CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Arizona v. Hicks - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"4cfbc056-fc76-433e-8e8f-d0a4152ec9dd","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Arizona_v._Hicks","wgTitle":"Arizona v. Hicks","wgCurRevisionId":1175138561,"wgRevisionId":1175138561,"wgArticleId":8999211,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Use mdy dates from September 2023","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","United States Supreme Court cases","United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court","United States Fourth Amendment case law","1987 in United States case law","1987 in Arizona","Legal history of Arizona"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Arizona_v._Hicks","wgRelevantArticleId":8999211, "wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":7000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q4791501","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true, "wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Arizona v. Hicks - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_v._Hicks"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_v._Hicks&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_v._Hicks"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Arizona_v_Hicks rootpage-Arizona_v_Hicks skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Arizona+v.+Hicks" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Arizona+v.+Hicks" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Arizona+v.+Hicks" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Arizona+v.+Hicks" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Facts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Facts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Facts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Majority_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Majority_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Majority opinion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Majority_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissenting_opinions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissenting_opinions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dissenting opinions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissenting_opinions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Arizona v. Hicks</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4791501#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Add interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Add links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arizona_v._Hicks" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Arizona_v._Hicks" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arizona_v._Hicks"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_v._Hicks&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_v._Hicks&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arizona_v._Hicks"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_v._Hicks&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_v._Hicks&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Arizona_v._Hicks" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Arizona_v._Hicks" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_v._Hicks&oldid=1175138561" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_v._Hicks&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Arizona_v._Hicks&id=1175138561&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FArizona_v._Hicks"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FArizona_v._Hicks"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Arizona_v._Hicks&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_v._Hicks&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4791501" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1987 United States Supreme Court case</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox scotus" style="line-height: 1.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #99c0ff; padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.4em; font-size:125%; font-style: italic">Arizona v. Hicks</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Seal of the United States Supreme Court"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-top: 0.5em; font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Argued December 8, 1986<br />Decided March 3, 1987</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>State of Arizona v. James Thomas Hicks<sup id="cite_ref-OpenJurist_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenJurist-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citations</th><td class="infobox-data">480 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/us/480/321/case.html">321</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_480" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 480">more</a></i>)<div>107 S. Ct. 1149; 94 <a href="/wiki/L._Ed._2d" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Ed. 2d">L. Ed. 2d</a> 347</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prior</th><td class="infobox-data">Trial court granted defendant motion to suppress; affirmed by the Arizona Court of Appeals, 707 <a href="/wiki/P.2d" class="mw-redirect" title="P.2d">P.2d</a> 331 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1985); review denied by Arizona Supreme Court; certiorari granted, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_475" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 475">475</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 1107 (1986).</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Holding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Police require probable cause to seize items in plain view.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Court membership</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><dl style="margin:0; padding:0.1em 0.5em; text-align:center; line-height:1.3em;"> <dt style="margin:0;">Chief Justice</dt> <dd style="margin:0 0 0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> </dd> <dt style="margin:0;">Associate Justices</dt> <dd style="margin:0;"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">William J. Brennan Jr.</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron White</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Harry Blackmun</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Powell_Jr." title="Lewis F. Powell Jr.">Lewis F. Powell Jr.</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John P. Stevens</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a> </dd></dl></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case opinions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Majority</th><td class="infobox-data">Scalia, joined by Brennan, White, Marshall, Blackmun, Stevens</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Concurrence</th><td class="infobox-data">White</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissent</th><td class="infobox-data">Powell, joined by Rehnquist, O'Connor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissent</th><td class="infobox-data">O'Connor, joined by Rehnquist, Powell</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Laws applied</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">U.S. Const. amend. IV</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Arizona v. Hicks</b></i>, 480 U.S. 321 (1987), held that the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourth Amendment</a> requires the police to have probable cause to seize items in plain view. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Facts">Facts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_v._Hicks&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Facts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On April 18, 1984, a bullet was fired through the floor of James Thomas<sup id="cite_ref-OpenJurist_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenJurist-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hicks' apartment, striking and injuring a man in the apartment below. The police arrived and entered Hicks' apartment to search for the shooter, for other victims, and for weapons. While in Hicks's apartment, one of the officers noticed two sets of expensive-looking stereo equipment, "which seemed out of place in the squalid and otherwise ill-appointed four-room apartment." The officer moved the equipment to record the serial numbers, suspecting that the equipment was stolen, and then reported the serial numbers to police headquarters. The officer was informed that the equipment had been taken in an armed robbery, for which Hicks was later indicted. </p><p>The state trial court granted Hicks' motion to suppress the stereo equipment, and the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Court_of_Appeals" title="Arizona Court of Appeals">Arizona Court of Appeals</a> affirmed. It was conceded that the police's initial entry into Hicks' apartment was lawful, although it took place without a warrant, because of the emergency created by the shooting. But moving the stereo equipment was an additional search, the appellate court reasoned, which lacked a warrant and was unrelated to the purpose the police were in Hicks' apartment to begin with. The appellate court therefore found that the police's actions violated the Fourth Amendment, and affirmed the trial court's granting of the motion to suppress. The <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Supreme_Court" title="Arizona Supreme Court">Arizona Supreme Court</a> declined the State's request to review the case, but the U.S. Supreme Court agreed to do so. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Majority_opinion">Majority opinion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_v._Hicks&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Majority opinion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Fourth Amendment guards against unreasonable "searches" and "seizures." The Court first ruled that when the police officer moved the stereo equipment to record the serial numbers, he conducted a Fourth Amendment "search," unrelated to the initial reason the police were in Hicks's apartment, to search for weapons and the person who fired the bullet through the floor of the apartment. </p><p>The Court rejected the "apparent position of the Arizona Court of Appeals that because the officers' action directed to the stereo equipment was unrelated to the justification for their entry into [Hicks's] apartment, it was <i>per se</i> unreasonable." The state was attempting to justify the search under the <a href="/wiki/Plain_view_doctrine" title="Plain view doctrine">plain view exception</a> to the warrant requirement. In such cases, the search is by definition unrelated to the initial purpose the police are in the position to view the purported contraband or evidence of criminal activity. The purpose of the plain-view exception to the warrant requirement is rather to spare the police who discover weapons or contraband during the course of an otherwise lawful search the trouble of having to obtain a warrant to seize those weapons or contraband. Warrants are issued only upon a showing of probable cause; thus, probable cause to believe an item in plain view is contraband or evidence of criminal activity must be required to allow the plain-view exception. </p><p>There are, of course, other situations in which the police may lawfully seize an object upon less than probable cause, but the state justified the search of the stereo equipment in this case solely on the fact that they were in plain view of the officers who were otherwise lawfully present in Hicks's apartment, and happenstance cannot by itself supplant the requirement of probable cause. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dissenting_opinions">Dissenting opinions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_v._Hicks&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dissenting opinions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Justice O'Connor</a></b> disagreed with the majority's characterization of the police actions regarding the stereo equipment as a full-blown search. Rather, she called it a "cursory inspection," and argued that the police could conduct such a cursory inspection on reasonable suspicion that an object is contraband or evidence of criminal activity. A "distinction between searches based on their relative intrusiveness — and its subsequent adoption by a consensus of American courts — is entirely consistent with our Fourth Amendment jurisprudence." In other cases, she argued, the Court had allowed minimally invasive searches under the Fourth Amendment in the face of strong governmental interests. The government had such an interest in this case, because of the "prevalence of mass-produced goods in our national economy" whose only distinguishing characteristic was a serial number. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Powell,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis F. Powell, Jr.">Justice Powell</a></b> wondered what the police should have done in the situation they faced. The officer's experience told him the stereo equipment was probably stolen, but lacking probable cause, he could not have obtained a warrant to seize it, and he could not have remained in Hicks's apartment to prevent Hicks from removing the stereo equipment after the other officers finished searching. In the face of the dilemma, Justice Powell worried that the bright-line rule making moving the equipment a "search" requiring probable cause "could deter conscientious police officers from lawfully obtaining evidence necessary to convict guilty persons." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_v._Hicks&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_480" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 480">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 480</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases">List of United States Supreme Court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_volume" title="Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume">Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rehnquist_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court">List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_v._Hicks&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OpenJurist-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OpenJurist_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OpenJurist_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Arizona v. Hicks</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_480" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 480">480</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/480/321/">321</a> (1987).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_v._Hicks&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Text of <i>Arizona v. Hicks</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_480" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 480">480</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 321 (1987) is available from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/111834/arizona-v-hicks/">CourtListener</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/480/321.html">Findlaw</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17874488096474801732">Google Scholar</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/480/321/">Justia</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.loc.gov/service/ll/usrep/usrep480/usrep480321/usrep480321.pdf">Library of Congress</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1986/85-1027">Oyez (oral argument audio)</a> </li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Fourth_Amendment_case_law" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US4thAmendment" title="Template:US4thAmendment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US4thAmendment" title="Template talk:US4thAmendment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US4thAmendment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US4thAmendment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Fourth_Amendment_case_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">United States Fourth Amendment</a> case law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Scope_of_the_Fourth_Amendment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Scope of the Fourth Amendment</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Definition of search</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Boyd_v._United_States" title="Boyd v. United States">Boyd v. United States</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Lee_(1927)" title="United States v. Lee (1927)">United States v. Lee</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Olmstead_v._United_States" title="Olmstead v. United States">Olmstead v. United States</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abel_v._United_States" title="Abel v. United States">Abel v. United States</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silverman_v._United_States" title="Silverman v. United States">Silverman v. United States</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katz_v._United_States" title="Katz v. United States">Katz v. United States</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Knotts" title="United States v. Knotts">United States v. Knotts</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Place" title="United States v. Place">United States v. Place</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Karo" title="United States v. Karo">United States v. Karo</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/California_v._Greenwood" title="California v. Greenwood">California v. Greenwood</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skinner_v._Railway_Labor_Executives_Ass%27n" title="Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n">Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Verdugo-Urquidez" title="United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez">United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bond_v._United_States_(2000)" title="Bond v. United States (2000)">Bond v. United States</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kyllo_v._United_States" title="Kyllo v. United States">Kyllo v. United States</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_v._Caballes" title="Illinois v. Caballes">Illinois v. Caballes</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Jones_(2012)" title="United States v. Jones (2012)">United States v. Jones</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._Jardines" title="Florida v. Jardines">Florida v. Jardines</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klayman_v._Obama" title="Klayman v. Obama">Klayman v. Obama</a></i> (D.D.C. 2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ACLU_v._Clapper" class="mw-redirect" title="ACLU v. Clapper">ACLU v. Clapper</a></i> (D.D.C. 2013)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-fields_doctrine" title="Open-fields doctrine">Open-fields doctrine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hester_v._United_States" title="Hester v. United States">Hester v. United States</a></i> (1924)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oliver_v._United_States" title="Oliver v. United States">Oliver v. United States</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Dunn" title="United States v. Dunn">United States v. Dunn</a></i> (1987)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aerial surveillance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/California_v._Ciraolo" title="California v. Ciraolo">California v. Ciraolo</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dow_Chemical_Co._v._United_States" title="Dow Chemical Co. v. United States">Dow Chemical Co. v. United States</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._Riley" title="Florida v. Riley">Florida v. Riley</a></i> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Third-party_doctrine" title="Third-party doctrine">Third-party doctrine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._White" title="United States v. White">United States v. White</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Miller_(1976)" title="United States v. Miller (1976)">United States v. Miller</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._Maryland" title="Smith v. Maryland">Smith v. Maryland</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carpenter_v._United_States" title="Carpenter v. United States">Carpenter v. United States</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Definition of seizure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Counselman_v._Hitchcock" title="Counselman v. Hitchcock">Counselman v. Hitchcock</a></i> (1892)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hale_v._Henkel" title="Hale v. Henkel">Hale v. Henkel</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terry_v._Ohio" title="Terry v. Ohio">Terry v. Ohio</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Mendenhall" title="United States v. Mendenhall">United States v. Mendenhall</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._Royer" title="Florida v. Royer">Florida v. Royer</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service_v._Delgado" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Delgado">INS v. Delgado</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/California_v._Hodari_D." title="California v. Hodari D.">California v. Hodari D.</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._Bostick" title="Florida v. Bostick">Florida v. Bostick</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soldal_v._Cook_County" title="Soldal v. Cook County">Soldal v. Cook County</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Drayton" title="United States v. Drayton">United States v. Drayton</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brendlin_v._California" title="Brendlin v. California">Brendlin v. California</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Torres_v._Madrid" title="Torres v. Madrid">Torres v. Madrid</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fourth Amendment standing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rakas_v._Illinois" title="Rakas v. Illinois">Rakas v. Illinois</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Byrd_v._United_States" title="Byrd v. United States">Byrd v. United States</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Probable_cause" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Probable_cause" title="Probable cause">Probable cause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brinegar_v._United_States" title="Brinegar v. United States">Brinegar v. United States</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aguilar_v._Texas" title="Aguilar v. Texas">Aguilar v. Texas</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spinelli_v._United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinelli v. United States">Spinelli v. United States</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_v._Gates" title="Illinois v. Gates">Illinois v. Gates</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornelas_v._United_States" title="Ornelas v. United States">Ornelas v. United States</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whren_v._United_States" title="Whren v. United States">Whren v. United States</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maryland_v._Pringle" title="Maryland v. Pringle">Maryland v. Pringle</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devenpeck_v._Alford" title="Devenpeck v. Alford">Devenpeck v. Alford</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._Harris" title="Florida v. Harris">Florida v. Harris</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_v._Wesby" title="District of Columbia v. Wesby">District of Columbia v. Wesby</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Reasonable_suspicion:_Investigative_detentions_and_frisks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Reasonable_suspicion" title="Reasonable suspicion">Reasonable suspicion</a>: <a href="/wiki/Terry_stop" title="Terry stop">Investigative detentions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frisking" title="Frisking">frisks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Terry_v._Ohio" title="Terry v. Ohio">Terry v. Ohio</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Brignoni-Ponce" title="United States v. Brignoni-Ponce">United States v. Brignoni-Ponce</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delaware_v._Prouse" title="Delaware v. Prouse">Delaware v. Prouse</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Texas" title="Brown v. Texas">Brown v. Texas</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ybarra_v._Illinois" title="Ybarra v. Illinois">Ybarra v. Illinois</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Cortez" title="United States v. Cortez">United States v. Cortez</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Place" title="United States v. Place">United States v. Place</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Michigan_v._Long" title="Michigan v. Long">Michigan v. Long</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_v._Dickerson" title="Minnesota v. Dickerson">Minnesota v. Dickerson</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_v._Wardlow" title="Illinois v. Wardlow">Illinois v. Wardlow</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._J._L." title="Florida v. J. L.">Florida v. J. L.</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Arvizu" title="United States v. Arvizu">United States v. Arvizu</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hiibel_v._Sixth_Judicial_District_Court_of_Nevada" title="Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada">Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_v._Johnson" title="Arizona v. Johnson">Arizona v. Johnson</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navarette_v._California" title="Navarette v. California">Navarette v. California</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heien_v._North_Carolina" title="Heien v. North Carolina">Heien v. North Carolina</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kansas_v._Glover" title="Kansas v. Glover">Kansas v. Glover</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Warrant_requirement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Warrant_(law)" title="Warrant (law)">Warrant</a> requirement</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Johnson_v._United_States_(1948_Fourth_Amendment_case)" title="Johnson v. United States (1948 Fourth Amendment case)">Johnson v. United States</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Franks_v._Delaware" title="Franks v. Delaware">Franks v. Delaware</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ybarra_v._Illinois" title="Ybarra v. Illinois">Ybarra v. Illinois</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maryland_v._Garrison" title="Maryland v. Garrison">Maryland v. Garrison</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Grubbs" title="United States v. Grubbs">United States v. Grubbs</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2006_term_per_curiam_opinions_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States#Los_Angeles_County_v._Rettele" title="2006 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States">Los Angeles County v. Rettelle</a></i> (2006)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mere_evidence_rule" title="Mere evidence rule">Mere evidence rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Boyd_v._United_States" title="Boyd v. United States">Boyd v. United States</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hale_v._Henkel" title="Hale v. Henkel">Hale v. Henkel</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warden_v._Hayden" title="Warden v. Hayden">Warden v. Hayden</a></i> (1967)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neutral and detached magistrate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coolidge_v._New_Hampshire" title="Coolidge v. New Hampshire">Coolidge v. New Hampshire</a></i> (1971)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Warrants directed at third parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zurcher_v._Stanford_Daily" title="Zurcher v. Stanford Daily">Zurcher v. Stanford Daily</a></i> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Knock-and-announce" title="Knock-and-announce">Knock-and-announce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilson_v._Arkansas" title="Wilson v. Arkansas">Wilson v. Arkansas</a></i> (1995)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Exceptions_to_warrant_requirement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Warrantless_searches_in_the_United_States" title="Warrantless searches in the United States">Exceptions to warrant requirement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exigent circumstances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Warden_v._Hayden" title="Warden v. Hayden">Warden v. Hayden</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Chadwick" title="United States v. Chadwick">United States v. Chadwick</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Payton_v._New_York" title="Payton v. New York">Payton v. New York</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Welsh_v._Wisconsin" title="Welsh v. Wisconsin">Welsh v. Wisconsin</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brigham_City_v._Stuart" title="Brigham City v. Stuart">Brigham City v. Stuart</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_v._King" title="Kentucky v. King">Kentucky v. King</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caniglia_v._Strom" title="Caniglia v. Strom">Caniglia v. Strom</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lange_v._California" title="Lange v. California">Lange v. California</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consent searches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stoner_v._California" title="Stoner v. California">Stoner v. California</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schneckloth_v._Bustamonte" title="Schneckloth v. Bustamonte">Schneckloth v. Bustamonte</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Matlock" title="United States v. Matlock">United States v. Matlock</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_v._Rodriguez" title="Illinois v. Rodriguez">Illinois v. Rodriguez</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Georgia_v._Randolph" title="Georgia v. Randolph">Georgia v. Randolph</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fernandez_v._California" title="Fernandez v. California">Fernandez v. California</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plain_view_doctrine" title="Plain view doctrine">Plain view</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coolidge_v._New_Hampshire" title="Coolidge v. New Hampshire">Coolidge v. New Hampshire</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arizona v. Hicks</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horton_v._California" title="Horton v. California">Horton v. California</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_v._Dickerson" title="Minnesota v. Dickerson">Minnesota v. Dickerson</a></i> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_exception" title="Motor vehicle exception">Vehicle searches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carroll_v._United_States" title="Carroll v. United States">Carroll v. United States</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chambers_v._Maroney" title="Chambers v. Maroney">Chambers v. Maroney</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_v._Sanders" title="Arkansas v. Sanders">Arkansas v. Sanders</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Ross" title="United States v. Ross">United States v. Ross</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/California_v._Carney" title="California v. Carney">California v. Carney</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._Jimeno" title="Florida v. Jimeno">Florida v. Jimeno</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/California_v._Acevedo" title="California v. Acevedo">California v. Acevedo</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_v._Houghton" title="Wyoming v. Houghton">Wyoming v. Houghton</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._White" title="Florida v. White">Florida v. White</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collins_v._Virginia" title="Collins v. Virginia">Collins v. Virginia</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Searches_incident_to_a_lawful_arrest" title="Searches incident to a lawful arrest">Searches incident to arrest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Trupiano_v._United_States" title="Trupiano v. United States">Trupiano v. United States</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Rabinowitz" title="United States v. Rabinowitz">United States v. Rabinowitz</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimel_v._California" title="Chimel v. California">Chimel v. California</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Robinson" title="United States v. Robinson">United States v. Robinson</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Chadwick" title="United States v. Chadwick">United States v. Chadwick</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_v._Belton" title="New York v. Belton">New York v. Belton</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knowles_v._Iowa" title="Knowles v. Iowa">Knowles v. Iowa</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thornton_v._United_States" title="Thornton v. United States">Thornton v. United States</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_v._Gant" title="Arizona v. Gant">Arizona v. Gant</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riley_v._California" title="Riley v. California">Riley v. California</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breathalyzers, blood samples, DNA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Schmerber_v._California" title="Schmerber v. California">Schmerber v. California</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cupp_v._Murphy" title="Cupp v. Murphy">Cupp v. Murphy</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missouri_v._McNeely" title="Missouri v. McNeely">Missouri v. McNeely</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maryland_v._King" title="Maryland v. King">Maryland v. King</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Birchfield_v._North_Dakota" title="Birchfield v. North Dakota">Birchfield v. North Dakota</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_v._Wisconsin" title="Mitchell v. Wisconsin">Mitchell v. Wisconsin</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protective sweeps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Maryland_v._Buie" title="Maryland v. Buie">Maryland v. Buie</a></i> (1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventory searches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cady_v._Dombrowski" title="Cady v. Dombrowski">Cady v. Dombrowski</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_v._Opperman" title="South Dakota v. Opperman">South Dakota v. Opperman</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colorado_v._Bertine" title="Colorado v. Bertine">Colorado v. Bertine</a></i> (1987)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Border_search_exception" title="Border search exception">Border searches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Almeida-Sanchez_v._United_States" title="Almeida-Sanchez v. United States">Almeida-Sanchez v. United States</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Ortiz" title="United States v. Ortiz">United States v. Ortiz</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Martinez-Fuerte" title="United States v. Martinez-Fuerte">United States v. Martinez-Fuerte</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Ramsey_(1977)" title="United States v. Ramsey (1977)">United States v. Ramsey</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Montoya_De_Hernandez" title="United States v. Montoya De Hernandez">United States v. Montoya De Hernandez</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Flores-Montano" title="United States v. Flores-Montano">United States v. Flores-Montano</a></i> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Random_checkpoint" title="Random checkpoint">Checkpoints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Department_of_State_Police_v._Sitz" title="Michigan Department of State Police v. Sitz">Michigan Department of State Police v. Sitz</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Indianapolis_v._Edmond" title="City of Indianapolis v. Edmond">City of Indianapolis v. Edmond</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_v._Lidster" title="Illinois v. Lidster">Illinois v. Lidster</a></i> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Students, employees, and patients</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_v._T._L._O." title="New Jersey v. T. L. O.">New Jersey v. T. L. O.</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O%27Connor_v._Ortega" title="O'Connor v. Ortega">O'Connor v. Ortega</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skinner_v._Railway_Labor_Executives_Ass%27n" title="Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n">Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Treasury_Employees_Union_v._Von_Raab" title="National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab">National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vernonia_School_District_47J_v._Acton" title="Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton">Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandler_v._Miller" title="Chandler v. Miller">Chandler v. Miller</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ferguson_v._City_of_Charleston" title="Ferguson v. City of Charleston">Ferguson v. City of Charleston</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Education_v._Earls" title="Board of Education v. Earls">Board of Education v. Earls</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Safford_Unified_School_District_v._Redding" title="Safford Unified School District v. Redding">Safford Unified School District v. Redding</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Ontario_v._Quon" title="City of Ontario v. Quon">City of Ontario v. Quon</a></i> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Property of probationers and parolees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Samson_v._California" title="Samson v. California">Samson v. California</a></i> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative inspections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Frank_v._Maryland" title="Frank v. Maryland">Frank v. Maryland</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camara_v._Municipal_Court_of_City_and_County_of_San_Francisco" title="Camara v. Municipal Court of City and County of San Francisco">Camara v. Municipal Court</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Los_Angeles_v._Patel" title="City of Los Angeles v. Patel">City of Los Angeles v. Patel</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Searches in jails and prisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bell_v._Wolfish" title="Bell v. Wolfish">Bell v. Wolfish</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudson_v._Palmer" title="Hudson v. Palmer">Hudson v. Palmer</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florence_v._Board_of_Chosen_Freeholders" title="Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders">Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders</a></i> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Warrantless arrests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Watson" title="United States v. Watson">United States v. Watson</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Payton_v._New_York" title="Payton v. New York">Payton v. New York</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Welsh_v._Wisconsin" title="Welsh v. Wisconsin">Welsh v. Wisconsin</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/County_of_Riverside_v._McLaughlin" title="County of Riverside v. McLaughlin">County of Riverside v. McLaughlin</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atwater_v._City_of_Lago_Vista" title="Atwater v. City of Lago Vista">Atwater v. City of Lago Vista</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._Moore" title="Virginia v. Moore">Virginia v. Moore</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Seizures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Seizures</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Distinguishing stops and arrests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dunaway_v._New_York" title="Dunaway v. New York">Dunaway v. New York</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._Royer" title="Florida v. Royer">Florida v. Royer</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Place" title="United States v. Place">United States v. Place</a></i> (1983)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seizure of premises awaiting warrant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_v._McArthur" title="Illinois v. McArthur">Illinois v. McArthur</a></i> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Detention incident to search</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Michigan_v._Summers" title="Michigan v. Summers">Michigan v. Summers</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muehler_v._Mena" title="Muehler v. Mena">Muehler v. Mena</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bailey_v._United_States_(2013)" title="Bailey v. United States (2013)">Bailey v. United States</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Detention during vehicle stop</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_v._Mimms" title="Pennsylvania v. Mimms">Pennsylvania v. Mimms</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rodriguez_v._United_States" title="Rodriguez v. United States">Rodriguez v. United States</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Use_of_force#U.S._case_law" title="Use of force">Excessive force</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_v._Garner" title="Tennessee v. Garner">Tennessee v. Garner</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Graham_v._Connor" title="Graham v. Connor">Graham v. Connor</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scott_v._Harris" title="Scott v. Harris">Scott v. Harris</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plumhoff_v._Rickard" title="Plumhoff v. Rickard">Plumhoff v. Rickard</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mullenix_v._Luna" title="Mullenix v. Luna">Mullenix v. Luna</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barnes_v._Felix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barnes v. Felix (page does not exist)">Barnes v. Felix</a></i> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Remedies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Remedies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exclusionary_rule" title="Exclusionary rule">Exclusionary rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Origins" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Weeks_v._United_States" title="Weeks v. United States">Weeks v. United States</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silverthorne_Lumber_Co._v._United_States" title="Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States">Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States</a></i> (1920)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Witness_impeachment" title="Witness impeachment">Impeachment exception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/James_v._Illinois" title="James v. Illinois">James v. Illinois</a></i> (1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Good-faith_exception" title="Good-faith exception">Good-faith exception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Leon" title="United States v. Leon">United States v. Leon</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herring_v._United_States" title="Herring v. United States">Herring v. United States</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._United_States_(2011)" title="Davis v. United States (2011)">Davis v. United States</a></i> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Murray_v._United_States" title="Murray v. United States">Murray v. United States</a></i> (1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inevitable_discovery" title="Inevitable discovery">Inevitable discovery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nix_v._Williams" title="Nix v. Williams">Nix v. Williams</a></i> (1984)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attenuation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wong_Sun_v._United_States" title="Wong Sun v. United States">Wong Sun v. United States</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Utah_v._Strieff" title="Utah v. Strieff">Utah v. Strieff</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">No-knock searches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudson_v._Michigan" title="Hudson v. Michigan">Hudson v. Michigan</a></i> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus_in_the_United_States" title="Habeas corpus in the United States">Habeas corpus</a></i> review</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stone_v._Powell" title="Stone v. Powell">Stone v. Powell</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kimmelman_v._Morrison" title="Kimmelman v. Morrison">Kimmelman v. Morrison</a></i> (1986)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil suit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bivens_v._Six_Unknown_Named_Agents" title="Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents">Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Egbert_v._Boule" title="Egbert v. Boule">Egbert v. Boule</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1871_(third_act)#As_later_amended_and_codified_as_section_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="Enforcement Act of 1871 (third act)">42 U.S.C. § 1983</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monroe_v._Pape" title="Monroe v. Pape">Monroe v. Pape</a></i> (1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Incorporation_against_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Incorporation against States</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unreasonable search and seizure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wolf_v._Colorado" title="Wolf v. Colorado">Wolf v. Colorado</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rochin_v._California" title="Rochin v. California">Rochin v. California</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elkins_v._United_States" title="Elkins v. United States">Elkins v. United States</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mapp_v._Ohio" title="Mapp v. Ohio">Mapp v. Ohio</a></i> (1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Warrant requirements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ker_v._California" title="Ker v. California">Ker v. California</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aguilar_v._Texas" title="Aguilar v. Texas">Aguilar v. Texas</a></i> (1964)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arizona_v._Hicks&oldid=1175138561">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arizona_v._Hicks&oldid=1175138561</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Supreme_Court_cases" title="Category:United States Supreme Court cases">United States Supreme Court cases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_Rehnquist_Court" title="Category:United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court">United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Fourth_Amendment_case_law" title="Category:United States Fourth Amendment case law">United States Fourth Amendment case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1987_in_United_States_case_law" title="Category:1987 in United States case law">1987 in United States case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1987_in_Arizona" title="Category:1987 in Arizona">1987 in Arizona</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Legal_history_of_Arizona" title="Category:Legal history of Arizona">Legal history of Arizona</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_September_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from September 2023">Use mdy dates from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 September 2023, at 01:46<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arizona_v._Hicks&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-9689t","wgBackendResponseTime":153,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.347","walltime":"0.529","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7341,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":145296,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":18192,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":11317,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 443.346 1 -total"," 62.57% 277.388 1 Template:Infobox_SCOTUS_case"," 31.65% 140.306 1 Template:Short_description"," 27.91% 123.727 1 Template:Infobox"," 25.26% 111.977 1 Template:US4thAmendment"," 24.63% 109.186 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 23.51% 104.216 6 Template:Main_other"," 21.69% 96.174 1 Template:SDcat"," 17.63% 78.175 1 Template:Infobox_US_Supreme_Court_case/courts"," 13.30% 58.964 225 Template:If_between"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.138","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":2615751,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.canary-745b9659b6-jv9wp","timestamp":"20241201023430","ttl":77131,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Arizona v. Hicks","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arizona_v._Hicks","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4791501","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4791501","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-01-19T06:16:17Z","dateModified":"2023-09-13T01:46:23Z","headline":"1987 United States Supreme Court case"}</script> </body> </html>