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class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/COMPUTER_ROOM_DISCHARGE.JPG/250px-COMPUTER_ROOM_DISCHARGE.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/COMPUTER_ROOM_DISCHARGE.JPG/375px-COMPUTER_ROOM_DISCHARGE.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/COMPUTER_ROOM_DISCHARGE.JPG/500px-COMPUTER_ROOM_DISCHARGE.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Operation of a gas fire extinguishing system in a server room</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Automatic fire suppression</b> systems control and extinguish <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fires</a> without human intervention. Examples of automatic systems include <a href="/wiki/Fire_sprinkler_system" title="Fire sprinkler system">fire sprinkler system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaseous_fire_suppression" title="Gaseous fire suppression">gaseous fire suppression</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Condensed_aerosol_fire_suppression" title="Condensed aerosol fire suppression">condensed aerosol fire suppression</a>. When fires are extinguished in the early stages loss of life is minimal since 93% of all fire-related deaths occur once the fire has progressed beyond the early stages.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_automatic_systems">Types of automatic systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_fire_suppression&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types of automatic systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today there are numerous types of automatic fire suppression systems and standards for each one.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Systems are as diverse as the many applications.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, however, automatic fire suppression systems fall into two categories: <i>engineered</i> and <i>pre-engineered</i> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Engineered fire suppression systems</b> are design specific and most commonly used for larger installations where the system is designed for a particular application. Examples include large marine and land vehicle applications, server rooms, public and private buildings, industrial paint lines, dip tanks and electrical switch rooms. Engineered systems use a number of gaseous or solid agents with many of them being specifically formulated. Some are even stored as a <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a> and discharged as a <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a>.</li> <li><b>Pre-engineered fire suppression systems</b> use pre-designed elements to eliminate the need for engineering work beyond the original product design. Typical industrial solutions use a wet or dry chemical agent, such as <a href="/wiki/Potassium_carbonate" title="Potassium carbonate">potassium carbonate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Monoammonium_phosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoammonium phosphate">monoammonium phosphate</a> (MAP), to protect relatively smaller spaces such as distribution boards, battery rooms, engine bays, wind turbines, hazardous goods and other storage areas. A number of residential designs have also emerged that typically employ water mist and target retrofit applications.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_fire_suppression&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By definition, an automatic fire suppression system can operate without human intervention. To do so it must possess a means of detection, actuation and delivery. In many systems, detection is accomplished by mechanical or electrical means. Mechanical detection uses fusible-link or thermo-bulb detectors. These detectors are designed to separate at a specific temperature and release tension on a release mechanism. Electrical detection uses heat detectors equipped with self-restoring, normally-open contacts which close when a predetermined temperature is reached. Remote and local manual operation is also possible. Actuation usually involves either a pressurized fluid and a release valve, or in some cases an electric pump. Delivery is accomplished by means of piping and nozzles. Nozzle design is specific to the agent used and coverage desired. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extinguishing_agents">Extinguishing agents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_fire_suppression&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Extinguishing agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Water is the most prevalent fire suppression agent in use worldwide. However, the use of water does have some limitations, which can range from inadequate supplies (particularly in less developed regions) to operations and processes which are highly susceptible to water damage. In some cases, certain contents or processes (such as water-reactive chemicals or metals, molten materials, etc.) are truly incompatible with water; water discharge could lead to explosion. In these instances, alternative chemical compounds, inert gases and similar can be utilized for fire suppression as outlined below: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Agent </th> <th>Primary ingredient </th> <th>Applications </th></tr> <tr> <td>HFC 227ea (e.g. <a href="/wiki/FM-200" class="mw-redirect" title="FM-200">FM-200</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heptafluoropropane" class="mw-redirect" title="Heptafluoropropane">Heptafluoropropane</a> </td> <td>Electronics, medical equipment, production equipment, libraries, data centers, medical record rooms, <a href="/wiki/Server_room" title="Server room">server rooms</a>, oil pumping stations, engine compartments, telecommunications rooms, switch rooms, engine and machinery spaces, pump rooms, control rooms </td></tr> <tr> <td>FK-5-1-12 (<a href="/wiki/Novec_1230" class="mw-redirect" title="Novec 1230">3M Novec 1230 Fire Protection Fluid</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluorocarbon" title="Fluorocarbon">Fluorinated</a> <a href="/wiki/Ketone" title="Ketone">ketone</a> </td> <td>Electronics, medical equipment, production equipment, libraries, data centers, medical record rooms, server rooms, oil pumping stations, engine compartments, telecommunications rooms, switch rooms, engine and machinery spaces, pump rooms, control rooms </td></tr> <tr> <td>IG-01 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td> <td>Same applications as FM-200 and Novec 1230 fluid; less Class B style hazards </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IG-55" class="mw-redirect" title="IG-55">IG-55</a> </td> <td>Argon (50%) and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> (50%) </td> <td>See IG-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>IG-100 </td> <td>Nitrogen </td> <td>See IG-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inert_Gas_541&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inert Gas 541 (page does not exist)">IG-541</a> </td> <td>Argon (40%), nitrogen (52%) and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_Dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon Dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (8%) </td> <td>See IG-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Carbon dioxide </td> <td>Carbon dioxide </td> <td>Non-occupied control rooms, coating operations, paint lines, dust collectors, transformer vaults, live electrical equipment, flammable liquids, commercial fryers </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FE-13" class="mw-redirect" title="FE-13">FE-13</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluoroform" title="Fluoroform">Fluoroform</a> </td> <td>Police evidence freezers, inerting natural gas pumping stations or trains/trucks/cranes operating in cold weather, electronics, medical equipment, production equipment, libraries, data centers, medical record rooms, server rooms, oil pumping stations, engine compartments, telecommunications rooms, switch rooms, engine and machinery spaces, pump rooms, control rooms </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wet chemical </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_carbonate" title="Potassium carbonate">Potassium carbonate</a> </td> <td>Commercial kitchens </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ABC_dry_chemical" title="ABC dry chemical">ABC dry chemical</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monoammonium_phosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoammonium phosphate">Monoammonium phosphate</a> </td> <td>Paint booths, dip tanks, coating operations, flammable liquid storage areas, paint mixing areas, exhaust ducts </td></tr> <tr> <td>Regular dry chemical </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">Sodium bicarbonate</a> </td> <td>Gasoline, propane and solvents, live electrical equipment, flammable liquids </td></tr> <tr> <td>Foam </td> <td>Synthetic detergent, <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharide</a>, fluoroakyl suffaccant </td> <td>Flammable liquids </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Purple-K" title="Purple-K">Purple K</a> dry chemical </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_bicarbonate" title="Potassium bicarbonate">Potassium bicarbonate</a> </td> <td>High hazard commercial and industrial applications, especially with flammable liquids </td></tr> <tr> <td>Solid aerosol particulate </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">Potassium nitrate</a> </td> <td>Used in <a href="/wiki/Condensed_aerosol_fire_suppression" title="Condensed aerosol fire suppression">condensed aerosol fire suppression</a>, high hazard commercial and industrial applications, no ozone depletion or <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">global warming potential</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Halotron 1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane" class="mw-redirect" title="2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane">2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane</a> </td> <td>Live electrical equipment, flammable liquids </td></tr> <tr> <td>Water mist </td> <td>Water </td> <td>All classes of fire (A, B, C, F): ordinary flammables (Paper, wood, cloth), flammable liquids, kitchen fires (K, F class), electrical fires </td></tr> <tr> <td>Water </td> <td>Water </td> <td>Ordinary flammables (Paper, wood, cloth) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_and_environmental_concerns">Health and environmental concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_fire_suppression&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Health and environmental concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite their effectiveness, chemical fire extinguishing agents are not without disadvantages. In the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride" title="Carbon tetrachloride">carbon tetrachloride</a> was extensively used as a dry cleaning solvent, a refrigerant and as a fire extinguishing agent. In time, it was found carbon tetrachloride could lead to severe health effects.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the mid-1960s <a href="/wiki/Halon_1301" class="mw-redirect" title="Halon 1301">Halon 1301</a> was the industry standard for protecting high-value assets from the threat of fire. Halon 1301 had many benefits as a fire suppression agent; it is fast-acting, safe for assets and required minimal storage space. Halon 1301's major drawbacks are that it depletes atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> and is potentially harmful to humans. Since 1987, some 191 nations have signed The <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Protocol_on_Substances_that_Deplete_the_Ozone_Layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer">Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer</a>. The Protocol is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of a number of substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion. Among these were <a href="/wiki/Halogenated_hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Halogenated hydrocarbons">halogenated hydrocarbons</a> often used in fire suppression. As a result, manufacturers have focused on alternatives to Halon 1301 and Halon 1211 (halogenated hydrocarbons). A number of countries have also taken steps to mandate the removal of installed Halon systems. Most notably these include Germany and Australia, the first two countries in the world to require this action. In both of these countries complete removal of installed Halon systems has been completed except for a very few essential-use applications. The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> is currently undergoing a similar mandated removal of installed Halon systems.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_fire_suppression&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Fire_extinguisher" title="Fire extinguisher">fire extinguisher</a> patent was issued to Alanson Crane of Virginia on Feb. 10, 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Fire_sprinkler_system" title="Fire sprinkler system">fire sprinkler system</a> was patented by H.W. Pratt in 1872. But the first practical automatic sprinkler system was invented in 1874 by <a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Parmalee" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry S. Parmalee">Henry S. Parmalee</a> of New Haven, CT. He installed the system in a piano factory he owned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_systems">Modern systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_fire_suppression&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the early 1990s manufacturers have successfully developed safe and effective Halon alternatives. These include <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a>'s FM-200, American Pacific's Halotron, <a href="/w/index.php?title=FirePro_Systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FirePro Systems (page does not exist)">FirePro</a>'s FPC Compound, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plumis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plumis (page does not exist)">Plumis</a>’ Automist and <a href="/wiki/3m" class="mw-redirect" title="3m">3M</a>'s Novec 1230 Fire Protection Fluid. Generally, the Halon replacement agents available today fall into two broad categories, in-kind (gaseous extinguishing agents) or not in-kind (alternative technologies). In-kind gaseous agents generally fall into two further categories, halocarbons and inert gases. Not in-kind alternatives include such options as water mist or the use of early warning smoke detection systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_fire_suppression&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://femalifesafety.org/fire-facts.html">Fire Equipment Manufacturers Association: Fire Facts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160217070535/http://femalifesafety.org/fire-facts.html">Archived</a> February 17, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics-and-reports/fire-statistics/fire-safety-equipment/non-water-based-automatic-fire-extinguishing-equipment">NFPA: Non-water based automatic fire extinguishing equipment</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/document-information-pages">NFPA Codes and Standards</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a8jU-2xyw5EC&dq=principles+of+fire+protection+and+types&pg=PA158">Principles of Fire Protection: Arthur E. Cote, Percy Bugbee</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160418003742/http://www2.iccsafe.org/states/newyorkcity/Building/PDFs/Chapter%209_Fire%20Protection%20Systems.pdf">"New York Building City Code: Fire Protection Systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.iccsafe.org/states/newyorkcity/Building/PDFs/Chapter%209_Fire%20Protection%20Systems.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+York+Building+City+Code%3A+Fire+Protection+Systems&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.iccsafe.org%2Fstates%2Fnewyorkcity%2FBuilding%2FPDFs%2FChapter%25209_Fire%2520Protection%2520Systems.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomatic+fire+suppression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xP2zCgAAQBAJ&dq=engineered+vs+pre-engineered+systems&pg=PA1623">SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ctu-sc/files/doc/ctu-sc/ctu-n75_eng.pdf">Advances in Fire Suppression Systems</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4owesIEs8nIC&dq=eu+mandated+removal+of+installed+Halon+systems&pg=PA28">2002 Report of the Halons Technical Options Committee: 2002 Assessment</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/el/fire_research/upload/R0002162.pdf">European Union legislation on ozone-depleting substances is expected to become law</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://easa.europa.eu/system/files/dfu/NPA%202014-26.pdf">Update of Part-26 to comply with ICAO Standards</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/articles/2011_q4/3/">Robin Bennett, Hazardous Materials Leader, Product Development, Environmental Performance Strategy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US37610">Improved Apparatus for Extinguishing Fires in Buildings</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_fire_suppression&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/snap/substitutes-total-flooding-agents">Substitutes in Total Flooding Agents</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firerid.in/blogs/news/automatic-fire-extinguishers-and-it-s-importance-for-home-kitchens">Automatic Fire Extinguishers and It’s Importance for Home Kitchens</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fire_protection" title="Template:Fire protection"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fire_protection" title="Template talk:Fire protection"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fire_protection" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fire protection"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fire_protection419" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fire_protection" title="Fire protection">Fire protection</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backdraft" title="Backdraft">Backdraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_liquid_expanding_vapor_explosion" title="Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion">Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion</a> (BLEVE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boilover" title="Boilover">Boilover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustibility_and_flammability" title="Combustibility and flammability">Combustibility and flammability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflagration" title="Conflagration">Conflagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_goods" title="Dangerous goods">Dangerous goods</a> (HAZMAT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deflagration" title="Deflagration">Deflagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detonation" title="Detonation">Detonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_explosion" title="Dust explosion">Dust explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Enthalpy of vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">Explosive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_class" title="Fire class">Fire class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_control" title="Fire control">Fire control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_loading" title="Fire loading">Fire loading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_point" title="Fire point">Fire point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_triangle" title="Fire triangle">Fire triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flammability_diagram" title="Flammability diagram">Flammability diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flammability_limit" title="Flammability limit">Flammability limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flammable_liquid" title="Flammable liquid">Flammable liquid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashover" title="Flashover">Flashover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">Flash point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friction_loss" title="Friction loss">Friction loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_leak" title="Gas leak">Gas leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_fire" title="Jet fire">Jet fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-factor_(fire_protection)" title="K-factor (fire protection)">K-factor (fire protection)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pool_fire" title="Pool fire">Pool fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">Pyrolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_combustion" title="Spontaneous combustion">Spontaneous combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_fire" title="Structure fire">Structure fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">Thermal radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pressure">Water pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fire_alarm_system" title="Fire alarm system"><img alt="Fire alarm sensor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mircom_Fire_Alarm_HornStrobe_%28crop%29.jpg/90px-Mircom_Fire_Alarm_HornStrobe_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mircom_Fire_Alarm_HornStrobe_%28crop%29.jpg/135px-Mircom_Fire_Alarm_HornStrobe_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mircom_Fire_Alarm_HornStrobe_%28crop%29.jpg/180px-Mircom_Fire_Alarm_HornStrobe_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_fire_protection" title="Active fire protection">Active fire protection</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Automatic fire suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensed_aerosol_fire_suppression" title="Condensed aerosol fire suppression">Condensed aerosol fire suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detonation_flame_arrester" title="Detonation flame arrester">Detonation flame arrester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_water_spray_system" title="External water spray system">External water spray system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_bucket" title="Fire bucket">Fire bucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_prevention" title="Fire prevention">Fire prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_protection" title="Fire protection">Fire protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant" title="Fire retardant">Fire retardant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-retardant_fabric" title="Fire-retardant fabric">Fire-retardant fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant_gel" title="Fire retardant gel">Fire retardant gel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-safe_polymers" title="Fire-safe polymers">Fire-safe polymers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_safety" title="Fire safety">Fire safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_sprinkler_system" title="Fire sprinkler system">Fire sprinkler system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_suppression_system" title="Fire suppression system">Fire suppression system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_foam" title="Firefighting foam">Firefighting foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_arrester" title="Flame arrester">Flame arrester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_retardant" title="Flame retardant">Flame retardant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashback_arrestor" title="Flashback arrestor">Flashback arrestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusible_link" title="Fusible link">Fusible link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaseous_fire_suppression" title="Gaseous fire suppression">Gaseous fire suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxic_air_technology_for_fire_prevention" title="Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention">Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inerting_system" title="Inerting system">Inerting system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intumescent" title="Intumescent">Intumescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_fire_protection" title="Passive fire protection">Passive fire protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">Personal protective equipment</a> (PPE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_valve" title="Relief valve">Relief valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_arrestor" title="Spark arrestor">Spark arrestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_blanketing" title="Tank blanketing">Tank blanketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_fire_suppression_system" title="Vehicle fire suppression system">Vehicle fire suppression system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Building design</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annulus_(firestop)" title="Annulus (firestop)">Annulus (firestop)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_refuge" title="Area of refuge">Area of refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booster_pump" title="Booster pump">Booster pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_compartmentation" title="Fire compartmentation">Compartmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crash_bar" title="Crash bar">Crash bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_door_holder" title="Electromagnetic door holder">Electromagnetic door holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_lock" title="Electromagnetic lock">Electromagnetic lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_exit" title="Emergency exit">Emergency exit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_light" title="Emergency light">Emergency light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_sign" title="Exit sign">Exit sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_curtain" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire curtain">Fire curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_cut" title="Fire cut">Fire cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_damper" title="Fire damper">Fire damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_door" title="Fire door">Fire door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_escape" title="Fire escape">Fire escape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_extinguisher" title="Fire extinguisher">Fire extinguisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hose" title="Fire hose">Fire hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hydrant" title="Fire hydrant">Fire hydrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_pump" title="Fire pump">Fire pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_sprinkler" title="Fire sprinkler">Fire sprinkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestop" title="Firestop">Firestop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestop_pillow" title="Firestop pillow">Firestop pillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewall_(construction)" title="Firewall (construction)">Firewall (construction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_duct" title="Grease duct">Grease duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_and_smoke_vent" title="Heat and smoke vent">Heat and smoke vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupancy" title="Occupancy">Occupancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packing_(firestopping)" title="Packing (firestopping)">Packing (firestopping)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetrant_(mechanical,_electrical,_or_structural)" title="Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)">Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetration_(firestop)" title="Penetration (firestop)">Penetration (firestop)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressurisation_ductwork" title="Pressurisation ductwork">Pressurisation ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_glass" title="Safety glass">Safety glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_control" title="Smoke control">Smoke control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_damper" title="Smoke damper">Smoke damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_exhaust_ductwork" title="Smoke exhaust ductwork">Smoke exhaust ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeproof_enclosure" title="Smokeproof enclosure">Smokeproof enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpipe_(firefighting)" title="Standpipe (firefighting)">Standpipe (firefighting)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fire_alarm_system" title="Fire alarm system">Fire alarm systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspirating_smoke_detector" title="Aspirating smoke detector">Aspirating smoke detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_detector" title="Carbon monoxide detector">Carbon monoxide detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_integrity" title="Circuit integrity">Circuit integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosive_gas_leak_detector" title="Explosive gas leak detector">Explosive gas leak detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_alarm_call_box" title="Fire alarm call box">Fire alarm call box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_alarm_control_panel" title="Fire alarm control panel">Fire alarm control panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_alarm_notification_appliance" title="Fire alarm notification appliance">Fire alarm notification appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_drill" title="Fire drill">Fire drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_detector" title="Flame detector">Flame detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_detector" title="Heat detector">Heat detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_fire_alarm_activation" title="Manual fire alarm activation">Manual fire alarm activation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_detector" title="Smoke detector">Smoke detector</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions, trades,<br />and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duct_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Duct cleaning">Duct cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire insurance">Fire insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_protection_engineering" title="Fire protection engineering">Fire protection engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">Fireproofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-resistance_rating" title="Fire-resistance rating">Fire-resistance rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_Safety_Evaluation_System" title="Fire Safety Evaluation System">Fire Safety Evaluation System</a> (FSES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_test" title="Fire test">Fire test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_exhaust_cleaning" title="Kitchen exhaust cleaning">Kitchen exhaust cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listing_and_approval_use_and_compliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Listing and approval use and compliance">Listing and approval use and compliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprinkler_fitting" title="Sprinkler fitting">Sprinkler fitting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_Equipment_Manufacturers%27_Association" title="Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association">Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association</a> (FEMA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Fire_Engineers" title="Institution of Fire Engineers">Institution of Fire Engineers</a> (IFE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Examiners_for_Engineering_and_Surveying" title="National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying">National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying</a> (NCEES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fire_Protection_Association" title="National Fire Protection Association">National Fire Protection Association</a> (NFPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Fire_Protection_Engineers" title="Society of Fire Protection Engineers">Society of Fire Protection Engineers </a> (SFPE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwriters Laboratories">Underwriters Laboratories</a> (UL)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CE_marking" title="CE marking">CE marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EN_3" title="EN 3">EN 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EN_54" title="EN 54">EN 54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EN_16034" title="EN 16034">EN 16034</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_spread" title="Flame spread">Flame spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">GHS hazard statements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">GHS precautionary statements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Safety_Code" title="Life Safety Code">Life Safety Code</a> (NFPA 101)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_R-phrases" title="List of R-phrases">List of R-phrases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_S-phrases" title="List of S-phrases">List of S-phrases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UL_94" title="UL 94">UL 94</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._Guise_Medal" title="Arthur B. Guise Medal">Arthur B. Guise Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_Technology#Harry_C._Bigglestone_Award" title="Fire Technology">Harry C. Bigglestone Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fire" title="Template:Fire">Template:Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Firefighting" title="Template:Firefighting">Template:Firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:HVAC" title="Template:HVAC">Template:HVAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fire_protection" title="Category:Fire protection"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fire_protection" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fire protection"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_fire_suppression&oldid=1227938693">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_fire_suppression&oldid=1227938693</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Active_fire_protection" title="Category:Active fire protection">Active fire protection</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Firefighting_equipment" title="Category:Firefighting equipment">Firefighting equipment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fire_suppression" title="Category:Fire suppression">Fire suppression</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Safety_equipment" title="Category:Safety equipment">Safety equipment</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_introduction_cleanup_from_March_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2021">Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup" title="Category:All pages needing cleanup">All pages needing cleanup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify_from_March_2021" title="Category:Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2021">Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify" title="Category:All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify">All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 June 2024, at 16:17<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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