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class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Indosphere" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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<span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoesfera" title="Indoesfera – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Indoesfera" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="ভারতীয় প্রভাব ক্ষেত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারতীয় প্রভাব ক্ষেত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoesfera" title="Indoesfera – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Indoesfera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdasiatischer_Sprachbund" title="Südasiatischer Sprachbund – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Südasiatischer Sprachbund" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indosfera" title="Indosfera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Indosfera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="भारतीय प्रभाव क्षेत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारतीय प्रभाव क्षेत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indosfeer" title="Indosfeer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Indosfeer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Индосфера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Индосфера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indosf%C3%A9r" title="Indosfér – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Indosfér" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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</nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Culturo-linguistic area of Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a>.</div> <p><b>Indosphere</b> is a term coined by the linguist <a href="/wiki/James_Matisoff" title="James Matisoff">James Matisoff</a> for areas of <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian</a> linguistic influence in the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Southern_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Asian">Southern Asian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a> regions. It is commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Areal_linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Areal linguistics">areal linguistics</a> in contrast with the <a href="/wiki/Sinophone" title="Sinophone">Sinophone</a> languages of the <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia_linguistic_area" title="Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area">Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a>. Notably, unlike terms such as <a href="/wiki/Lusophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusophone">Lusophone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">Francophone</a> that refer to the multinational spread and influence of a single language with multiple dialects (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> respectively from the example), this term refers to all languages that are considered to originate in India, of which there are <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_legal_status_in_India" title="Languages with legal status in India">22 recognised languages</a> alone across several major language families, including <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a>. It considers these collectively in regards to the influence of these languages on the languages of other countries, rather than from the perspective of the spread of the language only. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indosphere&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sprachbund" title="Sprachbund">Sprachbund</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a> family of languages, which extends over a huge geographic range, is characterized by great typological diversity, comprising languages that range from the highly tonal, <a href="/wiki/Monosyllabic_language" title="Monosyllabic language">monosyllabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Analytic_language" title="Analytic language">analytic</a> type with practically no <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixational</a> morphology, like the <a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Loloish languages</a>, to marginally tonal or atonal languages with complex systems of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation#Verbal_agreement" title="Grammatical conjugation">verbal agreement</a> morphology, like the <a href="/wiki/Kiranti" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiranti">Kiranti</a> group of Nepal. This diversity is partly to be explained in terms of <a href="/wiki/Areal_features" class="mw-redirect" title="Areal features">areal influences</a> from <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> on the one hand and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a> on the other.<sup id="cite_ref-Matisoff_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matisoff-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matisoff proposed two large and overlapping areas combining cultural and linguistic features – the "Sinosphere" and the "Indosphere", influenced by China and India respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Matisoff1990_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matisoff1990-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Enfield_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enfield-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LaPolla_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaPolla-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A buffer zone between them as a third group was proposed by Kristine A. Hildebrandt, followed by B. Bickel and J. Nichols.<sup id="cite_ref-mestamo_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mestamo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indosphere is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indic languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-anju_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anju-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_cultural_zone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Indian_cultural_zone.svg/250px-Indian_cultural_zone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Indian_cultural_zone.svg/375px-Indian_cultural_zone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Indian_cultural_zone.svg/500px-Indian_cultural_zone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>Historic Indosphere cultural influence zone of <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a> for transmission of religion, music, arts, and cuisine<sup id="cite_ref-diasind1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diasind1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Some languages firmly belong to one or the other. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a> branches of <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic languages</a>, the Tibeto-Burman languages of Eastern <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, and much of the "<a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages#Matisoff_(1978)" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Kamarupan</a>" group of Tibeto-Burman, which most notably includes the <a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a> (Manipuri), are Indospheric; while the <a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong–Mien">Hmong–Mien</a> family, the <a href="/wiki/Kam%E2%80%93Sui_languages" title="Kam–Sui languages">Kam–Sui</a> branch of <a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kadai</a>, the Loloish branch of Tibeto-Burman, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> (Viet–Muong) are Sinospheric. Some other languages, like <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetan</a>, have been influenced by both Chinese and Indian languages at different historical periods. Still, other linguistic communities are so remote geographically that they have escaped significant influence from either. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian branch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Khmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon–Khmer">Mon–Khmer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malaya</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Nicobarese_languages" title="Nicobarese languages">Nicobarese branch</a> of Mon–Khmer in the <a href="/wiki/Nicobar_Islands" title="Nicobar Islands">Nicobar Islands</a> of the Indian Ocean shows little influence by Sinosphere or Indosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Matisoff_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matisoff-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodish languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kham_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kham language">Kham languages</a> are characterized by hybrid <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosodic properties</a> akin to related Indospheric languages towards the west and also Sinospheric languages towards the east.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some languages of the <a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti group</a> in the Indosphere rank among the morphologically most complex languages of Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indian cultural, intellectual, and political influence – especially that of <a href="/wiki/Pallava_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava alphabet">Pallava</a> writing system – began to penetrate both insular and peninsular <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> about 2000 years ago. Indic writing systems were adopted first by <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesians</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatics</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mon_people" title="Mon people">Mon</a>, then by <a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Siamese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>) and Tibeto-Burmans (<a href="/wiki/Pyu_language_(Burma)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyu language (Burma)">Pyu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karen_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Karen languages">Karen</a>). Indospheric languages are also found in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a> (MSEA), defined as the region encompassing <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, as well as parts of <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, Peninsular <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. Related scripts are also found in South East Asian islands ranging from <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, south <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> and most of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The learned components of the vocabularies of Khmer, Mon, Burmese and Thai/Lao consist of words of <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> origin. Indian influence also spread north to the Himalayan region. Tibetan has used Ranjana writing since 600 AD, but has preferred to calque new religious and technical vocabulary from native morphemes rather than borrowing Indian ones.<sup id="cite_ref-Matisoff_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matisoff-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation" title="Sanskritisation">Sanskritisation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indosphere&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Morphological_typology" title="Morphological typology">Morphological typology</a></div> <p>Languages in the "Sinosphere" (<a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> and North Vietnam) tend to be analytic, with little morphology, <a href="/wiki/Monosyllabic_language" title="Monosyllabic language">monosyllabic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Minor_syllable" title="Minor syllable">sesquisyllabic</a> lexical structures, extensive compounding, complex tonal systems, and serial verb constructions. Languages in the "Indosphere" (<a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>) tend to be more agglutinative, with <a href="/wiki/Polysyllabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysyllabic">polysyllabic</a> structures, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">extensive case</a> and verb morphology, and detailed markings of interpropositional relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Matisoff1990_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matisoff1990-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Manang_language" title="Manang language">Manange</a> (like other <a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamangic languages</a>) is an interesting case to examine in this regard, as geographically it fits squarely in the "Indospheric" Himalayas, but typologically it shares more features with the "Sinospheric" languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tibeto-Burman languages spoken in the Sinosphere tend to be more isolating, while those spoken in the Indosphere tend to be more morphologically complex.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many languages in the western side of the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan family</a>, which includes the Tibeto-Burman languages, show significant typological resemblances with other languages of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, which puts them in the group of Indosphere. They often have heavier syllables than found in the east, while <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone systems</a>, though attested, are not as frequent.<sup id="cite_ref-carol_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carol-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indospheric languages are often toneless and/or highly <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often there is considerable <a href="/wiki/Inflected_preposition" title="Inflected preposition">inflectional</a> morphology, from fully developed <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case marking</a> systems to extensive <a href="/wiki/Reflexive_verb" title="Reflexive verb">pronominal</a> morphology found on the verb. These languages generally mark a number of types of <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">inter-casual relationships</a> and have distinct construction involving <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">verbal auxiliaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-carol_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carol-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Languages of the Indosphere typically display <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex stop consonants</a>, postsentential <a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">relative clauses</a> and the extended grammaticalization of the verb <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Say" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Say">say</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-anju_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anju-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Indospheric languages, such as the Tibeto-Burman languages of Northeast India and Nepal, for example, the development of relative pronouns and correlative structures as well as of retroflex initial consonants is often found.<sup id="cite_ref-LaPolla_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaPolla-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indosphere&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages of India">List of languages of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Hindustani_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories where Hindustani is an official language">List of countries and territories where Hindustani is an official language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Tamil_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where Tamil is an official language">List of countries where Tamil is an official language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation_(linguistics)" title="Sanskritisation (linguistics)">Sanskritisation (linguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_loanwords_in_Biblical_Hebrew" title="Tamil loanwords in Biblical Hebrew">Tamil loanwords in Biblical Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_honorifics" title="Indian honorifics">Indian honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Devadhiraj" title="Siam Devadhiraj">Siam Devadhiraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolinguistics" title="Geolinguistics">Geolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_geography" title="Language geography">Language geography</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indosphere&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Matisoff-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matisoff_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matisoff_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matisoff_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMatisoff2003" class="citation cs2">Matisoff, James Alan (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escholarship.org/uc/item/19d79619"><i>Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction</i></a>, University of California Press, pp. 6–7, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-09843-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-09843-9"><bdi>0-520-09843-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Proto-Tibeto-Burman%3A+System+and+Philosophy+of+Sino-Tibetan+Reconstruction&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-520-09843-9&rft.aulast=Matisoff&rft.aufirst=James+Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F19d79619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dixon-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dixon_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dixon_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dixon_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert M. W. Dixon, Y. Alexandra, <i>Adjective Classes: A Cross-linguistic Typology </i>, page 74, Oxford University Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-920346-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-920346-6">0-19-920346-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matisoff1990-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matisoff1990_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matisoff1990_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatisoff1990" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/James_Matisoff" title="James Matisoff">Matisoff, James</a> (1990), "On Megalocomparison", <i>Language</i>, <b>66</b> (1): 106–120, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F415281">10.2307/415281</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/415281">415281</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=On+Megalocomparison&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=106-120&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F415281&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F415281%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Matisoff&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Enfield-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Enfield_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnfield2005" class="citation cs2">Enfield, N. J. (2005), "Areal Linguistics and Mainland Southeast Asia", <i>Annual Review of Anthropology</i>, <b>34</b>: 181–206, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.34.081804.120406">10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120406</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0013-167B-C">11858/00-001M-0000-0013-167B-C</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Areal+Linguistics+and+Mainland+Southeast+Asia&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=181-206&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11858%2F00-001M-0000-0013-167B-C&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.34.081804.120406&rft.aulast=Enfield&rft.aufirst=N.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaPolla-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LaPolla_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LaPolla_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">RJ LaPolla, The Sino-Tibetan Languages, La Trobe University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mestamo-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mestamo_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiestamoWälchli2007" class="citation cs2">Miestamo, Matti; Wälchli, Bernhard (2007), <i>New challenges in typology</i>, Walter de Gruyter, p. 85, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019592-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019592-7"><bdi>978-3-11-019592-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+challenges+in+typology&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-11-019592-7&rft.aulast=Miestamo&rft.aufirst=Matti&rft.au=W%C3%A4lchli%2C+Bernhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anju-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-anju_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anju_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaxena2004" class="citation book cs1">Saxena, Anju (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517103041/http://www2.lingfil.uu.se/kurser/detaljschema/vt05/sprakets_evolu_himalayan.pdf">"Linguistic synchrony and diachrony on the roof of the world – the study of Himalayan languages"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Saxena, Anju (ed.). <i>Himalayan Languages: Past and Present</i>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 3–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017841-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017841-8"><bdi>978-3-11-017841-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.lingfil.uu.se/kurser/detaljschema/vt05/sprakets_evolu_himalayan.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-05-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Linguistic+synchrony+and+diachrony+on+the+roof+of+the+world+%E2%80%93+the+study+of+Himalayan+languages&rft.btitle=Himalayan+Languages%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.pages=3-29&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-11-017841-8&rft.aulast=Saxena&rft.aufirst=Anju&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.lingfil.uu.se%2Fkurser%2Fdetaljschema%2Fvt05%2Fsprakets_evolu_himalayan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diasind1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-diasind1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulke2004" class="citation book cs1">Kulke, Hermann (2004). <i>A history of India</i>. Rothermund, Dietmar 1933– (4th ed.). New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-39126-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-39126-8"><bdi>0-203-39126-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57054139">57054139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+India&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57054139&rft.isbn=0-203-39126-8&rft.aulast=Kulke&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matti Miestamo & Bernhard Wälchli, <i>New Challenges in Typology</i>, page 90, Walter de Gruyter, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-019592-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-019592-5">3-11-019592-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Levinson & Karen Christensen, <i>Encyclopedia of Modern Asia: a berkshire reference work</i>, page 494, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-80617-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-80617-7">0-684-80617-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Haspelmath, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sCRcARRN9nsC&pg=PA569&dq=indosphere&lr=&ei=cObSR7zSINC4igH0ldirBQ&sig=NZzfitQOiVvLf3LOSI04oXn3Rzs">The World Atlas of Language Structures</a>, page 569, Oxford University Press, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-925591-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-925591-1">0-19-925591-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald & Robert M. W. Dixon, <i>Grammars in Contact</i>, page 4, Oxford University Press, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-920783-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-920783-6">0-19-920783-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carol-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-carol_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carol_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Carol_Genetti" title="Carol Genetti">Carol Genetti</a>, <i>A Grammar of Dolakha Newar</i>, page 3, Walter de Gruyter, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-019303-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-019303-5">3-11-019303-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colin Renfrew, April M. S. McMahon & Robert Lawrence Trask, <i>Time Depth in Historical Linguistics</i>, page 334, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902937-06-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-902937-06-6">1-902937-06-6</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indosphere&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Bradley_(linguist)" title="David Bradley (linguist)">Bradley, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Randy_LaPolla" title="Randy LaPolla">LaPolla, Randy</a>; Michailovsky, Boyd; and <a href="/wiki/Graham_Thurgood" title="Graham Thurgood">Thurgood, Graham</a> (editors). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/162629307.pdf">Language variation: Papers on variation and change in the Sinosphere and in the Indosphere in honour of James A. Matisoff</a></i>, pp. 113–144. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ankerl, Guy (2000) [2000], <i>Global communication without universal civilization</i>, INU societal research, vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations : Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western, Geneva: INU Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-88155-004-5" title="Special:BookSources/2-88155-004-5"><bdi>2-88155-004-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+communication+without+universal+civilization&rft.place=Geneva&rft.series=INU+societal+research&rft.pub=INU+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=2-88155-004-5&rft.aulast=Ankerl&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndosphere" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indosphere&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Indosphere" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Indosphere">Indosphere</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071102144300/http://pacling.anu.edu.au/catalogue/555.html">Papers on variation and change in the Sinosphere and in the Indosphere in honour of James A. Matisoff</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071201144245/http://www.ogmios.org/91.htm">Language diversity: Sinosphere vs. Indosphere</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060715124751/http://www.iias.nl/host/himalaya/conferences/hls/1st_abstracts/wow.html">Himalayan Languages Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071120043520/http://www.questhimalaya.com/journal/turin-tibeto-burman-02.htm">Rethinking Tibeto-Burman -- Lessons from Indosphere</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwm.edu/~noonan/806/Enfield.Areal-SEA.pdf">Areal linguistics and Mainland Southeast Asia</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geographical_distribution_of_languages" title="Template:Geographical distribution of languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geographical_distribution_of_languages" title="Template talk:Geographical distribution of languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geographical_distribution_of_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geographical distribution of languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geographical_distribution_of_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geographical distribution of languages</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_geography" title="Language geography">Language geography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking world">Romance-speaking world</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberophone">Iberophone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Portuguese_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical distribution of Portuguese speakers">Portuguese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lusophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusophone">Lusophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Portuguese_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories where Portuguese is an official language">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanophone" title="Hispanophone">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Spanish_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Spanish is an official language">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_French_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of French speakers">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophonie" title="Francophonie">Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_French_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where French is an official language">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Italian_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of Italian speakers">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Italian_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories where Italian is an official language">list</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romanian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Romanian_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Romanian is an official language">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking world">Germanic-speaking world</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_English-speaking_population" title="List of countries by English-speaking population">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">Anglophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where English is an official language">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_German_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of German speakers">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_German_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where German is an official language">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Dutch_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of Dutch speakers">Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Afrikaans_or_Dutch_are_official_languages" title="List of countries and territories where Afrikaans or Dutch are official languages">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic-speaking world</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Macedonian_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of Macedonian speakers">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Polish_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of Polish speakers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Russian_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of Russian speakers">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Russian_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Russian is an official language">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Ukrainian_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of Ukrainian speakers">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic-speaking world</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0idhealtachd" title="Gàidhealtachd">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Fro_Gymraeg" title="Y Fro Gymraeg">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Arabic_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where Arabic is an official language">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophone" title="Sinophone">Sinophone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Chinese_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Chinese is an official language">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Persosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Persian_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_world" title="Malay world">Malay world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Malay_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories where Malay is an official language">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic-speaking_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Uralic-speaking world">Uralic-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperantujo" title="Esperantujo">Esperantujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Hindustani_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories where Hindustani is an official language">Hindustani list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Tamil_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Tamil is an official language">Tamil list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Swahili_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories where Swahili is an official language">Swahili list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" 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