CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Flame detector - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2fc63d43-14fc-4f3e-b58b-82705ee3b61c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Flame_detector","wgTitle":"Flame detector","wgCurRevisionId":1204381163,"wgRevisionId":1204381163,"wgArticleId":15301286,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles to be expanded from June 2014","Articles needing additional references from April 2022","All articles needing additional references","Articles with multiple maintenance issues","Detectors","Fire detection and alarm","Fire protection","Natural gas safety"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"Flame_detector","wgRelevantArticleId":15301286,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q15472915","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness", "fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips", "ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Flame detector - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_detector"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_detector"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Flame_detector rootpage-Flame_detector skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Flame+detector" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Flame+detector" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Flame+detector" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Flame+detector" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Optical_flame_detectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optical_flame_detectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Optical flame detectors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Optical_flame_detectors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Optical flame detectors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Optical_flame_detectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ultraviolet_detector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultraviolet_detector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ultraviolet detector</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultraviolet_detector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Near_IR_array" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Near_IR_array"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Near IR array</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Near_IR_array-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrared" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrared"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Infrared</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrared-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrared_thermal_cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrared_thermal_cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Infrared thermal cameras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrared_thermal_cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UV/IR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UV/IR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>UV/IR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UV/IR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IR/IR_flame_detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IR/IR_flame_detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>IR/IR flame detection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IR/IR_flame_detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IR3_flame_detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IR3_flame_detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>IR3 flame detection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IR3_flame_detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3IR+UV_flame_detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3IR+UV_flame_detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>3IR+UV flame detection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3IR+UV_flame_detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visible_sensors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visible_sensors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Visible sensors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visible_sensors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Video</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Other types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ionization_current_flame_detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ionization_current_flame_detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ionization current flame detection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ionization_current_flame_detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermocouple_flame_detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermocouple_flame_detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Thermocouple flame detection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermocouple_flame_detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emission_of_radiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emission_of_radiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Emission of radiation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emission_of_radiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sunlight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunlight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sunlight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunlight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heat_radiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat_radiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Heat radiation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat_radiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cone_of_vision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cone_of_vision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cone of vision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cone_of_vision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_detection_range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_detection_range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>The detection range</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_detection_range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_square_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_square_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>The square law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_square_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Flame detector</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detector_de_flames" title="Detector de flames – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Detector de flames" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flammenmelder" title="Flammenmelder – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Flammenmelder" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="حسگر آتش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حسگر آتش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%88%EA%BD%83%EA%B0%90%EC%A7%80%EA%B8%B0" title="불꽃감지기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="불꽃감지기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlamdetectie" title="Vlamdetectie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vlamdetectie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%8E%E6%A4%9C%E5%87%BA%E5%99%A8" title="炎検出器 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="炎検出器" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Пожарный извещатель пламени – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пожарный извещатель пламени" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detektor_plamena" title="Detektor plamena – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Detektor plamena" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15472915#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Flame_detector" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Flame_detector" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Flame_detector"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Flame_detector"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Flame_detector" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Flame_detector" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&oldid=1204381163" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Flame_detector&id=1204381163&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFlame_detector"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFlame_detector"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Flame_detector&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15472915" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sensor designed to detect flame or fire</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Flame_detector" title="Special:EditPage/Flame detector">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Flame_detector" title="Talk:Flame detector">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is missing information</b> about the history of the subject.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Flame_detector" title="Talk:Flame detector">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2014</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Flame_detector" title="Special:EditPage/Flame detector">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Flame+detector%22">"Flame detector"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Flame+detector%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Flame+detector%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Flame+detector%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Flame+detector%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Flame+detector%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>flame detector</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">sensor</a> designed to detect and respond to the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Flame" title="Flame">flame</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fire</a>, allowing <b>flame detection</b>. Responses to a detected flame depend on the installation, but can include sounding an alarm, deactivating a fuel line (such as a <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> line), and activating a fire suppression system. When used in applications such as industrial furnaces, their role is to provide confirmation that the furnace is working properly; it can be used to turn off the ignition system though in many cases they take no direct action beyond notifying the operator or control system. A flame detector can often respond faster and more accurately than a <a href="/wiki/Smoke_detector" title="Smoke detector">smoke</a> or <a href="/wiki/Heat_detector" title="Heat detector">heat detector</a> due to the mechanisms it uses to detect the flame.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Optical_flame_detectors">Optical flame detectors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Optical flame detectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vlamdetectie_spectrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Vlamdetectie_spectrum.jpg/350px-Vlamdetectie_spectrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Vlamdetectie_spectrum.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Flame detector type regions</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ultraviolet_detector">Ultraviolet detector</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ultraviolet detector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a> (UV) detectors work by detecting the UV radiation emitted at the instant of ignition. While capable of detecting fires and explosions within 3–4 milliseconds, a time delay of 2–3 seconds is often included to minimize false alarms which can be triggered by other UV sources such as <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arc_welding" title="Arc welding">arc welding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a>. UV detectors typically operate with <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> shorter than 300 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a> to minimize the effects of natural <a href="/wiki/Background_radiation" title="Background radiation">background radiation</a>. The solar blind UV wavelength band is also easily blinded by oily contaminants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Near_IR_array">Near IR array</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Near IR array"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Near <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> (IR) array flame detectors (0.7 to 1.1 μm), also known as visual flame detectors, employ flame recognition technology to confirm fire by analyzing near IR radiation using a <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">charge-coupled device</a> (CCD). A near infrared (IR) sensor is especially able to monitor flame phenomena, without too much hindrance from water and water vapour. <a href="/wiki/Pyroelectricity" title="Pyroelectricity">Pyroelectric</a> sensors operating at this wavelength can be relatively cheap. Multiple channel or <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixel</a> array sensors monitoring flames in the near IR band are arguably the most reliable technologies available for detection of fires. Light emission from a fire forms an image of the flame at a particular instant. <a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a> can be utilized to recognize flames through analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> created from the near IR images. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrared">Infrared</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Infrared"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Infrared (IR) or wideband infrared (1.1 μm and higher) flame detectors monitor the infrared spectral band for specific patterns given off by hot gases. These are sensed using a specialized fire-fighting <a href="/wiki/Thermal_imaging_camera_(firefighting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal imaging camera (firefighting)">thermal imaging camera</a> (TIC), a type of <a href="/wiki/Thermographic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic camera">thermographic camera</a>. False alarms can be caused by other hot surfaces and background <a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">thermal radiation</a> in the area. Water on the detector's lens will greatly reduce the accuracy of the detector, as will exposure to direct sunlight. A special frequency range is 4.3 to 4.4 μm. This is a resonance frequency of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a>. During burning of a <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> (for example, wood or fossil fuels such as oil and natural gas) much heat and CO<sub>2</sub> is released. The hot CO<sub>2</sub> emits much energy at its resonance frequency of 4.3 μm. This causes a peak in the total radiation emission and can be well detected. Moreover, the "cold" CO<sub>2</sub> in the air is taking care that the sunlight and other IR radiation is filtered. This makes the sensor in this frequency "solar blind"; however, sensitivity is reduced by sunlight. By observing the flicker frequency of a fire (1 to 20 Hz) the detector is made less sensitive to false alarms caused by heat radiation, for example caused by hot machinery. </p><p>A severe disadvantage is that almost all radiation can be absorbed by water or <a href="/wiki/Water_vapour" class="mw-redirect" title="Water vapour">water vapour</a>; this is particularly valid for infrared flame detection in the 4.3 to 4.4 μm region. From approx. 3.5 μm and higher the absorption by water or ice is practically 100%. This makes infrared sensors for use in outdoor applications very unresponsive to fires. The biggest problem is our ignorance; some infrared detectors have an (automatic) detector window self test, but this self test only monitors the occurrence of water or ice on the detector window. </p><p>A salt film is also harmful, because salt absorbs water. However, water vapour, fog or light rain also makes the sensor almost blind, without the user knowing. The cause is similar to what a fire fighter does if he approaches a hot fire: he protects himself by means of a water vapour screen against the enormous infrared heat radiation. The presence of water vapor, fog, or light rain will then also "protect" the monitor causing it to not see the fire. Visible light will, however be transmitted through the water vapour screen, as can easily been seen by the fact that a human can still see the flames through the water vapour screen. </p><p>The usual response time of an IR detector is 3–5 seconds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrared_thermal_cameras">Infrared thermal cameras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Infrared thermal cameras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MWIR infrared (IR) cameras can be used to detect heat and with particular algorithms can detect hot-spots within a scene as well as flames for both detection and prevention of fire and risks of fire. These cameras can be used in complete darkness and operate both inside and outside. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UV/IR"><span id="UV.2FIR"></span>UV/IR</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: UV/IR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These detectors are sensitive to both UV and IR wavelengths, and detect flame by comparing the threshold signal of both ranges. This helps minimize false alarms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IR/IR_flame_detection"><span id="IR.2FIR_flame_detection"></span>IR/IR flame detection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: IR/IR flame detection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dual IR (IR/IR) flame detectors compare the threshold signal in two infrared ranges. Often one sensor looks at the 4.4 micrometer carbon dioxide (CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>), while the other sensor looks at a reference frequency. Sensing the CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emission is appropriate for hydrocarbon fuels; for non-carbon based fuels, e.g., hydrogen, the broadband water bands are sensed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IR3_flame_detection">IR3 flame detection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: IR3 flame detection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multi-infrared detectors make use of algorithms to suppress the effects of background radiation (blackbody radiation), again sensitivity is reduced by this radiation. </p><p>Triple-IR flame detectors compare three specific wavelength bands within the IR spectral region and their ratio to each other. In this case one sensor looks at the 4.4 micrometer range while the other sensors look at reference wavelengths both above and below 4.4. This allows the detector to distinguish between non-flame IR sources and actual flames which emit hot CO<sub>2</sub> in the combustion process. As a result, both detection range and immunity to false alarms can be significantly increased. IR3 detectors can detect a 0.1m<sup>2</sup> (1 ft<sup>2</sup>) gasoline pan fire at up to 65 m (215 ft) in less than 5 seconds. Triple IRs, like other IR detector types, are susceptible to blinding by a layer of water on the detector's window. </p><p>Most IR detectors are designed to ignore constant background IR radiation, which is present in all environments. Instead they are designed to detect suddenly changing or increasing sources of the radiation. When exposed to changing patterns of non-flame IR radiation, IR and UV/IR detectors become more prone to false alarms, while IR3 detectors become somewhat less sensitive but are more immune to false alarms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3IR+UV_flame_detection"><span id="3IR.2BUV_flame_detection"></span>3IR+UV flame detection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 3IR+UV flame detection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multi-Infrared (Multi-IR/3IR) detectors use algorithms to determine the presence of fire and tell them apart from background noise known to as <i><a href="/wiki/Black-body_radiation" title="Black-body radiation">black-body radiation</a></i>, which in generally reduce the range and accuracy of the detector. Black-body radiation is constantly present in all environments, but is given off especially strongly by objects at high temperature.  this makes high temperature environments, or areas where high temperature material is handled especially challenging for IR only detectors. Thus, one additional UV-C band sensor is sometimes included in flame detectors to add another layer of confirmation, as black-body radiation does not impact UV sensors unless the temperature is extremely high, such as the plasma glow from an Arc welding machine. </p><p>Multi-wavelength detectors vary in sensor configuration. 1 IR+UV, or UVIR being the most common and low cost. 2 IR + UV being a compromise between cost and False alarm immunity and 3 IR + UV, which combines past 3IR technology with the additional layer of identification from the UV sensor.  </p><p>Multi-Wavelength or Multi-spectral detectors such as 3IR+UV and UVIR are an improvement over their IR-only detectors counterparts which have been known to either false alarm or lose sensitivity and range in the presence of strong background noise such as direct or reflected light sources or even sun exposure.  IR detectors have often relied on Infrared bulk energy growth to as their primary determining factor for fire detection, declaring an alarm when the sensors exceed a given range and ratio. This approach however is prone to trigger from non-fire noise. whether from blackbody radiation, high temperature environments, or simply changes in the ambient lighting. alternatively in another design approach, IR-only detectors may only alarm given perfect conditions and clear signal matches, which results in missing the fire when there is too much noise, such as looking into the sunset. </p><p>Modern Flame detectors may also make use of high speed sensors, which allow the capture of the flickering movement of flame, and monitor the pattern and ratios of the spectral output for patterns unique to fire. Higher speed sensors allow for not only faster reaction times, but also more data per second, increasing the level of confidence in fire identification, or false alarm rejection.  </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visible_sensors">Visible sensors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Visible sensors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A visible light sensor (for example a camera: 0.4 to 0.7 μm) is able to present an image, which can be understood by a human being. Furthermore, complex image processing analysis can be executed by computers, which can recognize a flame or even smoke. Unfortunately, a camera can be blinded, like a human, by heavy smoke and by fog. It is also possible to mix visible light information (monitor) with UV or infrared information, in order to better discriminate against false alarms or to improve the detection range.<sup id="cite_ref-Chenebert_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chenebert-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The corona <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">camera</a> is an example of this equipment. In this equipment the information of a UV camera mixed with visible image information. It is used for tracing defects in <a href="/wiki/High_voltage" title="High voltage">high voltage</a> equipment and fire detection over high distances. </p><p>In some detectors, a sensor for visible radiation (light) is added to the design. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video">Video</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Video"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Closed-circuit_television" title="Closed-circuit television">Closed-circuit television</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Web_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Web camera">web camera</a> can be used for visual detection of (wavelengths between 0.4 and 0.7 μm). <a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">Smoke</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">fog</a> can limit the effective range of these, since they operate solely in the visible spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-Chenebert_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chenebert-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dunnings18fire_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunnings18fire-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_types">Other types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ionization_current_flame_detection">Ionization current flame detection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ionization current flame detection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The intense ionization within the body of a flame can be measured by means by the phenomena of <a href="/wiki/Flame_rectification" title="Flame rectification">flame rectification</a> whereby an AC current flows more easily in one direction when a voltage is applied. This current can be used to verify flame presence and quality. Such detectors can be used in large industrial process gas heaters and are connected to the flame control system. They usually act as both flame quality monitors and for flame failure detection. They are also common in a variety of household gas <a href="/wiki/Furnace_(house_heating)" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace (house heating)">furnaces</a> and boilers. </p><p>Problems with boilers failing to stay lit can often be due to dirty flame sensors or to a poor burner surface with which to complete the electrical circuit. A poor flame or one that is lifting off the burner may also interrupt the continuity.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flame-igniter(top)-and-flame-sensor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flame-igniter%28top%29-and-flame-sensor.jpg/170px-Flame-igniter%28top%29-and-flame-sensor.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flame-igniter%28top%29-and-flame-sensor.jpg/255px-Flame-igniter%28top%29-and-flame-sensor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flame-igniter%28top%29-and-flame-sensor.jpg/340px-Flame-igniter%28top%29-and-flame-sensor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="1209" /></a><figcaption>Flame igniter (top) and flame sensor</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermocouple_flame_detection">Thermocouple flame detection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Thermocouple flame detection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thermocouple" title="Thermocouple">Thermocouples</a> are used extensively for monitoring flame presence in combustion heating systems and gas cookers. A common use in these installations is to cut off the supply of fuel if the flame fails, in order to prevent unburned fuel from accumulating. These sensors measure heat and therefore are commonly used to determine the <i>absence</i> of a flame. This can be used to verify the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Pilot_light" title="Pilot light">pilot flame</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>UV/IR flame detectors are used in: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen station">Hydrogen stations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gas-fueled cookers</li> <li>Industrial heating and drying systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">Domestic heating systems</a></li> <li>Industrial gas turbines</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emission_of_radiation">Emission of radiation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Emission of radiation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flame_detection_emission_of_radiation.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flame_detection_emission_of_radiation.JPG/250px-Flame_detection_emission_of_radiation.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flame_detection_emission_of_radiation.JPG/375px-Flame_detection_emission_of_radiation.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Flame_detection_emission_of_radiation.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>Emission of radiation</figcaption></figure> <p>A fire emits radiation, which <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">human eye</a> experiences as the visible yellow red flames and heat. In fact, during a fire, relatively sparsely UV energy and visible light energy is emitted, as compared to the emission of Infrared radiation. A non-hydrocarbon fire, for example, one from <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, does not show a CO<sub>2</sub> peak on 4.3 μm because during the burning of hydrogen no CO<sub>2</sub> is released. The 4.3 μm CO<sub>2</sub> peak in the picture is exaggerated, and is in reality less than 2% of the total energy of the fire. A multi-frequency-detector with sensors for UV, visible light, near IR and/or wideband IR thus have much more "sensor data" to calculate with and therefore are able to detect more types of fires and to detect these types of fires better: hydrogen, <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">ether</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sulphur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur">sulphur</a>. It looks like a static picture, but in reality the energy fluctuates, or flickers. This flickering is caused by the fact that the aspirated oxygen and the present combustible are burning and concurrently aspirate new oxygen and new combustible material. These little explosions cause the flickering of the flame. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sunlight">Sunlight</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sunlight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flame_detection_sunlight.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flame_detection_sunlight.JPG/250px-Flame_detection_sunlight.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flame_detection_sunlight.JPG/375px-Flame_detection_sunlight.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Flame_detection_sunlight.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>Sunlight transmission</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">sun</a> emits an enormous amount of energy, which would be harmful to human beings if not for the vapours and gases in the atmosphere, like water (<a href="/wiki/Clouds" class="mw-redirect" title="Clouds">clouds</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a>, and others, through which the sunlight is filtered. In the figure it can clearly be seen that "cold" CO<sub>2</sub> filters the solar radiation around 4.3 μm. An Infrared detector which uses this frequency is therefore solar blind. Not all manufacturers of flame detectors use sharp filters for the 4.3 μm radiation and thus still pick up quite an amount of sunlight. These cheap flame detectors are hardly usable for outdoor applications. Between 0.7 μm and approx. 3 μm there is relatively large absorption of sunlight. Hence, this frequency range is used for flame detection by a few flame detector manufacturers (in combination with other sensors like ultraviolet, visible light, or near infrared). The big economical advantage is that detector windows can be made of <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> instead of expensive <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphire</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Electro-optical_sensor" title="Electro-optical sensor">electro-optical sensor</a> combinations also enable the detection of non-hydrocarbons like hydrogen fires without the risk of false alarms caused by artificial light or electrical welding. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heat_radiation">Heat radiation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Heat radiation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flame_detection_radiation_of_heat.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flame_detection_radiation_of_heat.JPG/250px-Flame_detection_radiation_of_heat.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flame_detection_radiation_of_heat.JPG/375px-Flame_detection_radiation_of_heat.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Flame_detection_radiation_of_heat.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption>Heat radiation</figcaption></figure> <p>Infrared flame detectors suffer from Infrared heat radiation which is not emitted by the possible fire. One could say that the fire can be masked by other heat sources. All objects which have a temperature higher than the absolute minimum temperature (0 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvins</a> or −273.15 °C) emit energy and at room temperature (300 K) this heat is already a problem for the infrared flame detectors with the highest sensitivity. Sometimes a moving hand is sufficient to trigger an IR flame detector. At 700 K a hot object (black body) starts to emit visible light (glow). Dual- or multi-infrared detectors suppress the effects of heat radiation by means of sensors which detect just off the CO<sub>2</sub> peak; for example at 4.1 μm. Here it is necessary that there is a large difference in output between the applied sensors (for example sensor S1 and S2 in the picture). A disadvantage is that the radiation energy of a possible fire must be much bigger than the present background heat radiation. In other words, the flame detector becomes less sensitive. Every multi infrared flame detector is negatively influenced by this effect, regardless how expensive it is. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cone_of_vision">Cone of vision</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cone of vision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flame_detection_field_of_view.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flame_detection_field_of_view.JPG/250px-Flame_detection_field_of_view.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flame_detection_field_of_view.JPG/375px-Flame_detection_field_of_view.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Flame_detection_field_of_view.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption>Cone of Vision (Field of View)</figcaption></figure> <p>The cone of vision of a flame detector is determined by the shape and size of the window and the housing and the location of the sensor in the housing. For infrared sensors also the <a href="/wiki/Lamination" title="Lamination">lamination</a> of the sensor material plays a part; it limits the cone of vision of the flame detector. A wide cone of vision does not automatically mean that the flame detector is better. For some applications the flame detector needs to be aligned precisely to take care that it does not detect potential background radiation sources. The cone of vision of the flame detector is three dimensional and is not necessarily perfectly round. The horizontal angle of vision and the vertical angle of vision often differ; this is mostly caused by the shape of the housing and by mirroring parts (meant for the self test). Different combustibles can even have a different angle of vision in the same flame detector. Very important is the sensitivity at angles of 45°. Here at least 50% of the maximum sensitivity at the central axis must be achieved. Some flame detectors here achieve 70% or more. In fact these flame detectors have a total horizontal angle of vision of more than 90°, but most of the manufacturers do not mention this. A high sensitivity on the edges of the angle of vision provides advantages for the projection of a flame detector. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_detection_range">The detection range</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The detection range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flame_detection_range.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flame_detection_range.JPG/250px-Flame_detection_range.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flame_detection_range.JPG/375px-Flame_detection_range.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Flame_detection_range.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption>Detection range</figcaption></figure> <p>The range of a flame detector is highly determined by the mounting location. In fact, when making a projection, one should imagine in what the flame detector "sees". A rule of thumb is, that the mounting height of the flame detector is twice as high as the highest object in the field of view. Also the accessibility of the flame detector must be taken into account, because of maintenance and/or repairs. A rigid light-mast with a pivot point is for this reason recommendable. A "roof" on top of the flame detector (30 x 30 cm, 1 x 1-foot) prevents quick pollution in outdoor applications. Also the shadow effect must be considered. The shadow effect can be minimized by mounting a second flame detector in the opposite of the first detector. A second advantage of this approach is, that the second flame detector is a redundant one, in case the first one is not working or is blinded. In general, when mounting several flame detectors, one should let them "look" to each other not let them look to the walls. Following this procedure blind spots (caused by the shadow effect) can be avoided and a better redundancy can be achieved than if the flame detectors would "look" from the central position into the area to be protected. The range of flame detectors to the 30 x 30 cm, 1 x 1-foot <a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">industry standard</a> fire is stated within the manufacturers data sheets and manuals, this range can be affected by the previously stated de-sensitizing effects of sunlight, water, fog, steam and <a href="/wiki/Blackbody" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbody">blackbody</a> radiation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_square_law">The square law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The square law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flame_detection_square_law.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flame_detection_square_law.JPG/250px-Flame_detection_square_law.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flame_detection_square_law.JPG/375px-Flame_detection_square_law.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Flame_detection_square_law.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="132" /></a><figcaption>Square Law</figcaption></figure> <p>If the distance between the flame and the flame detector is large compared to the dimension of the fire then the square law applies: If a flame detector can detect a fire with an area A on a certain distance, then a 4 times bigger flame area is necessary if the distance between the flame detector and the fire is doubled. In short: </p><p><b>Double distance = four times bigger flame area (<a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fire</a>).</b> </p><p>This law is equally valid for all optical flame detectors, including video based ones. The maximum sensitivity can be estimated by dividing the maximum flame area A by the square of the distance between the fire and the flame detector: <i>c</i> = <i>A</i>/<i>d</i><sup>2</sup>. With this constant <i>c</i> can, for the same flame detector and the same type of fire, the maximum distance or the minimum fire area be calculated: <span class="texhtml"><i>A</i>=<i>cd</i><sup> 2</sup></span> and <span class="texhtml"><i>d</i>=<span class="nowrap">√<span style="border-top:1px solid; padding:0 0.1em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num"><i>A</i></span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den"><i>c</i></span></span>⁠</span></span></span></span> </p><p>It must be emphasized, however, that the square root in reality is not valid anymore at very high distances. At long distances other parameters are playing a significant part; like the occurrence of water vapour and of cold CO<sub>2</sub> in the air. In the case of a very small flame, on the other hand, the decreasing flickering of the flame will play an increasing part. </p><p>A more exact relation - valid when the distance between the flame and the flame detector is small - between the radiation density, <i>E</i>, at the detector and the distance, <i>D</i>, between the detector and a flame of effective radius, <i>R</i>, emitting energy density, <i>M</i>, is given by </p><p><span class="texhtml"><i>E</i> = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">2π<i>MR</i><sup>2</sup></span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">(<i>R</i><sup>2</sup>+<i>D</i><sup>2</sup>)</span></span>⁠</span> </span> </p><p>When <i>R</i><<<i>D</i> then the relation reduces to the (inverse) square law </p><p><span class="texhtml"><i>E</i> = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">2π<i>MR</i><sup>2</sup></span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den"><i>D</i><sup>2</sup></span></span>⁠</span> </span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flame" title="Flame">Flame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_fire_protection" title="Active fire protection">Active fire protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_ionization_detector" title="Flame ionization detector">Flame ionization detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_detector" title="Gas detector">Gas detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_alarm_system" title="Fire alarm system">Fire alarm system</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barrie Jenkins, Peter Mullinger. 2011. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Io4qy4z3a3MC&dq=Flame+detection&pg=PA329">Industrial and Process Furnaces: Principles, Design and Operation, Butterworth-Heinemann/IChemE series</a></i>, p.329. Butterworth-Heinemann. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0080558062" title="Special:BookSources/0080558062">0080558062</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. P. Bag. 1995. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nyokqAQOgMsC&dq=A+flame+detector+is&pg=PA49">Fire Services in India: History, Detection, Protection, Management, Environment, Training and Loss Prevention</a></i>, p. 49. Mittal Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8170995981" title="Special:BookSources/8170995981">8170995981</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chenebert-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chenebert_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chenebert_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenebertBreckonGaszczak2011" class="citation book cs1">Chenebert, A.; Breckon, T.P.; Gaszczak, A. (September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://community.dur.ac.uk/toby.breckon/publications/papers/chenebert11fire.pdf">"A non-temporal texture driven approach to real-time fire detection"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>2011 18th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing</i>. pp. 1781–1784. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.228.875">10.1.1.228.875</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICIP.2011.6115796">10.1109/ICIP.2011.6115796</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1826%2F7588">1826/7588</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4577-1303-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4577-1303-3"><bdi>978-1-4577-1303-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11394788">11394788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+non-temporal+texture+driven+approach+to+real-time+fire+detection&rft.btitle=2011+18th+IEEE+International+Conference+on+Image+Processing&rft.pages=1781-1784&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1826%2F7588&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11394788%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FICIP.2011.6115796&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.228.875%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.isbn=978-1-4577-1303-3&rft.aulast=Chenebert&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Breckon%2C+T.P.&rft.au=Gaszczak%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommunity.dur.ac.uk%2Ftoby.breckon%2Fpublications%2Fpapers%2Fchenebert11fire.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlame+detector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTöreyinDedeoglu,_YigithanCetin,_A._Enis2005" class="citation book cs1">Töreyin, B. Ugur; Dedeoglu, Yigithan; Cetin, A. Enis (2005). "Flame detection in video using hidden Markov models". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.bilkent.edu.tr/~ismaila/MUSCLE/HMMIcip05.pdf"><i>IEEE International Conference on Image Processing 2005</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 2. pp. 1230–3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICIP.2005.1530284">10.1109/ICIP.2005.1530284</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11693%2F27294">11693/27294</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7803-9134-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7803-9134-5"><bdi>978-0-7803-9134-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13205011">13205011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Flame+detection+in+video+using+hidden+Markov+models&rft.btitle=IEEE+International+Conference+on+Image+Processing+2005&rft.pages=1230-3&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11693%2F27294&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13205011%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FICIP.2005.1530284&rft.isbn=978-0-7803-9134-5&rft.aulast=T%C3%B6reyin&rft.aufirst=B.+Ugur&rft.au=Dedeoglu%2C+Yigithan&rft.au=Cetin%2C+A.+Enis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.bilkent.edu.tr%2F~ismaila%2FMUSCLE%2FHMMIcip05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlame+detector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dunnings18fire-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dunnings18fire_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnings,_A.,_Breckon,_T.P.2018" class="citation book cs1">Dunnings, A., Breckon, T.P. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://community.dur.ac.uk/toby.breckon/publications/papers/dunnings18fire.pdf">"Experimentally Defined Convolutional Neural Network Architecture Variants for Non-temporal Real-time Fire Detection"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proc. International Conference on Image Processing</i>. IEEE<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Experimentally+Defined+Convolutional+Neural+Network+Architecture+Variants+for+Non-temporal+Real-time+Fire+Detection&rft.btitle=Proc.+International+Conference+on+Image+Processing&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Dunnings%2C+A.%2C+Breckon%2C+T.P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommunity.dur.ac.uk%2Ftoby.breckon%2Fpublications%2Fpapers%2Fdunnings18fire.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlame+detector" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hvacservicementor.com/why-rod-failures-happen-and-how-to-prevent-them/">"Why Flame Rod Failures Happen and How to Prevent Them. | HVAC Service Mentor"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Flame+Rod+Failures+Happen+and+How+to+Prevent+Them.+%26%23124%3B+HVAC+Service+Mentor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhvacservicementor.com%2Fwhy-rod-failures-happen-and-how-to-prevent-them%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlame+detector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarnerFrancfort,_James2003" class="citation document cs1">Karner, Don; Francfort, James (December 2003). "Arizona Public Service—Alternative Fuel (Hydrogen) Pilot Plant Design Report" (Document). U.S. Department of Energy FreedomCAR & Vehicle Technologies Program. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avt.inel.gov/pdf/hydrogen/h2station_appendixf.pdf">Appendix F</a> (pdf).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arizona+Public+Service%E2%80%94Alternative+Fuel+%28Hydrogen%29+Pilot+Plant+Design+Report&rft.pages=Appendix+F+%28pdf%29&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Energy+FreedomCAR+%26+Vehicle+Technologies+Program&rft.date=2003-12&rft.aulast=Karner&rft.aufirst=Don&rft.au=Francfort%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlame+detector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fire_protection" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fire_protection" title="Template:Fire protection"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fire_protection" title="Template talk:Fire protection"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fire_protection" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fire protection"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fire_protection" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fire_protection" title="Fire protection">Fire protection</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backdraft" title="Backdraft">Backdraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_liquid_expanding_vapor_explosion" title="Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion">Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion</a> (BLEVE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boilover" title="Boilover">Boilover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustibility_and_flammability" title="Combustibility and flammability">Combustibility and flammability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflagration" title="Conflagration">Conflagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_goods" title="Dangerous goods">Dangerous goods</a> (HAZMAT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deflagration" title="Deflagration">Deflagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detonation" title="Detonation">Detonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_explosion" title="Dust explosion">Dust explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Enthalpy of vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">Explosive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_class" title="Fire class">Fire class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_control" title="Fire control">Fire control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_loading" title="Fire loading">Fire loading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_point" title="Fire point">Fire point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_triangle" title="Fire triangle">Fire triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flammability_diagram" title="Flammability diagram">Flammability diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flammability_limit" title="Flammability limit">Flammability limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flammable_liquid" title="Flammable liquid">Flammable liquid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashover" title="Flashover">Flashover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">Flash point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friction_loss" title="Friction loss">Friction loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_leak" title="Gas leak">Gas leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_fire" title="Jet fire">Jet fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-factor_(fire_protection)" title="K-factor (fire protection)">K-factor (fire protection)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pool_fire" title="Pool fire">Pool fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">Pyrolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_combustion" title="Spontaneous combustion">Spontaneous combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_fire" title="Structure fire">Structure fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">Thermal radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pressure">Water pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fire_alarm_system" title="Fire alarm system"><img alt="Fire alarm sensor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mircom_Fire_Alarm_HornStrobe_%28crop%29.jpg/90px-Mircom_Fire_Alarm_HornStrobe_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mircom_Fire_Alarm_HornStrobe_%28crop%29.jpg/135px-Mircom_Fire_Alarm_HornStrobe_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mircom_Fire_Alarm_HornStrobe_%28crop%29.jpg/180px-Mircom_Fire_Alarm_HornStrobe_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_fire_protection" title="Active fire protection">Active fire protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_fire_suppression" title="Automatic fire suppression">Automatic fire suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensed_aerosol_fire_suppression" title="Condensed aerosol fire suppression">Condensed aerosol fire suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detonation_flame_arrester" title="Detonation flame arrester">Detonation flame arrester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_water_spray_system" title="External water spray system">External water spray system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_bucket" title="Fire bucket">Fire bucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_prevention" title="Fire prevention">Fire prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_protection" title="Fire protection">Fire protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant" title="Fire retardant">Fire retardant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-retardant_fabric" title="Fire-retardant fabric">Fire-retardant fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant_gel" title="Fire retardant gel">Fire retardant gel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-safe_polymers" title="Fire-safe polymers">Fire-safe polymers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_safety" title="Fire safety">Fire safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_sprinkler_system" title="Fire sprinkler system">Fire sprinkler system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_suppression_system" title="Fire suppression system">Fire suppression system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_foam" title="Firefighting foam">Firefighting foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_arrester" title="Flame arrester">Flame arrester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_retardant" title="Flame retardant">Flame retardant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashback_arrestor" title="Flashback arrestor">Flashback arrestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusible_link" title="Fusible link">Fusible link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaseous_fire_suppression" title="Gaseous fire suppression">Gaseous fire suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxic_air_technology_for_fire_prevention" title="Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention">Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inerting_system" title="Inerting system">Inerting system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intumescent" title="Intumescent">Intumescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_fire_protection" title="Passive fire protection">Passive fire protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">Personal protective equipment</a> (PPE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_valve" title="Relief valve">Relief valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_arrestor" title="Spark arrestor">Spark arrestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_blanketing" title="Tank blanketing">Tank blanketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_fire_suppression_system" title="Vehicle fire suppression system">Vehicle fire suppression system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Building design</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annulus_(firestop)" title="Annulus (firestop)">Annulus (firestop)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_refuge" title="Area of refuge">Area of refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booster_pump" title="Booster pump">Booster pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_compartmentation" title="Fire compartmentation">Compartmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crash_bar" title="Crash bar">Crash bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_door_holder" title="Electromagnetic door holder">Electromagnetic door holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_lock" title="Electromagnetic lock">Electromagnetic lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_exit" title="Emergency exit">Emergency exit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_light" title="Emergency light">Emergency light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_sign" title="Exit sign">Exit sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_curtain" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire curtain">Fire curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_cut" title="Fire cut">Fire cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_damper" title="Fire damper">Fire damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_door" title="Fire door">Fire door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_escape" title="Fire escape">Fire escape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_extinguisher" title="Fire extinguisher">Fire extinguisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hose" title="Fire hose">Fire hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hydrant" title="Fire hydrant">Fire hydrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_pump" title="Fire pump">Fire pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_sprinkler" title="Fire sprinkler">Fire sprinkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestop" title="Firestop">Firestop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestop_pillow" title="Firestop pillow">Firestop pillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewall_(construction)" title="Firewall (construction)">Firewall (construction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_duct" title="Grease duct">Grease duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_and_smoke_vent" title="Heat and smoke vent">Heat and smoke vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupancy" title="Occupancy">Occupancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packing_(firestopping)" title="Packing (firestopping)">Packing (firestopping)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetrant_(mechanical,_electrical,_or_structural)" title="Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)">Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetration_(firestop)" title="Penetration (firestop)">Penetration (firestop)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressurisation_ductwork" title="Pressurisation ductwork">Pressurisation ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_glass" title="Safety glass">Safety glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_control" title="Smoke control">Smoke control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_damper" title="Smoke damper">Smoke damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_exhaust_ductwork" title="Smoke exhaust ductwork">Smoke exhaust ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeproof_enclosure" title="Smokeproof enclosure">Smokeproof enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpipe_(firefighting)" title="Standpipe (firefighting)">Standpipe (firefighting)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fire_alarm_system" title="Fire alarm system">Fire alarm systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspirating_smoke_detector" title="Aspirating smoke detector">Aspirating smoke detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_detector" title="Carbon monoxide detector">Carbon monoxide detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_integrity" title="Circuit integrity">Circuit integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosive_gas_leak_detector" title="Explosive gas leak detector">Explosive gas leak detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_alarm_call_box" title="Fire alarm call box">Fire alarm call box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_alarm_control_panel" title="Fire alarm control panel">Fire alarm control panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_alarm_notification_appliance" title="Fire alarm notification appliance">Fire alarm notification appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_drill" title="Fire drill">Fire drill</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flame detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_detector" title="Heat detector">Heat detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_fire_alarm_activation" title="Manual fire alarm activation">Manual fire alarm activation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_detector" title="Smoke detector">Smoke detector</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions, trades,<br />and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duct_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Duct cleaning">Duct cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire insurance">Fire insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_protection_engineering" title="Fire protection engineering">Fire protection engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">Fireproofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-resistance_rating" title="Fire-resistance rating">Fire-resistance rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_Safety_Evaluation_System" title="Fire Safety Evaluation System">Fire Safety Evaluation System</a> (FSES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_test" title="Fire test">Fire test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_exhaust_cleaning" title="Kitchen exhaust cleaning">Kitchen exhaust cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listing_and_approval_use_and_compliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Listing and approval use and compliance">Listing and approval use and compliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprinkler_fitting" title="Sprinkler fitting">Sprinkler fitting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_Equipment_Manufacturers%27_Association" title="Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association">Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association</a> (FEMA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Fire_Engineers" title="Institution of Fire Engineers">Institution of Fire Engineers</a> (IFE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Examiners_for_Engineering_and_Surveying" title="National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying">National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying</a> (NCEES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fire_Protection_Association" title="National Fire Protection Association">National Fire Protection Association</a> (NFPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Fire_Protection_Engineers" title="Society of Fire Protection Engineers">Society of Fire Protection Engineers </a> (SFPE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwriters Laboratories">Underwriters Laboratories</a> (UL)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CE_marking" title="CE marking">CE marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EN_3" title="EN 3">EN 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EN_54" title="EN 54">EN 54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EN_16034" title="EN 16034">EN 16034</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_spread" title="Flame spread">Flame spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">GHS hazard statements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">GHS precautionary statements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Safety_Code" title="Life Safety Code">Life Safety Code</a> (NFPA 101)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_R-phrases" title="List of R-phrases">List of R-phrases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_S-phrases" title="List of S-phrases">List of S-phrases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UL_94" title="UL 94">UL 94</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._Guise_Medal" title="Arthur B. Guise Medal">Arthur B. Guise Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_Technology#Harry_C._Bigglestone_Award" title="Fire Technology">Harry C. Bigglestone Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fire" title="Template:Fire">Template:Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Firefighting" title="Template:Firefighting">Template:Firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:HVAC" title="Template:HVAC">Template:HVAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fire_protection" title="Category:Fire protection"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fire_protection" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fire protection"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&oldid=1204381163">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&oldid=1204381163</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Detectors" title="Category:Detectors">Detectors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fire_detection_and_alarm" title="Category:Fire detection and alarm">Fire detection and alarm</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fire_protection" title="Category:Fire protection">Fire protection</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas_safety" title="Category:Natural gas safety">Natural gas safety</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_June_2014" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from June 2014">Articles to be expanded from June 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_April_2022" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2022">Articles needing additional references from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 February 2024, at 01:14<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flame_detector&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-r5q8s","wgBackendResponseTime":147,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.469","walltime":"0.618","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1661,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":60058,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9380,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":42873,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 496.717 1 -total"," 33.03% 164.045 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.99% 104.245 1 Template:Short_description"," 19.45% 96.619 1 Template:Fire_protection"," 18.96% 94.196 1 Template:Multiple_issues"," 13.76% 68.368 3 Template:Cite_book"," 12.28% 61.007 2 Template:Ambox"," 11.85% 58.845 2 Template:ISBN"," 9.98% 49.556 2 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"," 9.74% 48.388 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.270","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5357855,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-wkmgf","timestamp":"20241122145624","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Flame detector","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flame_detector","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q15472915","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q15472915","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-01-18T22:35:36Z","dateModified":"2024-02-07T01:14:22Z","headline":"sensor designed to detect and respond to the presence of a flame or fire"}</script> </body> </html>