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<div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Knowledge of Christ</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_Christ" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Knowledge_of_Christ" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Knowledge+of+Christ" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Knowledge_of_Christ&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0">The knowledge of Christ refers to one of two possible, and at times related, topics in <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a>: one addresses how <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a> come to know Christ, the other focuses on the knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> about the world.<a href="#cite_note-Moloney4-1">[1]</a> Discussions regarding the knowledge of Christ have had a central place in Christology for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Moloney4-1">[1]</a> In the 20th century, the interplay between the two concepts was epitomized in the title of a book by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a>: "Does Jesus Know Us? Do We Know Him?"<a href="#cite_note-Moloney4-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="409" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5.jpg/330px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5.jpg/440px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="1482"></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a> window of Christ, <a href="/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">Peter and Paul Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>, Russia.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> Christian teachings on what it means to "know Christ" effectively gave rise to the field of <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a>, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Paul">Apostle Paul</a>'s discussion in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Philippians#2:5" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Philippians">Philippians 2:5-6</a> about the relationship between Christ and God.<a href="#cite_note-RaplhM-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koperski-4">[4]</a> Different Christian traditions have recommended varying paths for gaining a better knowledge of Christ. While some traditions focus on sharing in Christ's sufferings, others emphasize the importance of scripture; while others suggest that the <a href="/wiki/Lectio_Divina" title="Lectio Divina">reading of scripture</a> should be accompanied by specific spiritual exercises and <a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">contemplations</a>. Approaches to discussing "Christ's knowledge" generally have used two separate methodologies: one which relies solely on the analysis of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> text itself, the other based on theological reasoning to infer further principles beyond the text. These two approaches, as well as the methods of interpreting specific Gospel passages have given rise to differences among Christians on this topic.<a href="#cite_note-Moloney4-1">[1]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Knowing_Christ">1 Knowing Christ</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Christ's_knowledge">2 Christ's knowledge</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Roman_Catholicism">2.1 Roman Catholicism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Protestantism">2.2 Protestantism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Eastern_Orthodoxy">2.3 Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also">3 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References">4 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Further_reading">5 Further reading</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Knowing_Christ">Knowing Christ</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Knowledge_of_Christ&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Knowing Christ" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"I want to know Christ — yes, to know the power of His resurrection and participation in His sufferings, becoming like Him in His death, and so, somehow, attaining to the resurrection from the dead" - <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Paul">Apostle Paul</a> in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Philippians#3:10" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Philippians">Philippians 3:10-12</a></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Epistle to the Philippians</a> has been the subject of much Christological research. Ralph P. Martin argues that Philippians 2 may be considered the beginning of the field of <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a>, specifically referring to the rich analysis that Apostle Paul began in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Philippians#2:5" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Philippians">Philippians 2:5-6</a> regarding the relationship between Christ and God.<a href="#cite_note-RaplhM-3">[3]</a> Veronica Koperski views Philippians 3 as the beginning of the analysis of how Christians know Christ.<a href="#cite_note-Koperski-4">[4]</a> Paul's statement in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Philippians#3:10" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Philippians">Philippians 3:10-12</a> is preceded by his assertion in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Philippians#3:8" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Philippians">Philippians 3:8-9</a> regarding the supreme value of the knowledge of Christ above all else. In Philippians 3:10 Paul uses the Greek verb gignoskein (γιγνώσκω) which implies "personal knowledge", rather than an intellectual understanding. It is not Paul's aim to "know about Christ" but to know Christ.<a href="#cite_note-WBarclay-5">[5]</a> In 325 the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a> mentioned the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Spirit (Christianity)">Holy Spirit</a>, but it was only in 381 in the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Council of Constantinople</a> that it was formally affirmed that Christians gain the knowledge of Christ through the Holy Spirit who enlightens them to Christ.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Augustine">Saint Augustine</a> discussed <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Philippians#3:10" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Philippians">Philippians 3:10-12</a>'s reference to the knowledge of Christ in his Sermon 169. Augustine viewed the power of resurrection not simply as that of rising from the dead, but the twofold power Christ exercises over Christians: first in terms of their <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_Dead#Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the Dead">future resurrection</a>, secondly in terms of their <a href="/wiki/Salvation_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation (Christianity)">redemption</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Koperski-4">[4]</a> Many other Christian thinkers from <a href="/wiki/Ambrosiaster" title="Ambrosiaster">Ambrosiaster</a> to <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a> followed that trend and equated the knowledge of Christ with faithful Christian living.<a href="#cite_note-Koperski-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> often referred to the eagerness of Jesus to teach, but he emphasized that unlike the words of other teachers, the words of Jesus could not be understood simply by hearing or reading them, but required their being heard through the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>. Aquinas wrote that the root and fountain of our knowledge of God is Christ, the Word of God, and that all knowledge of God flows towards the faithful from the fountain that is Christ.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Aquinas saw two groups of people who prohibited themselves from knowing Christ. The first group are those whose sensuality limits them to the earthly world of senses and not open to spiritual growth. The second group are those who are morally corrupt.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> placed more emphasis on knowing Christ through scripture than by sharing his sufferings or through <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Houlden219-9">[9]</a> The concept of grace was at the center of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>'s theology, and he believed that the saving work of Christ was delivered through the Gospel, viewing the works and words of Christ as the path to knowing him.<a href="#cite_note-Houlden565-10">[10]</a> Luther's great collaborator, <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Melanchthon">Philipp Melanchthon</a> was critical of the approach of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> and scholastic Christology. His <a href="/wiki/Christian_soteriology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian soteriology">salvation oriented</a> approach resonated with Luther's focus on justification and resulted in his coining the statement: "To know Christ means to know his benefits and not to reflect on his natures and modes of incarnation". Melanchthon deleted this statement from later editions of <a href="/wiki/Loci_Communes" class="mw-redirect" title="Loci Communes">Loci Communes</a>, but it has been associated with his views, and those of the followers of Luther.<a href="#cite_note-Houlden565-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> viewed the understanding of Christ's mission as an essential element of knowing him: knowing Christ involves an understanding of why he was sent. In Calvin's view humans are not capable of understanding God in his own right, and can only begin to know God through Christ.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_the_Christian_Religion" title="Institutes of the Christian Religion">Institutes of the Christian Religion</a> (II.xv) Calvin was critical of those who know Christ "in name only", e.g. those who simply teach that Christ is the Redeemer without understanding or teaching how he redeems. For Calvin knowing Christ involves knowing his power and dignity in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Threefold_office" title="Threefold office">threefold office</a>: as priest, prophet and king.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> For Luther's contemporary, <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a>, the ability to know Christ could be improved through specific forms of meditative exercises. Loyola's <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Exercises_of_Ignatius_of_Loyola" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola">Spiritual Exercises</a> require about 30 days of <a href="/wiki/Christian_meditation" title="Christian meditation">Christian meditation</a>, contemplation and mental imagery, with the goal of knowing Christ more intimately and loving him more ardently.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The exercises continue to be used by <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> to date. By around the 14th century in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">hesychasm</a> was developed, (most probably by St. <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Sinai" title="Gregory of Sinai">Gregory of Sinai</a>) and was supported by Saint <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Gregory Palamas</a>. This style of mystical prayer and contemplation continues to be used in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> tradition as a spiritual practice that facilitates the knowing of Christ.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In the Catholic tradition, saints beside Ignatius of Loyola have suggested prayer and contemplation on scripture as a path to knowing Christ better. In <a href="/wiki/The_Way_of_Perfection" class="mw-redirect" title="The Way of Perfection">The Way of Perfection</a>, St. <a href="/wiki/Theresa_of_Avila" class="mw-redirect" title="Theresa of Avila">Theresa of Avila</a> taught her nuns how to try to get to know Christ by using <a href="/wiki/Mental_prayer" title="Mental prayer">mental prayer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> While the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> supports <a href="/wiki/Christian_meditation" title="Christian meditation">Christian meditation</a> as beneficial in knowing Christ, in the letter <a href="/wiki/Aspects_of_Christian_meditation" title="Aspects of Christian meditation">Aspects of Christian meditation</a> it specifically warned against using non-Christian (e.g. modified <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a>) styles of meditations as an attempt to know Christ.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Christ's_knowledge">Christ's knowledge</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Knowledge_of_Christ&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Christ's knowledge" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> During the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a>, it was common in the Jewish tradition to assume that prophets in general had special illuminations, which later came to be called "infused knowledge" in Christian theology. An example reference is made in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#7:39" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 7:39</a> where the Pharisee expected a prophet to know about the woman who touched him.<a href="#cite_note-Moloney30-19">[19]</a> Three specific levels of knowledge are often discussed in Christology as beatific, infused and acquired knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-Weinandy-20">[20]</a> Those (such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>) who adhere to the principle of the <a href="/wiki/Perfection_of_Christ" title="Perfection of Christ">perfection of Christ</a> reason that he must have had beatific knowledge of all things from <a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">The Word</a> from the very beginning due to his perfection.<a href="#cite_note-Weinandy-20">[20]</a> However, the views of Aquinas are not generally accepted by all Christians.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Specific Gospel passages such as <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#11:25" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 11:25–27</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#10:21" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 10:21–22</a> point to Jesus being a revealer of new knowledge, based on his special relationship with <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>: "no man knoweth the Son, but the Father; neither knoweth any man the Father, save the Son".<a href="#cite_note-Moloney30-19">[19]</a> Moreover, these two passages can be read to imply an equality in the relationship between the Son and the Father.<a href="#cite_note-Moloney30-19">[19]</a> However, the question of whether Christ had complete knowledge on earth prior to his <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascension of Christ">Ascension</a> has been subject to debate. In the analysis of the Gospels, one point of contention has been the two parallel verses in the Gospels of Matthew and Mark which refer to knowing the "day and the hour". While <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#13:32" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Mark">Mark 13:32</a> states: "But of that day and that hour knoweth no man, no, not the angels which are in heaven, neither the Son, but the Father," in most manuscripts <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#24:36" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 24:36</a> does not include the words "neither the Son".<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In various Christian traditions, different solutions to this issue have been proposed, throughout the centuries. <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a> argued that it was "without doubt" that Christ did know the hour, but was emphasizing this from a passing human perspective.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Other solutions along that line of reasoning have suggested that Christ had no "communicable knowledge" in a form that could be understood by the Apostles. Further approaches suggest a multi-level knowledge structure for Christ in terms of what can be revealed to humans, etc.<a href="#cite_note-Moloney30-19">[19]</a> Historically, in orthodox Christianity the issue of the <a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a> posed the question of whether the knowledge found in the Divine component was identical with God's knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Writers on church history from as early as <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ellies_du_Pin" title="Louis Ellies du Pin">Louis Ellies du Pin</a> in L'histoire de l'Eglise (1712) have also noted the role of Mark 13:32 in the controversies surrounding <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Knowledge_of_Christ&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roman Catholicism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the 5th century, Saint <a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a> (who considered the Incarnation of the <a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a> as necessary) argued that the "human Christ" possessed perfect knowledge from the very moment of the Incarnation. Augustine rejected any ignorance by Christ, stating that Jesus had perfect knowledge from the moment of <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">Incarnation</a>, having participated in the knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">The Word</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McWilliam-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hastings1-27">[27]</a> Augustine's view of the statement in the Gospel of Luke that the young Jesus grew in knowledge and grace was that Jesus simply manifested his knowledge in a gradual manner.<a href="#cite_note-Hastings1-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Aquinas_Summa_theologiae_1482.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Thomas_Aquinas_Summa_theologiae_1482.jpg/150px-Thomas_Aquinas_Summa_theologiae_1482.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="874"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 205px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Thomas_Aquinas_Summa_theologiae_1482.jpg/150px-Thomas_Aquinas_Summa_theologiae_1482.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="205" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Thomas_Aquinas_Summa_theologiae_1482.jpg/225px-Thomas_Aquinas_Summa_theologiae_1482.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Thomas_Aquinas_Summa_theologiae_1482.jpg/300px-Thomas_Aquinas_Summa_theologiae_1482.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A page from a 1482 copy of <a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologi%C3%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa Theologiæ">Summa Theologiæ</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the 13th century, in <a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologi%C3%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa Theologiæ">Summa Theologiæ</a>, Saint <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> undertook a systematic analysis of the knowledge of Christ. He posed wide ranging questions, analyzed them and provided answers. For instance, on the issue of the "experimental knowledge of Christ" and "beatific knowledge of Christ's soul" he posed and answered different sets of questions: <dl><dd><ul><li>Did Christ learn by experiments? Did he grow in his knowledge? Did he learn from other people? Did he learn from angels?<a href="#cite_note-Theologiae143-29">[29]</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li>Did the soul of Christ comprehend the Word or the Divine Essence? Did it know all things in the Word? Did the soul of Christ know the infinite in the Word? Did it see the Word or the Divine Essence clearer than did any other creature?<a href="#cite_note-summa4010-30">[30]</a></li></ul></dd></dl> Following a lengthy analysis, Aquinas concluded that Christ had perfect knowledge from the very beginning.<a href="#cite_note-Theologiae143-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-summa4010-30">[30]</a> In 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Office">Holy Office</a> issued the decree Circa quasdam propositiones de scientia animae Christi which rejected the interpretation of Mark 13:32 that Christ did not know the hour and supported the belief that Christ had complete knowledge at all time, in view of the <a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (item 472) states that because Christ was endowed with true human knowledge, this could "increase in wisdom and in stature" because it was exercised in the historical conditions of his existence in space and time. However, item 474 states that Christ also shared the entire divine knowledge, namely:<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <blockquote> By its union to the divine wisdom in the person of the Word incarnate, Christ enjoyed in his human knowledge the fullness of understanding of the eternal plans he had come to reveal. What he admitted to not knowing in this area, he elsewhere declared himself not sent to reveal. </blockquote> In the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a>, relying on the concept of the "coincidence of the Person and mission of Christ", wrote that the Son of God could not have been sent on his mission without knowledge of what to do - only to be told later. In his view "he who is sent", being part of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>, would have been consulted before setting on his mission. Balthasar hence reasoned that through the <a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a> Christ possessed all knowledge from the very beginning.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Knowledge_of_Christ&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Protestantism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>'s views on the knowledge of Christ differ from those of, for example, <a href="/wiki/Athanasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Athanasius">Athanasius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Calvin takes Luke's statement that the infant Jesus "grew in wisdom" to show that the pre-existent God the Son was "willing ... for a time, to be deprived of understanding,"<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> This view is followed by many Evangelical Protestants today.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Other writers such as Bowman (2007)<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> and Cullmann (1980)<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> speak of a paradox between God's <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscience</a> and limitations of that omniscience in Christ. The role of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Spirit (Christianity)">Holy Spirit</a> in gaining knowledge of Christ continues to be a key part of Protestant teachings on the knowledge of Christ.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Knowledge_of_Christ&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodoxy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> view of Christ's knowledge differs from both the Roman Catholic and the Protestant perspectives. Referring to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#13:32" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Mark">Mark 13:32</a> Orthodox theologian <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a> summarized the Orthodox position by stating that the passage does not preclude the possibility of Christ knowing the hour, but he may know it in a form that can not be communicated to the Apostles as humans, because human consciousness is not capable of understanding that class of event.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Knowledge_of_Christ&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis#Gnosticism" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfection_of_Christ" title="Perfection of Christ">Perfection of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/You_are_Christ" title="You are Christ">You are Christ</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Knowledge_of_Christ&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Moloney4-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moloney4_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moloney4_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moloney4_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moloney4_1-3">d</a> The knowledge of Christ by Raymond Moloney 2000 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-5130-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-5130-6">0-8264-5130-6</a> pp 4-11 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Does Jesus know us--do we know him? by Hans Urs von Balthasar 1983 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89870-023-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-89870-023-X">0-89870-023-X</a> page 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-RaplhM-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RaplhM_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RaplhM_3-1">b</a> Where Christology began: essays on Philippians 2 by Ralph P. Martin, Brian J. Dodd 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25619-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25619-8">0-664-25619-8</a> pages 1-3 </li> <li id="cite_note-Koperski-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koperski_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koperski_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koperski_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koperski_4-3">d</a> The knowledge of Christ Jesus by Veronica Koperski 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-390-0132-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-390-0132-4">90-390-0132-4</a> pages 5-17 </li> <li id="cite_note-WBarclay-5"><a href="#cite_ref-WBarclay_5-0">^</a> The letters to the Philippians, Colossians, and Thessalonians by <a href="/wiki/William_Barclay_(theologian)" title="William Barclay (theologian)">William Barclay</a> 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-22676-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-22676-0">0-664-22676-0</a> pp. 72-75 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Faith of Our Fathers: A Study of the Nicene Creed by L. Charles Jackson 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59128-043-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-59128-043-5">1-59128-043-5</a> page xxviii </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Reading John with St. Thomas Aquinas by Michael Dauphinais and Matthew Levering 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8132-1405-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8132-1405-X">0-8132-1405-X</a> page 89 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Reading John with St. Thomas Aquinas by Michael Dauphinais and Matthew Levering 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8132-1405-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8132-1405-X">0-8132-1405-X</a> page 205 </li> <li id="cite_note-Houlden219-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Houlden219_9-0">^</a> Jesus: the complete guide by <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Houlden" title="Leslie Houlden">Leslie Houlden</a> 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-8011-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-8011-X">0-8264-8011-X</a> page 219 </li> <li id="cite_note-Houlden565-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Houlden565_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Houlden565_10-1">b</a> Jesus: the complete guide by Leslie Houlden 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-8011-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-8011-X">0-8264-8011-X</a> page 565 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Christology: Biblical And Historical by Mini S. Johnson, 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-8324-007-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-8324-007-0">81-8324-007-0</a> pages 8081 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Calvin's Christology by Stephen Edmondson 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-54154-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-54154-9">0-521-54154-9</a> pages 86-87 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Calvin's Christology by Stephen Edmondson 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-54154-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-54154-9">0-521-54154-9</a> pages 170 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Teaching world civilization with joy and enthusiasm by Benjamin Lee Wren 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7618-2747-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7618-2747-1">0-7618-2747-1</a> page 236 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> The Byzantine Empire by Robert Browning 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8132-0754-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8132-0754-1">0-8132-0754-1</a> page 238 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> The last centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453 by Donald MacGillivray Nicol 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43991-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43991-4">0-521-43991-4</a> page 211 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> The Way of Perfection by Teresa of Avila 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4209-2847-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-4209-2847-3">1-4209-2847-3</a> page 145 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19891015_meditazione-cristiana_en.html">Vatican web site: Aspects of Christian meditation</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moloney30-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moloney30_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moloney30_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moloney30_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moloney30_19-3">d</a> The knowledge of Christ by Raymond Moloney 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-5130-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-5130-6">0-8264-5130-6</a> page 30-39 </li> <li id="cite_note-Weinandy-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weinandy_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weinandy_20-1">b</a> Jesus the Christ by Thomas Gerard Weinandy 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931709-68-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-931709-68-8">1-931709-68-8</a> pages 88-91 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Aquinas in dialogue by James Fodor, Frederick Christian Bauerschmidt 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-1931-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-1931-4">1-4051-1931-4</a> page 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> John P. Meier "How do we decide what comes from Jesus" in The historical Jesus in recent research ed. James D. G. Dunn, Scot McKnight. p.127 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Carl Magon Handbuch der Patrologie und der kirchlichen Litteraturgeschichte Vol. 1 p850 1864 "Eben so wenig toenne der Einwand: Jene Stunde weiß Niemand, weder der Sohn noch die Engel des Himmels, sondern nur der Vater allein, etwas verschlagen. Er sprach so, um das seiner Menschheit Passende vorzubringen, daß er es wohl wußte" </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Orthodox Christianity by Carl S. Tyneh 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59033-466-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-59033-466-3">1-59033-466-3</a> pages 67-69 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Louis Ellies Du Pin A new history of ecclesiastical writers p69 English translation of William Wotton 1693 "No Man knoweth the Day of Judgment, nor yet the Angels, nor the Son, but the Father only: From whence the Arians concluded. That the Knowledge of the Father being more extensive than that of the Son, his Nature must be more excellent." </li> <li id="cite_note-McWilliam-26"><a href="#cite_ref-McWilliam_26-0">^</a> Augustine: from rhetor to theologian by Joanne McWilliam 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88920-203-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-88920-203-6">0-88920-203-6</a> page 191 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hastings1-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hastings1_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hastings1_27-1">b</a> A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels: Volume II (Part Two) by James Hastings 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4102-1788-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-4102-1788-4">1-4102-1788-4</a> page 854 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Peter Lombard, Volume 1 by <a href="/wiki/Marcia_L._Colish" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcia L. Colish">Marcia L. Colish</a> 1994 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09859-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09859-3">90-04-09859-3</a> page 439 </li> <li id="cite_note-Theologiae143-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Theologiae143_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theologiae143_29-1">b</a> Summa Theologiae: Volume 49, The Grace of Christ: 3a. 7-15 by Thomas Aquinas, Liam G. Walsh 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-02957-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-02957-0">0-521-02957-0</a> pp. 143-148 </li> <li id="cite_note-summa4010-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-summa4010_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-summa4010_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/4010.htm">"SUMMA THEOLOGICA: The beatific knowledge of Christ's soul (Tertia Pars, Q. 10)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SUMMA+THEOLOGICA%3A+The+beatific+knowledge+of+Christ%27s+soul+%28Tertia+Pars%2C+Q.+10%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F4010.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnowledge+of+Christ" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> The person of Christ by Gerrit Cornelis Berkouwer 1954 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4816-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4816-8">0-8028-4816-8</a> page 213 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p122a3p1.htm">Vatican website Catechism, items 472-474.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Hans Urs von Balthasar: a theological style by Angelo Scola 1995 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-0894-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-0894-8">0-8028-0894-8</a> page 58 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Hans Urs von Balthasar: his life and work by David L. Schindler 1991 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89870-378-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89870-378-6">0-89870-378-6</a> pp 140-141 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Richard Hanson The search for the Christian doctrine of God 2005 p454 "grew in wisdom, gradually overstepping the human nature" </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Calvin Commentary on Isaiah 1850 edition "the Son of God condescended on our account, so that he not only was willing to be fed on our food, but also, for a time, to be deprived of understanding, and to endure all our weaknesses. (Heb. 2.14.) This relates to his human nature, for it cannot apply to his Divinity." </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Richard R. Dunn in Reaching a Generation for Christ: A Comprehensive Guide to Youth Ministry 1997 "The mystery of Jesus, as the God-man, is that He voluntarily chose to temporarily set aside His ability to know everything. Therefore, in Hebrews 5:8, the Bible states, “Although he was a son, he learned obedience. " </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Putting Jesus in His Place: The Case for the Deity of Christ p110 Robert M. Bowman, Jr., J. Ed Komoszewski, Darrell L. Bock - 2007 "A similar paradox pertains to his omniscience. By virtue of being the divine Son, Jesus was in some sense omniscient, ... But about that day or hour no one knows, neither the angels of heaven, nor the Son, but only the Father. " </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Oscar CullmannThe Christology of the New Testament p288 - 1980 "... event: 'But of that day or that hour no one knows, not even the angels in heaven, nor the Son, but only the Father. ... 11.27, which points to Jesus' omniscience, does the saying in Mark 13.32 with its limitation of that omniscience ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Reformed theology: identity and ecumenicity by Michael Welker 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4776-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4776-5">0-8028-4776-5</a> page 188 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> The Lamb of God by Sergeĭ Nikolaevich Bulgakov, Boris Jakim 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2779-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2779-9">0-8028-2779-9</a> pp. 426-427 </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Knowledge_of_Christ&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoloney1999" class="citation book cs1">Moloney, Raymond (1999). The knowledge of Christ. London: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-5130-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-5130-6"><bdi>0-8264-5130-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+knowledge+of+Christ&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8264-5130-6&rft.aulast=Moloney&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnowledge+of+Christ" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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