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<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs" lang="nl" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <title>Cerium - Wikikids</title> <script>document.documentElement.className="client-js";RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":!1,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","januari","februari","maart","april","mei","juni","juli","augustus","september","oktober","november","december"],"wgRequestId":"61b1e906f0f61d11bed60c68","wgCSPNonce":!1,"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":!1,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Cerium","wgTitle":"Cerium","wgCurRevisionId":730659,"wgRevisionId":730659,"wgArticleId":138473,"wgIsArticle":!0,"wgIsRedirect":!1,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Chemische elementen","Scheikunde"],"wgPageContentLanguage":"nl","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Cerium","wgRelevantArticleId":138473,"wgIsProbablyEditable":!1,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":!1,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"nl", "pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"nl"},"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":!1};RLSTATE={"site.styles":"ready","noscript":"ready","user.styles":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles.legacy":"ready","mediawiki.toc.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["site","mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.legacy.js","ext.gadget.EditCount2","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.implement("user.options@1hzgi",function($,jQuery,require,module){/*@nomin*/mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"});mw.user.options.set({"variant":"nl"}); 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margin: 0 0 .7em .7em; width: 260px; border: 2px solid #e3e3e3; border-collapse: separate; -moz-border-radius: 1.5em; -webkit-border-radius: 1.5em; border-radius: 1.5em; font-size: 11px; background: transparent; line-height:1.5;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" height="20px" style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; background: #e3e3e3; -moz-border-radius: 1em 1em 0 0; -webkit-border-radius: 1em 1em 0 0; border-radius: 1em 1em 0 0;">Chemisch element </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center" style="padding: 4px;"><a href="/Bestand:Cerium2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Cerium2.jpg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cerium2.jpg/250px-Cerium2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cerium2.jpg/375px-Cerium2.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cerium2.jpg/500px-Cerium2.jpg 2x" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="font-size: 10px; font-style: italic; text-align: center;">Stukje Cerium </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Naam</b> </td> <td>Cerium </td></tr> <tr style="display: none;"> <td><b>Latijn</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Symbool</b> </td> <td>Ce </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Atoomnummer</b> </td> <td>58 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Soort</b> </td> <td>Lanthanide </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Kleur</b> </td> <td>Zilverwit </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Smeltpunt</b> </td> <td>795 <a href="/Celsius" class="mw-redirect" title="Celsius"><sup>o</sup>C</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Kookpunt</b> </td> <td>3443 <a href="/Celsius" class="mw-redirect" title="Celsius"><sup>o</sup>C</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="height: 20px; background: #e3e3e3; -moz-border-radius: 0 0 1em 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 0 0 1em 1em; border-radius: 0 0 1em 1em;">Portaal <a href="/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/langnl-25px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="22" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/langnl-38px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/langnl-50px-Portal.svg.png 2x" /></a> <a href="/Portaal:Scheikunde" title="Portaal:Scheikunde"><font color="black">Scheikunde</font></a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cerium</b> is een <a href="/Chemisch_element" title="Chemisch element">chemisch element</a> met het symbool <b>Ce</b> en <a href="/Atoomnummer" title="Atoomnummer">atoomnummer</a> 58 in het <a href="/Periodiek_Systeem" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodiek Systeem">Periodiek Systeem</a> van de <a href="/Scheikunde" title="Scheikunde">scheikunde</a>. Het is een zacht, kneedbaar, zilverwit <a href="/Metaal" title="Metaal">metaal</a> dat dof wordt wanneer het wordt blootgesteld aan lucht, en het is zacht genoeg om te worden gesneden met een stalen keukenmes. Het één van de elementen uit de <a href="/Lanthaniden" title="Lanthaniden">lanthaniden</a> reeks, een groep van 15 op elkaar lijkende elementen tussen <a href="/Lanthanium" title="Lanthanium">lanthaan</a> en <a href="/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">lutetium</a> in het periodiek systeem, waarvan lanthaan de eerste en het prototype is. Cerium wordt traditioneel gerekend tot de zeldzame aardelementen. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Inhoud</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Voorkomen"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Voorkomen</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Cerium_in_erts_of_mineraal"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Cerium in erts of mineraal</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Geschiedenis"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Geschiedenis</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Gebruik"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Gebruik</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Biologie"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Biologie</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Veiligheid"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Veiligheid</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Toepassingen"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Toepassingen</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Plaats_in_het_periodiek_systeem"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Plaats in het periodiek systeem</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Voorkomen">Voorkomen</span></h2> <p>Ondanks dat het altijd voorkomt in combinatie met de andere zeldzame-aarde-elementen in mineralen zoals die van de <i>monaziet</i>- en <i>bastnäsite</i>- mineralen, is cerium gemakkelijk uit zijn ertsen te halen. </p><p>Het is het 26e meest voorkomende element en komt half keer zoveel voor als <a href="/Chloor" title="Chloor">chloor</a> en vijf keer zoveel als <a href="/Lood_(element)" title="Lood (element)">lood</a> in de <a href="/Aardkorst" title="Aardkorst">aardkorst</a>. Dus, ondanks zijn positie als een van de zogenaamde zeldzame aardmetalen, is cerium eigenlijk helemaal niet zeldzaam. Cerium is het gemakkelijkste lanthanide om uit zijn mineralen te halen. </p><p>Een aantal zogeheten <i>ceriumisotopen</i> zijn <i>synthetisch</i> (kunstmatig gemaakt) en radioactief. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Cerium_in_erts_of_mineraal">Cerium in erts of mineraal</span></h2> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:30px auto;"><a href="/Bestand:MONAZIET-(Ce).tif" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/MONAZIET-%28Ce%29.tif/lossy-page1-120px-MONAZIET-%28Ce%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/MONAZIET-%28Ce%29.tif/lossy-page1-180px-MONAZIET-%28Ce%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/MONAZIET-%28Ce%29.tif/lossy-page1-240px-MONAZIET-%28Ce%29.tif.jpg 2x" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p><b>Monaziet</b> </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:38px auto;"><a href="/Bestand:Bastnaesit_Burundi.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bastnaesit_Burundi.jpg/120px-Bastnaesit_Burundi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bastnaesit_Burundi.jpg/180px-Bastnaesit_Burundi.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bastnaesit_Burundi.jpg/240px-Bastnaesit_Burundi.jpg 2x" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p><b>Basnaesiet</b> </p> </div> </div></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geschiedenis">Geschiedenis</span></h2> <p>Cerium was de eerste van de lanthaniden die werd ontdekt, in Bastnäs, <a href="/Zweden" title="Zweden">Zweden</a>, door <a href="/index.php?title=J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius (de pagina bestaat niet)">Jöns Jakob Berzelius</a> en <a href="/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Hisinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Hisinger (de pagina bestaat niet)">Wilhelm Hisinger</a> in 1803, en onafhankelijk door <a href="/index.php?title=Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Heinrich Klaproth (de pagina bestaat niet)">Martin Heinrich Klaproth</a> in <a href="/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a> in hetzelfde jaar. In 1839 was <a href="/index.php?title=Carl_Gustaf_Mosander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Gustaf Mosander (de pagina bestaat niet)">Carl Gustaf Mosander</a> de eerste die het metaal apart wist te maken. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Gebruik">Gebruik</span></h2> <p>Tegenwoordig hebben cerium en zijn verbindingen verschillende toepassingen: cerium(IV)oxide wordt bijvoorbeeld gebruikt om <a href="/Glas_(stof)" title="Glas (stof)">glas</a> te polijsten en is een belangrijk onderdeel van katalysatoren (op gang brenger van chemisch proces). Een bekende toepassing is als katalysator voor het zuiveren van koolmonoxide (CO) en stikstof (NO <sub><i>x</i></sub> ) uitstoot in de uitlaatgassen van motorvoertuigen. </p><p>Ceriummetaal wordt gebruikt in ferroceriumaanstekers vanwege zijn ontvlammende eigenschappen. Ceriummetaal is dus zoals dat heet <i>pyrofoor</i>, wat betekent dat wanneer het wordt gemalen of bekrast, de spaanders die er van af komen ontbranden. </p><p>De cerium verbinding met <a href="/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">fosfor</a> wordt gebruikt in combinatie met blauwlicht uitzendende diodes om wit licht te maken in de meeste voor de handel gemaakte witte LED-lichtbronnen. </p><p>Een voorbeeld van een ceriumverbinding die op zichzelf als anorganisch pigment (<a href="/Kleurstof" title="Kleurstof">kleurstof</a>) wordt gebruikt, is het heldere rode cerium(III)sulfide. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Biologie">Biologie</span></h3> <p>Cerium heeft geen bekende biologische rol bij mensen, en is ook niet erg giftig. Van cerium is bekend dat het, net als de andere lanthaniden, de menselijke stofwisseling beïnvloedt, het cholesterolgehalte, de bloeddruk, de eetlust en het risico op bloedstolling verlaagt. </p><p>Cerium is gevaarlijker voor in het water levende planten en dieren, omdat het de zogeheten <i>celmembranen</i> beschadigt. Dit is een belangrijk risico omdat het ook niet erg oplosbaar is in water en dus verontreiniging van het milieu veroorzaakt. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Veiligheid">Veiligheid</span></h2> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/Bestand:GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/120px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/180px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/240px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 2x" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Ceriumvijlsel is makkelijk brandbaar </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/Bestand:GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/120px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/180px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/240px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 2x" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Cerium is licht giftig </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/Bestand:GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/120px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/180px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/240px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 2x" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Cerium is milieuvervuilend </p> </div> </div></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Toepassingen">Toepassingen</span></h2> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:35px auto;"><a href="/Bestand:5_mm_Tinted_White_LED_(on).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/5_mm_Tinted_White_LED_%28on%29.jpg/120px-5_mm_Tinted_White_LED_%28on%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/5_mm_Tinted_White_LED_%28on%29.jpg/180px-5_mm_Tinted_White_LED_%28on%29.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/5_mm_Tinted_White_LED_%28on%29.jpg/240px-5_mm_Tinted_White_LED_%28on%29.jpg 2x" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Cerium in wit schijnend LED lampje </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:30px auto;"><a href="/Bestand:FeCe.gif" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/FeCe.gif/120px-FeCe.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/FeCe.gif/180px-FeCe.gif 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/FeCe.gif 2x" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Ferrocerium aansteker </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:39.5px auto;"><a href="/Bestand:Pot_catalytique_vue_de_la_structure.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Pot_catalytique_vue_de_la_structure.jpg/120px-Pot_catalytique_vue_de_la_structure.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Pot_catalytique_vue_de_la_structure.jpg/180px-Pot_catalytique_vue_de_la_structure.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Pot_catalytique_vue_de_la_structure.jpg/240px-Pot_catalytique_vue_de_la_structure.jpg 2x" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Uitlaat met katalysator </p> </div> </div></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Plaats_in_het_periodiek_systeem">Plaats in het periodiek systeem</span></h2> <center> <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 95%; margin: 0; background: #eee; border:1px black dotted; margin:0; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th align="center" bgcolor="#cedaf2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"><b><a href="/Periodiek_systeem" title="Periodiek systeem">Periodiek systeem</a></b> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <table style="background:none; font-size:85%; padding:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;" border="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.8em; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbff77;"><a href="/Waterstof_(element)" title="Waterstof (element)">H</a> </td> <td style="width:1.8em;"> </td> <td style="width:1.8em;"> </td> <td style="width:1.8em;"> </td> <td style="width:1.8em;"> </td> <td style="width:1.8em;"> </td> <td style="width:1.8em;"> </td> <td style="width:1.8em;"> </td> <td style="width:1.8em;"> </td> <td style="width:1.8em;"> </td> <td style="width:1.8em;"> </td> <td style="width:1.8em;"> </td> <td style="width:1.8em;"> </td> <td style="width:1.8em;"> </td> <td style="width:1.8em;"> </td> <td style="width:0.9em;"> </td> <td style="width:0.9em;"> </td> <td style="width:1.8em;"> </td> <td style="width:1.8em; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77ffbb;"><a href="/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffbbff;"><a href="/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffbb77;"><a href="/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ccccff;"><a href="/Boor_(element)" title="Boor (element)">B</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbff77;"><a href="/Koolstof" title="Koolstof">C</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbff77;"><a href="/Stikstof_(element)" title="Stikstof (element)">N</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbff77;"><a href="/Zuurstof_(element)" title="Zuurstof (element)">O</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffffbb;"><a href="/Fluor_(element)" title="Fluor (element)">F</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77ffbb;"><a href="/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffbbff;"><a href="/Natrium" title="Natrium">Na</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffbb77;"><a href="/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77bbff;"><a href="/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ccccff;"><a href="/Silicium" title="Silicium">Si</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbff77;"><a href="/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">P</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbff77;"><a href="/Zwavel" title="Zwavel">S</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffffbb;"><a href="/Chloor" title="Chloor">Cl</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77ffbb;"><a href="/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffbbff;"><a href="/Kalium" title="Kalium">K</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffbb77;"><a href="/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Chroom_(element)" title="Chroom (element)">Cr</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Mangaan" title="Mangaan">Mn</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/IJzer_(element)" title="IJzer (element)">Fe</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">Co</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Nikkel" title="Nikkel">Ni</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Koper_(element)" title="Koper (element)">Cu</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Zink_(element)" title="Zink (element)">Zn</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77bbff;"><a href="/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ccccff;"><a href="/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ccccff;"><a href="/Arseen" title="Arseen">As</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ccccff;" align="right"><a href="/Seleen" title="Seleen">S</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#bbff77;" align="left"><a href="/Seleen" title="Seleen">e</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffffbb;"><a href="/Broom_(element)" title="Broom (element)">Br</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77ffbb;"><a href="/Krypton_(element)" title="Krypton (element)">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffbbff;"><a href="/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffbb77;"><a href="/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium">Zr</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Molybdeen" title="Molybdeen">Mo</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Palladium_(element)" title="Palladium (element)">Pd</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Zilver" title="Zilver">Ag</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77bbff;"><a href="/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77bbff;"><a href="/Tin_(element)" title="Tin (element)">Sn</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ccccff;"><a href="/Antimoon" title="Antimoon">Sb</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ccccff;"><a href="/Telluur" title="Telluur">Te</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffffbb;"><a href="/Jodium_(element)" title="Jodium (element)">I</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77ffbb;"><a href="/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffbbff;"><a href="/Cesium" title="Cesium">Cs</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffbb77;"><a href="/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ddbbdd;"><a href="/Lanthanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanide">*</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Tantalium" title="Tantalium">Ta</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Wolfraam" title="Wolfraam">W</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Renium" title="Renium">Re</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Iridium_(element)" title="Iridium (element)">Ir</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Platina" title="Platina">Pt</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Goud" title="Goud">Au</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Kwik" title="Kwik">Hg</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77bbff;"><a href="/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77bbff;"><a href="/Lood_(element)" title="Lood (element)">Pb</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77bbff;"><a href="/Bismut" title="Bismut">Bi</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ccccff;"><a href="/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffffbb;"><a href="/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77ffbb;"><a href="/Radon_(element)" title="Radon (element)">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffbbff;"><a href="/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffbb77;"><a href="/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#dd88dd;"><a href="/Actinide" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinide">**</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77bbff;"><a href="/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77bbff;"><a href="/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77bbff;"><a href="/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77bbff;"><a href="/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffffbb;"><a href="/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77ffbb;"><a href="/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>↓ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:right;"><a href="/Lanthanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanide">*</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ddbbdd;"><a href="/Lanthanium" title="Lanthanium">La</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ddbbdd;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ce</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ddbbdd;"><a href="/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ddbbdd;"><a href="/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ddbbdd;"><a href="/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ddbbdd;"><a href="/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ddbbdd;"><a href="/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ddbbdd;"><a href="/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ddbbdd;"><a href="/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ddbbdd;"><a href="/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ddbbdd;"><a href="/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ddbbdd;"><a href="/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ddbbdd;"><a href="/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; 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