_Economic_system-38">[36]</a> Certain elites are highlighted for their participation in blót such as <a href="/wiki/Sigur%C3%B0r_Hla%C3%B0ajarl" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigurðr Hlaðajarl">Sigurðr Hlaðajarl</a> who is called inn mesti blótmaðr ("the most ardent heathen worshipper") and is described as having maintained all the sacrificial feasts in Trøndelag on behalf of the king. This concept is also attested on the <a href="/wiki/Stentoften_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Stentoften stone">Stentoften stone</a> which records that a man named HaþuwulfR, likely a local ruler, held a blót to give a good harvest. In Iceland, <a href="/wiki/Go%C3%B0ar" class="mw-redirect" title="Goðar">goðar</a> ("chieftains") are often recorded as leading public religious activities including blót. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015325,_328,_330%E2%80%93331Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-39">[37]</a> Sources further describe how in both Norway and Svetjud, taking part in public blót was required for the ruler to be accepted by their subjects. Hákonar saga góða tells how the Christian King Hákon came to Trøndelag and did not want to take part in the blót, upsetting the local farmers and chieftains. At the <a href="/wiki/Frosta%C3%BEing" class="mw-redirect" title="Frostaþing">Frostaþing</a> he was asked to partake in them as his father had done and he was later strongly pressured to <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">eat horse liver</a> at a blótveizla ("sacrificial feast") in Mære. Similarly, the heathen king <a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3tsveinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Blótsveinn">Blótsveinn</a> took part in a horse sacrifice and ate horsemeat when becoming king of the <a href="/wiki/Svear" class="mw-redirect" title="Svear">Svear</a> according to Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks. The U-version of this saga further tells how Blótsveinn became king after his brother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Inge_the_Elder" title="Inge the Elder">Ingi</a>, refused to uphold the old customs due to him being Christian and was thus driven away by the Svear to <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Västergötland">Västergötland</a>. This closely resembles Adam of Bremen's description of king <a href="/wiki/Anund_Jacob" title="Anund Jacob">Anunder</a> who was also driven out for refusing to uphold the performing of blót.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015325%E2%80%93327,_344%E2%80%93348Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-40">[38]</a> There is evidence of blót being led by women such as the húsfreyja ("housewife") in <a href="/wiki/V%C7%ABlsa_%C3%BE%C3%A1ttr" class="mw-redirect" title="Vǫlsa þáttr">Vǫlsa þáttr</a> and possibly the húsfreyja who is also mentioned as holding <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfabl%C3%B3t" title="Álfablót">álfablót</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austrfararv%C3%ADsur" title="Austrfararvísur">Austrfararvísur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015365%E2%80%93370Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-41">[39]</a> Whilst absent from detailed accounts such as those in Hákonar saga góða, this is consistent with a wider Germanic context of some women playing central roles in ceremonies, the holding of feasts and running of the farm. This is attestedin written sources such as <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egils_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Egils saga">Egils saga</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hassmyra_Runestone" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassmyra Runestone">Hassmyra Runestone</a> and is potentially also represented in the archaeological record in high status female burials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015363%E2%80%93371,_373%E2%80%93375Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-42">[40]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Calendrical_blót">Calendrical blót</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Calendrical blót" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yearly">Yearly</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Yearly" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beginning_of_winter">Beginning of winter</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Beginning of winter" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Disarblot_by_Malmstr%C3%B6m.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Disarblot_by_Malmstr%C3%B6m.jpg/240px-Disarblot_by_Malmstr%C3%B6m.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1529" data-file-height="1087"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 171px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Disarblot_by_Malmstr%C3%B6m.jpg/240px-Disarblot_by_Malmstr%C3%B6m.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="171" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Disarblot_by_Malmstr%C3%B6m.jpg/360px-Disarblot_by_Malmstr%C3%B6m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Disarblot_by_Malmstr%C3%B6m.jpg/480px-Disarblot_by_Malmstr%C3%B6m.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADsabl%C3%B3t" title="Dísablót">Dísablót</a>, by <a href="/wiki/August_Malmstr%C3%B6m" title="August Malmström">August Malmström</a> (1829–1902)</figcaption></figure> Blót taking place at the beginning of winter in Norway and Iceland to celebrate vetrnætr ("winter-nights") are recorded in multiple sources, such as <a href="/wiki/G%C3%ADsla_saga_S%C3%BArssonar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gísla saga Súrssonar">Gísla saga Súrssonar</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Go%C3%B0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Goði">goði</a> Þorgrímr Þorsteinsson sacrifices to Freyr during the feast. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015286%E2%80%93287Chapter_7._The_Relation_between_Rulers_and_Cultic_Images-43">[41]</a> This time has been suggested to have marked the beginning of the new year and may be the same as the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADsabl%C3%B3t" title="Dísablót">dísablót</a>, named for the <a href="/wiki/Disir" class="mw-redirect" title="Disir">disir</a>, which is recorded in <a href="/wiki/Ynglinga_saga" title="Ynglinga saga">Ynglinga saga</a> as having taken place in <a href="/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala">Uppsala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnellIregren2010241-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200860%E2%80%9361,_320-45">[43]</a> Two further blót are attested as having taken place in Scandinavia, each in a single source. <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsa_%C3%BE%C3%A1ttr" title="Völsa þáttr">Völsa þáttr</a>, preserved in <a href="/wiki/Flateyjarb%C3%B3k" title="Flateyjarbók">Flateyjarbók</a>, describes a family in Northern Norway at the beginning of the 11th century CE in which blót are performed each night in the autumn to the preserved penis of a horse that had been previously killed. An <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfabl%C3%B3t" title="Álfablót">álfablót</a> is recorded as having taken place in autumn in <a href="/wiki/Svetjud" class="mw-redirect" title="Svetjud">Svetjud</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austrfarav%C3%ADsur" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrfaravísur">Austrfaravísur</a>, written around 1020 CE. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015365%E2%80%93366,_370Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek20087%E2%80%938-47">[45]</a> In Anglo-Saxon contexts, blót are recorded as occurring in <a href="/wiki/Bl%C5%8Dtm%C5%8Dna%C3%BE" title="Blōtmōnaþ">Blōtmōnaþ</a>, a month in the <a href="/wiki/Old_English_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English calendar">Old English calendar</a> which roughly corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a> month of <a href="/wiki/November" title="November">November</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBT_bl%C3%B3t-m%C3%B3na%C3%BE-48">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_in_winter">Later in winter</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Later in winter" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Other blót are also recorded as having taken place in winter, such as the miðsvetrarblót in <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag" title="Trøndelag">Trøndelag</a> recorded in Heimskringla.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015320Chapter_7._The_Relation_between_Rulers_and_Cultic_Images-49">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a> was celebrated in the middle of winter and had a diversity of religious components such as the performing of blót and <a href="/wiki/Heitstrengingar" class="mw-redirect" title="Heitstrengingar">heitstrengingar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordberg2006155%E2%80%93156-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011195-51">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorrabl%C3%B3t" title="Þorrablót">Þorrablót</a> was held at midwinter in the month of <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorri" title="Þorri">Þorri</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Orkneyinga_saga" title="Orkneyinga saga">Orkneyinga saga</a> tells in an <a href="/wiki/Aetiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Aetiological">aetiological</a> story that the blót got its name from the son of <a href="/wiki/King_Sn%C3%A6r" class="mw-redirect" title="King Snær">King Snær</a> who held a blót every year at this time but it is more likely it got its name from the month.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2008327-52">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Summer">Summer</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Summer" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/%C3%93l%C3%A1fs_saga_Tryggvasonar" title="Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar">Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar</a> mentions a miðsumarsblót ("midsummer sacrifice") at <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A6re" title="Mære">Mære</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015320Chapter_7._The_Relation_between_Rulers_and_Cultic_Images-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKOTSChapter_72-53">[51]</a> Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Ynglinga_saga" title="Ynglinga saga">Ynglinga saga</a> describes how <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> instituted three festivals in Sweden, one of which was the sigrblót ("sacrifice for victory"), which was to take place at the start of summer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell2018110-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOIC_sigrbl%C3%B3t-55">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Saxo_Grammaticus" title="Saxo Grammaticus">Saxo Grammaticus</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Danorum" title="Gesta Danorum">Gesta Danorum</a> tells how <a href="/wiki/Hadding" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadding">Hadding</a>, after having his fleet destroyed in a storm began sacrificing dark-coloured victims to Frey to regain his favourof the gods. The sacrifice was repeated yearly, being called by the Swedes the Frøblot<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200889%E2%80%9390-56">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Every_nine_years">Every nine years</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Every nine years" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lejre">Lejre</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Lejre" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Thietmar_of_Merseburg" title="Thietmar of Merseburg">Thietmar of Merseburg</a> wrote in his chronicle, dated to the early 11th century CE, that the <a href="/wiki/Danes_(tribe)" title="Danes (tribe)">Danes</a> had their main cult centre on <a href="/wiki/Zealand_(Denmark)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealand (Denmark)">Zealand</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lejre" title="Lejre">Lejre</a> and gathered there every nine years and held a large sacrifice:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2022223-57">[55]</a> <table width="100%" style="padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="50%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> text<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThietmar_von_Merseburg180712%E2%80%9313-58">[56]</a> </th> <th width="50%">Warner translation<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner2013Book_1,_chapter_17-59">[57]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; padding:1em;">Sed quia ego de hostiis eorundem antiquis mira audivi , haec indiscussa praeterire nolo. Eit unus in his partibus locus, caput istius regni, Lederun nomine, in pago qui Selon dicitur, ubi post VIIII, annos mense Ianuario post hoc tempus, quo nos theophaniam domini celebramus, omnes convenerunt et ibi diis suismet LXXXX et VIIII. homines et totidem equos, cum canibus et gallis pro accipitribus oblatis immolant, pro certo, ut praedixi, putantes, hos eisdem apud inseros fervituros et commissa crimina apud eosdem placaturos. Quam bene Rex noster fecit, qui eos a tam execrando ritu prolhibuit! </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; padding:1em;">Because I have heard marvellous things about their ancient sacrifices, I will not allow these to pass by unmentioned. In those parts, the centre of the kingdom is a place called Leire, in the region of Seeland. Every nine years, in the month of January, after the day on which we celebrate the appearance of the Lord [6 January], they all convene here and offer their gods a burnt offering of ninety-nine human beings and as many horses, along with dogs and cocks – the latter being used in place of hawks. As I have said, they were convinced that these would do service for them with those who dwell beneath the earth and ensure their forgiveness for any misdeeds. Our king did well when he forbade them to practise such an execrable rite. </td></tr></tbody></table> It has been noted that at the time of Thietmar's writing, Denmark had been nominally Christian for nearly 50 years and it is unlikely that large scale blót were still being performed at the end of the 10th century in Lejre. It has been further noted that Thietmar was determined to show the heathen Danes as being as ferocious and backwards as possible, using large numbers to show their barbarity. He further potentially based his description on existing literature available to him, which formed part of a long tradition of supposing that <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">heathens in general</a> commonly sacrificed humans. Such sources would have allowed him to further dehumanise the Danish heathen population and depict them as evil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2022224,_227%E2%80%93228-60">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uppsala">Uppsala</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Uppsala" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">Temple at Uppsala</a></div> The chronicler <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a> has described a blót being performed every 9 years at <a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">Temple at Uppsala</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hammaburgensis_ecclesiae_pontificum" title="Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum">Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum</a>, written in the mid 11th century CE:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2022218-61">[59]</a> <table width="100%" style="padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="50%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> text<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam_of_Bremen187673%E2%80%9374-62">[60]</a> </th> <th width="50%">Tschan translation<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam_of_Bremen2002207%E2%80%93208-63">[61]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; padding:1em;">Omnibus itaque diis suis attributos habent sacerdotes, qui sacrificia populi offerant. Si pestis et famis imminet, Tbor ydolo lybatur, si bellum, Wodani, si nuptiae celebrandae sunt, Fricconi. Solet quoque post novem annos communis omnium Sueoniae provintiarum sollempnitas in Ubsola celebrari. Ad quam videlicet sollempnitatem nulli praestatur immunitas. Reges et populi, omnes et singuli sua dona tramsmittunt ad Ubsolam, et quod omni poena crudelius est, illi qui iam induerunt christianitatem, ab illis se redimunt cerimoniis. Sacriticium itaque tale est. Ex omni animante, quod masculinum est, novem capita offeruntur, quorum sanguine deos placari mos est. Corpora autem suspenduntur in lucum, oui proximus est templo. Is enim lucus tam sacer est gentilibus, ut singulae arbores eius ex morte vel tabo immolatorum divinae credantur. Ibi etiam canes et equi pendent cum hominibus... Ceterum neniae, quae in eiusmodi ritu libationis fieri solent, multiplices et inhonestae ideoque melius reticendae. </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; padding:1em;">For all their gods there are appointed priests to offer sacrifices for the people. If plague and famine threaten, a libation is poured to the idol Thor; if war, to Wotan; if marriages are to be celebrated, to Frikko. It is customary also to solemnize in Uppsala, at nine-year intervals, a general feast of all the provinces of Sweden. From attendance at this festival no one is exempted. Kings and people all and singly send their gifts to Uppsala and, what is more distressing than any kind of punishment, those who have already adopted Christianity redeem themselves through these ceremonies. The sacrifice is of this nature: of every living thing that is male, they offer nine heads, with the blood of which it is customary to placate gods of this sort. The bodies they hang in the sacred grove that adjoins the temple. Now this grove is so sacred in the eyes of the heathen that each and every tree in it is believed divine because of the death or putrefaction of the victims. Even dogs and horses hang there with men... Furthermore, the incantations customarily chanted in the ritual of a sacrifice of this kind are manifold and unseemly; therefore, it is better to keep silence about them. </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Simek" title="Rudolf Simek">Rudolf Simek</a> has argued that Adam of Bremen had a strong motive in his work to present both that a <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Christian mission</a> to Scandinavia would be successful, while also emphasising the urgency as the heathens were still supposedly performing what he perceived as evil practices, such as performing blood sacrifices to idols. He proposes that he likely drew on accounts such as Thietmar of Merseburg's chronicle and this could have been the source of certain details such as it recurring every nine years, although the possibility does remain that similar sacrifices were held at both religious sites. Despite this, he argues there that the account is still informed by reliable sources and notable details are not found in sources that he would have had access to, such as the hanging of the sacrificed in trees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2022225,_228-64">[62]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Reception_by_medieval_Christians">Reception by medieval Christians</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Reception by medieval Christians" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blót_strengthening_evil_spirits">Blót strengthening evil spirits</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Blót strengthening evil spirits" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gulatingslova.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gulatingslova.jpg/220px-Gulatingslova.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1637"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 300px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gulatingslova.jpg/220px-Gulatingslova.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="300" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gulatingslova.jpg/330px-Gulatingslova.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gulatingslova.jpg/440px-Gulatingslova.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A page of the <a href="/wiki/Older_Gula%C3%BEing_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Older Gulaþing Law">Older Gulaþing Law</a> from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Codex_Rantzovianus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Codex Rantzovianus (page does not exist)">Codex Rantzovianus</a>, which lists holding blót as a punishable offence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimensen202136%E2%80%9337-65">[63]</a></figcaption></figure> Several conversion <a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%A6ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Þættir">þættir</a>, short stories concerned with reconciling Christian doctrine and heathen beliefs, present blót as harmful practices that, whilst effective in bringing benefits to the community that performs them, function by empowering evil spirits that pose as the helpful beings in which the heathens believe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs199447%E2%80%9349,_50,_54%E2%80%9356-66">[64]</a> The conversion þáttr <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%93l%C3%A1fs_%C3%BE%C3%A1ttr_Geirsta%C3%B0a%C3%A1lfs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Óláfs þáttr Geirstaðaálfs (page does not exist)">Óláfs þáttr Geirstaðaálfs</a> gives an account of Óláfr digrbeinn, a king who the author says predicted his own death and warned his people not to perform blót to him after he dies, claiming that doing so turns the dead into <a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">trolls</a>. Following this, Óláfr explains that these demons can bring good harvests but are also harmful. After his death, bad harvests occur and the people ignore his requests and worship him, calling him "Geirstaðaálfr" ("the <a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">elf</a> of Geirstad"). Shortly after this, the harvests improve though when they stop their blót, the evil spirits that were receiving the gifts become angered. It has been proposed that this tale is the result of the author imperfectly trying to combine the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">Christian demonology</a> and "the noble heathen", who is meant to maintain his dignity after death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs199447%E2%80%9349-67">[65]</a> Similarly in another conversion þáttr, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96gmundar_%C3%BE%C3%A1ttr_dytts" title="Ögmundar þáttr dytts">Ögmundar þáttr dytts</a>, the author equates Freyr and the <a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">devil</a> and explains that the constant offerings to the carving of Freyr have given the devil the ability to speak through it so as to strengthen their belief in Freyr. Later in the tale, <a href="/wiki/%C3%93l%C3%A1fr_Tryggvason" class="mw-redirect" title="Óláfr Tryggvason">Óláfr Tryggvason</a> spiritually helps a Norwegian named Gunnar in defeating the devil, driving it out of the wooden carving. Gunnar then pretends to be Freyr, putting on the clothes of the <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">cult image</a> and accepting offerings of valuable gifts from the worshippers of the god, who stop sacrificing animals from then on.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs199454%E2%80%9356-68">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banning_and_suppression">Banning and suppression</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Banning and suppression" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> <a href="/wiki/Penitential_of_Theodore" class="mw-redirect" title="Penitential of Theodore">Penitential of Theodore</a> imposes 1-10 years of penance for those qui immolant demonibus ("who sacrifice to demons"). In this context, "demons" would likely have been used to refer to heathen gods and other beings connected to the cult, given that these were commonly equated in Christian thought. The penitential further prohibits the eating of food offered in sacrifices to the recipient being. Similar prohibitions are seen throughout later law codes in England such as the laws of <a href="/wiki/King_Wihtred_of_Kent" class="mw-redirect" title="King Wihtred of Kent">King Wihtred of Kent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanmark2004150%E2%80%93151-69">[67]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Nor%C3%B0hymbra_preosta_lagu" title="Norðhymbra preosta lagu">Norðhymbra preosta lagu</a>, blót are explicitly forbidden along with other practices deemed heathen such as idol-worship, with those caught performing them being made to pay 5 half-<a href="/wiki/Mark_(currency)" title="Mark (currency)">marks</a> to the Church and 5 to the king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2012296%E2%80%93299-70">[68]</a> Early Norwegian law codes explicitly forbid performing of blót , making it a punishable offence. The Older Gulaþing Law, dating to around the mid 11th century CE, bans performing of blót to heathen gods, <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">howes</a> or <a href="/wiki/H%C7%ABrgar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hǫrgar">hǫrgar</a>, listing it an offence for which the punishment is a fine, penance and if this is not followed, expulsion from the land. This is built upon in the ecclesiastical Law of <a href="/wiki/Sverrir_Sigur%C3%B0arson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sverrir Sigurðarson">Sverrir Sigurðarson</a>, which further forbids blót to heathen <a href="/wiki/Wight" title="Wight">vættir</a>, and is consistent with the <a href="/wiki/Frosta%C3%BEing_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Frostaþing law">Frostaþing law</a> which likewise bans blót. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanmark2004158-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimensen20218%E2%80%939,_36%E2%80%9337-72">[70]</a> When Christianity was adopted as the main religion of Iceland, blót were allowed for a short time, as long as they were performed in private, with the punishment being lesser <a href="/wiki/Outlawry" class="mw-redirect" title="Outlawry">outlawry</a> if they were observed publicly. This exception was soon repealed and the practice was fully banned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B8nlie9-73">[71]</a> The Af blotan section of <a href="/wiki/Gutalagen" title="Gutalagen">Gutalagen</a>, the legal code for Gotland, imposes fines for those who perform blót, along with those who follow heathen customs more widely. It further specifies that it is forbidden to make invocations with food or drink if they are not following Christian customs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015355Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanmark2004159-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeel_20094._Concerning_sacrifice-76">[74]</a> In Sweden, the <a href="/wiki/Upplandslagen" class="mw-redirect" title="Upplandslagen">Upplandslagen</a> forbade <a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">veneration of groves</a> and stones, and sacrificing to affguþum ("idols").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanmark2004159-75">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incorporation_into_Christian_culture">Incorporation into Christian culture</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Incorporation into Christian culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Upon adoption of Christianity by the elite, ritual drinking at blót was sometimes <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">blended</a> with the incoming traditions, as recorded in the late 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Kings%27_sagas" title="Kings' sagas">history of the kings</a> of Norway <a href="/wiki/%C3%81grip_af_N%C3%B3regskonungas%C3%B6gum" title="Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum">Ágrip</a> when King <a href="/wiki/%C3%93l%C3%A1fr_Tryggvason" class="mw-redirect" title="Óláfr Tryggvason">Óláfr Tryggvason</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="non" class="poem"> ...felldi blót ok blótdrykkjur, ok lét í stað koma í vild við lýðinn hátíðardrykkjur jól ok páskar, Jóansmessu mungát, ok haustöl at Mikjálsmessu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll200830%E2%80%9333-77">[75]</a> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> ...abolished pagan feasts and sacrifices, in place of which, as a favour to the people, he ordained the holiday feasts Yule and Easter, St John's Mass ale, and an autumn-ale at Michaelmas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll200830%E2%80%9333-77">[75]</a> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> This process of incorporating pre-existing heathen traditions into Christian traditions is likely also seen with the ritual formula til árs ok friðar ("for good harvest and peace"). In Hákonar saga góða it is used as part of <a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Njörðr">Njörðr</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a>'s toast, while other sources record it being used in a Christian context. Den ældre Gulathings-Lov, for example, states that the beer drunk during <a href="/wiki/All_Saint%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="All Saint's Day">All Saint's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> should be consecrated to thank <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> til árs. oc til friðar ("For property and peace").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015356%E2%80%93357Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-78">[76]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Modern period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Heathen_holidays" title="Heathen holidays">Heathen holidays</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forn_Sed_Sverige_Tingsblot_2011_R%C3%A5dsgydja_o_R%C3%A5dsgode.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Forn_Sed_Sverige_Tingsblot_2011_R%C3%A5dsgydja_o_R%C3%A5dsgode.jpg/220px-Forn_Sed_Sverige_Tingsblot_2011_R%C3%A5dsgydja_o_R%C3%A5dsgode.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="684"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 213px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Forn_Sed_Sverige_Tingsblot_2011_R%C3%A5dsgydja_o_R%C3%A5dsgode.jpg/220px-Forn_Sed_Sverige_Tingsblot_2011_R%C3%A5dsgydja_o_R%C3%A5dsgode.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="213" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Forn_Sed_Sverige_Tingsblot_2011_R%C3%A5dsgydja_o_R%C3%A5dsgode.jpg/330px-Forn_Sed_Sverige_Tingsblot_2011_R%C3%A5dsgydja_o_R%C3%A5dsgode.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Forn_Sed_Sverige_Tingsblot_2011_R%C3%A5dsgydja_o_R%C3%A5dsgode.jpg/440px-Forn_Sed_Sverige_Tingsblot_2011_R%C3%A5dsgydja_o_R%C3%A5dsgode.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Council <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B0ja" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyðja">gyðja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Go%C3%B0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Goði">goði</a> of <a href="/wiki/Samfundet_Forn_Sed_Sverige" class="mw-redirect" title="Samfundet Forn Sed Sverige">Samfundet Forn Sed Sverige</a> hallowing the blót at the annual <a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">Thing</a> in June 2011.</figcaption></figure> After the banning of blót by church officials, the giving of food and drink to beings believed to inhabit the landscape continued as part of local folk practices. This includes the offering to house spirits such as <a href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">tomter</a> in Sweden which is recorded throughout history such as in medieval criticisms by individuals such as <a href="/wiki/Heliga_Birgitta" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliga Birgitta">heliga Birgitta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olaus_Magnus" title="Olaus Magnus">Olaus Magnus</a> and folktales as late as the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENygaard2019-79">[77]</a> Further, the blót at <a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a> may be the origin of the practice in <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> recorded in the 18th century by which each family in <a href="/wiki/Sandwick,_Orkney" title="Sandwick, Orkney">Sandwick</a> that rears pigs would slaughter one sow on the 17th of December which was known as Sow Day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrkney,_Vol.XVI-80">[78]</a> A similar practice is recorded in the 19th century in which each household on <a href="/wiki/North_Ronaldsay" title="North Ronaldsay">North Ronaldsay</a> slaughtered a sheep known as the Yule sheep on Christmas Eve.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrkney,_Vol.XV-81">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Reconstructionist</a> adherents of <a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">contemporary Germanic paganism</a> have developed traditions of blót rituals celebrated in a contemporary context since the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovitch2004126%E2%80%93127-82">[80]</a> In these practices, animal sacrifice is usually replaced with offerings of food or drink, although there remains a large focus on sharing food and strengthening relationships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_Heathenry-83">[81]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>, a Christian rite involving eating and drinking</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1c" class="mw-redirect" title="Lác">Lác</a>, an Old English word derived from a term for ritual</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechita" title="Shechita">Shechita</a>, ritual slaughter in Judaism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Examples of blót being used to mean "idol" is seen in compound nouns such as mat-blót and leir-blót which have been translated as "dough-" and "clay-idol" respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECV_bl%C3%B3t-6">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> The uncertainty in etymology of flāmen results from it being unclear whether the root word was *flā-, *flād- or *flāg-.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroonen201370%E2%80%9371-8">[7]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESantesson1989221-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESantesson1989221_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSantesson1989">Santesson 1989</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroonen201370-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen201370_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen201370_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKroonen2013">Kroonen 2013</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel200350–51-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel200350%E2%80%9351_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel200350%E2%80%9351_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel200350%E2%80%9351_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel200350%E2%80%9351_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel200350%E2%80%9351_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel200350%E2%80%9351_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel200350%E2%80%9351_3-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrel2003">Orel 2003</a>, pp. 50–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBT_ge-blót-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBT_ge-bl%C3%B3t_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBT_ge-bl%C3%B3t">BT_ge-blót</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoëga191060-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZo%C3%ABga191060_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZo%C3%ABga191060_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZo%C3%ABga191060_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZo%C3%ABga191060_5-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFZo%C3%ABga1910">Zoëga 1910</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECV_blót-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECV_bl%C3%B3t_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECV_bl%C3%B3t_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCV_bl%C3%B3t">CV_blót</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroonen201370–71-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen201370%E2%80%9371_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen201370%E2%80%9371_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKroonen2013">Kroonen 2013</a>, pp. 70–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoëga191060–61-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZo%C3%ABga191060%E2%80%9361_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZo%C3%ABga1910">Zoëga 1910</a>, pp. 60–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist201596,_163Chapter_4._Ceremonial_Buildings_and_Sanctuaries,_chapter_5._The_Religious_Leadership_of_the_Sanctuaries_and_the_Economic_system-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist201596,_163Chapter_4._Ceremonial_Buildings_and_Sanctuaries,_chapter_5._The_Religious_Leadership_of_the_Sanctuaries_and_the_Economic_system_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 96, 163, Chapter 4. Ceremonial Buildings and Sanctuaries, chapter 5. The Religious Leadership of the Sanctuaries and the Economic system. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015260–261Chapter_6._The_Ritual_Structure_of_the_Sanctuaries_and_Cosmic_Symbolism-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015260%E2%80%93261Chapter_6._The_Ritual_Structure_of_the_Sanctuaries_and_Cosmic_Symbolism_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 260–261, Chapter 6. The Ritual Structure of the Sanctuaries and Cosmic Symbolism. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2020212-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2020212_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2020212_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2020212_13-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrice2020">Price 2020</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015340–341Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015340%E2%80%93341Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 340–341, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015340–341,_347Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015340%E2%80%93341,_347Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 340–341, 347, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWikström_af_Edholm2019265-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWikstr%C3%B6m_af_Edholm2019265_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWikstr%C3%B6m_af_Edholm2019">Wikström_af_Edholm 2019</a>, p. 265. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECV_blóta-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECV_bl%C3%B3ta_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCV_bl%C3%B3ta">CV_blóta</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015260,_348Chapter_6._The_Ritual_Structure_of_the_Sanctuaries_and_Cosmic_Symbolism,_chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015260,_348Chapter_6._The_Ritual_Structure_of_the_Sanctuaries_and_Cosmic_Symbolism,_chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 260, 348, Chapter 6. The Ritual Structure of the Sanctuaries and Cosmic Symbolism, chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015334–335Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015334%E2%80%93335Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 334–335, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015317–318Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015317%E2%80%93318Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015317%E2%80%93318Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015317%E2%80%93318Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_20-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 317–318, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015337Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015337Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015337Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, p. 337, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015331–334Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015331%E2%80%93334Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 331–334, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015331–343Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015331%E2%80%93343Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 331–343, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgärd2008215–216-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHultg%C3%A4rd2008215%E2%80%93216_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHultg%C3%A4rd2008">Hultgärd 2008</a>, pp. 215–216. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015353Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015353Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, p. 353, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015347Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015347Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015347Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, p. 347, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnell2019303-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnell2019303_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagnell2019">Magnell 2019</a>, p. 303. </li> <li id="cite_note-Steinbock2014-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Steinbock2014_28-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSteinbock2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Steinbock, Fritz (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aR7bBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT134">Das Heilige Fest: Rituale des traditionellen germanischen Heidentums in heutiger Zeit</a> (in German). Edition Roter Drache. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-944180-52-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-944180-52-6"><bdi>978-3-944180-52-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Heilige+Fest%3A+Rituale+des+traditionellen+germanischen+Heidentums+in+heutiger+Zeit&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Edition+Roter+Drache&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-944180-52-6&rft.aulast=Steinbock&rft.aufirst=Fritz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaR7bBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015345–347,_349–350Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015345%E2%80%93347,_349%E2%80%93350Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 345–347, 349–350, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovárová2011190–194-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011190%E2%80%93194_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011">Kovárová 2011</a>, pp. 190–194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015311–313,_321Chapter_8._Sacred_Sites,_Ritual_Restrictions_and_Religious_Strategies,_chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015311%E2%80%93313,_321Chapter_8._Sacred_Sites,_Ritual_Restrictions_and_Religious_Strategies,_chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 311–313, 321, Chapter 8. Sacred Sites, Ritual Restrictions and Religious Strategies, chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoëga191061-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZo%C3%ABga191061_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZo%C3%ABga1910">Zoëga 1910</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEyrbyggja_sagaChapter_4-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEyrbyggja_sagaChapter_4_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEyrbyggja_saga">Eyrbyggja saga</a>, Chapter 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAðalsteinsson199916-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA%C3%B0alsteinsson199916_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA%C3%B0alsteinsson199916_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFA%C3%B0alsteinsson1999">Aðalsteinsson 1999</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELandnámabók,_Fyrsti_hlutiChapter._5-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandn%C3%A1mab%C3%B3k,_Fyrsti_hlutiChapter._5_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLandn%C3%A1mab%C3%B3k,_Fyrsti_hluti">Landnámabók, Fyrsti hluti</a>, Chapter. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyland2013-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyland2013_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeyland2013">Meyland 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015359–360Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015359%E2%80%93360Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 359–360, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015164–172Chapter_5._The_Religious_Leadership_of_the_Sanctuaries_and_the_Economic_system-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015164%E2%80%93172Chapter_5._The_Religious_Leadership_of_the_Sanctuaries_and_the_Economic_system_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 164–172, Chapter 5. The Religious Leadership of the Sanctuaries and the Economic system. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015325,_328,_330–331Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015325,_328,_330%E2%80%93331Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 325, 328, 330–331, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015325–327,_344–348Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015325%E2%80%93327,_344%E2%80%93348Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 325–327, 344–348, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015365–370Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015365%E2%80%93370Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 365–370, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015363–371,_373–375Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015363%E2%80%93371,_373%E2%80%93375Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 363–371, 373–375, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015286–287Chapter_7._The_Relation_between_Rulers_and_Cultic_Images-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015286%E2%80%93287Chapter_7._The_Relation_between_Rulers_and_Cultic_Images_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 286–287, Chapter 7. The Relation between Rulers and Cultic Images. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnellIregren2010241-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnellIregren2010241_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagnellIregren2010">Magnell & Iregren 2010</a>, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200860–61,_320-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek200860%E2%80%9361,_320_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimek2008">Simek 2008</a>, pp. 60–61, 320. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015365–366,_370Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015365%E2%80%93366,_370Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 365–366, 370, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek20087–8-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek20087%E2%80%938_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimek2008">Simek 2008</a>, pp. 7–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBT_blót-mónaþ-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBT_bl%C3%B3t-m%C3%B3na%C3%BE_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBT_bl%C3%B3t-m%C3%B3na%C3%BE">BT_blót-mónaþ</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015320Chapter_7._The_Relation_between_Rulers_and_Cultic_Images-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015320Chapter_7._The_Relation_between_Rulers_and_Cultic_Images_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015320Chapter_7._The_Relation_between_Rulers_and_Cultic_Images_49-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 320, Chapter 7. The Relation between Rulers and Cultic Images. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENordberg2006155–156-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENordberg2006155%E2%80%93156_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNordberg2006">Nordberg 2006</a>, pp. 155–156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovárová2011195-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011195_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKov%C3%A1rov%C3%A12011">Kovárová 2011</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2008327-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2008327_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimek2008">Simek 2008</a>, p. 327. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKOTSChapter_72-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKOTSChapter_72_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKOTS">KOTS</a>, Chapter 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell2018110-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunnell2018110_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGunnell2018">Gunnell 2018</a>, pp. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOIC_sigrblót-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOIC_sigrbl%C3%B3t_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOIC_sigrbl%C3%B3t">OIC_sigrblót</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200889–90-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek200889%E2%80%9390_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimek2008">Simek 2008</a>, pp. 89–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2022223-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2022223_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimek2022">Simek 2022</a>, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThietmar_von_Merseburg180712–13-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThietmar_von_Merseburg180712%E2%80%9313_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThietmar_von_Merseburg1807">Thietmar von Merseburg 1807</a>, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner2013Book_1,_chapter_17-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner2013Book_1,_chapter_17_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWarner2013">Warner 2013</a>, Book 1, chapter 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2022224,_227–228-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2022224,_227%E2%80%93228_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimek2022">Simek 2022</a>, pp. 224, 227–228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2022218-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2022218_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimek2022">Simek 2022</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam_of_Bremen187673–74-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_of_Bremen187673%E2%80%9374_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdam_of_Bremen1876">Adam of Bremen 1876</a>, pp. 73–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam_of_Bremen2002207–208-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_of_Bremen2002207%E2%80%93208_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdam_of_Bremen2002">Adam of Bremen 2002</a>, pp. 207–208. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2022225,_228-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2022225,_228_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimek2022">Simek 2022</a>, pp. 225, 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimensen202136–37-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimensen202136%E2%80%9337_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimensen2021">Simensen 2021</a>, pp. 36–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs199447–49,_50,_54–56-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs199447%E2%80%9349,_50,_54%E2%80%9356_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeinrichs1994">Heinrichs 1994</a>, pp. 47–49, 50, 54–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs199447–49-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs199447%E2%80%9349_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeinrichs1994">Heinrichs 1994</a>, pp. 47–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs199454–56-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs199454%E2%80%9356_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeinrichs1994">Heinrichs 1994</a>, pp. 54–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanmark2004150–151-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanmark2004150%E2%80%93151_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanmark2004">Sanmark 2004</a>, pp. 150–151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2012296–299-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe2012296%E2%80%93299_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorpe2012">Thorpe 2012</a>, pp. 296–299. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanmark2004158-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanmark2004158_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanmark2004">Sanmark 2004</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimensen20218–9,_36–37-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimensen20218%E2%80%939,_36%E2%80%9337_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimensen2021">Simensen 2021</a>, pp. 8–9, 36–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrønlie9-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B8nlie9_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGr%C3%B8nlie">Grønlie</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015355Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015355Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, p. 355, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanmark2004159-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanmark2004159_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanmark2004159_75-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanmark2004">Sanmark 2004</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeel_20094._Concerning_sacrifice-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeel_20094._Concerning_sacrifice_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeel_2009">Peel_2009</a>, 4. Concerning sacrifice. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll200830–33-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll200830%E2%80%9333_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll200830%E2%80%9333_77-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDriscoll2008">Driscoll 2008</a>, pp. 30–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015356–357Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015356%E2%80%93357Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 356–357, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENygaard2019-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENygaard2019_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNygaard2019">Nygaard 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrkney,_Vol.XVI-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrkney,_Vol.XVI_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrkney,_Vol.XVI">Orkney, Vol.XVI</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrkney,_Vol.XV-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrkney,_Vol.XV_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrkney,_Vol.XV">Orkney, Vol.XV</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovitch2004126–127-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovitch2004126%E2%80%93127_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRabinovitch2004">Rabinovitch 2004</a>, pp. 126–127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_Heathenry-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_Heathenry_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBBC_Heathenry">BBC Heathenry</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary">Primary</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Primary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_of_Bremen2002" class="citation book cs1">Adam of Bremen (2002). 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Hannoverae : Hahniani.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gesta+Hammaburgensis+ecclesiae+pontificum&rft.pub=Hannoverae+%3A+Hahniani&rft.date=1876&rft.au=Adam+of+Bremen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgestahammaburgen00adamuoft%2Fpage%2F175%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThietmar_von_Merseburg1807" class="citation book cs1">Thietmar von Merseburg (1807). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chronicon00thieuoft/page/12/mode/2up">Chronicon;</a>. Norimberg, Lechner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicon%3B&rft.pub=Norimberg%2C+Lechner&rft.date=1807&rft.au=Thietmar+von+Merseburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchronicon00thieuoft%2Fpage%2F12%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrønlie" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Text%20Series/IslKr.pdf">"Íslendingabók & Kristni Saga - The book of the Icelanders & The story of the conversion"</a> (PDF). Viking society for northern research. Translated by Grønlie, Siân. 2006. 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College London. 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-903521-79-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-903521-79-6"><bdi>978-0-903521-79-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guta+lag%3A+the+law+of+the+Gotlanders&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Viking+Society+for+Northern+Research%2C+Univ.+College+London&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-903521-79-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimensen2021" class="citation book cs1">Simensen, Erik (6 April 2021). Simensen, Erik (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781003134459/older-gulathing-law-erik-simensen">The Older Gulathing Law</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003134459">10.4324/9781003134459</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-13445-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-13445-9"><bdi>978-1-003-13445-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233604491">233604491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Older+Gulathing+Law&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233604491%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003134459&rft.isbn=978-1-003-13445-9&rft.aulast=Simensen&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2Fmono%2F10.4324%2F9781003134459%2Folder-gulathing-law-erik-simensen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpe2012" class="citation book cs1">Thorpe, Benjamin (2012). "Law of the Northumbrian priests". Ancient Laws and Institutes of England. Cambridge University Press. pp. 290–303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139177412" title="Special:BookSources/9781139177412"><bdi>9781139177412</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Law+of+the+Northumbrian+priests&rft.btitle=Ancient+Laws+and+Institutes+of+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E290-%3C%2Fspan%3E303&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781139177412&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner2013" class="citation book cs1">Warner, David A. (1 January 2013). 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Manchester University Press. pp. 65–385. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7765%2F9781526112774.00008">10.7765/9781526112774.00008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-1277-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-1277-4"><bdi>978-1-5261-1277-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Chronicon+of+Thietmar+of+Merseburg&rft.btitle=Ottonian+Germany&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E385&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7765%2F9781526112774.00008&rft.isbn=978-1-5261-1277-4&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7765%2F9781526112774.00008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEyrbyggja_saga" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heimskringla.no/wiki/Eyrbyggja_saga">"Eyrbyggja saga"</a>. heimskringla.no. 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Retrieved 18 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sacred-texts.com&rft.atitle=King+Olaf+Trygvason%27s+saga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsacred-texts.com%2Fneu%2Fheim%2F07olaftr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandnámabók,_Fyrsti_hluti" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heimskringla.no/wiki/Landn%C3%A1mab%C3%B3k_-_Fyrsti_hluti">"Landnámabók - Fyrsti hluti"</a>. heimskringla.no. Retrieved 27 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=heimskringla.no&rft.atitle=Landn%C3%A1mab%C3%B3k+-+Fyrsti+hluti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheimskringla.no%2Fwiki%2FLandn%25C3%25A1mab%25C3%25B3k_-_Fyrsti_hluti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary">Secondary</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Secondary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAðalsteinsson1999" class="citation book cs1">Aðalsteinsson, Jón Hnefill (1999). Jónsson, Jakob S. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mEPXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Mostrarskegg%20fekk%20at%20bl%C3%B3ti%22">Under the Cloak: A Pagan Ritual Turning Point in the Conversion of Iceland</a> (2nd, extended ed.). University of Iceland Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9979-54-380-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9979-54-380-0"><bdi>978-9979-54-380-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Cloak%3A+A+Pagan+Ritual+Turning+Point+in+the+Conversion+of+Iceland&rft.pages=16&rft.edition=2nd%2C+extended&rft.pub=University+of+Iceland+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-9979-54-380-0&rft.aulast=A%C3%B0alsteinsson&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3n+Hnefill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmEPXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Mostrarskegg%2520fekk%2520at%2520bl%25C3%25B3ti%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDriscoll2008" class="citation book cs1">Driscoll, Matthew James (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Text%20Series/Agrip.pdf">Ágrip Af Nóregskonungasqgum: A Twelfth-century Synoptic History of the Kings of Norway</a> (PDF). 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Viking Society for Northern Research. pp. 30–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-903521-27-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-903521-27-7"><bdi>978-0-903521-27-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%81grip+Af+N%C3%B3regskonungasqgum%3A+A+Twelfth-century+Synoptic+History+of+the+Kings+of+Norway&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Viking+Society+for+Northern+Research&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-903521-27-7&rft.aulast=Driscoll&rft.aufirst=Matthew+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk%2FText%2520Series%2FAgrip.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunnell2018" class="citation book cs1">Gunnell, Terry (19 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sy-GDwAAQBAJ&dq=sigrbl%C3%B3t&pg=PA107">"Part I: 6 Performance Studies"</a>. 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Alvissmál. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alvissm%C3%A1l&rft.atitle=The+Search+for+Identity%3A+A+Problem+after+the+Conversion&rft.volume=3&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Heinrichs&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuserpage.fu-berlin.de%2F~alvismal%2F3search.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHultgärd2008" class="citation book cs1">Hultgärd, Anders (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wuN-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA215">"The religion of the Vikings: Rituals and Worship"</a>. In Brink, Stefan; Price, Neil (eds.). The Viking World. Routledge. pp. 215–216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-31826-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-31826-1"><bdi>978-1-134-31826-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+religion+of+the+Vikings%3A+Rituals+and+Worship&rft.btitle=The+Viking+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-134-31826-1&rft.aulast=Hultg%C3%A4rd&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwuN-AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKovárová2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Kovárová, Lenka (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skemman.is/handle/1946/10143?locale=en">The Swine in Old Nordic Religion and Worldview</a>. Háskóla Íslands (Thesis).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Swine+in+Old+Nordic+Religion+and+Worldview&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Kov%C3%A1rov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Lenka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskemman.is%2Fhandle%2F1946%2F10143%3Flocale%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroonen2013" class="citation book cs1">Kroonen, Guus (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/etymological-dictionary-of-proto-germanic/page/70/mode/2up?view=theater">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Proto-Germanic&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Kroonen&rft.aufirst=Guus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fetymological-dictionary-of-proto-germanic%2Fpage%2F70%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnellIregren2010" class="citation journal cs1">Magnell, Ola; Iregren, E. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lucris.lub.lu.se/ws/portalfiles/portal/57510361/VEITSTU_HV_BL_TA_SKAL.pdf">"Veitstu hvé blóta skal? The Old Norse blót in the Light of Osteological Remains from Frösö Church, Jämtland, Sweden"</a> (PDF). 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Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12875-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12875-0"><bdi>978-90-04-12875-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Germanic+Etymology&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003-09-11&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12875-0&rft.aulast=Orel&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Ftitle%2F8205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2020" class="citation book cs1">Price, Neil (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TKGsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT212">Children of Ash and Elm: A History of the Vikings</a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-09699-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-09699-2"><bdi>978-0-465-09699-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children+of+Ash+and+Elm%3A+A+History+of+the+Vikings&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-465-09699-2&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTKGsDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabinovitch2004" class="citation book cs1">Rabinovitch, Shelley (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xuvLRbKvyGEC&pg=PA126">The Encyclopedia of Modern Witchcraft and Neo-Paganism</a>. 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Retrieved 12 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cleasby+%26+Vigfusson+-+Old+Norse+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Old+Norse+Dictionary+-+Bl%C3%B3t&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcleasby-vigfusson-dictionary.vercel.app%2Fword%2Fblota&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOIC_sigrblót" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old-icelandic.vercel.app/word/sigrblot">"Old Icelandic Dictionary - Sigrblót"</a>. Old Icelandic Dictionary. Retrieved 19 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Old+Icelandic+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Old+Icelandic+Dictionary+-+Sigrbl%C3%B3t&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold-icelandic.vercel.app%2Fword%2Fsigrblot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_Heathenry" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/paganism/subdivisions/heathenry_1.shtml">"Religions: Heathenry"</a>. BBC. 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minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 4 February 2025, at 00:46 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Блот – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Блот" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Blót" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Blót" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blot" title="Blot – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Blot" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Blót" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Blót" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA" title="بلوت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بلوت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Blót" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Blót" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%A1%9C%ED%8A%B8" title="블로트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="블로트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Blót" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Blót" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%98_(%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%A1)" title="בלוט (טקס) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בלוט (טקס)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blot" title="Blot – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Blot" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blot" title="Blot – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Blot" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Blót" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Блот – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Блот" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Blót" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blot" title="Blot – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blot" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Блот – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Блот" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 February 2025, at 00:46 (UTC).</li> <li 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-76d4c66f66-zbtfb","wgBackendResponseTime":321,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.242","walltime":"1.352","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11087,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":237428,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10310,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":181255,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1089.770 1 -total"," 25.35% 276.237 102 Template:Sfn"," 23.31% 254.023 154 Template:Lang"," 16.67% 181.628 24 Template:Cite_book"," 10.33% 112.523 2 Template:Reflist"," 9.49% 103.414 7 Template:Navbox"," 7.50% 81.696 1 Template:Anglo-SaxonPaganism"," 6.32% 68.903 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.03% 43.892 2 Template:Pagetype"," 3.57% 38.944 10 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