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<ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox scotus" style="line-height: 1.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #99c0ff; padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.4em; font-size:125%; font-style: italic">Soldal v. Cook County</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Seal of the United States Supreme Court"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-top: 0.5em; font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Argued October 5, 1992<br />Decided December 8, 1992</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Edward Soldal, et ux., Petitioners v. Cook County, Illinois, et al.</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citations</th><td class="infobox-data">506 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/us/506/56/case.html">56</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_506" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 506">more</a></i>)<div>113 S. Ct. 538; 121 <a href="/wiki/L._Ed._2d" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Ed. 2d">L. Ed. 2d</a> 450; 1992 <a href="/wiki/U.S._LEXIS" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. LEXIS">U.S. LEXIS</a> 7835; 61 U.S.L.W. 4019; 92 Cal. Daily Op. Service 9794; 92 Daily Journal DAR 16378; 6 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. S 769</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prior</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>summ. judg. for defend.</i>, (<a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Illinois" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois">N.D. Ill.</a> 1990); <i>affirmed</i>, 923 <a href="/wiki/F.2d" class="mw-redirect" title="F.2d">F.2d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/923/1241/127297/">1241</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit">7th Cir.</a> 1991); <i>affirmed en banc</i>, 942 <a href="/wiki/F.2d" class="mw-redirect" title="F.2d">F.2d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/942/1073/282245/">1073</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit">7th Cir.</a> 1991); <i><a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">cert.</a> granted</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_503" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 503">503</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 918 (1992).</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Holding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Fourth Amendment protects both property and privacy interests. Even absent a search or an arrest, a seizure of property implicates the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourth Amendment</a>, which applies to seizures made either in a civil context or in a criminal context. The case was reversed and remanded.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Court membership</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><dl style="margin:0; padding:0.1em 0.5em; text-align:center; line-height:1.3em;"> <dt style="margin:0;">Chief Justice</dt> <dd style="margin:0 0 0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> </dd> <dt style="margin:0;">Associate Justices</dt> <dd style="margin:0;"><a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron White</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Harry Blackmun</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John P. Stevens</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">David Souter</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> </dd></dl></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case opinion</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Majority</th><td class="infobox-data">White, joined by <i>unanimous</i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Laws applied</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">U.S. Const. Amends. IV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XIV</a>; Illinois <a href="/wiki/Forcible_Entry" class="mw-redirect" title="Forcible Entry">Forcible Entry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Detainer" title="Detainer">Detainer</a> Act</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Soldal v. Cook County</b></i>, 506 U.S. 56 (1992), was a <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> case in which the Court held that a seizure of property like that which occurs during an eviction, even absent a search or an arrest, implicates the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourth Amendment</a>. The Court also held that the Amendment protects property as well as privacy interests, in both criminal as well as civil contexts. Finally, saying that "certain wrongs affect more than a single right", the Court left open the possibility that the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a>'s protections against deprivation of property without <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a> of law may also be implicated. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soldal_v._Cook_County&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Plaintiffs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaintiffs">Plaintiffs</a> Edward and Mary Soldal and family owned a <a href="/wiki/Mobile_home" title="Mobile home">mobile home</a>, and lived on a <a href="/wiki/Land_lot" title="Land lot">lot of land</a> that they were renting in a <a href="/wiki/Trailer_park" title="Trailer park">trailer park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Elk_Grove,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Elk Grove, Illinois">Elk Grove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>. In August 1987, Terrace Properties, the owner of the park, filed suit to <a href="/wiki/Eviction" title="Eviction">evict</a> the Soldals, and a court hearing was scheduled. Two weeks <i>before</i> the hearing, however, the park manager called the <a href="/wiki/Cook_County,_Illinois" title="Cook County, Illinois">Cook County</a> sheriff's office and told them that she was planning to evict a family on that day, and requested the presence of <a href="/wiki/Deputy_sheriff" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy sheriff">deputy sheriffs</a>, fearing that Soldal might resist being evicted.<sup id="cite_ref-923-1241_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-923-1241-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such so-called "<a href="/wiki/Self-help_(law)" title="Self-help (law)">self-help evictions</a>" (without a court order to evict) are illegal in many states, including Illinois. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The right against unreasonable seizures would be no less transgressed if the seizure of the house was undertaken to collect evidence, verify compliance with a housing regulation, effect an eviction by the police, or on a whim, for no reason at all.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Justice Byron White, <i>Soldal v. Cook County</i> <sup id="cite_ref-Soldal-p69_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soldal-p69-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  </cite></div></blockquote> <p>That afternoon, two Terrace employees, accompanied by a deputy sheriff, began wrenching the sewer and water boxes off the side of the mobile home, causing damage to it. When Soldal approached, the deputy sheriff said that he "was there to see that [Soldal] didn't interfere with the workers." The workers disconnected the phone, tore off the skirting and canopy of the trailer, and hooked a tractor to it. Soldal called his lawyer, who called the sheriff's office – which at first denied that there was any deputy sheriff on the scene. When Soldal returned to the scene, two more deputy sheriffs had arrived. He demanded that they file a criminal complaint against Terrace, and they referred him to their <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">lieutenant</a>, who was meeting with the manager in her office. After making Soldal wait outside for nearly a half-hour, the lieutenant came out and told Soldal to talk to the <a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">states attorney</a>, then went back inside. After another half-hour, he told Soldal that he would not accept his complaint because "it was between <a href="/wiki/Landlord" title="Landlord">landlord</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leasehold_estate" title="Leasehold estate">tenant</a>." Yet another two deputies arrived, and the workers pulled the trailer free of its <a href="/wiki/Mooring_(watercraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mooring (watercraft)">moorings</a> and towed it onto the street.<sup id="cite_ref-923-1241_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-923-1241-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Five days later, the judge who had been scheduled to hear the eviction case ruled that the one just described was unlawful, and ordered the home returned to the lot. The home, however, was badly damaged. Soldal brought an action under the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1871" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Act of 1871">Civil Rights Act of 1871</a>, codified as <a href="/wiki/42_U.S.C._%C2%A7_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="42 U.S.C. § 1983">42 U.S.C. § 1983</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alleging a violation of their <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourth Amendment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a>. The named <a href="/wiki/Defendants" class="mw-redirect" title="Defendants">defendants</a> were Terrace Properties (the manager of the park) together with several Cook County deputy sheriffs and the Cook County State's Attorney. Soldal alleged a <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(civil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (civil)">conspiracy</a> to unreasonably seize and remove the family's trailer home. However, the District Judge granted the defendants' motion for <a href="/wiki/Summary_judgment" title="Summary judgment">summary judgment</a>, on the grounds that the Soldals had failed to cite any evidence to support their conspiracy theory. Without that, a "<a href="/wiki/State_action_(United_States_constitutional_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="State action (United States constitutional law)">state action</a>" – which is fundamental to claims arising under § 1983 – was non-existent.<sup id="cite_ref-923-1241_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-923-1241-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appeal">Appeal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soldal_v._Cook_County&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Appeal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At appeal, a panel of three judges split 2–1 to affirm the dismissal.<sup id="cite_ref-923-1241_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-923-1241-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On rehearing, a majority of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit">Seventh Circuit</a>, sitting <a href="/wiki/En_banc" title="En banc">en banc</a> with a full complement of 11 judges, reaffirmed the panel decision by a narrow 6–5 margin.<sup id="cite_ref-942-1073_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-942-1073-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This time the Court found that while the deputies did not actively participate in the eviction, their presence did prevent Soldal from exercising his <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> right to use <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Reasonable force">reasonable force</a> to protect his home from private action – an action that the officers knew (or should have known) to be illegal. At face value, therefore, the appeals court accepted Soldal's contention that all defendants, public <i>and</i> private, were acting together in conspiracy (e.g., to get rid of a pesky tenant), and that all of them were acting "under color of state law".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, citing the existence of adequate legal remedies for an illegal eviction – "state remedies if they are adequate, a federal remedy under the due process clause if not" – the Appeals Court was loath to "bend" the Fourth Amendment into yet another remedy. "Bent it would have to be, because the amendment was never intended to regulate garden-variety commercial disputes of the sort involved in this case."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While acknowledging that a "seizure" had occurred in the literal sense, they found that no "search" had occurred – nobody ever entered the home, or conducted an investigation seeking to make an arrest, or invaded "private space" under a law enforcement context. They feared that using the literal interpretation of "seizure" to "make every repossession and eviction with police assistance actionable under – of all things – the Fourth Amendment would both trivialize the amendment and gratuitously shift a large body of routine commercial litigation from the state courts to the federal courts."<sup id="cite_ref-Soldal-1077_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soldal-1077-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Appeals Court reasoned that "the police did, of course, take Soldal's home away, and that was a grave deprivation. But it was a deprivation purely of property; there was no invasion of the Soldals' privacy."<sup id="cite_ref-Soldal-1077_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soldal-1077-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, they concluded, no seizure had occurred, at least not in the context of the Fourth Amendment. Saying that the Soldals may have prevailed had they brought their claim under the <a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process Clause</a> of the Fourteenth Amendment instead of under the Fourth Amendment, the Appeals Court finished by saying that "the Soldals, to repeat, had remedies; they chose the wrong one."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supreme_Court">Supreme Court</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soldal_v._Cook_County&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Supreme Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soldal next petitioned the Supreme Court for a writ of <a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a>, and for leave to proceed <i><a href="/wiki/In_forma_pauperis" title="In forma pauperis">in forma pauperis</a></i>, both of which were granted on March 9, 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Questions_presented">Questions presented</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soldal_v._Cook_County&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Questions presented"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Is a repossession or eviction that is conducted or assisted by state officers actionable under the Fourth Amendment?</li> <li>Can there be a 'seizure' without a 'search'? In other words, must there be an infringement of privacy rights before property rights can implicate the Fourth Amendment?</li> <li>Does the right to be free of unreasonable seizure apply only in the criminal context, or does it apply in the civil context as well?</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_ruling">The ruling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soldal_v._Cook_County&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The ruling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In their unanimous ruling, the Supreme Court Justices said, "As a result of the state action in this case, the Soldals' domicile was not only seized, it literally was carried away, giving new meaning to the term 'mobile home'."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court emphatically disagreed with the Appeals Court, and found that: </p> <ul><li>The Fourth Amendment protects both property as well as privacy interests.</li> <li>Even absent a search or an arrest, a seizure of property implicates the Fourth Amendment.</li> <li>The Fourth Amendment applies not only to seizures made within a criminal context, but also to those made within a civil context as well.</li></ul> <p>The case was reversed and remanded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Privacy_rights_vs._property_rights">Privacy rights vs. property rights</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soldal_v._Cook_County&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Privacy rights vs. property rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (made applicable to the States by the Fourteenth Amendment),<sup id="cite_ref-ker_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ker-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated....<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>As was defined by <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Jacobsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Jacobsen (page does not exist)">United States v. Jacobsen</a></i>, the first Clause of the Fourth Amendment: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>protects two types of expectations, one involving 'searches', the other 'seizures'. A <i>search</i> occurs when an expectation of privacy that society is prepared to consider reasonable is infringed. A <i>seizure</i> of property occurs where there is some meaningful interference with an individual's possessory interests in that property.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Fourth Amendment proscribes unreasonable seizure of any person, or of any person's home (including its <a href="/wiki/Curtilage" title="Curtilage">curtilage</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">personal property</a> without a warrant. Although much of the recent body of Fourth Amendment cases have turned on privacy issues, there is nothing in the case law that says that a seizure <i>must</i> invoke a privacy concern in order to implicate the Fourth Amendment. In fact, the Amendment protects <i>both</i> property <i>and</i> privacy, both together <i>and</i> separately. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seizures_without_invasion_of_privacy?"><span id="Seizures_without_invasion_of_privacy.3F"></span>Seizures without invasion of privacy?</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soldal_v._Cook_County&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Seizures without invasion of privacy?"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Place" title="United States v. Place">United States v. Place</a></i>, although the Court found that subjecting luggage to a "dog sniff" did not constitute a search for Fourth Amendment purposes because it did not compromise any privacy interest, they also found that <i>taking custody</i> of Place's suitcase was deemed an unlawful seizure, for it unreasonably infringed upon "the suspect's possessory interest in his luggage."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although lacking a privacy component, the property rights in both instances nonetheless were not disregarded, but rather were afforded Fourth Amendment protection. </p><p>Likewise, Soldal's possessory interest in his home must be protected. The Court held that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In our view, the reason why an officer might enter a house or effectuate a seizure is wholly irrelevant to the threshold question whether the Amendment applies. What matters is the intrusion on the people's security from governmental interference. Therefore, the right against unreasonable seizures would be no less transgressed if the seizure of the house was undertaken to collect evidence, verify compliance with a housing regulation, effect an eviction by the police, or on a whim, for no reason at all.<sup id="cite_ref-Soldal-p69_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soldal-p69-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>What is more, the Court reasoned, their decisions involving the "<a href="/wiki/Plain_view_doctrine" title="Plain view doctrine">plain view doctrine</a>" go against the notion that the Fourth Amendment proscribes unreasonable seizures of property only where privacy or liberty is also implicated. Suppose, for example, that police officers lawfully enter a house, by either complying with the warrant requirement or satisfying one of its recognized exceptions (e.g., through a valid consent or a showing of <a href="/wiki/Exigent_circumstances" class="mw-redirect" title="Exigent circumstances">exigent circumstances</a>) — If they come across some item in plain view and seize it, no invasion of personal privacy has occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the boundaries of the Fourth Amendment were defined exclusively by rights of privacy, "plain view" seizures would not implicate that constitutional provision at all. To the contrary, however, the existing case law surrounding plain view seizures shows that such cases have been scrupulously subjected to Fourth Amendment inquiry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criminal_vs._civil_context">Criminal vs. civil context</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soldal_v._Cook_County&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Criminal vs. civil context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Court took issue with the inference of the Appeals Court that different rules apply, depending on whether a seizure takes place within a criminal context or a civil context. The court dismissed this theory, as they have before,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> saying that it is "anomalous to say that the individual and his private property are fully protected by the Fourth Amendment only when the individual is suspected of criminal behavior."<sup id="cite_ref-Soldal-p69_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soldal-p69-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="'Dominant_character'_of_a_claim?"><span id=".27Dominant_character.27_of_a_claim.3F"></span>'Dominant character' of a claim?</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soldal_v._Cook_County&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 'Dominant character' of a claim?"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Court also dismissed the lower court's theory that the Soldal's claim was more akin to a Fourteenth Amendment challenge against the deprivation of property without <a href="/wiki/Due_process_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Due process of law">due process of law</a> than against an unreasonable seizure, and therefore the Soldal's should not be allowed to bring their suit under the guise of the Fourth Amendment. To that, the Court said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Certain wrongs affect more than a single right and, accordingly, can implicate more than one of the Constitution's commands. Where such multiple violations are alleged, we are not in the habit of identifying as a preliminary matter the claim's "dominant" character. Rather, we examine each constitutional provision in turn.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Floodgates?"><span id="Floodgates.3F"></span>Floodgates?</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soldal_v._Cook_County&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Floodgates?"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Responding to the lower court's fears about transferring cases involving routine repossessions and evictions into the Federal Court system, the Court instructed that "reasonableness is still the ultimate standard" under the Fourth Amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saying that "we doubt that the police will often choose to further an enterprise knowing that it is contrary to the law",<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Court rejected the notion that this case will unleash a wave of new litigation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soldal_v._Cook_County&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eviction" title="Eviction">Summary process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction" title="Eviction">Eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-help_(law)" title="Self-help (law)">Self-help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repossession" title="Repossession">Repossession</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Jones_(2012)" title="United States v. Jones (2012)">United States v. Jones (2012)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._Jardines" title="Florida v. Jardines">Florida v. Jardines</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soldal_v._Cook_County&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-923-1241-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-923-1241_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-923-1241_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-923-1241_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-923-1241_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Soldal v. County of Cook</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=6787248400320625817">923 F. 2d 1241</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit">7th Cir.</a> 1991a).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soldal-p69-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Soldal-p69_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soldal-p69_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soldal-p69_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Soldal v. Cook County</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_506" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 506">506</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=506&page=56#69">56, 69</a> (1992).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="/wiki/Title_42_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 42 of the United States Code">42 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/1983">§ 1983</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-942-1073-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-942-1073_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Soldal v. County of Cook</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17444871359216221216">942 F. 2d 1073</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit">7th Cir.</a> 1991b).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Soldal</i>, 942 F. 2d, at 1075.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Soldal</i>, 942 F. 2d, at 1076.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soldal-1077-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Soldal-1077_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soldal-1077_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Soldal</i>, 942 F. 2d, at 1077.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Soldal</i>, 942 F. 2d, at 1080.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Soldal v. Cook County</i>, 503 U.S. 918 (1992).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Soldal</i>, 506 U.S., at 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ker-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ker_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Ker_v._California" title="Ker v. California">Ker v. California</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_374" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 374">374</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=374&page=23#30">23, 30</a> (1963).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/bill_of_rights_transcript.html">"The Bill of Rights: A Transcription"</a>. <i>The Charters of Freedom</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Charters+of+Freedom&rft.atitle=The+Bill+of+Rights%3A+A+Transcription&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fcharters%2Fbill_of_rights_transcript.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoldal+v.+Cook+County" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Jacobsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Jacobsen (page does not exist)">United States v. Jacobsen</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_466" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 466">466</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=466&page=109#113">109, 113</a> (1984).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Place" title="United States v. Place">United States v. Place</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_462" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 462">462</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=462&page=696#708">696, 708</a> (1983).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Horton_v._California" title="Horton v. California">Horton v. California</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_496" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 496">496</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=496&page=128#133–134">128, 133–134</a> (1990).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camara_v._Municipal_Court_of_San_Francisco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camara v. Municipal Court of San Francisco (page does not exist)">Camara v. Municipal Court of San Francisco</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_387" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 387">387</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=387&page=523#530">523, 530</a> (1967); see also <i><a href="/wiki/O%27Connor_v._Ortega" title="O'Connor v. Ortega">O'Connor v. Ortega</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_480" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 480">480</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=480&page=709#715">709, 715</a> (1987); <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Jersey_v._T._L._0.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Jersey v. T. L. 0. (page does not exist)">New Jersey v. T. L. 0.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_469" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 469">469</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=469&page=325#334–35">325, 334–35</a> (1985).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Soldal</i>, 506 U.S., at 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Camara</i>, 387 U.S., at 539.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Soldal</i>, 506 U.S., at 72.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soldal_v._Cook_County&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilloughby1995" class="citation journal cs1">Willoughby, C. E. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/siulj19&i=449">"<i>Soldal v. Cook County</i>: The Constitutional Tort of Moving a Mobile Home"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Illinois_University_Law_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Illinois University Law Journal">Southern Illinois University Law Journal</a></i>. <b>19</b> (2): 419–446.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Illinois+University+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Soldal+v.+Cook+County%3A+The+Constitutional+Tort+of+Moving+a+Mobile+Home&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=419-446&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Willoughby&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FP%3Fh%3Dhein.journals%2Fsiulj19%26i%3D449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoldal+v.+Cook+County" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soldal_v._Cook_County&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Text of <i>Soldal v. Cook County</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_506" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 506">506</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 56 (1992) is available from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/506/56.html">Findlaw</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=14717725552279830473">Google Scholar</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/506/56/">Justia</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.loc.gov/service/ll/usrep/usrep506/usrep506056/usrep506056.pdf">Library of Congress</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1992/91-6516">Oyez (oral argument audio)</a> </li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Fourth_Amendment_case_law" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US4thAmendment" title="Template:US4thAmendment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US4thAmendment" title="Template talk:US4thAmendment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US4thAmendment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US4thAmendment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Fourth_Amendment_case_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">United States Fourth Amendment</a> case law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Scope_of_the_Fourth_Amendment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Scope of the Fourth Amendment</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Definition of search</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Boyd_v._United_States" title="Boyd v. United States">Boyd v. United States</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Lee_(1927)" title="United States v. Lee (1927)">United States v. Lee</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Olmstead_v._United_States" title="Olmstead v. United States">Olmstead v. United States</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abel_v._United_States" title="Abel v. United States">Abel v. United States</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silverman_v._United_States" title="Silverman v. United States">Silverman v. United States</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katz_v._United_States" title="Katz v. United States">Katz v. United States</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Knotts" title="United States v. Knotts">United States v. Knotts</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Place" title="United States v. Place">United States v. Place</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Karo" title="United States v. Karo">United States v. Karo</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/California_v._Greenwood" title="California v. Greenwood">California v. Greenwood</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skinner_v._Railway_Labor_Executives_Ass%27n" title="Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n">Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Verdugo-Urquidez" title="United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez">United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bond_v._United_States_(2000)" title="Bond v. United States (2000)">Bond v. United States</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kyllo_v._United_States" title="Kyllo v. United States">Kyllo v. United States</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_v._Caballes" title="Illinois v. Caballes">Illinois v. Caballes</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Jones_(2012)" title="United States v. Jones (2012)">United States v. Jones</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._Jardines" title="Florida v. Jardines">Florida v. Jardines</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klayman_v._Obama" title="Klayman v. Obama">Klayman v. Obama</a></i> (D.D.C. 2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ACLU_v._Clapper" class="mw-redirect" title="ACLU v. Clapper">ACLU v. Clapper</a></i> (D.D.C. 2013)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-fields_doctrine" title="Open-fields doctrine">Open-fields doctrine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hester_v._United_States" title="Hester v. United States">Hester v. United States</a></i> (1924)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oliver_v._United_States" title="Oliver v. United States">Oliver v. United States</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Dunn" title="United States v. Dunn">United States v. Dunn</a></i> (1987)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aerial surveillance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/California_v._Ciraolo" title="California v. Ciraolo">California v. Ciraolo</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dow_Chemical_Co._v._United_States" title="Dow Chemical Co. v. United States">Dow Chemical Co. v. United States</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._Riley" title="Florida v. Riley">Florida v. Riley</a></i> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Third-party_doctrine" title="Third-party doctrine">Third-party doctrine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._White" title="United States v. White">United States v. White</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Miller_(1976)" title="United States v. Miller (1976)">United States v. Miller</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._Maryland" title="Smith v. Maryland">Smith v. Maryland</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carpenter_v._United_States" title="Carpenter v. United States">Carpenter v. United States</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Definition of seizure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Counselman_v._Hitchcock" title="Counselman v. Hitchcock">Counselman v. Hitchcock</a></i> (1892)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hale_v._Henkel" title="Hale v. Henkel">Hale v. Henkel</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terry_v._Ohio" title="Terry v. Ohio">Terry v. Ohio</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Mendenhall" title="United States v. Mendenhall">United States v. Mendenhall</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._Royer" title="Florida v. Royer">Florida v. Royer</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service_v._Delgado" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Delgado">INS v. Delgado</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/California_v._Hodari_D." title="California v. Hodari D.">California v. Hodari D.</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._Bostick" title="Florida v. Bostick">Florida v. Bostick</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soldal v. Cook County</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Drayton" title="United States v. Drayton">United States v. Drayton</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brendlin_v._California" title="Brendlin v. California">Brendlin v. California</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Torres_v._Madrid" title="Torres v. Madrid">Torres v. Madrid</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fourth Amendment standing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rakas_v._Illinois" title="Rakas v. Illinois">Rakas v. Illinois</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Byrd_v._United_States" title="Byrd v. United States">Byrd v. United States</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Probable_cause" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Probable_cause" title="Probable cause">Probable cause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brinegar_v._United_States" title="Brinegar v. United States">Brinegar v. United States</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aguilar_v._Texas" title="Aguilar v. Texas">Aguilar v. Texas</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spinelli_v._United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinelli v. United States">Spinelli v. United States</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_v._Gates" title="Illinois v. Gates">Illinois v. Gates</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornelas_v._United_States" title="Ornelas v. United States">Ornelas v. United States</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whren_v._United_States" title="Whren v. United States">Whren v. United States</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maryland_v._Pringle" title="Maryland v. Pringle">Maryland v. Pringle</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devenpeck_v._Alford" title="Devenpeck v. Alford">Devenpeck v. Alford</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._Harris" title="Florida v. Harris">Florida v. Harris</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_v._Wesby" title="District of Columbia v. Wesby">District of Columbia v. Wesby</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Reasonable_suspicion:_Investigative_detentions_and_frisks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Reasonable_suspicion" title="Reasonable suspicion">Reasonable suspicion</a>: <a href="/wiki/Terry_stop" title="Terry stop">Investigative detentions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frisking" title="Frisking">frisks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Terry_v._Ohio" title="Terry v. Ohio">Terry v. Ohio</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Brignoni-Ponce" title="United States v. Brignoni-Ponce">United States v. Brignoni-Ponce</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delaware_v._Prouse" title="Delaware v. Prouse">Delaware v. Prouse</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Texas" title="Brown v. Texas">Brown v. Texas</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ybarra_v._Illinois" title="Ybarra v. Illinois">Ybarra v. Illinois</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Cortez" title="United States v. Cortez">United States v. Cortez</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Place" title="United States v. Place">United States v. Place</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Michigan_v._Long" title="Michigan v. Long">Michigan v. Long</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_v._Dickerson" title="Minnesota v. Dickerson">Minnesota v. Dickerson</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_v._Wardlow" title="Illinois v. Wardlow">Illinois v. Wardlow</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._J._L." title="Florida v. J. L.">Florida v. J. L.</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Arvizu" title="United States v. Arvizu">United States v. Arvizu</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hiibel_v._Sixth_Judicial_District_Court_of_Nevada" title="Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada">Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_v._Johnson" title="Arizona v. Johnson">Arizona v. Johnson</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navarette_v._California" title="Navarette v. California">Navarette v. California</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heien_v._North_Carolina" title="Heien v. North Carolina">Heien v. North Carolina</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kansas_v._Glover" title="Kansas v. Glover">Kansas v. Glover</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Warrant_requirement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Warrant_(law)" title="Warrant (law)">Warrant</a> requirement</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Johnson_v._United_States_(1948_Fourth_Amendment_case)" title="Johnson v. United States (1948 Fourth Amendment case)">Johnson v. United States</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Franks_v._Delaware" title="Franks v. Delaware">Franks v. Delaware</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ybarra_v._Illinois" title="Ybarra v. Illinois">Ybarra v. Illinois</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maryland_v._Garrison" title="Maryland v. Garrison">Maryland v. Garrison</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Grubbs" title="United States v. Grubbs">United States v. Grubbs</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2006_term_per_curiam_opinions_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States#Los_Angeles_County_v._Rettele" title="2006 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States">Los Angeles County v. Rettelle</a></i> (2006)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mere_evidence_rule" title="Mere evidence rule">Mere evidence rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Boyd_v._United_States" title="Boyd v. United States">Boyd v. United States</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hale_v._Henkel" title="Hale v. Henkel">Hale v. Henkel</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warden_v._Hayden" title="Warden v. Hayden">Warden v. Hayden</a></i> (1967)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neutral and detached magistrate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coolidge_v._New_Hampshire" title="Coolidge v. New Hampshire">Coolidge v. New Hampshire</a></i> (1971)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Warrants directed at third parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zurcher_v._Stanford_Daily" title="Zurcher v. Stanford Daily">Zurcher v. Stanford Daily</a></i> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Knock-and-announce" title="Knock-and-announce">Knock-and-announce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilson_v._Arkansas" title="Wilson v. Arkansas">Wilson v. Arkansas</a></i> (1995)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Exceptions_to_warrant_requirement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Warrantless_searches_in_the_United_States" title="Warrantless searches in the United States">Exceptions to warrant requirement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exigent circumstances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Warden_v._Hayden" title="Warden v. Hayden">Warden v. Hayden</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Chadwick" title="United States v. Chadwick">United States v. Chadwick</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Payton_v._New_York" title="Payton v. New York">Payton v. New York</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Welsh_v._Wisconsin" title="Welsh v. Wisconsin">Welsh v. Wisconsin</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brigham_City_v._Stuart" title="Brigham City v. Stuart">Brigham City v. Stuart</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_v._King" title="Kentucky v. King">Kentucky v. King</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caniglia_v._Strom" title="Caniglia v. Strom">Caniglia v. Strom</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lange_v._California" title="Lange v. California">Lange v. California</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consent searches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stoner_v._California" title="Stoner v. California">Stoner v. California</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schneckloth_v._Bustamonte" title="Schneckloth v. Bustamonte">Schneckloth v. Bustamonte</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Matlock" title="United States v. Matlock">United States v. Matlock</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_v._Rodriguez" title="Illinois v. Rodriguez">Illinois v. Rodriguez</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Georgia_v._Randolph" title="Georgia v. Randolph">Georgia v. Randolph</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fernandez_v._California" title="Fernandez v. California">Fernandez v. California</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plain_view_doctrine" title="Plain view doctrine">Plain view</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coolidge_v._New_Hampshire" title="Coolidge v. New Hampshire">Coolidge v. New Hampshire</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_v._Hicks" title="Arizona v. Hicks">Arizona v. Hicks</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horton_v._California" title="Horton v. California">Horton v. California</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_v._Dickerson" title="Minnesota v. Dickerson">Minnesota v. Dickerson</a></i> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_exception" title="Motor vehicle exception">Vehicle searches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carroll_v._United_States" title="Carroll v. United States">Carroll v. United States</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chambers_v._Maroney" title="Chambers v. Maroney">Chambers v. Maroney</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_v._Sanders" title="Arkansas v. Sanders">Arkansas v. Sanders</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Ross" title="United States v. Ross">United States v. Ross</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/California_v._Carney" title="California v. Carney">California v. Carney</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._Jimeno" title="Florida v. Jimeno">Florida v. Jimeno</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/California_v._Acevedo" title="California v. Acevedo">California v. Acevedo</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_v._Houghton" title="Wyoming v. Houghton">Wyoming v. Houghton</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._White" title="Florida v. White">Florida v. White</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collins_v._Virginia" title="Collins v. Virginia">Collins v. Virginia</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Searches_incident_to_a_lawful_arrest" title="Searches incident to a lawful arrest">Searches incident to arrest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Trupiano_v._United_States" title="Trupiano v. United States">Trupiano v. United States</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Rabinowitz" title="United States v. Rabinowitz">United States v. Rabinowitz</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimel_v._California" title="Chimel v. California">Chimel v. California</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Robinson" title="United States v. Robinson">United States v. Robinson</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Chadwick" title="United States v. Chadwick">United States v. Chadwick</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_v._Belton" title="New York v. Belton">New York v. Belton</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knowles_v._Iowa" title="Knowles v. Iowa">Knowles v. Iowa</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thornton_v._United_States" title="Thornton v. United States">Thornton v. United States</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_v._Gant" title="Arizona v. Gant">Arizona v. Gant</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riley_v._California" title="Riley v. California">Riley v. California</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breathalyzers, blood samples, DNA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Schmerber_v._California" title="Schmerber v. California">Schmerber v. California</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cupp_v._Murphy" title="Cupp v. Murphy">Cupp v. Murphy</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missouri_v._McNeely" title="Missouri v. McNeely">Missouri v. McNeely</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maryland_v._King" title="Maryland v. King">Maryland v. King</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Birchfield_v._North_Dakota" title="Birchfield v. North Dakota">Birchfield v. North Dakota</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_v._Wisconsin" title="Mitchell v. Wisconsin">Mitchell v. Wisconsin</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protective sweeps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Maryland_v._Buie" title="Maryland v. Buie">Maryland v. Buie</a></i> (1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventory searches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cady_v._Dombrowski" title="Cady v. Dombrowski">Cady v. Dombrowski</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_v._Opperman" title="South Dakota v. Opperman">South Dakota v. Opperman</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colorado_v._Bertine" title="Colorado v. Bertine">Colorado v. Bertine</a></i> (1987)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Border_search_exception" title="Border search exception">Border searches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Almeida-Sanchez_v._United_States" title="Almeida-Sanchez v. United States">Almeida-Sanchez v. United States</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Ortiz" title="United States v. Ortiz">United States v. Ortiz</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Martinez-Fuerte" title="United States v. Martinez-Fuerte">United States v. Martinez-Fuerte</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Ramsey_(1977)" title="United States v. Ramsey (1977)">United States v. Ramsey</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Montoya_De_Hernandez" title="United States v. Montoya De Hernandez">United States v. Montoya De Hernandez</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Flores-Montano" title="United States v. Flores-Montano">United States v. Flores-Montano</a></i> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Random_checkpoint" title="Random checkpoint">Checkpoints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Department_of_State_Police_v._Sitz" title="Michigan Department of State Police v. Sitz">Michigan Department of State Police v. Sitz</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Indianapolis_v._Edmond" title="City of Indianapolis v. Edmond">City of Indianapolis v. Edmond</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_v._Lidster" title="Illinois v. Lidster">Illinois v. Lidster</a></i> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Students, employees, and patients</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_v._T._L._O." title="New Jersey v. T. L. O.">New Jersey v. T. L. O.</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O%27Connor_v._Ortega" title="O'Connor v. Ortega">O'Connor v. Ortega</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skinner_v._Railway_Labor_Executives_Ass%27n" title="Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n">Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Treasury_Employees_Union_v._Von_Raab" title="National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab">National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vernonia_School_District_47J_v._Acton" title="Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton">Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandler_v._Miller" title="Chandler v. Miller">Chandler v. Miller</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ferguson_v._City_of_Charleston" title="Ferguson v. City of Charleston">Ferguson v. City of Charleston</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Education_v._Earls" title="Board of Education v. Earls">Board of Education v. Earls</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Safford_Unified_School_District_v._Redding" title="Safford Unified School District v. Redding">Safford Unified School District v. Redding</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Ontario_v._Quon" title="City of Ontario v. Quon">City of Ontario v. Quon</a></i> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Property of probationers and parolees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Samson_v._California" title="Samson v. California">Samson v. California</a></i> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative inspections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Frank_v._Maryland" title="Frank v. Maryland">Frank v. Maryland</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camara_v._Municipal_Court_of_City_and_County_of_San_Francisco" title="Camara v. Municipal Court of City and County of San Francisco">Camara v. Municipal Court</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Los_Angeles_v._Patel" title="City of Los Angeles v. Patel">City of Los Angeles v. Patel</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Searches in jails and prisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bell_v._Wolfish" title="Bell v. Wolfish">Bell v. Wolfish</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudson_v._Palmer" title="Hudson v. Palmer">Hudson v. Palmer</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florence_v._Board_of_Chosen_Freeholders" title="Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders">Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders</a></i> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Warrantless arrests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Watson" title="United States v. Watson">United States v. Watson</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Payton_v._New_York" title="Payton v. New York">Payton v. New York</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Welsh_v._Wisconsin" title="Welsh v. Wisconsin">Welsh v. Wisconsin</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/County_of_Riverside_v._McLaughlin" title="County of Riverside v. McLaughlin">County of Riverside v. McLaughlin</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atwater_v._City_of_Lago_Vista" title="Atwater v. City of Lago Vista">Atwater v. City of Lago Vista</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._Moore" title="Virginia v. Moore">Virginia v. Moore</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Seizures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Seizures</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Distinguishing stops and arrests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dunaway_v._New_York" title="Dunaway v. New York">Dunaway v. New York</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._Royer" title="Florida v. Royer">Florida v. Royer</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Place" title="United States v. Place">United States v. Place</a></i> (1983)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seizure of premises awaiting warrant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_v._McArthur" title="Illinois v. McArthur">Illinois v. McArthur</a></i> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Detention incident to search</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Michigan_v._Summers" title="Michigan v. Summers">Michigan v. Summers</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muehler_v._Mena" title="Muehler v. Mena">Muehler v. Mena</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bailey_v._United_States_(2013)" title="Bailey v. United States (2013)">Bailey v. United States</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Detention during vehicle stop</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_v._Mimms" title="Pennsylvania v. Mimms">Pennsylvania v. Mimms</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rodriguez_v._United_States" title="Rodriguez v. United States">Rodriguez v. United States</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Use_of_force#U.S._case_law" title="Use of force">Excessive force</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_v._Garner" title="Tennessee v. Garner">Tennessee v. Garner</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Graham_v._Connor" title="Graham v. Connor">Graham v. Connor</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scott_v._Harris" title="Scott v. Harris">Scott v. Harris</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plumhoff_v._Rickard" title="Plumhoff v. Rickard">Plumhoff v. Rickard</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mullenix_v._Luna" title="Mullenix v. Luna">Mullenix v. Luna</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barnes_v._Felix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barnes v. Felix (page does not exist)">Barnes v. Felix</a></i> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Remedies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Remedies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exclusionary_rule" title="Exclusionary rule">Exclusionary rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Origins" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Weeks_v._United_States" title="Weeks v. United States">Weeks v. United States</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silverthorne_Lumber_Co._v._United_States" title="Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States">Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States</a></i> (1920)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Witness_impeachment" title="Witness impeachment">Impeachment exception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/James_v._Illinois" title="James v. Illinois">James v. Illinois</a></i> (1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Good-faith_exception" title="Good-faith exception">Good-faith exception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Leon" title="United States v. Leon">United States v. Leon</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herring_v._United_States" title="Herring v. United States">Herring v. United States</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._United_States_(2011)" title="Davis v. United States (2011)">Davis v. United States</a></i> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Murray_v._United_States" title="Murray v. United States">Murray v. United States</a></i> (1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inevitable_discovery" title="Inevitable discovery">Inevitable discovery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nix_v._Williams" title="Nix v. Williams">Nix v. Williams</a></i> (1984)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attenuation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wong_Sun_v._United_States" title="Wong Sun v. United States">Wong Sun v. United States</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Utah_v._Strieff" title="Utah v. Strieff">Utah v. Strieff</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">No-knock searches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudson_v._Michigan" title="Hudson v. Michigan">Hudson v. Michigan</a></i> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus_in_the_United_States" title="Habeas corpus in the United States">Habeas corpus</a></i> review</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stone_v._Powell" title="Stone v. Powell">Stone v. Powell</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kimmelman_v._Morrison" title="Kimmelman v. Morrison">Kimmelman v. Morrison</a></i> (1986)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil suit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bivens_v._Six_Unknown_Named_Agents" title="Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents">Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Egbert_v._Boule" title="Egbert v. Boule">Egbert v. Boule</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1871_(third_act)#As_later_amended_and_codified_as_section_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="Enforcement Act of 1871 (third act)">42 U.S.C. § 1983</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monroe_v._Pape" title="Monroe v. Pape">Monroe v. Pape</a></i> (1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Incorporation_against_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Incorporation against States</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unreasonable search and seizure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wolf_v._Colorado" title="Wolf v. Colorado">Wolf v. Colorado</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rochin_v._California" title="Rochin v. California">Rochin v. California</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elkins_v._United_States" title="Elkins v. United States">Elkins v. United States</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mapp_v._Ohio" title="Mapp v. Ohio">Mapp v. Ohio</a></i> (1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Warrant requirements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ker_v._California" title="Ker v. California">Ker v. California</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aguilar_v._Texas" title="Aguilar v. Texas">Aguilar v. Texas</a></i> (1964)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soldal_v._Cook_County&oldid=1175149912">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soldal_v._Cook_County&oldid=1175149912</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1992_in_United_States_case_law" title="Category:1992 in United States case law">1992 in United States case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cook_County,_Illinois" title="Category:Cook County, Illinois">Cook County, Illinois</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Landlord%E2%80%93tenant_law" title="Category:Landlord–tenant law">Landlord–tenant law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_privacy_case_law" title="Category:United States privacy case law">United States privacy case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Real_property_law_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Real property law in the United States">Real property law in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Search_and_seizure_case_law" title="Category:Search and seizure case law">Search and seizure case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Fourth_Amendment_case_law" title="Category:United States Fourth Amendment case law">United States Fourth Amendment case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_Rehnquist_Court" title="Category:United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court">United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Supreme_Court_cases" title="Category:United States Supreme Court cases">United States Supreme Court cases</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_September_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from September 2023">Use mdy dates from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 September 2023, at 03:05<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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