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menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> View source </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Christianity is an <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic">Abrahamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a> religion, professing that <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus Christ</a> was <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">raised from the dead</a> and is the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-nontrinitarianism-11">[note 2]</a> whose coming as the <a href="/wiki/Messiah#Christianity" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> was <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament_messianic_prophecies_quoted_in_the_New_Testament" title="Old Testament messianic prophecies quoted in the New Testament">prophesied</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> (called the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> in Christianity) and chronicled in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">world's largest</a> and most widespread religion with over 2.4 billion followers, comprising around 31.2% of the <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">world population</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pew_Research_Center-1-12">[10]</a> Its adherents, known as <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, are estimated to make up a majority of the population in <a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">157 countries and territories</a>. <table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Christianity</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Gerd_Eichmann_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Gerd_Eichmann_%28cropped%29.jpg/275px-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Gerd_Eichmann_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Gerd_Eichmann_%28cropped%29.jpg/413px-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Gerd_Eichmann_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Gerd_Eichmann_%28cropped%29.jpg/550px-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Gerd_Eichmann_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3107" data-file-height="2024"></a><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Quarter" title="Christian Quarter">Christian Quarter</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Jerusalem" title="Old City of Jerusalem">Old City of Jerusalem</a>, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_holy_places_in_the_Holy_Land" title="List of Christian holy places in the Holy Land">holy place of Christianity</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Theology</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Monotheistic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">Worldwide</a><a href="#cite_note-Global_Christianity-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical Aramaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Territory</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st century AD</a> <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a>, Roman Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Separated from</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[note 1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Number of followers</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="estimation">est.</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">2.4 billion</a> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_synonyms" title="List of Christian synonyms">referred to</a> as <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 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.sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> Christianity remains <a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">culturally diverse</a> in its <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern branches</a>, and doctrinally diverse concerning <a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">justification and the nature of salvation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">ecclesiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordination</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">creeds</a> of various <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian denominations</a> generally hold in common Jesus as the Son of God<a href="#cite_note-nontrinitarianism-11">[note 2]</a>—the <a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a> <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">incarnated</a>—who <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">ministered</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">suffered</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">died on a cross</a>, but rose from the dead for the <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a> of humankind; and referred to as <a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">the gospel</a>, meaning the "good news". The four <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">canonical gospels</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a> describe Jesus's life and teachings as preserved in the early Christian tradition, with the Old Testament as the gospels' respected background. Christianity <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">began in the 1st century</a>, after the death of Jesus, as a <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Judaic</a> sect with <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic influence</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> province of <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">disciples</a> of Jesus <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread their faith</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> area, despite <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">significant persecution</a>. The inclusion of <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentiles</a> led Christianity to slowly <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian#Split_of_early_Christianity_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">separate from Judaism</a> (2nd century). Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> decriminalized Christianity in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a> (313), later convening the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Council of Nicaea</a> (325) where Early Christianity was consolidated into what would become the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">state religion of the Roman Empire</a> (380). The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> both split over differences in <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a> (5th century), while the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> separated in the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a> (1054). <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> split into numerous denominations from the Catholic Church in the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> era (16th century). Following the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a> (15th–17th century), Christianity expanded throughout the world via <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">missionary work</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelism</a>, immigration and extensive trade. Christianity played <a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">a prominent role</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">development</a> of <a href="/wiki/Western_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Western civilization">Western civilization</a>, particularly in Europe from <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004Preface-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> The six major <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">branches of Christianity</a> are <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> (1.3 billion people), <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> (625 million-900 million),<a href="#cite_note-17">[note 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-gordonconwell.edu-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-KimOsmerSchweitzer2018-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> (230 million), <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> (60 million), <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a> (35 million),<a href="#cite_note-23">[note 4]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> (600,000).<a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a> Smaller church communities number in the thousands despite efforts toward unity (<a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenism</a>). In the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a>, Christianity remains the dominant religion even with a <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Christianity">decline in adherence</a>, with about 70% of that population identifying as Christian. <a href="/wiki/Christian_population_growth" title="Christian population growth">Christianity is growing</a> in Africa and Asia, the world's most populous continents. Christians remain greatly <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">persecuted</a> in many regions of the world, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Early_Christianity">2.1 Early Christianity</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Apostolic_Age">2.1.1 Apostolic Age</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Ante-Nicene_period">2.1.2 Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Spread_and_acceptance_in_Roman_Empire">2.1.3 Spread and acceptance in Roman Empire</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Middle_Ages">2.2 Middle Ages</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Early_Middle_Ages">2.2.1 Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#High_and_Late_Middle_Ages">2.2.2 High and Late Middle Ages</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Modern_era">2.3 Modern era</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation">2.3.1 Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Post-Enlightenment">2.3.2 Post-Enlightenment</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Beliefs">3 Beliefs</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Creeds">3.1 Creeds</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Jesus">3.2 Jesus</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Death_and_resurrection">3.2.1 Death and resurrection</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Salvation">3.3 Salvation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Trinity">3.4 Trinity</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Trinitarianism">3.4.1 Trinitarianism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Nontrinitarianism">3.4.2 Nontrinitarianism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Eschatology">3.5 Eschatology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Death_and_afterlife">3.5.1 Death and afterlife</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Practices">4 Practices</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Communal_worship">4.1 Communal worship</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Sacraments_or_ordinances">4.2 Sacraments or ordinances</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Liturgical_calendar">4.3 Liturgical calendar</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Symbols">4.4 Symbols</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Baptism">4.5 Baptism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Prayer">4.6 Prayer</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Scriptures">5 Scriptures</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Catholic_interpretation">5.1 Catholic interpretation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Protestant_interpretation">5.2 Protestant interpretation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="#Qualities_of_Scripture">5.2.1 Qualities of Scripture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="#Original_intended_meaning_of_Scripture">5.2.2 Original intended meaning of Scripture</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Demographics">6 Demographics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Churches_and_denominations">7 Churches and denominations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Catholic_Church">7.1 Catholic Church</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Eastern_Orthodox_Church">7.2 Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Oriental_Orthodoxy">7.3 Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Church_of_the_East">7.4 Church of the East</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Protestantism">7.5 Protestantism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Restorationism">7.6 Restorationism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Other">7.7 Other</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#Cultural_influence">8 Cultural influence</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Influence_on_Western_culture">8.1 Influence on Western culture</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#Ecumenism">9 Ecumenism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#Criticism,_persecution,_and_apologetics">10 Criticism, persecution, and apologetics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Criticism">10.1 Criticism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#Persecution">10.2 Persecution</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Apologetics">10.3 Apologetics</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="#See_also">11 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-52"><a href="#Notes">12 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-53"><a href="#References">13 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-54"><a href="#Bibliography">13.1 Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-55"><a href="#Further_reading">14 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-56"><a href="#External_links">15 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Early Jewish Christians referred to themselves as 'The Way' (<a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: τῆς ὁδοῦ, romanized: tês hodoû), probably coming from <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_40:3" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaiah 40:3">Isaiah 40:3</a>, "prepare the way of the Lord".<a href="#cite_note-30">[note 5]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Acts_11:26" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts 11:26">Acts 11:26</a>, the term "Christian" (Χρῑστῐᾱνός, Khrīstiānós), meaning "followers of Christ" in reference to Jesus's <a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">disciples</a>, was first used in the city of <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Antioch</a> by the non-Jewish inhabitants there.<a href="#cite_note-31">[26]</a> The earliest recorded use of the term "Christianity/Christianism" (Χρῑστῐᾱνισμός, Khrīstiānismós) was by <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a> around 100 <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElwellComfort2001266,_828-32">[27]</a> The name Jesus comes from <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Ἰησοῦς Iēsous, likely from <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>: יֵשׁוּעַ Yēšūaʿ. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline of Christianity</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Christianity">Early Christianity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apostolic_Age">Apostolic Age</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">Christianity in the 1st century</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_73792_mount_zion_jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/PikiWiki_Israel_73792_mount_zion_jerusalem.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_73792_mount_zion_jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5712" data-file-height="3808"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/PikiWiki_Israel_73792_mount_zion_jerusalem.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_73792_mount_zion_jerusalem.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/PikiWiki_Israel_73792_mount_zion_jerusalem.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_73792_mount_zion_jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/PikiWiki_Israel_73792_mount_zion_jerusalem.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_73792_mount_zion_jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cenacle" title="Cenacle">Cenacle</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Zion" title="Mount Zion">Mount Zion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, claimed to be the location of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></figcaption></figure> Christianity developed during the 1st century AD as a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christian</a> sect with <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic</a> influence<a href="#cite_note-33">[28]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[30]</a> An early Jewish Christian community was founded in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> under the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_the_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillars of the Church">Pillars of the Church</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/James_the_Just" class="mw-redirect" title="James the Just">James the Just</a>, the brother of Jesus, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a>, and John.<a href="#cite_note-36">[31]</a> Jewish Christianity soon attracted Gentile God-fearers, posing a problem for its <a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Jewish religious outlook</a>, which insisted on close observance of the Jewish commandments. <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> solved this by insisting that salvation by <a href="/wiki/Pistis_Christou" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistis Christou">faith in Christ</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Participation_in_Christ" title="Participation in Christ">participation</a> in his death and resurrection by their baptism, sufficed.<a href="#cite_note-37">[32]</a> At first he persecuted the early Christians, but after a conversion experience he preached to the <a href="/wiki/Gentiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentiles">gentiles</a>, and is regarded as having had a formative effect on the emerging <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> identity as separate from Judaism. Eventually, his departure from Jewish customs would result in the establishment of Christianity as an independent religion.<a href="#cite_note-38">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ante-Nicene_period">Ante-Nicene period</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Christianity in the ante-Nicene period</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P46.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/170px-P46.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="819"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 240px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/170px-P46.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="240" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/255px-P46.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/340px-P46.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A folio from <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_46" title="Papyrus 46">Papyrus 46</a>, an early-3rd-century collection of <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></figcaption></figure> This formative period was followed by the early <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a>, whom Christians consider the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">successors of Christ's apostles</a>. From the year 150, Christian teachers began to produce theological and apologetic works aimed at defending the faith. These authors are known as the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>, and the study of them is called <a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">patristics</a>. Notable early Fathers include <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>. <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution of Christians</a> occurred intermittently and on a small scale by both Jewish and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_early_Christians_by_the_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of early Christians by the Romans">Roman authorities</a>, with Roman action starting at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome" title="Great Fire of Rome">Great Fire of Rome</a> in 64 AD. Examples of early executions under Jewish authority reported in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> include the deaths of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Saint Stephen</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[34]</a> and <a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Zebedee" class="mw-redirect" title="James, son of Zebedee">James, son of Zebedee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Decian_persecution" title="Decian persecution">Decian persecution</a> was the first empire-wide conflict,<a href="#cite_note-41">[36]</a> when the edict of <a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> in 250 AD required everyone in the Roman Empire (except Jews) to perform a sacrifice to the Roman gods. The <a href="/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution" title="Diocletianic Persecution">Diocletianic Persecution</a> beginning in 303 AD was also particularly severe. Roman persecution ended in 313 AD with the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a>. While <a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodox Christianity</a> was becoming dominant, heterodox sects also existed at the same time, which held radically different beliefs. <a href="/wiki/Gnostic_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic Christianity">Gnostic Christianity</a> developed a <a href="/wiki/Duotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Duotheistic">duotheistic</a> doctrine based on illusion and enlightenment rather than forgiveness of sin. With only a few scriptures overlapping with the developing orthodox canon, most <a href="/wiki/Gnostic_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic texts">Gnostic texts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gnostic_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic gospels">Gnostic gospels</a> were eventually considered heretical and suppressed by mainstream Christians. A gradual splitting off of <a href="/wiki/Gentile_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentile Christianity">Gentile Christianity</a> left <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christians">Jewish Christians</a> continuing to follow the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">Law of Moses</a>, including practices such as circumcision. By the fifth century, they and the <a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Christian_gospels" title="Jewish–Christian gospels">Jewish–Christian gospels</a> would be largely suppressed by the dominant sects in both Judaism and Christianity. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spread_and_acceptance_in_Roman_Empire">Spread and acceptance in Roman Empire</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire">Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Thessalonica" title="Edict of Thessalonica">Edict of Thessalonica</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mor-mattai.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mor-mattai.png/220px-Mor-mattai.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mor-mattai.png/220px-Mor-mattai.png" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mor-mattai.png/330px-Mor-mattai.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mor-mattai.png/440px-Mor-mattai.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mar_Mattai_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Mattai Monastery">Monastery of St. Matthew</a>, located atop <a href="/wiki/Mount_Alfaf" title="Mount Alfaf">Mount Alfaf</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, is recognized as one of the oldest Christian monasteries in existence.<a href="#cite_note-42">[37]</a></figcaption></figure> Christianity spread to <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>-speaking peoples along the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean coast">Mediterranean coast</a> and also to the inland parts of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and beyond that into the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> and the later <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, which was dominated at different times and to varying extents by these empires.<a href="#cite_note-43">[38]</a> The presence of Christianity in Africa began in the middle of the 1st century in Egypt and by the end of the 2nd century in the region around <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark the Evangelist</a> is claimed to have started the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Alexandria" title="Church of Alexandria">Church of Alexandria</a> in about 43 AD; various later churches claim this as their own legacy, including the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[41]</a> Important Africans who influenced the early development of Christianity include <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Origen_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Origen of Alexandria">Origen of Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athanasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Athanasius">Athanasius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kohrvirab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kohrvirab.jpg/220px-Kohrvirab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2334"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kohrvirab.jpg/220px-Kohrvirab.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kohrvirab.jpg/330px-Kohrvirab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kohrvirab.jpg/440px-Kohrvirab.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The 7th-century <a href="/wiki/Khor_Virap" title="Khor Virap">Khor Virap</a> monastery in the shadow of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat" title="Mount Ararat">Mount Ararat</a>; <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> was the first state to adopt Christianity as the state religion in the early 4th century AD.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-47">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-almanac-48">[43]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Armenia" title="Tiridates III of Armenia">King Tiridates III</a> made Christianity the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> in the early 4th century AD, making Armenia the first officially Christian state.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-47">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-almanac-48">[43]</a> It was not an entirely new religion in Armenia, having penetrated into the country from at least the third century, but it may have been present even earlier.<a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a> was exposed to Christianity in his youth, and throughout his life his support for the religion grew, culminating in baptism on his deathbed.<a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a> During his reign, state-sanctioned persecution of Christians was ended with the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Serdica" title="Edict of Serdica">Edict of Toleration</a> in 311 and the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a> in 313. At that point, Christianity was still a minority belief, comprising perhaps only 5% of the Roman population.<a href="#cite_note-51">[46]</a> Influenced by his adviser <a href="/wiki/Mardonius_(philosopher)" title="Mardonius (philosopher)">Mardonius</a>, Constantine's nephew <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a> unsuccessfully tried to suppress Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-52">[47]</a> On 27 February 380, <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a> established <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene Christianity</a> as the <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">State church of the Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a> As soon as it became connected to the state, Christianity grew wealthy; the Church solicited donations from the rich and could now own land.<a href="#cite_note-54">[49]</a> Constantine was also instrumental in the convocation of the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> in 325, which sought to address <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> and formulated the Nicene Creed, which is still used by in <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, and many other <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> churches.<a href="#cite_note-55">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-UMC%E2%80%94Our_Common_Heritage_as_Christians-56">[51]</a> Nicaea was the first of a series of <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical councils</a>, which formally defined critical elements of the theology of the Church, notably concerning <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[52]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> did not accept the third and following ecumenical councils and is still separate today by its successors (<a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>). In terms of prosperity and cultural life, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> was one of the peaks in <a href="/wiki/Christian_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian history">Christian history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian civilization">Christian civilization</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Cameron_2006_42-58">[53]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> remained the leading city of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian world">Christian world</a> in size, wealth, and culture.<a href="#cite_note-59">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">There was a renewed interest in classical Greek philosophy</a>, as well as an increase in literary output in vernacular Greek.<a href="#cite_note-60">[55]</a> Byzantine art and literature held a preeminent place in Europe, and the cultural impact of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine art</a> on the West during this period was enormous and of long-lasting significance.<a href="#cite_note-61">[56]</a> The later rise of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in North Africa reduced the size and numbers of Christian congregations, leaving in large numbers only the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Church</a> in Egypt, the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> in the Horn of Africa and the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sudan" title="Christianity in Sudan">Nubian Church</a> in the Sudan (Nobatia, Makuria and Alodia). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Middle_Ages">Early Middle Ages</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krist_spred_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Krist_spred_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="226" data-file-height="168"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 226px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Krist_spred_3.jpg" data-width="226" data-height="168" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> by AD 600 after its <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread to Africa and Europe</a> from the Middle East</figcaption></figure> With the decline and <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Roman Empire in the West</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">papacy</a> became a political player, first visible in <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo</a>'s diplomatic dealings with <a href="/wiki/Attila_the_Hun" class="mw-redirect" title="Attila the Hun">Huns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez-p238-62">[57]</a> The church also entered into a long period of missionary activity and expansion among the various tribes. While <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianists</a> instituted the death penalty for practicing pagans (see the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Verden" title="Massacre of Verden">Massacre of Verden</a>, for example), <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> also spread among the <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez-p238-62">[57]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic peoples">Baltic</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic peoples</a>. Around 500, Christianity was thoroughly integrated into Byzantine and <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Kingdom of Italy</a> culture<a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a> set out <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Benedict" title="Rule of Saint Benedict">his Monastic Rule</a>, establishing a system of regulations for the foundation and running of <a href="/wiki/Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Monasteries">monasteries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez-p238-62">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> became a powerful force throughout Europe,<a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez-p238-62">[57]</a> and gave rise to many early centers of learning, most famously in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, contributing to the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance" title="Carolingian Renaissance">Carolingian Renaissance</a> of the 9th century. In the 7th century, <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Syria">Muslims conquered Syria</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>), North Africa, and Spain, converting some of the Christian population to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, including some of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Christianity in pre-Islamic Arabia">Christian populations in pre-Islamic Arabia</a>, and placing the rest under a separate <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">legal status</a>. Part of the Muslims' success was due to the exhaustion of the Byzantine Empire in its decades long conflict with <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullin200888-64">[59]</a> Beginning in the 8th century, with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Carolingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian">Carolingian</a> leaders, the Papacy sought greater political support in the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Kingdom">Frankish Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullin200893%E2%80%9394-65">[60]</a> The Middle Ages brought about major changes within the church.<a href="#cite_note-66">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Gregory the Great">Pope Gregory the Great</a> dramatically reformed the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">ecclesiastical structure</a> and administration.<a href="#cite_note-70">[65]</a> In the early 8th century, <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclasm</a> became a divisive issue, when it was sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantine</a> emperors. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Ecumenical Council of Nicaea</a> (787) finally pronounced in favor of icons.<a href="#cite_note-71">[66]</a> In the early 10th century, Western Christian monasticism was further rejuvenated through the leadership of the great Benedictine monastery of <a href="/wiki/Cluny_Abbey" title="Cluny Abbey">Cluny</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High_and_Late_Middle_Ages">High and Late Middle Ages</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesus-Christ-from-Hagia-Sophia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Jesus-Christ-from-Hagia-Sophia.jpg/170px-Jesus-Christ-from-Hagia-Sophia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 195px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Jesus-Christ-from-Hagia-Sophia.jpg/170px-Jesus-Christ-from-Hagia-Sophia.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="195" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Jesus-Christ-from-Hagia-Sophia.jpg/255px-Jesus-Christ-from-Hagia-Sophia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Jesus-Christ-from-Hagia-Sophia.jpg/340px-Jesus-Christ-from-Hagia-Sophia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An example of Byzantine pictorial art, the <a href="/wiki/De%C3%ABsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Deësis">Deësis</a> mosaic at the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia#De%C3%ABsis_mosaic" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Passages_d%27outremer_Fr5594,_fol._19r,_Concile_de_Clermont.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Passages_d%27outremer_Fr5594%2C_fol._19r%2C_Concile_de_Clermont.jpg/170px-Passages_d%27outremer_Fr5594%2C_fol._19r%2C_Concile_de_Clermont.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3163" data-file-height="4748"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Passages_d%27outremer_Fr5594%2C_fol._19r%2C_Concile_de_Clermont.jpg/170px-Passages_d%27outremer_Fr5594%2C_fol._19r%2C_Concile_de_Clermont.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Passages_d%27outremer_Fr5594%2C_fol._19r%2C_Concile_de_Clermont.jpg/255px-Passages_d%27outremer_Fr5594%2C_fol._19r%2C_Concile_de_Clermont.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Passages_d%27outremer_Fr5594%2C_fol._19r%2C_Concile_de_Clermont.jpg/340px-Passages_d%27outremer_Fr5594%2C_fol._19r%2C_Concile_de_Clermont.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Clermont" title="Council of Clermont">Council of Clermont</a>, where he preached the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>. Illustration by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Colombe" title="Jean Colombe">Jean Colombe</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Passages_d%27outremer" title="Passages d'outremer">Passages d'outremer</a>, c. 1490.</figcaption></figure> In the West, from the 11th century onward, some older cathedral schools <a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">became universities</a> (see, for example, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a>). Previously, higher education had been the domain of Christian <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_school" title="Cathedral school">cathedral schools</a> or <a href="/wiki/Monastic_school" title="Monastic school">monastic schools</a> (Scholae monasticae), led by <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nuns</a>. Evidence of such schools dates back to the 6th century AD.<a href="#cite_note-73">[68]</a> These new universities expanded the curriculum to include academic programs for clerics, lawyers, civil servants, and physicians.<a href="#cite_note-74">[69]</a> The university is generally regarded as an institution that has its origin in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">Medieval Christian</a> setting.<a href="#cite_note-verger1999-75">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[72]</a> Accompanying the rise of the "new towns" throughout Europe, <a href="/wiki/Mendicant_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendicant order">mendicant orders</a> were founded, bringing the <a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecrated life (Catholic Church)">consecrated religious life</a> out of the monastery and into the new urban setting. The two principal mendicant movements were the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[73]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-79">[74]</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a>, respectively. Both orders made significant contributions to the development of the great universities of Europe. Another new order was the <a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a>, whose large, isolated monasteries spearheaded the settlement of former wilderness areas. In this period, church building and ecclesiastical architecture reached new heights, culminating in the orders of <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a> and the building of the great European cathedrals.<a href="#cite_note-80">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a> emerged during this era in which Christians felt the desire to recover lands in which Christianity had historically flourished.<a href="#cite_note-81">[76]</a> From 1095 under the pontificate of <a href="/wiki/Urban_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban II">Urban II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a> was launched.<a href="#cite_note-82">[77]</a> These were a series of military campaigns in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> and elsewhere, initiated in response to pleas from the Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexios I">Alexios I</a> for aid against <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> expansion. The Crusades ultimately failed to stifle Islamic aggression and even contributed to Christian enmity with the sacking of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[78]</a> The Christian Church experienced internal conflict between the 7th and 13th centuries that resulted in a <a href="/wiki/East-West_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="East-West Schism">schism</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> of <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a> branch, the now-Catholic Church, and an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a>, largely Greek, branch (the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>). The two sides disagreed on a number of administrative, liturgical and doctrinal issues, most prominently <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[80]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a> (1274) and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> (1439) attempted to reunite the churches, but in both cases, the Eastern Orthodox refused to implement the decisions, and the two principal churches remain in schism to the present day. However, the Catholic Church has achieved union with various <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">smaller eastern churches</a>. In the thirteenth century, a new emphasis on Jesus' suffering, exemplified by the Franciscans' preaching, had the consequence of turning worshippers' attention towards Jews, on whom <a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Christians had placed the blame for Jesus' death</a>. Christianity's limited tolerance of Jews was not new—Augustine of Hippo said that Jews should not be allowed to enjoy the citizenship that Christians took for granted—but the growing antipathy towards Jews was a factor that led to <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Expulsion" title="Edict of Expulsion">the expulsion of Jews from England in 1290</a>, the first of many such expulsions in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-86">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[82]</a> Beginning around 1184, following the crusade against <a href="/wiki/Cathars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathars">Cathar</a> heresy,<a href="#cite_note-88">[83]</a> various institutions, broadly referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a>, were established with the aim of suppressing <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> and securing religious and doctrinal unity within Christianity through <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">conversion</a> and prosecution.<a href="#cite_note-89">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation">Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Papacy" title="Renaissance Papacy">Renaissance Papacy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luther_95_Thesen.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Luther_95_Thesen.png/170px-Luther_95_Thesen.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3228" data-file-height="4611"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 243px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Luther_95_Thesen.png/170px-Luther_95_Thesen.png" data-width="170" data-height="243" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Luther_95_Thesen.png/255px-Luther_95_Thesen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Luther_95_Thesen.png/340px-Luther_95_Thesen.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> initiated the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> with his <a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a> in 1517.</figcaption></figure> The 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> brought about a renewed interest in ancient and classical learning. During the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> posted the <a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a> 1517 against the sale of <a href="/wiki/Indulgences" class="mw-redirect" title="Indulgences">indulgences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Simon-90">[85]</a> Printed copies soon spread throughout Europe. In 1521 the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Worms" class="mw-redirect" title="Edict of Worms">Edict of Worms</a> condemned and excommunicated Luther and his followers, resulting in the schism of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christendom</a> into several branches.<a href="#cite_note-91">[86]</a> Other reformers like <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Oecolampadius" title="Johannes Oecolampadius">Oecolampadius</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius">Arminius</a> further criticized Catholic teaching and worship. These challenges developed into the movement called <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, which repudiated the <a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">primacy of the pope</a>, the role of tradition, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic sacraments">seven sacraments</a>, and other doctrines and practices.<a href="#cite_note-Simon-90">[85]</a> The <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Reformation in England</a> began in 1534, when <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">King Henry VIII</a> had himself <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Supremacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Supremacy">declared head</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. Beginning in 1536, the monasteries throughout England, Wales and Ireland were <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">dissolved</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Thomas Müntzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Karlstadt" title="Andreas Karlstadt">Andreas Karlstadt</a> and other theologians perceived both the Catholic Church and the confessions of the <a href="/wiki/Magisterial_Reformation" title="Magisterial Reformation">Magisterial Reformation</a> as corrupted. Their activity brought about the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a>, which gave birth to various <a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a> denominations. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned_edit.jpg/220px-Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="1660"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 231px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned_edit.jpg/220px-Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned_edit.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="231" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned_edit.jpg/330px-Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned_edit.jpg/440px-Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned_edit.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>'s 1498–99 <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo%27s_Piet%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Michelangelo's Pietà">Pietà</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>; the Catholic Church was among the patronages of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a></figcaption></figure> Partly in response to the Protestant Reformation, the Catholic Church engaged in a substantial process of reform and renewal, known as the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> or Catholic Reform.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004242%E2%80%93244-96">[91]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> clarified and reasserted Catholic doctrine. During the following centuries, competition between Catholicism and Protestantism became deeply entangled with political struggles among European states.<a href="#cite_note-97">[92]</a> Meanwhile, the discovery of America by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> in 1492 brought about a new wave of missionary activity. Partly from missionary zeal, but under the impetus of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial expansion</a> by the European powers, Christianity spread to the Americas, Oceania, East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Throughout Europe, the division caused by the Reformation led to outbreaks of <a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">religious violence</a> and the establishment of separate state churches in Europe. <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> spread into the northern, central, and eastern parts of present-day Germany, <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a>, and Scandinavia. <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> was established in England in 1534. <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> and its varieties, such as <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a>, were introduced in Scotland, the Netherlands, Hungary, Switzerland, and France. <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a> gained followers in the Netherlands and <a href="/wiki/Frisia" title="Frisia">Frisia</a>. Ultimately, these differences led to the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">conflicts</a> in which religion played a key factor. The <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> are prominent examples. These events intensified the <a href="/wiki/Christian_debate_on_persecution_and_toleration" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian debate on persecution and toleration">Christian debate on persecution and toleration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a> In the revival of neoplatonism <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanists</a> did not reject Christianity; quite the contrary, many of the greatest works of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> were devoted to it, and the Catholic Church patronized many works of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-openuni-99">[94]</a> Much, if not most, of the new art was commissioned by or in dedication to the Church.<a href="#cite_note-openuni-99">[94]</a> Some scholars and historians attribute Christianity to having contributed to the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a> Many well-known historical figures who influenced <a href="/wiki/Western_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Western science">Western science</a> considered themselves Christian such as <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-101">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>,<a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>,<a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-Enlightenment">Post-Enlightenment</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madonna_and_Child,_Kakure_Kirishitan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Madonna_and_Child%2C_Kakure_Kirishitan.jpg/220px-Madonna_and_Child%2C_Kakure_Kirishitan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="416"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 247px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Madonna_and_Child%2C_Kakure_Kirishitan.jpg/220px-Madonna_and_Child%2C_Kakure_Kirishitan.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="247" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Madonna_and_Child%2C_Kakure_Kirishitan.jpg/330px-Madonna_and_Child%2C_Kakure_Kirishitan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Madonna_and_Child%2C_Kakure_Kirishitan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A depiction of <a href="/wiki/Madonna_and_Child" class="mw-redirect" title="Madonna and Child">Madonna and Child</a> in a 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Kakure_Kirishitan" title="Kakure Kirishitan">Kakure Kirishitan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ukiyo-e" title="Ukiyo-e">Japanese woodcut</a></figcaption></figure> In the era known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a>, when in the West, the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific revolution">scientific revolution</a> brought about great societal changes, Christianity was confronted with various forms of <a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">skepticism</a> and with certain modern <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">political ideologies</a>, such as versions of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a> Events ranged from mere <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clericalism</a> to violent outbursts against Christianity, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dechristianisation_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution">dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, and certain <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> movements, especially <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution (1917)">the Russian Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union">persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union</a> under <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[106]</a> Especially pressing in Europe was the formation of <a href="/wiki/Nation_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation states">nation states</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a>. In all European countries, different Christian denominations found themselves in competition to greater or lesser extents with each other and with the state. Variables were the relative sizes of the denominations and the religious, political, and ideological orientation of the states. Urs Altermatt of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Fribourg" title="University of Fribourg">University of Fribourg</a>, looking specifically at Catholicism in Europe, identifies four models for the European nations. In traditionally Catholic-majority countries such as Belgium, Spain, and Austria, to some extent, religious and national communities are more or less identical. Cultural symbiosis and separation are found in Poland, the Republic of Ireland, and Switzerland, all countries with competing denominations. Competition is found in Germany, the Netherlands, and again Switzerland, all countries with minority Catholic populations, which to a greater or lesser extent identified with the nation. Finally, separation between religion (again, specifically Catholicism) and the state is found to a great degree in France and Italy, countries where the state actively opposed itself to the authority of the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-112">[107]</a> The combined factors of the formation of nation states and <a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">ultramontanism</a>, especially in Germany and the Netherlands, but also in England to a much lesser extent,<a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a> often forced Catholic churches, organizations, and believers to choose between the national demands of the state and the authority of the Church, specifically the papacy. This conflict came to a head in the <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a>, and in Germany would lead directly to the <a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Consecration_of_new_pastors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Consecration_of_new_pastors.jpg/220px-Consecration_of_new_pastors.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Consecration_of_new_pastors.jpg/220px-Consecration_of_new_pastors.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Consecration_of_new_pastors.jpg/330px-Consecration_of_new_pastors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Consecration_of_new_pastors.jpg/440px-Consecration_of_new_pastors.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a> of new pastors in <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, 2014</figcaption></figure> Christian commitment in Europe dropped as modernity and secularism came into their own,<a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a> particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a> while religious commitments in America have been generally high in comparison to Europe. Changes in worldwide Christianity over the last century have been significant, since 1900, Christianity has spread rapidly in the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">Global South</a> and Third World countries.<a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a> The late 20th century has shown the shift of Christian adherence to the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> and the Southern Hemisphere in general,<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a> with the West no longer the chief standard bearer of Christianity. Approximately 7 to 10% of <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> are <a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians_and_Arabic-speaking_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Christians and Arabic-speaking Christians">Christians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a> most prevalent in Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> While Christians worldwide share basic convictions, there are differences of interpretations and opinions of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">sacred traditions</a> on which Christianity is based.<a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creeds">Creeds</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Christian_creed" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian creed">Christian creed</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_creeds" title="List of Christian creeds">List of Christian creeds</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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.side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_Creed" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></div></div></div> </div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicaea_icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nicaea_icon.jpg/220px-Nicaea_icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1388"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 298px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nicaea_icon.jpg/220px-Nicaea_icon.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="298" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nicaea_icon.jpg/330px-Nicaea_icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nicaea_icon.jpg/440px-Nicaea_icon.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christian</a> icon depicting <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I and Christianity">Emperor Constantine</a> and the Fathers of the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> (325) as holding the Niceno–Constantinopolitan Creed of 381</figcaption></figure> Concise doctrinal statements or confessions of religious beliefs are known as <a href="/wiki/Creeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Creeds">creeds</a>. They began as baptismal formulae and were later expanded during the <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christological</a> controversies of the 4th and 5th centuries to become statements of faith. "<a href="/wiki/Jesus_is_Lord" title="Jesus is Lord">Jesus is Lord</a>" is the earliest creed of Christianity and continues to be used, as with the <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a> is the most widely accepted statement of the articles of Christian faith. It is used by a number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian denominations</a> for both <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">catechetical</a> purposes, most visibly by liturgical churches of <a href="/wiki/Western_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Christian">Western Christian</a> tradition, including the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a>. It is also used by <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalists</a>. This particular creed was developed between the 2nd and 9th centuries. Its central doctrines are those of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> and <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> the <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">Creator</a>. Each of the doctrines found in this creed can be traced to statements current in the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">apostolic period</a>. The creed was apparently used as a summary of Christian doctrine for baptismal candidates in the churches of Rome.<a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a> Its points include: <ul><li>Belief in <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nontrinitarianism-11">[note 2]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Spirit (Christianity)">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">death</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell" title="Harrowing of Hell">descent into hell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">ascension</a> of Christ</li> <li>The holiness of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Communion_of_saints" title="Communion of saints">communion of saints</a></li> <li>Christ's <a href="/wiki/Second_coming" class="mw-redirect" title="Second coming">second coming</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Day of Judgement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a> of the faithful</li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a> was formulated, largely in response to <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>, at the Councils of <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in 325 and 381 respectively,<a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a> and ratified as the universal creed of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> by the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Ephesus">First Council of Ephesus</a> in 431.<a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Definition" title="Chalcedonian Definition">Chalcedonian Definition</a>, or Creed of Chalcedon, developed at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> in 451,<a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a> though rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a>,<a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a> taught Christ "to be acknowledged in two natures, inconfusedly, unchangeably, indivisibly, inseparably": one divine and one human, and that both natures, while perfect in themselves, are nevertheless also <a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">perfectly united into one person</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a>, received in the Western Church as having the same status as the Nicene and Chalcedonian, says: "We worship one God in Trinity, and Trinity in Unity; neither confounding the Persons nor dividing the <a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Substance</a>".<a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a> Most Christians (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> alike) accept the use of creeds and subscribe to at least one of the creeds mentioned above.<a href="#cite_note-UMC%E2%80%94Our_Common_Heritage_as_Christians-56">[51]</a> Certain <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Protestants">Evangelical Protestants</a>, though not all of them, reject creeds as definitive statements of faith, even while agreeing with some or all of the substance of the creeds. Also rejecting creeds are groups with roots in the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restoration Movement</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)" title="Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)">Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christian_Church_in_Canada" title="Evangelical Christian Church in Canada">Evangelical Christian Church in Canada</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a>: 14–15 <a href="#cite_note-133">[128]</a>: 123 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jesus">Jesus</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus in Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ (title)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation (Christianity)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology" title="Jesus in comparative mythology">Jesus in comparative mythology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CompositeJesus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/CompositeJesus.JPG/220px-CompositeJesus.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="398"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 322px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/CompositeJesus.JPG/220px-CompositeJesus.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="322" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/CompositeJesus.JPG 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Various <a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">depictions of Jesus</a></figcaption></figure> The central tenet of Christianity is the belief in <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a><a href="#cite_note-nontrinitarianism-11">[note 2]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> (Christ).<a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a> Christians believe that Jesus, as the Messiah, was <a href="/wiki/Anointing" title="Anointing">anointed</a> by God as savior of humanity and hold that Jesus's coming was the fulfillment of <a href="/wiki/Christian_messianic_prophecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian messianic prophecies">messianic prophecies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>. The Christian concept of messiah differs significantly from <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">the contemporary Jewish concept</a>. The core Christian belief is that through belief in and acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Death_and_Resurrection_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Death and Resurrection of Jesus">the death and resurrection of Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">sinful</a> humans can be reconciled to God, and thereby are offered salvation and the promise of <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">eternal life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a> While there have been many <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">theological</a> disputes over the <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">nature of Jesus</a> over the earliest centuries of Christian history, generally, Christians believe that Jesus is <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">God incarnate</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">true God and true man</a>" (or both fully divine and fully human). Jesus, having become <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">fully human</a>, suffered the pains and temptations of a mortal man, but did not <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">sin</a>. As fully God, he rose to life again. According to the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, he <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">rose</a> from the dead,<a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">ascended</a> to heaven, is seated at the right hand of the Father,<a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a> and will ultimately <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">return</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a> to fulfill the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Messianic_prophecy" class="mw-redirect" title="Messianic prophecy">Messianic prophecy</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">resurrection of the dead</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a>, and the final establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Kingdom of God (Christianity)">Kingdom of God</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Canonical_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical gospels">canonical gospels</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a>, Jesus was <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">conceived</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Spirit (Christianity)">Holy Spirit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">born</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">the Virgin Mary</a>. Little of Jesus's childhood is recorded in the canonical gospels, although <a href="/wiki/Infancy_gospels" title="Infancy gospels">infancy gospels</a> were popular in antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-140">[135]</a> In comparison, his adulthood, especially the week before his death, is well documented in the gospels contained within the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, because that part of his life is believed to be most important. The biblical accounts of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Jesus's ministry</a> include: <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">his baptism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">miracles</a>, preaching, teaching, and deeds. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Death_and_resurrection">Death and resurrection</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cristo_crucificado.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cristo_crucificado.jpg/170px-Cristo_crucificado.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2046" data-file-height="3051"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 254px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cristo_crucificado.jpg/170px-Cristo_crucificado.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="254" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cristo_crucificado.jpg/255px-Cristo_crucificado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cristo_crucificado.jpg/340px-Cristo_crucificado.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christ_Crucified_(Vel%C3%A1zquez)" title="Christ Crucified (Velázquez)">Crucifixion</a>, representing the death of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Cross">Cross</a>, painting by <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Diego Velázquez">Diego Velázquez</a>, c. 1632</figcaption></figure> Christians consider the resurrection of Jesus to be the cornerstone of their faith (see <a href="/wiki/1_Corinthians_15" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians 15">1 Corinthians 15</a>) and the most important event in history.<a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a> Among Christian beliefs, the death and resurrection of Jesus are two core events on which much of Christian doctrine and theology is based.<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a> According to the New Testament, Jesus was <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucified</a>, died a physical death, was buried within a tomb, and rose from the dead three days later.<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Overview_of_resurrection_appearances_in_the_Gospels_and_Paul" title="Overview of resurrection appearances in the Gospels and Paul">New Testament mentions</a> several <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus#Biblical_accounts" title="Resurrection of Jesus">post-resurrection appearances of Jesus</a> on different occasions to his <a href="/wiki/Twelve_apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve apostles">twelve apostles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">disciples</a>, including "more than five hundred brethren at once",<a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a> before Jesus's <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">ascension</a> to heaven. Jesus's death and resurrection are commemorated by Christians in all worship services, with special emphasis during <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a>, which includes <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a> and <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> Sunday. The death and resurrection of Jesus are usually considered the most important events in <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a>, partly because they demonstrate that Jesus has power over life and death and therefore has the authority and power to give people <a href="/wiki/Eternal_life_(Christianity)" title="Eternal life (Christianity)">eternal life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a> Christian churches accept and teach the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> account of the resurrection of Jesus with very few exceptions.<a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a> Some modern scholars use the belief of Jesus's followers in the resurrection as a point of departure for establishing the continuity of the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">historical Jesus</a> and the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Early_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early church">early church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[142]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">liberal Christians</a> do not accept a literal bodily resurrection,<a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a> seeing the story as richly symbolic and spiritually nourishing <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">myth</a>. Arguments over death and resurrection claims occur at many religious <a href="/wiki/Debate" title="Debate">debates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_dialogue" title="Interfaith dialogue">interfaith dialogues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>, an early Christian convert and missionary, wrote, "If Christ was not raised, then all our preaching is useless, and your trust in God is useless".<a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salvation">Salvation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation in Christianity</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life". </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— John 3:16, NIV<a href="#cite_note-153">[148]</a></cite> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucas_Cranach_(I)_-_The_Law_and_the_Gospel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_-_The_Law_and_the_Gospel.jpg/220px-Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_-_The_Law_and_the_Gospel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1679" data-file-height="1354"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 177px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_-_The_Law_and_the_Gospel.jpg/220px-Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_-_The_Law_and_the_Gospel.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="177" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_-_The_Law_and_the_Gospel.jpg/330px-Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_-_The_Law_and_the_Gospel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_-_The_Law_and_the_Gospel.jpg/440px-Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_-_The_Law_and_the_Gospel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel_(Cranach)" title="Law and Gospel (Cranach)">The Law and the Gospel</a> by Lucas Cranach the Elder (1529); Moses and Elijah point the sinner to Jesus for salvation.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>, like Jews and Roman <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagans</a> of his time, believed that sacrifice can bring about new kinship ties, purity, and eternal life.<a href="#cite_note-remedy-154">[149]</a> For Paul, the necessary sacrifice was the death of Jesus: Gentiles who are "Christ's" are, like Israel, descendants of Abraham and "heirs according to the promise"<a href="#cite_note-155">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a> The God who raised Jesus from the dead would also give new life to the "mortal bodies" of Gentile Christians, who had become with Israel, the "children of God", and were therefore no longer "in the flesh".<a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-remedy-154">[149]</a> Modern Christian churches tend to be much more concerned with how humanity can be <a href="/wiki/Eternal_salvation" class="mw-redirect" title="Eternal salvation">saved</a> from a universal condition of sin and death than the question of how both Jews and Gentiles can be in God's family. According to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> theology, based upon their understanding of the atonement as put forward by Irenaeus' <a href="/wiki/Recapitulation_(Irenaeus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Recapitulation (Irenaeus)">recapitulation theory</a>, Jesus' death is a <a href="/wiki/Ransom_theory_of_atonement" title="Ransom theory of atonement">ransom</a>. This restores the relation with God, who is loving and reaches out to humanity, and offers the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Orthodox_theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosis (Eastern Orthodox theology)">theosis</a> c.q. <a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">divinization</a>, becoming the kind of humans God wants humanity to be. According to Catholic doctrine, Jesus' death <a href="/wiki/Satisfaction_theory_of_atonement" title="Satisfaction theory of atonement">satisfies</a> the wrath of God, aroused by the offense to God's honor caused by human's sinfulness. The Catholic Church teaches that salvation does not occur without faithfulness on the part of Christians; converts must live in accordance with principles of love and ordinarily must be baptized.<a href="#cite_note-158">[153]</a> In Protestant theology, Jesus' death is regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Penal_substitution" title="Penal substitution">substitutionary penalty</a> carried by Jesus, for the debt that has to be paid by humankind when it broke God's moral law.<a href="#cite_note-159">[154]</a> Christians differ in their views on the extent to which individuals' salvation is pre-ordained by God. Reformed theology places distinctive emphasis on grace by teaching that individuals are <a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">completely incapable of self-redemption</a>, but that <a href="/wiki/Irresistible_grace" title="Irresistible grace">sanctifying grace is irresistible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a> In contrast <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a>, Orthodox Christians, and <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminian</a> Protestants believe that the exercise of <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> is necessary to have faith in Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-161">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trinity">Trinity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg/200px-Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="468"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg/200px-Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg.png" data-width="200" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg/300px-Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg/400px-Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> is the belief that <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> is one God in three persons: the <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a>, the <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Spirit (Christianity)">Holy Spirit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a></figcaption></figure> Trinity refers to the teaching that the one God<a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a> comprises three distinct, eternally co-existing persons: the <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a>, the Son (incarnate in Jesus Christ) and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>. Together, these three persons are sometimes called the <a href="/wiki/Godhead_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Godhead (Christianity)">Godhead</a>,<a href="#cite_note-164">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a> although there is no single term in use in Scripture to denote the unified Godhead.<a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a> In the words of the <a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a>, an early statement of Christian belief, "the Father is God, the Son is God, and the Holy Spirit is God, and yet there are not three Gods but one God".<a href="#cite_note-168">[163]</a> They are distinct from another: the Father has no source, the Son is begotten of the Father, and the Spirit proceeds from the Father. Though distinct, the three persons cannot be divided from one another in being or in operation. While some Christians also believe that God appeared as the Father in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, it is agreed that he appeared as the Son in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> and will still continue to manifest as the Holy Spirit in the present. But still, God still existed as three persons in each of these times.<a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a> However, traditionally there is a belief that it was the Son who appeared in the Old Testament because, for example, when the <a href="/wiki/Trinity#Art" title="Trinity">Trinity is depicted in art</a>, the Son typically has the distinctive appearance, a <a href="/wiki/Cruciform_halo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruciform halo">cruciform halo</a> identifying Christ, and in depictions of the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>, this looks forward to an Incarnation yet to occur. In some <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian art">Early Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcophagi">sarcophagi</a>, the Logos is distinguished with a beard, "which allows him to appear ancient, even pre-existent".<a href="#cite_note-170">[165]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> is an essential doctrine of mainstream Christianity. From earlier than the times of the Nicene Creed (325) Christianity advocated<a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a> the triune <a href="/wiki/Holy_Mystery" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Mystery">mystery</a>-nature of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> as a normative profession of faith. According to <a href="/wiki/Roger_E._Olson" title="Roger E. Olson">Roger E. Olson</a> and Christopher Hall, through prayer, meditation, study and practice, the Christian community concluded "that God must exist as both a unity and trinity", codifying this in ecumenical council at the end of the 4th century.<a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[168]</a> According to this doctrine, God is not divided in the sense that each person has a third of the whole; rather, each person is considered to be fully God (see <a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a>). The distinction lies in their relations, the Father being unbegotten; the Son being begotten of the Father; and the Holy Spirit proceeding from the Father and (in <a href="/wiki/Western_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Christian">Western Christian</a> theology) <a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">from the Son</a>. Regardless of this apparent difference, the three "persons" are each <a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">eternal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Omnipotent" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnipotent">omnipotent</a>. Other Christian religions including <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a>, do not share those views on the Trinity. The Greek word trias<a href="#cite_note-174">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trias-Trinitas-178">[note 6]</a> is first seen in this sense in the works of <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a>; his text reads: "of the Trinity, of God, and of His Word, and of His Wisdom".<a href="#cite_note-179">[173]</a> The term may have been in use before this time; its Latin equivalent,<a href="#cite_note-Trias-Trinitas-178">[note 6]</a> trinitas,<a href="#cite_note-Trinitas-176">[171]</a> appears afterwards with an explicit reference to the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, in <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[175]</a> In the following century, the word was in general use. It is found in many passages of <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trinitarianism">Trinitarianism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitarianism">Trinitarianism</a></div> Trinitarianism denotes Christians who believe in the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>. Almost all Christian denominations and churches hold Trinitarian beliefs. Although the words "Trinity" and "Triune" do not appear in the Bible, beginning in the 3rd century theologians developed the term and concept to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Apprehension_(understanding)" title="Apprehension (understanding)">apprehension</a> of the New Testament teachings of God as being Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Since that time, Christian theologians have been careful to emphasize that Trinity does not imply that there are three gods (the antitrinitarian heresy of <a href="/wiki/Tritheism" title="Tritheism">Tritheism</a>), nor that each hypostasis of the Trinity is one-third of an infinite God (partialism), nor that the Son and the Holy Spirit are beings created by and subordinate to the Father (<a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>). Rather, the Trinity is defined as one God in three persons.<a href="#cite_note-183">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a></div> Nontrinitarianism (or antitrinitarianism) refers to theology that rejects the doctrine of the Trinity. Various nontrinitarian views, such as <a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">adoptionism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Modalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modalism">modalism</a>, existed in early Christianity, leading to disputes about <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[178]</a> Nontrinitarianism reappeared in the <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cathars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathars">Cathars</a> between the 11th and 13th centuries, among groups with <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a> theology in the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> of the 16th century,<a href="#cite_note-185">[179]</a> in the 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, among <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a> groups arising during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> of the 19th century, and most recently, in <a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostal</a> churches. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eschatology">Eschatology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian eschatology</a></div> The end of things, whether the end of an individual life, the end of the age, or the end of the world, broadly speaking, is Christian eschatology; the study of the destiny of humans as it is revealed in the Bible. The major issues in Christian eschatology are the <a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Tribulation</a>, death and the afterlife, (mainly for <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Christianity">Evangelical</a> groups) <a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">the Millennium</a> and the following <a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> of Jesus, <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_Dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the Dead">Resurrection of the Dead</a>, Heaven, (for <a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">liturgical</a> branches) <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a>, and Hell, the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a>, the end of the world, and the <a href="/wiki/New_Heavens_and_New_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="New Heavens and New Earth">New Heavens and New Earth</a>. Christians believe that the second coming of Christ will occur at the <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">end of time</a>, after a period of severe persecution (the Great Tribulation). All who have died will be <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">resurrected bodily from the dead</a> for the Last Judgment. Jesus will fully establish the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of God">Kingdom of God</a> in fulfillment of <a href="/wiki/Bible_prophecy" title="Bible prophecy">scriptural prophecies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Death_and_afterlife">Death and afterlife</h4></div> Most Christians believe that human beings experience divine judgment and are rewarded either with eternal life or <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">eternal damnation</a>. This includes the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">general judgement</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">resurrection of the dead</a> as well as the belief (held by Catholics,<a href="#cite_note-188">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[183]</a> Orthodox<a href="#cite_note-190">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[185]</a> and most Protestants) in a <a href="/wiki/Particular_judgment" title="Particular judgment">judgment particular to the individual soul</a> upon physical death. In the Catholic branch of Christianity, those who die in a state of grace, i.e., without any mortal sin separating them from God, but are still imperfectly purified from the effects of sin, undergo purification through the intermediate state of <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a> to achieve the holiness necessary for entrance into God's presence.<a href="#cite_note-192">[186]</a> Those who have attained this goal are called saints (Latin sanctus, "holy").<a href="#cite_note-193">[187]</a> Some Christian groups, such as Seventh-day Adventists, hold to <a href="/wiki/Christian_mortalism" title="Christian mortalism">mortalism</a>, the belief that the human soul is not naturally immortal, and is unconscious during the intermediate state between bodily death and resurrection. These Christians also hold to <a href="/wiki/Annihilationism" title="Annihilationism">Annihilationism</a>, the belief that subsequent to the final judgement, the wicked will cease to exist rather than suffer everlasting torment. Jehovah's Witnesses hold to a similar view.<a href="#cite_note-194">[188]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Practices">Practices</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Christian worship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">Church service</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass (liturgy)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reformed_worship" title="Reformed worship">Reformed worship</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship" title="Contemporary worship">Contemporary worship</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Complete-church-midnight-mass_(3135957575).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Complete-church-midnight-mass_%283135957575%29.jpg/220px-Complete-church-midnight-mass_%283135957575%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3762" data-file-height="2331"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Complete-church-midnight-mass_%283135957575%29.jpg/220px-Complete-church-midnight-mass_%283135957575%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Complete-church-midnight-mass_%283135957575%29.jpg/330px-Complete-church-midnight-mass_%283135957575%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Complete-church-midnight-mass_%283135957575%29.jpg/440px-Complete-church-midnight-mass_%283135957575%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Christmas Eve <a href="/wiki/Midnight_Mass" title="Midnight Mass">Midnight Mass</a> at a Catholic parish church in <a href="/wiki/Woodside,_Queens" title="Woodside, Queens">Woodside</a>, New York City, U.S.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Order_River_Brethren_women.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Old_Order_River_Brethren_women.jpg/220px-Old_Order_River_Brethren_women.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2156" data-file-height="1802"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 184px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Old_Order_River_Brethren_women.jpg/220px-Old_Order_River_Brethren_women.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="184" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Old_Order_River_Brethren_women.jpg/330px-Old_Order_River_Brethren_women.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Old_Order_River_Brethren_women.jpg/440px-Old_Order_River_Brethren_women.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Order Anabaptist">Old Order Anabaptist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Anabaptist">Conservative Anabaptist</a> women, for modesty, wear <a href="/wiki/Cape_dress" title="Cape dress">cape dresses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_head_covering" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian head covering">head coverings</a>, the latter of which is taught as a <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(Christianity)" title="Ordinance (Christianity)">church ordinance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hartzler2013-195">[189]</a></figcaption></figure> Depending on the specific <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">denomination of Christianity</a>, practices may include <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> (Holy Communion or the Lord's Supper), <a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">prayer</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a>), <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">confession</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">confirmation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_burial" title="Christian burial">burial rites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">marriage</a> rites and the religious education of children. Most denominations have <a href="/wiki/Ordained" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordained">ordained</a> <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> who lead regular <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/communal" class="extiw" title="wikt:communal">communal</a> worship services.<a href="#cite_note-White_71-82-196">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rite_(Christianity)" title="Rite (Christianity)">Christian rites</a>, rituals, and ceremonies are not celebrated in one single sacred language. Many ritualistic Christian churches make a distinction between sacred language, liturgical language and vernacular language. The three important languages in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christian era</a> were: <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communal_worship">Communal worship</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">Services</a> of worship typically follow a pattern or form known as <a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">liturgy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[note 7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a> described 2nd-century Christian liturgy in his <a href="/wiki/First_Apology" class="mw-redirect" title="First Apology">First Apology</a> (c. 150) to Emperor <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a>, and his description remains relevant to the basic structure of Christian liturgical worship: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">And Sundays, all who live in cities or in the country gather together to one place, and the memoirs of the apostles or the writings of the prophets are read, as long as time permits; then, when the reader has ceased, the <a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">president</a> verbally instructs, and exhorts to the imitation of these good things. Then we all rise together and pray, and, as we before said, when our prayer is ended, bread and wine and water are brought, and the president in like manner offers prayers and thanksgivings, according to his ability, and the people assent, saying <a href="/wiki/Amen" title="Amen">Amen</a>; and there is a distribution to each, and a participation of that over which thanks have been given, and to those who are absent a portion is sent by the deacons. And they who are well to do, and willing, give what each thinks fit; and what is collected is deposited with the president, who succours the orphans and widows and those who, through sickness or any other cause, are in want, and those who are in bonds and the strangers sojourning among us, and in a word takes care of all who are in need.<a href="#cite_note-justin-202">[195]</a></blockquote> Thus, as Justin described, Christians assemble for communal worship typically on Sunday, the day of the resurrection, though other liturgical practices often occur outside this setting. Scripture readings are drawn from the Old and New Testaments, but especially the gospels.<a href="#cite_note-203">[note 8]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[196]</a> Instruction is given based on these readings, in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Homily" title="Homily">homily</a>. There are a variety of <a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">congregational</a> prayers, including thanksgiving, confession, and <a href="/wiki/Intercession" title="Intercession">intercession</a>, which occur throughout the service and take a variety of forms including recited, responsive, silent, or sung.<a href="#cite_note-White_71-82-196">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worship_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Worship song">worship songs</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Church_music" title="Church music">church music</a> may be sung.<a href="#cite_note-205">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[198]</a> Services can be varied for special events like significant <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">feast days</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[199]</a> Nearly all forms of worship incorporate the Eucharist, which consists of a meal. It is reenacted in accordance with Jesus' instruction at the Last Supper that his followers do in remembrance of him as when he gave his disciples <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_bread" title="Sacramental bread">bread</a>, saying, "This is my body", and gave them <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_wine" title="Sacramental wine">wine</a> saying, "This is my blood".<a href="#cite_note-208">[200]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early church</a>, Christians and those yet to complete initiation would separate for the Eucharistic part of the service.<a href="#cite_note-209">[201]</a> Some denominations such as <a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional Lutheran">Confessional Lutheran</a> churches continue to practice '<a href="/wiki/Closed_communion" title="Closed communion">closed communion</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-210">[202]</a> They offer communion to those who are already united in that denomination or sometimes individual church. Catholics further restrict participation to their members who are not in a state of <a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">mortal sin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[203]</a> Many other churches, such as <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist Churches</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a>), practice '<a href="/wiki/Open_communion" title="Open communion">open communion</a>' since they view communion as a means to unity, rather than an end, and invite all believing Christians to participate.<a href="#cite_note-212">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacraments_or_ordinances">Sacraments or ordinances</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments of the Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_sacraments" title="Lutheran sacraments">Lutheran sacraments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglican_sacraments" title="Anglican sacraments">Anglican sacraments</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(Christianity)" title="Ordinance (Christianity)">Ordinance (Christianity)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rite_(Christianity)" title="Rite (Christianity)">Rite (Christianity)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pre-Tridentine_Mass" title="Pre-Tridentine Mass">Pre-Tridentine Mass</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #BCF5A9;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #BCF5A9;">2nd-century description of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> And this food is called among us Eukharistia [the Eucharist], of which no one is allowed to partake but the man who believes that the things which we teach are true, and who has been washed with the washing that is for the remission of sins, and unto regeneration, and who is so living as Christ has enjoined. For not as common bread and common drink do we receive these; but in like manner as Jesus Christ our Savior, having been made flesh by the Word of God, had both flesh and blood for our salvation, so likewise have we been taught that the food which is blessed by the prayer of His word, and from which our blood and flesh by transmutation are nourished, is the flesh and blood of that Jesus who was made flesh. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a><a href="#cite_note-justin-202">[195]</a></cite> </div> In Christian belief and practice, a sacrament is a <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rite</a>, instituted by Christ, that confers <a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">grace</a>, constituting a <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Mysteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Mysteries">sacred mystery</a>. The term is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word sacramentum, which was used to translate the Greek word for mystery. Views concerning both which rites are sacramental, and what it means for an act to be a sacrament, vary among Christian denominations and traditions.<a href="#cite_note-ODCC1435-215">[207]</a> The most conventional functional definition of a sacrament is that it is an outward sign, instituted by Christ, that conveys an inward, spiritual grace through Christ. The two most widely accepted sacraments are <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a> and the Eucharist; however, the majority of Christians also recognize five additional sacraments: <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(Christian_sacrament)" class="mw-redirect" title="Confirmation (Christian sacrament)">Confirmation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chrismation" title="Chrismation">Chrismation</a> in the Eastern tradition), <a href="/wiki/Holy_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Orders">Holy Orders</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordination</a>), <a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">Confession</a>), <a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick" class="mw-redirect" title="Anointing of the Sick">Anointing of the Sick</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Matrimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrimony">Matrimony</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Christian views on marriage</a>).<a href="#cite_note-ODCC1435-215">[207]</a> Taken together, these are the <a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Seven Sacraments</a> as recognized by churches in the <a href="/wiki/High_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church">High Church</a> tradition—notably <a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholic_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Catholic Churches">Independent Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Catholic">Old Catholic</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglican_sacraments" title="Anglican sacraments">Anglicans</a>. Most other denominations and traditions typically affirm only Baptism and Eucharist as sacraments, while some Protestant groups, such as the Quakers, reject sacramental theology.<a href="#cite_note-ODCC1435-215">[207]</a> Certain denominations of Christianity, such as Anabaptists, use the term "<a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(Christianity)" title="Ordinance (Christianity)">ordinances</a>" to refer to rites instituted by Jesus for Christians to observe.<a href="#cite_note-216">[208]</a> Seven ordinances have been taught in many <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Mennonite">Conservative Mennonite</a> Anabaptist churches, which include "baptism, communion, footwashing, marriage, anointing with oil, the holy kiss, and the prayer covering".<a href="#cite_note-Hartzler2013-195">[189]</a> In addition to this, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> has two additional sacraments in place of the traditional sacraments of Matrimony and the Anointing of the Sick. These include <a href="/wiki/Holy_Leaven" title="Holy Leaven">Holy Leaven</a> (Melka) and the <a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">sign of the cross</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[209]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Schwarzenau Brethren</a> Anabaptist churches, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dunkard_Brethren_Church" title="Dunkard Brethren Church">Dunkard Brethren Church</a>, observe the <a href="/wiki/Agape_feast" title="Agape feast">agape feast</a> (lovefeast), a <a href="/wiki/Rite_(Christianity)" title="Rite (Christianity)">rite</a> also observed by <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church">Methodist Churches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liturgical_calendar">Liturgical calendar</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical year</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></div> Catholics, Eastern Christians, Lutherans, Anglicans and other traditional Protestant communities frame worship around the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">liturgical year</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[211]</a> The liturgical cycle divides the year into a series of <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">seasons</a>, each with their theological emphases, and modes of prayer, which can be signified by different ways of decorating churches, colors of <a href="/wiki/Parament" title="Parament">paraments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">vestments</a> for clergy,<a href="#cite_note-calendar-220">[212]</a> scriptural readings, themes for preaching and even different traditions and practices often observed personally or in the home. Western Christian liturgical calendars are based on the cycle of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> of the Catholic Church,<a href="#cite_note-calendar-220">[212]</a> and Eastern Christians use analogous calendars based on the cycle of their respective <a href="/wiki/Christian_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian rite">rites</a>. Calendars set aside holy days, such as <a href="/wiki/Solemnity" title="Solemnity">solemnities</a> which commemorate an event in the life of Jesus, Mary, or the <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a>, and periods of <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a> and other pious events such as <a href="/wiki/Memoria" title="Memoria">memoria</a>, or lesser festivals commemorating saints. Christian groups that do not follow a liturgical tradition often retain certain celebrations, such as <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>: these are the celebrations of Christ's birth, resurrection, and the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the Church, respectively. A few denominations such as <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker Christians</a> make no use of a liturgical calendar.<a href="#cite_note-221">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols">Symbols</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Christian symbolism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ephesus_IchthysCrop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ephesus_IchthysCrop.jpg/230px-Ephesus_IchthysCrop.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="92" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="510"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 230px;height: 92px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ephesus_IchthysCrop.jpg/230px-Ephesus_IchthysCrop.jpg" data-width="230" data-height="92" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ephesus_IchthysCrop.jpg/345px-Ephesus_IchthysCrop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ephesus_IchthysCrop.jpg/460px-Ephesus_IchthysCrop.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An early circular <a href="/wiki/Ichthys" title="Ichthys">ichthys</a> symbol, created by combining the Greek letters <a href="/wiki/%CE%99%CE%A7%CE%98%CE%A5%CE%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="ΙΧΘΥΣ">ΙΧΘΥΣ</a> into a wheel, <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, Asia Minor</figcaption></figure> Most Christian denominations have not generally practiced <a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Christianity" title="Aniconism in Christianity">aniconism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-222">[214]</a> the avoidance or prohibition of devotional images, even if early <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a>, invoking the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Decalogue's</a> prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>, avoided figures in their symbols.<a href="#cite_note-223">[215]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">cross</a>, today one of the most widely recognized symbols, was used by Christians from the earliest times.<a href="#cite_note-224">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[217]</a> Tertullian, in his book De Corona, tells how it was already a tradition for Christians to trace the sign of the cross on their foreheads.<a href="#cite_note-226">[218]</a> Although the cross was known to the early Christians, the <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a> did not appear in use until the 5th century.<a href="#cite_note-soc-227">[219]</a> Among the earliest Christian symbols, that of the fish or <a href="/wiki/Ichthys" title="Ichthys">Ichthys</a> seems to have ranked first in importance, as seen on monumental sources such as tombs from the first decades of the 2nd century.<a href="#cite_note-cefish-228">[220]</a> Its popularity seemingly arose from the Greek word ichthys (fish) forming an <a href="/wiki/Acrostic" title="Acrostic">acrostic</a> for the Greek phrase Iesous Christos Theou Yios Soter (Ἰησοῦς Χριστός, Θεοῦ Υἱός, Σωτήρ),<a href="#cite_note-229">[note 9]</a> (Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior), a concise summary of Christian faith.<a href="#cite_note-cefish-228">[220]</a> Other major Christian symbols include the <a href="/wiki/Chi-Rho" class="mw-redirect" title="Chi-Rho">chi-rho monogram</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dove_of_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Dove of peace">dove and olive branch</a> (symbolic of the Holy Spirit), the sacrificial lamb (representing Christ's sacrifice), the <a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">vine</a> (symbolizing the connection of the Christian with Christ) and many others. These all derive from passages of the New Testament.<a href="#cite_note-soc-227">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baptism">Baptism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Christening_celebration_-_Celebraci%C3%B3n_de_bautizo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Christening_celebration_-_Celebraci%C3%B3n_de_bautizo.JPG/200px-Christening_celebration_-_Celebraci%C3%B3n_de_bautizo.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3861" data-file-height="2574"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Christening_celebration_-_Celebraci%C3%B3n_de_bautizo.JPG/200px-Christening_celebration_-_Celebraci%C3%B3n_de_bautizo.JPG" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Christening_celebration_-_Celebraci%C3%B3n_de_bautizo.JPG/300px-Christening_celebration_-_Celebraci%C3%B3n_de_bautizo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Christening_celebration_-_Celebraci%C3%B3n_de_bautizo.JPG/400px-Christening_celebration_-_Celebraci%C3%B3n_de_bautizo.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">Infant baptism</a> by effusion in a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Venezuela" title="Catholic Church in Venezuela">Catholic Church in Venezuela</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Baptism_at_Northolt_Park_Baptist_Church_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Baptism_at_Northolt_Park_Baptist_Church_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Baptism_at_Northolt_Park_Baptist_Church_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2805"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Baptism_at_Northolt_Park_Baptist_Church_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Baptism_at_Northolt_Park_Baptist_Church_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Baptism_at_Northolt_Park_Baptist_Church_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Baptism_at_Northolt_Park_Baptist_Church_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Baptism_at_Northolt_Park_Baptist_Church_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-Baptism_at_Northolt_Park_Baptist_Church_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">Believer's baptism</a> of adult by immersion, <a href="/wiki/Northolt" title="Northolt">Northolt</a> Park Baptist Church, in <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Union of Great Britain">Baptist Union of Great Britain</a></div></div></div></div></div> Baptism is the ritual act, with the use of water, by which a person is admitted to membership of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a>. Beliefs on baptism vary among denominations. Differences occur firstly on whether the act has any spiritual significance. Some, such as the Catholic and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox churches">Eastern Orthodox churches</a>, as well as Lutherans and Anglicans, hold to the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Baptismal_regeneration" title="Baptismal regeneration">baptismal regeneration</a>, which affirms that baptism creates or strengthens a person's faith, and is intimately linked to salvation. <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a> view baptism as a purely symbolic act, an external public declaration of the inward change which has taken place in the person, but not as spiritually efficacious. Secondly, there are differences of opinion on the methodology (or mode) of the act. These modes are: by <a href="/wiki/Immersion_baptism" title="Immersion baptism">immersion</a>; if immersion is total, by submersion; by <a href="/wiki/Affusion" title="Affusion">affusion</a> (pouring); and by <a href="/wiki/Aspersion" title="Aspersion">aspersion</a> (sprinkling). Those who hold the first view may also adhere to the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">infant baptism</a>;<a href="#cite_note-230">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[224]</a> the Orthodox Churches all practice infant baptism and always baptize by total immersion repeated three times in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.<a href="#cite_note-234">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[226]</a> The Lutheran Church and the Catholic Church also practice infant baptism,<a href="#cite_note-236">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[229]</a> usually by affusion, and using the <a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[230]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist Christian">Anabaptist Christians</a> practice <a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">believer's baptism</a>, in which an adult chooses to receive the ordinance after making a decision to follow Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-240">[231]</a> Anabaptist denominations such as the <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a> use <a href="/wiki/Affusion" title="Affusion">pouring</a> as the mode to administer believer's baptism, whereas Anabaptists of the <a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Schwarzenau Brethren</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Brethren" title="River Brethren">River Brethren</a> traditions baptize by <a href="/wiki/Immersion_baptism" title="Immersion baptism">immersion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prayer">Prayer</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Christian prayer</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christian_meditation" title="Christian meditation">Christian meditation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canonical_hours" title="Canonical hours">Canonical hours</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "... 'Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name. Your kingdom come. Your will be done on earth as it is in heaven. Give us today our daily bread. Forgive us our debts, as we also forgive our debtors. Lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil'". </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— The <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a>, Matthew 6:9–13, <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Heritage_Version" title="Evangelical Heritage Version">EHV</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[236]</a></cite> </div> In the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Saint_Matthew" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel of Saint Matthew">Gospel of Saint Matthew</a>, Jesus taught the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a>, which has been seen as a model for Christian prayer.<a href="#cite_note-246">[237]</a> The injunction for Christians to pray the Lord's prayer thrice daily was given in the <a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a> and came to be recited by Christians at 9 am, 12 pm, and 3 pm.<a href="#cite_note-247">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[239]</a> In the second century <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Tradition" title="Apostolic Tradition">Apostolic Tradition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus</a> instructed Christians to pray at <a href="/wiki/Fixed_prayer_times" title="Fixed prayer times">seven fixed prayer times</a>: "on rising, at the lighting of the evening lamp, at bedtime, at midnight" and "the third, sixth and ninth hours of the day, being hours associated with Christ's Passion".<a href="#cite_note-249">[240]</a> Prayer positions, including kneeling, standing, and <a href="/wiki/Prostration" title="Prostration">prostrations</a> have been used for these seven fixed prayer times since the days of the early Church.<a href="#cite_note-250">[241]</a> <a href="/wiki/Breviary" title="Breviary">Breviaries</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Shehimo" title="Shehimo">Shehimo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agpeya" title="Agpeya">Agpeya</a> are used by <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Christians">Oriental Orthodox Christians</a> to pray these <a href="/wiki/Canonical_hours" title="Canonical hours">canonical hours</a> while facing in the <a href="/wiki/Direction_of_prayer" title="Direction of prayer">eastward direction of prayer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[243]</a> The Apostolic Tradition directed that the <a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">sign of the cross</a> be used by Christians during the <a href="/wiki/Minor_exorcism_in_Christianity" title="Minor exorcism in Christianity">minor exorcism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>, during <a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">ablutions</a> before praying at fixed prayer times, and in times of temptation.<a href="#cite_note-253">[244]</a> Intercessory prayer is prayer offered for the benefit of other people. There are many intercessory prayers recorded in the Bible, including prayers of the <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Peter">Apostle Peter</a> on behalf of sick persons<a href="#cite_note-254">[245]</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophets</a> of the Old Testament in favor of other people.<a href="#cite_note-255">[246]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">Epistle of James</a>, no distinction is made between the intercessory prayer offered by ordinary believers and the prominent Old Testament prophet <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[247]</a> The effectiveness of prayer in Christianity derives from the power of God rather than the status of the one praying.<a href="#cite_note-257">[248]</a> The ancient church, in both <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>, developed a tradition of asking for the <a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">intercession of (deceased) saints</a>, and this remains the practice of most <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> churches.<a href="#cite_note-258">[249]</a> Apart from certain sectors within the latter two denominations, other Churches of the Protestant Reformation, however, rejected prayer to the saints, largely on the basis of the sole mediatorship of Christ.<a href="#cite_note-259">[250]</a> The reformer <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a> admitted that he had offered prayers to the saints until his reading of the Bible convinced him that this was <a href="/wiki/Idolatry_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Idolatry in Christianity">idolatrous</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[251]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a>: "Prayer is the raising of one's mind and heart to God or the requesting of good things from God".<a href="#cite_note-261">[252]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a> in the Anglican tradition is a guide which provides a set order for services, containing set prayers, scripture readings, and hymns or sung Psalms.<a href="#cite_note-262">[253]</a> Frequently in Western Christianity, when praying, the hands are placed palms together and forward as in the feudal <a href="/wiki/Commendation_ceremony" title="Commendation ceremony">commendation ceremony</a>. At other times the older <a href="/wiki/Orans" title="Orans">orans</a> posture may be used, with palms up and elbows in. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Scriptures">Scriptures</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Development of the Christian biblical canon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious text</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gutenberg_Bible,_Lenox_Copy,_New_York_Public_Library,_2009._Pic_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg/220px-Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg/220px-Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg/330px-Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg/440px-Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> is the sacred book in Christianity.</figcaption></figure> Christianity, like other religions, has adherents whose beliefs and biblical interpretations vary. Christianity regards the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">biblical canon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">inspired</a> word of God. The traditional view of inspiration is that God worked through human authors so that what they produced was what God wished to communicate. The Greek word referring to inspiration in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Timothy%203:16&version=nrsv">2 Timothy 3:16</a> is theopneustos, which literally means "God-breathed".<a href="#cite_note-263">[254]</a> Some believe that divine inspiration makes present Bibles <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">inerrant</a>, while others claim inerrancy for the Bible in its original manuscripts, although none of those are extant. Still others maintain that only a particular translation is inerrant, such as the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a>.<a href="#cite_note-264">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[257]</a> Another closely related view is <a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">biblical infallibility</a> or limited inerrancy, which affirms that the Bible is free of error as a guide to salvation, but may include errors on matters such as history, geography, or science. The canon of the Old Testament accepted by Protestant churches, which is only the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> (the canon of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>), is shorter than that accepted by the Orthodox and Catholic churches which also include the <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical books</a> which appear in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, the Orthodox canon being slightly larger than the Catholic;<a href="#cite_note-267">[258]</a> Protestants regard the latter as <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocryphal</a>, important historical documents which help to inform the understanding of words, grammar, and syntax used in the historical period of their conception. Some versions of the Bible include a separate Apocrypha section between the Old Testament and the New Testament.<a href="#cite_note-268">[259]</a> The New Testament, originally written in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, contains 27 books which are agreed upon by all major churches. Some denominations have <a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Additional_and_alternative_scriptures" title="List of religious texts">additional canonical holy scriptures</a> beyond the Bible, including the <a href="/wiki/Standard_works" title="Standard works">standard works</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saints_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Latter Day Saints movement">Latter Day Saints movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divine_Principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Principle">Divine Principle</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_interpretation">Catholic interpretation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_of_Scripture" title="Catholic theology of Scripture">Catholic theology of Scripture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg/220px-Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="13066" data-file-height="6823"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 115px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg/220px-Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="115" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg/330px-Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg/440px-Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>, the largest church in the world and a symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></figcaption></figure> In antiquity, two schools of exegesis developed in <a href="/wiki/School_of_Alexandria" title="School of Alexandria">Alexandria</a> and <a href="/wiki/School_of_Antioch" title="School of Antioch">Antioch</a>. The Alexandrian interpretation, exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, tended to read Scripture <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegorically</a>, while the Antiochene interpretation adhered to the literal sense, holding that other meanings (called <a href="/wiki/Theoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoria">theoria</a>) could only be accepted if based on the literal meaning.<a href="#cite_note-270">[261]</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a> distinguishes two senses of scripture: the literal and the spiritual.<a href="#cite_note-271">[262]</a> The literal sense of understanding scripture is the meaning conveyed by the words of Scripture. The spiritual sense is further subdivided into: <ul><li>The allegorical sense, which includes <a href="/wiki/Typology_(theology)" title="Typology (theology)">typology</a>. An example would be the <a href="/wiki/Passage_of_the_Red_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Passage of the Red Sea">parting of the Red Sea</a> being understood as a "type" (sign) of baptism.<a href="#cite_note-272">[263]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">moral</a> sense, which understands the scripture to contain some ethical teaching.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Anagoge" title="Anagoge">anagogical</a> sense, which applies to <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatology</a>, eternity and the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">consummation of the world</a>.</li></ul> Regarding <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a>, following the rules of sound interpretation, Catholic theology holds: <ul><li>The injunction that all other senses of sacred scripture are based on the literal<a href="#cite_note-273">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[265]</a></li> <li>That the historicity of the Gospels must be absolutely and constantly held<a href="#cite_note-275">[266]</a></li> <li>That scripture must be read within the "living Tradition of the whole Church"<a href="#cite_note-276">[267]</a> and</li> <li>That "the task of interpretation has been entrusted to the bishops in communion with the successor of Peter, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Rome</a>".<a href="#cite_note-277">[268]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestant_interpretation">Protestant interpretation</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Qualities_of_Scripture">Qualities of Scripture</h4></div> Many Protestant Christians, such as Lutherans <a href="#cite_note-solascriptura-278">[269]</a> and the Reformed, believe in the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">sola scriptura</a>—that the Bible is a self-sufficient revelation, the final authority on all Christian doctrine, and <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revealed all truth</a> necessary for salvation;<a href="#cite_note-WELS2014-279">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[271]</a> other Protestant Christians, such as Methodists and Anglicans, affirm the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Prima_scriptura" title="Prima scriptura">prima scriptura</a> which teaches that Scripture is the primary source for Christian doctrine, but that "tradition, experience, and reason" can nurture the Christian religion as long as they are in harmony with the Bible.<a href="#cite_note-WELS2014-279">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[272]</a> Protestants characteristically believe that ordinary believers may reach an adequate understanding of Scripture because Scripture itself is clear in its meaning (or "perspicuous"). Martin Luther believed that without God's help, Scripture would be "enveloped in darkness".<a href="#cite_note-Foutz-282">[273]</a> He advocated for "one definite and simple understanding of Scripture".<a href="#cite_note-Foutz-282">[273]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> wrote, "all who refuse not to follow the Holy Spirit as their guide, find in the Scripture a clear light".<a href="#cite_note-283">[274]</a> Related to this is "efficacy", that Scripture is able to lead people to faith; and "sufficiency", that the Scriptures contain everything that one needs to know to obtain salvation and to live a Christian life.<a href="#cite_note-284">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Original_intended_meaning_of_Scripture">Original intended meaning of Scripture</h4></div> Protestants stress the meaning conveyed by the words of Scripture, the <a href="/wiki/Historical-grammatical_method" title="Historical-grammatical method">historical-grammatical method</a>.<a href="#cite_note-285">[276]</a> The historical-grammatical method or grammatico-historical method is an effort in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Biblical hermeneutics</a> to find the intended original meaning in the text.<a href="#cite_note-Elwell565-286">[277]</a> This original intended meaning of the text is drawn out through examination of the passage in light of the grammatical and syntactical aspects, the historical background, the literary genre, as well as theological (canonical) considerations.<a href="#cite_note-287">[278]</a> The historical-grammatical method distinguishes between the one original meaning and the significance of the text. The significance of the text includes the ensuing use of the text or application. The original passage is seen as having only a single meaning or sense. As <a href="/wiki/Milton_S._Terry" class="mw-redirect" title="Milton S. Terry">Milton S. Terry</a> said: "A fundamental principle in grammatico-historical exposition is that the words and sentences can have but one significance in one and the same connection. The moment we neglect this principle we drift out upon a sea of uncertainty and conjecture".<a href="#cite_note-288">[279]</a> Technically speaking, the grammatical-historical method of interpretation is distinct from the determination of the passage's significance in light of that interpretation. Taken together, both define the term (Biblical) hermeneutics.<a href="#cite_note-Elwell565-286">[277]</a> Some Protestant interpreters make use of <a href="/wiki/Typology_(theology)" title="Typology (theology)">typology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-289">[280]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">Christianity by country</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_population_growth" title="Christian population growth">Christian population growth</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_state" title="Christian state">Christian state</a></div> With around 2.4 billion adherents according to a 2020 estimation by <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>,<a href="#cite_note-www.globalreligiousfutures.org-290">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pew_Research_Center-1-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[286]</a> split into three main branches of Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Orthodox, Christianity is the <a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">world's largest religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PewDec2012-296">[287]</a> High birth rates and <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">conversions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">global South</a> were cited as the reasons for the Christian population growth.<a href="#cite_note-297">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[289]</a> For the last hundred years, the Christian share has stood at around 33% of the world population. This masks a major shift in the demographics of Christianity; large increases in the developing world have been accompanied by substantial declines in the developed world, mainly in Western Europe and North America.<a href="#cite_note-299">[290]</a> According to a 2015 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> study, within the next four decades, Christianity will remain the largest religion; and by 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion.<a href="#cite_note-PewProjections-300">[291]</a>: 60 <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reabertura_Museu_de_Arte_Sacra_(18626301050).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Reabertura_Museu_de_Arte_Sacra_%2818626301050%29.jpg/220px-Reabertura_Museu_de_Arte_Sacra_%2818626301050%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5368" data-file-height="3578"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Reabertura_Museu_de_Arte_Sacra_%2818626301050%29.jpg/220px-Reabertura_Museu_de_Arte_Sacra_%2818626301050%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Reabertura_Museu_de_Arte_Sacra_%2818626301050%29.jpg/330px-Reabertura_Museu_de_Arte_Sacra_%2818626301050%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Reabertura_Museu_de_Arte_Sacra_%2818626301050%29.jpg/440px-Reabertura_Museu_de_Arte_Sacra_%2818626301050%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A Christian procession in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, the country with the largest Catholic population in the world<a href="#cite_note-PewDec2012-296">[287]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA.jpg/220px-%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA.jpg/220px-%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA.jpg/330px-%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA.jpg/440px-%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> has experienced a great revival since the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, a country that had a policy of <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pew20152016-301">[292]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auto_de_P%C3%A1scoa_-_IgrejaDaCidade_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Auto_de_P%C3%A1scoa_-_IgrejaDaCidade_%28crop%29.jpg/220px-Auto_de_P%C3%A1scoa_-_IgrejaDaCidade_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3509" data-file-height="2233"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Auto_de_P%C3%A1scoa_-_IgrejaDaCidade_%28crop%29.jpg/220px-Auto_de_P%C3%A1scoa_-_IgrejaDaCidade_%28crop%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Auto_de_P%C3%A1scoa_-_IgrejaDaCidade_%28crop%29.jpg/330px-Auto_de_P%C3%A1scoa_-_IgrejaDaCidade_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Auto_de_P%C3%A1scoa_-_IgrejaDaCidade_%28crop%29.jpg/440px-Auto_de_P%C3%A1scoa_-_IgrejaDaCidade_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Show on the life of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> at <a href="/wiki/City_Church_(Brazil)" title="City Church (Brazil)">City Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_dos_Campos" title="São José dos Campos">São José dos Campos</a>, affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Baptist_Convention" title="Brazilian Baptist Convention">Brazilian Baptist Convention</a></figcaption></figure> According to some scholars, Christianity ranks at first place in net gains through <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">religious conversion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-302">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[294]</a> As a percentage of Christians, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a> (both <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental</a>) are declining in some parts of the world (though Catholicism is growing in Asia, in Africa, vibrant in Eastern Europe, etc.), while <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> and other Christians are on the rise in the developing world.<a href="#cite_note-pewforum1-304">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[297]</a> The so-called popular Protestantism<a href="#cite_note-307">[note 10]</a> is one of the fastest growing religious categories in the world.<a href="#cite_note-308">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[300]</a> Nevertheless, Catholicism will also continue to grow to 1.63 billion by 2050, according to Todd Johnson of the Center for the Study of Global Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-311">[301]</a> Africa alone, by 2015, will be home to 230 million African Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-312">[302]</a> And if in 2018, the U.N. projects that Africa's population will reach 4.5 billion by 2100 (not 2 billion as predicted in 2004), Catholicism will indeed grow, as will other religious groups.<a href="#cite_note-313">[303]</a> According to Pew Research Center, Africa is expected to be home to 1.1 billion <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa" title="Christianity in Africa">African Christians</a> by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-PewProjections-300">[291]</a> In 2010, 87% of the world's Christian population lived in countries where Christians are in the majority, while 13% of the world's Christian population lived in countries where Christians are in the minority.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Christianity-1">[1]</a> Christianity is the predominant religion in Europe, the Americas, Oceania, and Sub-Saharan Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Christianity-1">[1]</a> There are also large Christian communities in other parts of the world, such as <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Christianity-1">[1]</a> In Asia, it is the dominant religion in Armenia, Cyprus, Georgia, East Timor, and the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-314">[304]</a> However, it is declining in some areas including the northern and western United States,<a href="#cite_note-315">[305]</a> some areas in Oceania (Australia<a href="#cite_note-316">[306]</a> and New Zealand<a href="#cite_note-317">[307]</a>), northern Europe (including Great Britain,<a href="#cite_note-318">[308]</a> Scandinavia and other places), France, Germany, Canada,<a href="#cite_note-319">[309]</a> and some parts of Asia (especially the Middle East, due to the <a href="/wiki/Christian_emigration" title="Christian emigration">Christian emigration</a>,<a href="#cite_note-320">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[312]</a> and Macau<a href="#cite_note-323">[313]</a>). The total Christian population is not decreasing in Brazil and the southern United States,<a href="#cite_note-324">[314]</a> however, the percentage of the population identifying as Christian is in decline. Since the fall of communism, the proportion of Christians has been largely stable in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, except in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pew_Research_Center-325">[315]</a> On the other hand, Christianity is growing rapidly in both numbers and percentages in Eastern Europe,<a href="#cite_note-Pew_Research_Center-325">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pew20152016-301">[292]</a> China,<a href="#cite_note-326">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-PewDec2012-296">[287]</a> other <a href="/wiki/Asian_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian countries">Asian countries</a>,<a href="#cite_note-PewDec2012-296">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-Singapore_Management_University-327">[317]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-PewDec2012-296">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Next_Christendom_2002-328">[318]</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>,<a href="#cite_note-PewDec2012-296">[287]</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Johnstone-2015-329">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Next_Christendom_2002-328">[318]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a> countries,<a href="#cite_note-PewDec2012-296">[287]</a> and Oceania.<a href="#cite_note-The_Next_Christendom_2002-328">[318]</a> Despite a decline in adherence in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a>, Christianity remains the dominant religion in the region, with about 70% of that population identifying as Christian.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Christianity-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[320]</a> Christianity remains the largest religion in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, where 71% of Western Europeans identified themselves as Christian in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-331">[321]</a> A 2011 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> survey found that 76% of Europeans, 73% in Oceania and about 86% in the Americas (90% in Latin America and 77% in North America) identified themselves as Christians.<a href="#cite_note-PewDec2012-296">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-Global_Christianity-1">[1]</a> By 2010 about 157 countries and territories in the world had <a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">Christian majorities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PewDec2012-296">[287]</a> There are many <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic movements">charismatic movements</a> that have become well established over large parts of the world, especially Africa, Latin America, and Asia.<a href="#cite_note-332">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-Global_Christianity-1">[1]</a> Since 1900, primarily due to conversion, Protestantism has spread rapidly in Africa, Asia, Oceania, and Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-337">[327]</a> From 1960 to 2000, the global growth of the number of reported <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Protestants">Evangelical Protestants</a> grew three times the world's population rate, and twice that of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-338">[328]</a> According to the historian <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Blainey" title="Geoffrey Blainey">Geoffrey Blainey</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a>, since the 1960s there has been a substantial increase in the number of conversions from Islam to Christianity, mostly to the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> forms.<a href="#cite_note-339">[329]</a> A study conducted by St. Mary's University estimated about 10.2 million <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Convert_to_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Convert to Christianity">converts to Christianity</a> in 2015;<a href="#cite_note-Johnstone-2015-329">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[330]</a> according to the study significant numbers of Muslim converts to Christianity can be found in Afghanistan,<a href="#cite_note-Johnstone-2015-329">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miller-2014-341">[331]</a> Azerbaijan,<a href="#cite_note-Johnstone-2015-329">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miller-2014-341">[331]</a> Central Asia (including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and other countries),<a href="#cite_note-Johnstone-2015-329">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miller-2014-341">[331]</a> Indonesia,<a href="#cite_note-Johnstone-2015-329">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miller-2014-341">[331]</a> Malaysia,<a href="#cite_note-Johnstone-2015-329">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miller-2014-341">[331]</a> the Middle East (including Iran, Saudi Arabia, Turkey,<a href="#cite_note-342">[332]</a> and other countries),<a href="#cite_note-Johnstone-2015-329">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miller-2014-341">[331]</a> North Africa (including Algeria, Morocco,<a href="#cite_note-343">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[334]</a> and Tunisia<a href="#cite_note-345">[335]</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Johnstone-2015-329">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miller-2014-341">[331]</a> Sub-Saharan Africa,<a href="#cite_note-Johnstone-2015-329">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miller-2014-341">[331]</a> and the Western World (including Albania, Belgium, France, Germany, Kosovo, the Netherlands, Russia, Scandinavia, United Kingdom, the United States, and other western countries).<a href="#cite_note-Johnstone-2015-329">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miller-2014-341">[331]</a> It is also reported that Christianity is popular among people of different backgrounds in Africa and Asia; according to a report by the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Management_University" title="Singapore Management University">Singapore Management University</a>, more people in Southeast Asia are converting to Christianity, many of them young and having a <a href="/wiki/University_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="University degree">university degree</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Singapore_Management_University-327">[317]</a> According to scholar Juliette Koning and Heidi Dahles of <a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Amsterdam" title="Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam">Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam</a> there is a "rapid expansion" of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Singapore" title="Christianity in Singapore">Christianity in Singapore</a>, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Indonesia" title="Christianity in Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, Malaysia, and South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-Singapore_Management_University-327">[317]</a> According to scholar Terence Chong from the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, since the 1980s Christianity is expanding in China, Singapore,<a href="#cite_note-346">[336]</a> Indonesia, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan" title="Christianity in Japan">Japan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-347">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[338]</a> Malaysia, Taiwan, South Korea,<a href="#cite_note-Global_Christianity-1">[1]</a> and Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-349">[339]</a> In most countries in the developed world, <a href="/wiki/Church_attendance" title="Church attendance">church attendance</a> among people who continue to identify themselves as Christians has been falling over the last few decades.<a href="#cite_note-350">[340]</a> Some sources view this as part of a drift away from traditional membership institutions,<a href="#cite_note-351">[341]</a> while others link it to signs of a decline in belief in the importance of religion in general.<a href="#cite_note-352">[342]</a> Europe's Christian population, though in decline, still constitutes the largest geographical component of the religion.<a href="#cite_note-353">[343]</a> According to data from the 2012 European Social Survey, around a third of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe" title="Christianity in Europe">European Christians</a> say they attend services once a month or more.<a href="#cite_note-economist-354">[344]</a> Conversely, according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Values_Survey" title="World Values Survey">World Values Survey</a>, about more than two-thirds of Latin American Christians, and about 90% of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa" title="Christianity in Africa">African Christians</a> (in Ghana, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa and Zimbabwe) said they attended church regularly.<a href="#cite_note-economist-354">[344]</a> According to a 2018 study by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, Christians in Africa and Latin America and the United States have high levels of commitment to their faith.<a href="#cite_note-355">[345]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_state" title="Christian state">Christianity</a>, in one form or another, is the sole <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> of the following nations: <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (Catholic),<a href="#cite_note-356">[346]</a> <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> (Catholic),<a href="#cite_note-357">[347]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Denmark">Kingdom of Denmark</a> (Lutheran),<a href="#cite_note-358">[348]</a> <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> (Anglican),<a href="#cite_note-359">[349]</a> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (Greek Orthodox),<a href="#cite_note-360">[350]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (Lutheran),<a href="#cite_note-361">[351]</a> Liechtenstein (Catholic),<a href="#cite_note-362">[352]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> (Catholic),<a href="#cite_note-363">[353]</a> Monaco (Catholic),<a href="#cite_note-364">[354]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (Lutheran),<a href="#cite_note-365">[355]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-366">[356]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> (Methodist), <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> (Reformed), and <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> (Catholic).<a href="#cite_note-367">[357]</a> There are numerous other countries, such as Cyprus, which although do not have an <a href="/wiki/Established_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Established church">established church</a>, still give official recognition and support to a specific <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denomination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-368">[358]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto"> <caption>Demographics of major traditions within Christianity (<a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, 2020 data)<a href="#cite_note-www.globalreligiousfutures.org-290">[281]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Tradition </th> <th scope="col">Followers </th> <th scope="col">% of the Christian population </th> <th scope="col">% of the world population </th> <th scope="col">Follower dynamics </th> <th scope="col">Dynamics in- and outside Christianity </th></tr> <tr style="background: yellow"> <td><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> </td> <td>1,329,610,000 </td> <td>50.1 </td> <td>15.9 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Growing </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Growing </td></tr> <tr style="background: #B57EDC"> <td><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> </td> <td>900,640,000 </td> <td>36.7 </td> <td>11.6 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Growing </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Growing </td></tr> <tr style="background: #9F8170"> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> </td> <td>220,380,000 </td> <td>11.9 </td> <td>3.8 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Growing </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Declining </td></tr> <tr style="background: cyan"> <td><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Other Christianity</a> </td> <td>28,430,000 </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td>0.4 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Growing </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Growing </td></tr> <tr> <th>Christianity </th> <th>2,382,750,000 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>31.7 </th> <th><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Growing </th> <th><noscript><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" data-alt="Steady" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Stable </th></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto"> <caption>Christians (self-described) by region </caption> <caption>(Pew Research Center, 2010 data)<a href="#cite_note-PewDec2012-296">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-Global_Christianity-1">[1]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Region </th> <th>Christians </th> <th>% Christian </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">558,260,000 </td> <td style="background:; text-align:center;">75.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>–<a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">531,280,000 </td> <td style="background:; text-align:center;">90.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">517,340,000 </td> <td style="background:; text-align:center;">62.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">286,950,000 </td> <td style="background:; text-align:center;">7.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">266,630,000 </td> <td style="background:; text-align:center;">77.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>–<a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,710,000 </td> <td style="background:; text-align:center;">3.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th>World </th> <th style="text-align:right;">2,173,180,000 </th> <th>31.5 </th></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto"> <caption>Regional median ages of Christians compared with overall median ages (Pew Research Center, 2010 data)<a href="#cite_note-PewDec2012-296">[287]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Christian median age in region (years) </th> <th scope="col">Regional median age (years) </th></tr> <tr style=""> <td>World </td> <td>30 </td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr style=""> <td><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> </td> <td>19 </td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr style=""> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>–<a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> </td> <td>27 </td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr style=""> <td><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a> </td> <td>28 </td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr style=""> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>–<a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> </td> <td>29 </td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr style=""> <td><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> </td> <td>39 </td> <td>37 </td></tr> <tr style=""> <td><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> </td> <td>42 </td> <td>40 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="overflow:auto;"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg/660px-Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg.png" decoding="async" width="660" height="336" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="261"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 660px;height: 336px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg/660px-Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg.png" data-width="660" data-height="336" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg/990px-Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg/1320px-Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The global distribution of Christians: Countries colored a darker shade have a higher proportion of Christians.<a href="#cite_note-369">[359]</a></figcaption></figure></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_World%E2%80%94Pew_Research_Center_2010.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Countries with 50% or more Christians are colored purple; countries with 10% to 50% Christians are colored pink."><noscript><img alt="Countries with 50% or more Christians are colored purple; countries with 10% to 50% Christians are colored pink." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Christian_World%E2%80%94Pew_Research_Center_2010.svg/234px-Christian_World%E2%80%94Pew_Research_Center_2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="234" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 234px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Christian_World%E2%80%94Pew_Research_Center_2010.svg/234px-Christian_World%E2%80%94Pew_Research_Center_2010.svg.png" data-alt="Countries with 50% or more Christians are colored purple; countries with 10% to 50% Christians are colored pink." data-width="234" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Christian_World%E2%80%94Pew_Research_Center_2010.svg/351px-Christian_World%E2%80%94Pew_Research_Center_2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Christian_World%E2%80%94Pew_Research_Center_2010.svg/468px-Christian_World%E2%80%94Pew_Research_Center_2010.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Countries with 50% or more Christians are colored purple; countries with 10% to 50% Christians are colored pink.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><a href="/wiki/File:State_Religions.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nations with Christianity as their state religion are in blue."><noscript><img alt="Nations with Christianity as their state religion are in blue." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/State_Religions.svg/235px-State_Religions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="235" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2150"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 235px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/State_Religions.svg/235px-State_Religions.svg.png" data-alt="Nations with Christianity as their state religion are in blue." data-width="235" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/State_Religions.svg/352px-State_Religions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/State_Religions.svg/469px-State_Religions.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nations with Christianity as their <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> are in blue.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Percent_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Distribution of Catholics"><noscript><img alt="Distribution of Catholics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Percent_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg/234px-Percent_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg.png" decoding="async" width="234" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 234px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Percent_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg/234px-Percent_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg.png" data-alt="Distribution of Catholics" data-width="234" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Percent_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg/351px-Percent_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Percent_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg/468px-Percent_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Distribution of Catholics</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_(2010).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Distribution of Protestants"><noscript><img alt="Distribution of Protestants" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_%282010%29.svg/234px-Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_%282010%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="234" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 234px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_%282010%29.svg/234px-Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_%282010%29.svg.png" data-alt="Distribution of Protestants" data-width="234" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_%282010%29.svg/351px-Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_%282010%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_%282010%29.svg/468px-Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_%282010%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Distribution of Protestants</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Percent_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians_by_country.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Distribution of Eastern Orthodox"><noscript><img alt="Distribution of Eastern Orthodox" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Percent_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians_by_country.svg/234px-Percent_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians_by_country.svg.png" decoding="async" width="234" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 234px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Percent_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians_by_country.svg/234px-Percent_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians_by_country.svg.png" data-alt="Distribution of Eastern Orthodox" data-width="234" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Percent_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians_by_country.svg/351px-Percent_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians_by_country.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Percent_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians_by_country.svg/468px-Percent_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians_by_country.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Distribution of Eastern Orthodox</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Percent_of_Oriental_Orthodox_Christians_by_country.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Distribution of Oriental Orthodox"><noscript><img alt="Distribution of Oriental Orthodox" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Percent_of_Oriental_Orthodox_Christians_by_country.svg/234px-Percent_of_Oriental_Orthodox_Christians_by_country.svg.png" decoding="async" width="234" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 234px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Percent_of_Oriental_Orthodox_Christians_by_country.svg/234px-Percent_of_Oriental_Orthodox_Christians_by_country.svg.png" data-alt="Distribution of Oriental Orthodox" data-width="234" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Percent_of_Oriental_Orthodox_Christians_by_country.svg/351px-Percent_of_Oriental_Orthodox_Christians_by_country.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Percent_of_Oriental_Orthodox_Christians_by_country.svg/468px-Percent_of_Oriental_Orthodox_Christians_by_country.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Distribution of Oriental Orthodox</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Percent_of_Other_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Distribution of other Christians"><noscript><img alt="Distribution of other Christians" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Percent_of_Other_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg/237px-Percent_of_Other_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg.png" decoding="async" width="237" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="260"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 237px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Percent_of_Other_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg/237px-Percent_of_Other_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg.png" data-alt="Distribution of other Christians" data-width="237" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Percent_of_Other_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg/355px-Percent_of_Other_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Percent_of_Other_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg/473px-Percent_of_Other_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Distribution of other Christians</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Churches_and_denominations">Churches and denominations</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">List of Christian denominations</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">List of Christian denominations by number of members</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Schism_in_Christianity" title="Schism in Christianity">Schism in Christianity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:#FF7F00; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3182.0515953774px; border-left-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 112.00117924292px; border-left-color:#33A02C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#33A02C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#33A02C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 1133.887355271px 100px 0; border-right-color:#1F78B4"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#1F78B4"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> World Christianity by tradition in 2024 as per World Christian Database<a href="#cite_note-WorldChristian_Database-370">[360]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">Catholic</a> (48.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_by_country" title="Protestantism by country">Protestant</a> (39.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Orthodox (11.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Other (0.5%)</div> </div> </div></div> Christianity can be taxonomically divided into six main groups: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-371">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[362]</a> A broader distinction that is sometimes drawn is between <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>, which has its origins in the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a> (Great Schism) of the 11th century. Recently, neither Western nor Eastern <a href="/wiki/World_Christianity" title="World Christianity">World Christianity</a> has also stood out, for example, in <a href="/wiki/African-initiated_church" title="African-initiated church">African-initiated churches</a>. However, there are other present<a href="#cite_note-373">[363]</a> and historical<a href="#cite_note-374">[364]</a> Christian groups that do not fit neatly into one of these primary categories. There is a diversity of <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgical</a> practices among groups calling themselves Christian. These groups may vary <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">ecclesiologically</a> in their views on a classification of <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-375">[365]</a> The Nicene Creed (325), however, is typically accepted as authoritative by most Christians, including the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and major Protestant, such as Lutheran and Anglican denominations.<a href="#cite_note-376">[366]</a> <div class="clade clade-words noresize nowrap" style="position: relative;"><a href="/wiki/File:Christianity_Branches_without_text.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Christianity_Branches_without_text.svg/700px-Christianity_Branches_without_text.svg.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="264" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2416" data-file-height="911"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 700px;height: 264px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Christianity_Branches_without_text.svg/700px-Christianity_Branches_without_text.svg.png" data-width="700" data-height="264" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Christianity_Branches_without_text.svg/1050px-Christianity_Branches_without_text.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Christianity_Branches_without_text.svg/1400px-Christianity_Branches_without_text.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <div style="position:absolute; left:1px; top:-1px">Major <a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_denominational_families" title="Category:Christian denominational families">denominational families</a> in Christianity: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist">This box: <ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_denomination_tree" title="Template:Christian denomination tree">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_denomination_tree" title="Template talk:Christian denomination tree">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_denomination_tree" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian denomination tree">edit</a></li></ul></div></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:680px; top:47.3px"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:680px; top:170.5px"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:589px; top:37.5px"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:540px; top:27px"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:540px; top:43.8px"><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:540px; top:75.3px"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:540px; top:60.6px"><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:540px; top:98.4px"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">(Latin Church)</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:540px; top:108.9px"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:540px; top:125px"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">(Eastern Catholic Churches)</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:540px; top:160px"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:540px; top:177.5px"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:204.1px"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:358px; top:226.5px"><a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">Schism</a> (1552)</div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:540px; top:198.5px"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:540px; top:212.5px"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:309px; top:13.7px"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:309px; top:29.8px">(16th century)</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:183px; top:51.5px"><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:183px; top:65.5px">(11th century)</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:8px; top:195px"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> (431)</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:8px; top:216px"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> (451)</div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-6px; top:132px"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:1px; top:58.5px"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:414px; top:111px">(<a href="/wiki/Full_communion#List_of_Catholic_churches_in_full_communion" title="Full communion">Full communion</a>)</div></div> <dl><dd>(Not shown are <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">ante-Nicene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">nontrinitarian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">restorationist</a> denominations.)</dd></dl> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_Church">Catholic Church</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Francis_in_March_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Pope_Francis_in_March_2013.jpg/220px-Pope_Francis_in_March_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="996"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Pope_Francis_in_March_2013.jpg/220px-Pope_Francis_in_March_2013.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Pope_Francis_in_March_2013.jpg/330px-Pope_Francis_in_March_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Pope_Francis_in_March_2013.jpg/440px-Pope_Francis_in_March_2013.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>, the current leader of the Catholic Church</figcaption></figure> The Catholic Church consists of those <a href="/wiki/Particular_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Particular Church">particular Churches</a>, headed by bishops, in communion with the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a>, the bishop of Rome, as its highest authority in matters of faith, morality, and church governance.<a href="#cite_note-377">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[368]</a> Like <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>, the Catholic Church, through <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a>, traces its origins to the Christian community founded by Jesus Christ.<a href="#cite_note-379">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-380">[370]</a> Catholics maintain that the "<a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">one, holy, catholic, and apostolic church</a>" founded by Jesus <a href="/wiki/%22Subsistit_in%22_in_Lumen_Gentium" class="mw-redirect" title='"Subsistit in" in Lumen Gentium'>subsists fully</a> in the Catholic Church, but also acknowledges other Christian churches and communities<a href="#cite_note-LumenGentium-381">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[372]</a> and works towards <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">reconciliation</a> among all Christians.<a href="#cite_note-LumenGentium-381">[371]</a> The Catholic faith is detailed in the <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-383">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-384">[374]</a> Of its <a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">seven sacraments</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a> is the principal one, celebrated <a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">liturgically</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-385">[375]</a> The church teaches that through <a href="/wiki/Consecration#Eucharist" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">consecration</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood (Catholic Church)">priest</a>, the sacrificial <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_bread" title="Sacramental bread">bread</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_wine" title="Sacramental wine">wine</a> <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">become the body and blood of Christ</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> is <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">venerated</a> in the Catholic Church as <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of God">Mother of God</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen of Heaven</a>, honoured in <a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_Catholic_Church#Dogmatic_teachings" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariology of the Catholic Church">dogmas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">devotions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-marian_dogmas-386">[376]</a> Its teaching includes <a href="/wiki/Divine_Mercy" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Mercy">Divine Mercy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctification">sanctification</a> through faith and <a href="/wiki/Evangelization" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelization">evangelization</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gospel">the Gospel</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a>, which emphasizes voluntary support for the sick, the poor, and the afflicted through the <a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">corporal and spiritual works of mercy</a>. The Catholic Church operates thousands of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic schools">Catholic schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">universities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">hospitals</a>, and orphanages around the world, and is the largest non-government provider of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_and_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare and the Catholic Church">health care</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-387">[377]</a> Among its other social services are numerous charitable and humanitarian organizations. <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: jus canonicum)<a href="#cite_note-388">[378]</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Legal_system" title="Legal system">system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">laws</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">legal principles</a> made and enforced by the <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">hierarchical authorities</a> of the Catholic Church to regulate its external organisation and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the church.<a href="#cite_note-389">[379]</a> The canon law of the Latin Church was the first modern Western <a href="/wiki/Legal_system" title="Legal system">legal system</a>,<a href="#cite_note-390">[380]</a> and is the oldest continuously functioning legal system in the West.<a href="#cite_note-391">[381]</a><a href="#cite_note-392">[382]</a> while the distinctive traditions of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_canon_law" title="Eastern Catholic canon law">Eastern Catholic canon law</a> govern the 23 Eastern Catholic <a href="/wiki/Particular_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Particular church">particular churches</a> <a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a>. As the world's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution,<a href="#cite_note-393">[383]</a> it has played a prominent role in the history and development of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western civilization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-394">[384]</a> The 2,834 <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">sees</a><a href="#cite_note-395">[385]</a> are grouped into <a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris#Catholic_ecclesiastical_use" title="Sui iuris">24 particular autonomous Churches</a> (the largest of which being the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>), each with its own distinct traditions regarding the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> and the administering of <a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">sacraments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-396">[386]</a> With more than 1.1 billion baptized members, the Catholic Church is the largest Christian <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">church</a> and represents 50.1%<a href="#cite_note-Global_Christianity-1">[1]</a> of all Christians as well as 16.7% of the <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">world's population</a>.<a href="#cite_note-397">[387]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adherents-398">[388]</a><a href="#cite_note-399">[389]</a> Catholics live all over the world through <a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">missions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">conversions</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Orthodox_Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_St._George,_Istanbul_(August_2010).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Church_of_St._George%2C_Istanbul_%28August_2010%29.jpg/218px-Church_of_St._George%2C_Istanbul_%28August_2010%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 218px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Church_of_St._George%2C_Istanbul_%28August_2010%29.jpg/218px-Church_of_St._George%2C_Istanbul_%28August_2010%29.jpg" data-width="218" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Church_of_St._George%2C_Istanbul_%28August_2010%29.jpg/327px-Church_of_St._George%2C_Istanbul_%28August_2010%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Church_of_St._George%2C_Istanbul_%28August_2010%29.jpg/436px-Church_of_St._George%2C_Istanbul_%28August_2010%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Cathedral,_Istanbul" title="St. George's Cathedral, Istanbul">St. George's Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>: It has been the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a> whose leader is regarded as the <a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">primus inter pares</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-400">[390]</a></figcaption></figure> The Eastern Orthodox Church consists of those churches in communion with the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarchal</a> sees of the East, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople</a>.<a href="#cite_note-401">[391]</a> Like the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church also traces its heritage to the foundation of Christianity through <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a> and has an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">episcopal</a> structure, though the <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autonomy</a> of its component parts is emphasized, and most of them are national churches. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Eastern Orthodox theology</a> is based on <a href="/wiki/Holy_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy tradition">holy tradition</a> which incorporates the dogmatic decrees of the <a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">seven Ecumenical Councils</a>, the Scriptures, and the teaching of the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>. The church teaches that it is the <a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">one, holy, catholic and apostolic</a> <a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">church</a> established by <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus Christ</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a>,<a href="#cite_note-402">[392]</a> and that its bishops are the successors of Christ's apostles.<a href="#cite_note-403">[393]</a> It maintains that it practises the original Christian faith, as passed down by holy tradition. Its <a href="/wiki/Patriarchates" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchates">patriarchates</a>, reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">pentarchy</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Autocephalous" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocephalous">autocephalous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autonomous" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous">autonomous</a> churches reflect a variety of <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical">hierarchical</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Church organization">organisation</a>. It recognizes seven major sacraments, of which the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> is the principal one, celebrated <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">liturgically</a> in <a href="/wiki/Synaxis" title="Synaxis">synaxis</a>. The church teaches that through <a href="/wiki/Consecration#Eucharist" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">consecration</a> <a href="/wiki/Epiclesis" title="Epiclesis">invoked</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Orthodox_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood (Orthodox Church)">priest</a>, the sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ. The <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Virgin Mary</a> is <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">venerated</a> in the Eastern Orthodox Church as the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a>, meaning God-bearer, and is honoured in <a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions#Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Marian devotions">devotions</a>. Eastern Orthodoxy is the second largest single denomination in Christianity, with an estimated 230 million adherents, although <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a> collectively outnumber them, substantially.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Christianity-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-CSGC2019-404">[394]</a> As one of the oldest surviving religious institutions in the world, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> has played a prominent role in the history and culture of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-405">[395]</a> The majority of Eastern Orthodox Christians live mainly in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> region, <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a>. Over half of Eastern Orthodox Christians follow the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>, while the vast majority live within <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-406">[396]</a> There are also communities in the former <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine regions</a> of Africa, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. Eastern Orthodox communities are also present in many other parts of the world, particularly North America, Western Europe, and Australia, formed through <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">conversions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> activity.<a href="#cite_note-407">[397]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oriental_Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Addis_abeba,_chiesa_della_trinit%C3%A0,_esterno_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Addis_abeba%2C_chiesa_della_trinit%C3%A0%2C_esterno_02.jpg/220px-Addis_abeba%2C_chiesa_della_trinit%C3%A0%2C_esterno_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4806" data-file-height="3648"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Addis_abeba%2C_chiesa_della_trinit%C3%A0%2C_esterno_02.jpg/220px-Addis_abeba%2C_chiesa_della_trinit%C3%A0%2C_esterno_02.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Addis_abeba%2C_chiesa_della_trinit%C3%A0%2C_esterno_02.jpg/330px-Addis_abeba%2C_chiesa_della_trinit%C3%A0%2C_esterno_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Addis_abeba%2C_chiesa_della_trinit%C3%A0%2C_esterno_02.jpg/440px-Addis_abeba%2C_chiesa_della_trinit%C3%A0%2C_esterno_02.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral_(Addis_Ababa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity Cathedral (Addis Ababa)">Holy Trinity Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, the seat of the Ethiopian Orthodox; the largest of the Oriental Orthodox Churches</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a> (also called "Old Oriental" churches) are those eastern churches that recognize the first three ecumenical councils—<a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, and <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Ephesus">Ephesus</a>—but reject the dogmatic definitions of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> and instead espouse a <a href="/wiki/Miaphysite_christology" class="mw-redirect" title="Miaphysite christology">Miaphysite christology</a>. The Oriental Orthodox communion consists of six groups: <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Orthodox">Syriac Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox">Ethiopian Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrean Orthodox">Eritrean Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a> (India), and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Apostolic">Armenian Apostolic</a> churches.<a href="#cite_note-408">[398]</a> These six churches, while being in communion with each other, are completely independent hierarchically.<a href="#cite_note-409">[399]</a> These churches are generally not in communion with the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, with whom they are in dialogue for erecting a communion.<a href="#cite_note-sor.cua.edu-410">[400]</a> Together, they have about 62 million members worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-411">[401]</a><a href="#cite_note-412">[402]</a><a href="#cite_note-413">[403]</a><a href="#cite_note-414">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-CSGC2019-404">[394]</a> As some of the oldest religious institutions in the world, the Oriental Orthodox Churches have played a prominent role in the history and culture of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Nubia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Nubia">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-415">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-416">[406]</a><a href="#cite_note-417">[407]</a> An Eastern Christian body of <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephalous</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">churches</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a> are equal by virtue of <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_ordination" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal ordination">episcopal ordination</a>, and its doctrines can be summarized in that the churches recognize the validity of only the first three <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical councils</a>.<a href="#cite_note-418">[408]</a> Some Oriental Orthodox Churches such as the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox">Ethiopian Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrean Orthodox">Eritrean Orthodox</a>, places a heavier emphasis on Old Testament teachings than one might find in other Christian denominations, and its followers adhere to certain practices: following <a href="/wiki/Christian_dietary_laws" title="Christian dietary laws">dietary rules</a> that are similar to Jewish <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a>,<a href="#cite_note-419">[409]</a> require that their male members undergo <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a>,<a href="#cite_note-420">[410]</a> and observes <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">ritual purification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-421">[411]</a><a href="#cite_note-422">[412]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_of_the_East">Church of the East</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_Saint_John_the_Arab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Church_of_Saint_John_the_Arab.jpg/220px-Church_of_Saint_John_the_Arab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="625"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Church_of_Saint_John_the_Arab.jpg/220px-Church_of_Saint_John_the_Arab.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Church_of_Saint_John_the_Arab.jpg/330px-Church_of_Saint_John_the_Arab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Church_of_Saint_John_the_Arab.jpg/440px-Church_of_Saint_John_the_Arab.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A 6th-century <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian church">Nestorian church</a>, St. John the Arab, in the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian tribes">Assyrian village</a> of <a href="/wiki/Andac" class="mw-redirect" title="Andac">Geramon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hakkari_(historical_region)" title="Hakkari (historical region)">Hakkari</a>, southeastern Turkey.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>, which was part of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-423">[413]</a> shared <a href="/wiki/Communion_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion (Christian)">communion</a> with those in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_schism" title="Nestorian schism">condemned Nestorius</a> in 431. Continuing as a <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">dhimmi</a> community under the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a> (633–654), the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> played a major role in the history of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Asia" title="Christianity in Asia">Christianity in Asia</a>. Between the 9th and 14th centuries, it represented the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denomination</a> in terms of geographical extent. It established <a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">dioceses</a> and communities stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and today's Iraq and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, to <a href="/wiki/India_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">India</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Syrian Christians</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_among_the_Mongols" title="Christianity among the Mongols">Mongol kingdoms</a> in Central Asia, and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">China</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (7th–9th centuries). In the 13th and 14th centuries, the church experienced a final period of expansion under the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>, where influential Church of the East clergy sat in the Mongol court. The <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>, with an unbroken patriarchate established in the 17th century, is an independent <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Christian">Eastern Christian</a> denomination which claims continuity from the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>—in parallel to the Catholic patriarchate established in the 16th century that evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic">Eastern Catholic</a> church in <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>. It is an Eastern Christian <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">church</a> that follows the traditional <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">christology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">ecclesiology</a> of the historical Church of the East. Largely <a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Christianity" title="Aniconism in Christianity">aniconic</a> and not in <a href="/wiki/Communion_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion (Christianity)">communion</a> with any other church, it belongs to the eastern branch of <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a>, and uses the <a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a> in its <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-424">[414]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_Saint_Mary_-_Urmia_-_Iran_-_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_-_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Church_of_Saint_Mary_-_Urmia_-_Iran_-_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_-_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/220px-Church_of_Saint_Mary_-_Urmia_-_Iran_-_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_-_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Church_of_Saint_Mary_-_Urmia_-_Iran_-_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_-_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/220px-Church_of_Saint_Mary_-_Urmia_-_Iran_-_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_-_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Church_of_Saint_Mary_-_Urmia_-_Iran_-_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_-_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/330px-Church_of_Saint_Mary_-_Urmia_-_Iran_-_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_-_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Church_of_Saint_Mary_-_Urmia_-_Iran_-_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_-_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/440px-Church_of_Saint_Mary_-_Urmia_-_Iran_-_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_-_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Mary_Church,_Urmia" title="St. Mary Church, Urmia">Saint Mary Church</a>; an ancient Assyrian church located in the city of <a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a>, Iran</figcaption></figure> Its main spoken language is <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>, a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Aramaic">Eastern Aramaic</a>, and the majority of its adherents are ethnic <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, mostly living in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Syrian_Church" title="Chaldean Syrian Church">Chaldean Syrian Church</a>), and in the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_diaspora" title="Assyrian diaspora">Assyrian diaspora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-425">[415]</a> It is officially headquartered in the city of <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a>, and its original area also spreads into south-eastern Turkey and north-western Iran, corresponding to ancient <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>. Its hierarchy is composed of <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitan bishops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">diocesan bishops</a>, while lower clergy consists of <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacons</a>, who serve in dioceses (eparchies) and parishes throughout the Middle East, India, North America, Oceania, and Europe (including the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and Russia).<a href="#cite_note-426">[416]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a> distinguished itself from the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> in 1964. It is one of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> churches that claim continuity with the historical Church of the East, one of the oldest Christian churches in Mesopotamia.<a href="#cite_note-427">[417]</a> It is officially headquartered in the city of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-blackwell1-428">[418]</a> The majority of its adherents are ethnic <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-blackwell1-428">[418]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Protestant_ecclesiology" title="Protestant ecclesiology">Protestant ecclesiology</a></div> In 1521, the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Worms" class="mw-redirect" title="Edict of Worms">Edict of Worms</a> condemned <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> and officially banned citizens of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> from defending or propagating his ideas.<a href="#cite_note-429">[419]</a> This split within the Roman Catholic church is now called the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>. Prominent Reformers included Martin Luther, <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>. The 1529 <a href="/wiki/Protestation_at_Speyer" title="Protestation at Speyer">Protestation at Speyer</a> against being excommunicated gave this party the name <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>. Luther's primary theological heirs are known as <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a>. Zwingli and Calvin's heirs are far broader denominationally and are referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed tradition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-430">[420]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> churches descended from the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> and organized in the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>. Some Lutherans identify as <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Catholic" title="Evangelical Catholic">Evangelical Catholics</a> and some but not all Anglicans consider themselves both Protestant and Catholic.<a href="#cite_note-431">[421]</a><a href="#cite_note-432">[422]</a><a href="#cite_note-433">[423]</a> Protestants have developed <a href="/wiki/Protestant_culture" title="Protestant culture">their own culture</a>, with major contributions in education, the <a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">humanities and sciences</a>, the political and social order, the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">economy</a> and the arts, and many other fields.<a href="#cite_note-434">[424]</a><a href="#cite_note-435">[425]</a> Since the Anglican, Lutheran, and the Reformed branches of Protestantism originated for the most part in cooperation with the government, these movements are termed the "<a href="/wiki/Magisterial_Reformation" title="Magisterial Reformation">Magisterial Reformation</a>". On the other hand, groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptists</a>, who often do not consider themselves to be Protestant, originated in the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a>, which though sometimes protected under Acts of Toleration, do not trace their history back to any state church. They are further distinguished by their rejection of infant baptism; they believe in baptism only of adult believers—<a href="/wiki/Credobaptism" class="mw-redirect" title="Credobaptism">credobaptism</a> (Anabaptists include the <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Christian_Church" title="Apostolic Christian Church">Apostolic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruderhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruderhof">Bruderhof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Brethren" title="River Brethren">River Brethren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Schwarzenau Brethren</a> groups.)<a href="#cite_note-436">[426]</a><a href="#cite_note-437">[427]</a><a href="#cite_note-438">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-439">[429]</a> The term Protestant also refers to any churches which formed later, with either the Magisterial or Radical traditions. In the 18th century, for example, <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a> grew out of <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> minister <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Revival">evangelical revival movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-440">[430]</a> Several <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">non-denominational churches</a>, which emphasize the cleansing power of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>, in turn grew out of Methodism.<a href="#cite_note-441">[431]</a> Because Methodists, Pentecostals and other evangelicals stress "accepting Jesus as your personal Lord and Savior",<a href="#cite_note-442">[432]</a> which comes from Wesley's emphasis of the <a href="/wiki/Born_again_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Born again (Christianity)">New Birth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-443">[433]</a> they often refer to themselves as being <a href="/wiki/Born_again_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Born again Christianity">born-again</a>.<a href="#cite_note-444">[434]</a><a href="#cite_note-445">[435]</a> Protestantism is the second largest major group of Christians after Catholicism by number of followers, although the Eastern Orthodox Church is larger than any single Protestant denomination.<a href="#cite_note-Adherents-398">[388]</a> Estimates vary, mainly over the question of which denominations to classify as Protestant. The total Protestant population has reached 1.17 billion in 2024, corresponding to nearly 44% of the world's Christians.<a href="#cite_note-gordonconwell.edu-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-CSGC2019-404">[394]</a><a href="#cite_note-pewforum1-304">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-KimOsmerSchweitzer2018-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-446">[436]</a> The majority of Protestants are members of just a handful of denominational families, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Christian_Church" title="Apostolic Christian Church">Apostolic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruderhof_Communities" title="Bruderhof Communities">Bruderhof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Brethren" title="River Brethren">River Brethren</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Schwarzenau Brethren</a>), <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravianism/Hussites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Continental Reformed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Anglican">Reformed Anglicans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterians</a>),<a href="#cite_note-447">[437]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensianism</a> are the main families of Protestantism.<a href="#cite_note-Melton2005-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-pewforum1-304">[295]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">charismatic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-charismatic churches">neo-charismatic</a>, independent, and other churches are on the rise, and constitute a significant part of Protestant Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-448">[438]</a> Some groups of individuals who hold basic Protestant tenets identify themselves as "Christians" or "<a href="/wiki/Born-again" class="mw-redirect" title="Born-again">born-again</a> Christians". They typically distance themselves from the <a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(religion)" title="Confessionalism (religion)">confessionalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">creedalism</a> of other Christian communities<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-449">[439]</a> by calling themselves "<a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Christianity" title="Non-denominational Christianity">non-denominational</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">evangelical</a>". Often founded by individual pastors, they have little affiliation with historic denominations.<a href="#cite_note-450">[440]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1062633282">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .content .thumb>div:not(.thumbinner){display:flex;justify-content:center;flex-wrap:wrap;align-content:flex-start;flex-direction:column}}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output div.thumb>div:not(.thumbinner){font-size:94%;text-align:center;overflow:hidden;min-width:100px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.thumb>div:not(.thumbinner){margin:0 auto;max-width:100%!important}</style> <div class="center"> <div class="thumb tnone"> <div style="display:table;width:650px;"> <div class="thumbcaption" style="display:table-caption;caption-side:top;box-sizing:border-box;">Historical chart of the main Protestant branches </div><a href="/wiki/File:Protestant_branches.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Historical chart of the main Protestant branches"><noscript><img alt="Historical chart of the main Protestant branches" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Protestant_branches.svg/650px-Protestant_branches.svg.png" decoding="async" width="650" height="416" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 650px;height: 416px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Protestant_branches.svg/650px-Protestant_branches.svg.png" data-alt="Historical chart of the main Protestant branches" data-width="650" data-height="416" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Protestant_branches.svg/975px-Protestant_branches.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Protestant_branches.svg/1300px-Protestant_branches.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> </div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restorationism">Restorationism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Priesthood03080u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Priesthood03080u.jpg/180px-Priesthood03080u.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="271" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3010"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 271px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Priesthood03080u.jpg/180px-Priesthood03080u.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="271" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Priesthood03080u.jpg/270px-Priesthood03080u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Priesthood03080u.jpg/360px-Priesthood03080u.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A 19th-century drawing of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cowdery" title="Oliver Cowdery">Oliver Cowdery</a> receiving the <a href="/wiki/Aaronic_priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Aaronic priesthood (Latter Day Saints)">Aaronic priesthood</a> from <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>. <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a> believe that the <a href="/wiki/Christian_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian priest">Priesthood</a> ceased to exist after the death of the apostles and therefore needed to be <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (Latter Day Saints)">restored</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a>, a period of religious revival that occurred in the United States during the early 1800s, saw the development of a number of unrelated churches. They generally saw themselves as <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">restoring</a> the original church of Jesus Christ rather than reforming one of the existing churches.<a href="#cite_note-451">[441]</a> A common belief held by Restorationists was that the other divisions of Christianity had introduced doctrinal defects into Christianity, which was known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-452">[442]</a> In Asia, <a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a> is a known Restorationist denomination that was established during the early 1900s. Other examples of Restorationist denominations include <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedenborgians" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedenborgians">Swedenborgianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-453">[443]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spinks2017-22">[19]</a> Some of the churches originating during this period are historically connected to early 19th-century camp meetings in the Midwest and upstate New York. One of the largest churches produced from the movement is <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>.<a href="#cite_note-454">[444]</a> American <a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a>, which arose from Evangelical Protestantism, influenced the <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> movement and, as a reaction specifically to <a href="/wiki/William_Miller_(preacher)" title="William Miller (preacher)">William Miller</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventists</a>. Others, including the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)" title="Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)">Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christian_Church_in_Canada" title="Evangelical Christian Church in Canada">Evangelical Christian Church in Canada</a>,<a href="#cite_note-455">[445]</a><a href="#cite_note-456">[446]</a> <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Christian_churches_and_churches_of_Christ" title="Christian churches and churches of Christ">Christian churches and churches of Christ</a>, have their roots in the contemporaneous Stone-Campbell <a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restoration Movement</a>, which was centered in Kentucky and Tennessee. Other groups originating in this time period include the <a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a> and the previously mentioned <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saints_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Latter Day Saints movement">Latter Day Saints movement</a>. While the churches originating in the Second Great Awakening have some superficial similarities, their doctrine and practices vary significantly.<a href="#cite_note-457">[447]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biserica_unitarian%C4%83_20180321_115158_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Biserica_unitarian%C4%83_20180321_115158_05.jpg/180px-Biserica_unitarian%C4%83_20180321_115158_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 135px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Biserica_unitarian%C4%83_20180321_115158_05.jpg/180px-Biserica_unitarian%C4%83_20180321_115158_05.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Biserica_unitarian%C4%83_20180321_115158_05.jpg/270px-Biserica_unitarian%C4%83_20180321_115158_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Biserica_unitarian%C4%83_20180321_115158_05.jpg/360px-Biserica_unitarian%C4%83_20180321_115158_05.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Church_of_Transylvania" title="Unitarian Church of Transylvania">Unitarian Church of Transylvania</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a></figcaption></figure> Within Italy, Poland, Lithuania, Transylvania, Hungary, Romania, and the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian Churches</a> emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> tradition in the 16th century;<a href="#cite_note-458">[448]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Church_of_Transylvania" title="Unitarian Church of Transylvania">Unitarian Church of Transylvania</a> is an example of such a denomination that arose in this era.<a href="#cite_note-459">[449]</a> They adopted the <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Credobaptism" class="mw-redirect" title="Credobaptism">credobaptism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-460">[450]</a> Various smaller <a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Catholic">Independent Catholic</a> communities, such as the <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-461">[451]</a> include the word <a href="/wiki/Catholic_(term)" title="Catholic (term)">Catholic</a> in their title, and arguably have more or less liturgical practices in common with the Catholic Church but are no longer in <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>.<a href="#cite_note-462">[452]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual Christians">Spiritual Christians</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Doukhobors" title="Doukhobors">Doukhobors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molokan" class="mw-redirect" title="Molokan">Molokans</a>, broke from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> and maintain close association with Mennonites and <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a> due to similar religious practices; all of these groups are furthermore collectively considered to be <a href="/wiki/Peace_churches" title="Peace churches">peace churches</a> due to their belief in <a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">pacifism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-463">[453]</a><a href="#cite_note-464">[454]</a> <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Judaism</a> (or the Messianic Movement) is the name of a Christian movement comprising a number of streams, whose members may consider themselves Jewish. The movement originated in the 1960s and 1970s, and it blends elements of religious Jewish practice with evangelical Christianity. Messianic Judaism affirms Christian creeds such as the messiahship and divinity of "Yeshua" (the Hebrew name of Jesus) and the Triune Nature of God, while also adhering to some Jewish dietary laws and customs.<a href="#cite_note-465">[455]</a> <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric Christians</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a>,<a href="#cite_note-466">[456]</a> regard Christianity as a <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">mystery religion</a><a href="#cite_note-467">[457]</a><a href="#cite_note-468">[458]</a> and profess the existence and possession of certain <a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">esoteric</a> doctrines or practices,<a href="#cite_note-469">[459]</a><a href="#cite_note-470">[460]</a> hidden from the public and accessible only to a narrow circle of "enlightened", "initiated", or highly educated people.<a href="#cite_note-471">[461]</a><a href="#cite_note-472">[462]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational Christianity</a> or non-denominational Christianity consists of <a href="/wiki/Simple_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple church">churches</a> which typically distance themselves from the <a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(religion)" title="Confessionalism (religion)">confessionalism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">creedalism</a> of other Christian communities<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-449">[439]</a> by not formally aligning with a specific <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denomination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes1997-473">[463]</a> Nondenominational Christianity first arose in the 18th century through the <a href="/wiki/Stone-Campbell_Restoration_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement">Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement</a>, with followers organizing themselves as "<a href="/wiki/Christians_(Stone_Movement)" title="Christians (Stone Movement)">Christians</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Christ_(Campbell_Movement)" title="Disciples of Christ (Campbell Movement)">Disciples of Christ</a>",<a href="#cite_note-475">[note 11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hughes1997-473">[463]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barnett2020-474">[464]</a> but many typically adhere to <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Christianity">evangelical Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-476">[465]</a><a href="#cite_note-477">[466]</a><a href="#cite_note-478">[467]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Cultural_influence">Cultural influence</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christian culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Protestant_culture" title="Protestant culture">Protestant culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian influences in Islam">Christian influences in Islam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christian culture</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:La_volta_della_Cappella_Sistina_(Michelangelo_Buonarroti_1508-1512)_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/La_volta_della_Cappella_Sistina_%28Michelangelo_Buonarroti_1508-1512%29_-_panoramio.jpg/288px-La_volta_della_Cappella_Sistina_%28Michelangelo_Buonarroti_1508-1512%29_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="192" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 288px;height: 192px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/La_volta_della_Cappella_Sistina_%28Michelangelo_Buonarroti_1508-1512%29_-_panoramio.jpg/288px-La_volta_della_Cappella_Sistina_%28Michelangelo_Buonarroti_1508-1512%29_-_panoramio.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="288" data-height="192" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/La_volta_della_Cappella_Sistina_%28Michelangelo_Buonarroti_1508-1512%29_-_panoramio.jpg/432px-La_volta_della_Cappella_Sistina_%28Michelangelo_Buonarroti_1508-1512%29_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/La_volta_della_Cappella_Sistina_%28Michelangelo_Buonarroti_1508-1512%29_-_panoramio.jpg/576px-La_volta_della_Cappella_Sistina_%28Michelangelo_Buonarroti_1508-1512%29_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Hollfeld_Krippe_P1340403.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hollfeld_Krippe_P1340403.jpg/182px-Hollfeld_Krippe_P1340403.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 182px;height: 137px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hollfeld_Krippe_P1340403.jpg/182px-Hollfeld_Krippe_P1340403.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="182" data-height="137" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hollfeld_Krippe_P1340403.jpg/273px-Hollfeld_Krippe_P1340403.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hollfeld_Krippe_P1340403.jpg/364px-Hollfeld_Krippe_P1340403.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:NotreDameDeParis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/NotreDameDeParis.jpg/102px-NotreDameDeParis.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2865" data-file-height="3806"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 102px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/NotreDameDeParis.jpg/102px-NotreDameDeParis.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="102" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/NotreDameDeParis.jpg/153px-NotreDameDeParis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/NotreDameDeParis.jpg/204px-NotreDameDeParis.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:89px;max-width:89px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:131px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_the_Redeemer_-_Cristo_Redentor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Christ_the_Redeemer_-_Cristo_Redentor.jpg/87px-Christ_the_Redeemer_-_Cristo_Redentor.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2497" data-file-height="3744"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 87px;height: 130px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Christ_the_Redeemer_-_Cristo_Redentor.jpg/87px-Christ_the_Redeemer_-_Cristo_Redentor.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="87" data-height="130" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Christ_the_Redeemer_-_Cristo_Redentor.jpg/131px-Christ_the_Redeemer_-_Cristo_Redentor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Christ_the_Redeemer_-_Cristo_Redentor.jpg/174px-Christ_the_Redeemer_-_Cristo_Redentor.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:131px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Svatba_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Svatba_%282%29.jpg/197px-Svatba_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="131" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 197px;height: 131px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Svatba_%282%29.jpg/197px-Svatba_%282%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="197" data-height="131" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Svatba_%282%29.jpg/296px-Svatba_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Svatba_%282%29.jpg/394px-Svatba_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Clockwise from top: <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" title="Sistine Chapel ceiling">Sistine Chapel ceiling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame</a> cathedral in Paris, Eastern Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">wedding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christ_the_Redeemer_(statue)" title="Christ the Redeemer (statue)">Christ the Redeemer</a> statue, <a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity scene</a></div></div></div></div> The history of the <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> spans about 1,700 years and includes a variety of socio-political developments, as well as advances in the <a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">philosophy</a>, and technology.<a href="#cite_note-Crisis_in_Western_Education-479">[468]</a><a href="#cite_note-480">[469]</a><a href="#cite_note-481">[470]</a> Since the spread of Christianity from the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> during the early <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, Christendom has been divided in the pre-existing <a href="/wiki/Greek_East_and_Latin_West" title="Greek East and Latin West">Greek East and Latin West</a>. Consequently, different versions of the Christian cultures arose with their own rites and practices, centered around the cities of Rome (<a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Carthage" title="Archdiocese of Carthage">Carthage</a>, whose communities were called Western or Latin Christendom,<a href="#cite_note-482">[471]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>), <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Indian Christianity</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Christianity">Coptic Christianity</a>), whose communities were called Eastern or Oriental Christendom.<a href="#cite_note-483">[472]</a><a href="#cite_note-484">[473]</a><a href="#cite_note-485">[474]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> was one of the peaks in <a href="/wiki/Christian_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian history">Christian history</a> and Eastern <a href="/wiki/Christian_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian civilization">Christian civilization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cameron_2006_42-58">[53]</a> From the 11th to 13th centuries, <a href="/wiki/Latin_Christendom" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Christendom">Latin Christendom</a> rose to the central role of the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>. The Bible has had a profound influence on Western civilization and on cultures around the globe; it has contributed to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Western law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Western art">art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">texts</a>, and education.<a href="#cite_note-486">[475]</a><a href="#cite_note-487">[476]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2000ch._1-488">[477]</a> With a literary tradition spanning two millennia, the Bible is one of the most influential works ever written. From practices of <a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">personal hygiene</a> to philosophy and ethics, the Bible has directly and indirectly influenced politics and law, war and peace, sexual morals, marriage and family life, toilet etiquette, letters and learning, the arts, economics, social justice, medical care and more.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2000ch._1-488">[477]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Christians</a> have made a myriad of contributions to <a href="/wiki/Progress_(history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress (history)">human progress</a> in a broad and diverse range of fields, including philosophy,<a href="#cite_note-489">[478]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christians_in_science_and_technology" title="List of Christians in science and technology">science and technology</a>,<a href="#cite_note-490">[479]</a><a href="#cite_note-491">[480]</a><a href="#cite_note-492">[481]</a><a href="#cite_note-493">[482]</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">medicine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-494">[483]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_Church_artists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Catholic Church artists">fine arts and architecture</a>,<a href="#cite_note-495">[484]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_authors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Catholic authors">literatures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">music</a>,<a href="#cite_note-496">[485]</a> and business.<a href="#cite_note-497">[486]</a><a href="#cite_note-498">[487]</a> According to 100 Years of Nobel Prizes a review of the Nobel Prizes award between 1901 and 2000 reveals that (65.4%) of <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prizes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prizes">Nobel Prizes</a> Laureates, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Christian Nobel laureates">have identified Christianity</a> in its various forms as their religious preference.<a href="#cite_note-499">[488]</a> Outside the Western world, Christianity has had an influence on various cultures, such as in Africa, the Near East, Middle East, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-Curtis_2017_173-500">[489]</a><a href="#cite_note-501">[490]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_scientists_and_scholars_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of Christian scientists and scholars of the medieval Islamic world">Eastern Christian scientists and scholars of the medieval Islamic world</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Jacobite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorian</a> Christians) contributed to the Arab <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic civilization</a> during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Ummayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ummayyad">Ummayyads</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasids</a>, by translating works of <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophers">Greek philosophers</a> to <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> and afterwards, to <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-502">[491]</a><a href="#cite_note-503">[492]</a><a href="#cite_note-504">[493]</a> They also excelled in philosophy, science, theology, and medicine.<a href="#cite_note-505">[494]</a><a href="#cite_note-506">[495]</a><a href="#cite_note-507">[496]</a> Scholars and intellectuals agree <a href="/wiki/Christians_in_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Christians in the Middle East">Christians in the Middle East</a> have made significant contributions to Arab and Islamic civilization since the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and they have had a significant impact contributing the culture of the <a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-508">[497]</a><a href="#cite_note-Curtis_2017_173-500">[489]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_Western_culture">Influence on Western culture</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>, throughout most of its history, has been nearly equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christian culture</a>, and a large portion of the population of the Western Hemisphere can be described as practicing or nominal Christians. The notion of "Europe" and the "Western World" has been intimately connected with the concept of "Christianity and Christendom". Many historians even attribute Christianity for being the link that created a unified <a href="/wiki/European_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="European identity">European identity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-509">[498]</a> Though Western culture contained several polytheistic religions during its early years under the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empires</a>, as the centralized Roman power waned, the dominance of the Catholic Church was the only consistent force in Western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Koch-1994-510">[499]</a> Until the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Koch-1994-510">[499]</a> Christian culture guided the course of philosophy, literature, art, music and science.<a href="#cite_note-Koch-1994-510">[499]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crisis_in_Western_Education-479">[468]</a> Christian disciplines of the respective arts have subsequently developed into <a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Christian music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Christian literature</a>, and so on. Christianity has had a significant impact on education, as the church created the bases of the Western system of education,<a href="#cite_note-Britannica2022-511">[500]</a> and was the sponsor of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">founding universities</a> in the Western world, as the university is generally regarded as an institution that has its origin in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">Medieval Christian</a> setting.<a href="#cite_note-verger1999-75">[70]</a> Historically, Christianity has often been a patron of science and medicine; many <a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_cleric-scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Catholic cleric-scientists">Catholic clergy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-512">[501]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Jesuit scientists">Jesuits</a> in particular,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods2005109-513">[502]</a><a href="#cite_note-514">[503]</a><a href="#cite_note-515">[504]</a> have been active in the sciences throughout history and have made significant contributions to the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">development of science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-516">[505]</a><a href="#cite_note-517">[506]</a> Some scholars state that Christianity contributed to the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-518">[507]</a> Protestantism also has had an important influence on science. According to the <a href="/wiki/Merton_Thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Merton Thesis">Merton Thesis</a>, there was a positive correlation between the rise of English <a href="/wiki/Puritanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritanism">Puritanism</a> and German <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> on the one hand, and early experimental science on the other.<a href="#cite_note-519">[508]</a><a href="#cite_note-520">[509]</a><a href="#cite_note-521">[510]</a> The civilizing influence of Christianity includes social welfare,<a href="#cite_note-Britannica2022-511">[500]</a> contribution to the medical and health care,<a href="#cite_note-522">[511]</a> founding hospitals,<a href="#cite_note-Britannica2022-511">[500]</a> economics (as the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Britannica2022-511">[500]</a><a href="#cite_note-523">[512]</a><a href="#cite_note-524">[513]</a> architecture,<a href="#cite_note-525">[514]</a> literature,<a href="#cite_note-526">[515]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">personal hygiene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">ablution</a>),<a href="#cite_note-527">[516]</a><a href="#cite_note-528">[517]</a> and family life.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica2022-511">[500]</a><a href="#cite_note-529">[518]</a> Historically, <a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">extended families</a> were the basic family unit in the <a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christian culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian countries">countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-530">[519]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Christian">Cultural Christians</a> are secular people with a Christian heritage who may not believe in the religious claims of Christianity, but who retain an affinity for the popular culture, art, <a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">music</a>, and so on related to the religion.<a href="#cite_note-531">[520]</a> <a href="/wiki/Postchristianity" title="Postchristianity">Postchristianity</a> is the term for the decline of Christianity, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe" title="Christianity in Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Australia" title="Christianity in Australia">Australia</a>, and to a minor degree the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a>, in the 20th and 21st centuries, considered in terms of <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a>. It refers to the loss of Christianity's monopoly on <a href="/wiki/Values" class="mw-redirect" title="Values">values</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_view" class="mw-redirect" title="World view">world view</a> in historically Christian societies.<a href="#cite_note-532">[521]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2bishopsReformation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/2bishopsReformation.jpg/229px-2bishopsReformation.jpg" decoding="async" width="229" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4403" data-file-height="3251"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 229px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/2bishopsReformation.jpg/229px-2bishopsReformation.jpg" data-width="229" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/2bishopsReformation.jpg/344px-2bishopsReformation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/2bishopsReformation.jpg/458px-2bishopsReformation.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bishop <a href="/wiki/John_M._Quinn" title="John M. Quinn">John M. Quinn</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Winona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Winona">Roman Catholic Diocese of Winona</a> and Bishop Steven Delzer of <a href="/wiki/List_of_ELCA_synods" title="List of ELCA synods">Evangelical Lutheran Southeastern Minnesota Synod</a> leading a <a href="/wiki/Reformation_Day" title="Reformation Day">Reformation Day</a> service (2017)</figcaption></figure> Christian groups and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">denominations</a> have long expressed ideals of being reconciled, and in the 20th century, Christian ecumenism advanced in two ways.<a href="#cite_note-533">[522]</a><a href="#cite_note-McManners581-534">[523]</a><a href="#cite_note-535">[524]</a> One way was greater cooperation between groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a> founded in 1846 in London or the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Missionary_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh Missionary Conference">Edinburgh Missionary Conference</a> of Protestants in 1910, the Justice, Peace and Creation Commission of the <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a> founded in 1948 by Protestant and Orthodox churches, and similar national councils like the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Churches_in_Australia" title="National Council of Churches in Australia">National Council of Churches in Australia</a>, which includes Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-McManners581-534">[523]</a> The other way was an institutional union with <a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">united churches</a>, a practice that can be traced back to unions between Lutherans and Calvinists in early 19th-century Germany. Congregationalist, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches united in 1925 to form the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church of Canada</a>,<a href="#cite_note-536">[525]</a> and in 1977 to form the <a href="/wiki/Uniting_Church_in_Australia" title="Uniting Church in Australia">Uniting Church in Australia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_South_India" title="Church of South India">Church of South India</a> was formed in 1947 by the union of Anglican, Baptist, Methodist, Congregationalist, and Presbyterian churches.<a href="#cite_note-537">[526]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Christian Flag</a> is an ecumenical flag designed in the early 20th century to represent all of Christianity and <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-538">[527]</a> The ecumenical, <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monastic</a> <a href="/wiki/Taiz%C3%A9_Community" title="Taizé Community">Taizé Community</a> is notable for being composed of more than one hundred <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">brothers</a> from Protestant and Catholic traditions.<a href="#cite_note-taize-539">[528]</a> The community emphasizes the reconciliation of all denominations and its main church, located in <a href="/wiki/Taiz%C3%A9,_Sa%C3%B4ne-et-Loire" title="Taizé, Saône-et-Loire">Taizé, Saône-et-Loire</a>, France, is named the "Church of Reconciliation".<a href="#cite_note-taize-539">[528]</a> The community is internationally known, attracting over 100,000 young <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">pilgrims</a> annually.<a href="#cite_note-540">[529]</a> Steps towards reconciliation on a global level were taken in 1965 by the Catholic and Orthodox churches, mutually revoking the excommunications that marked their <a href="/wiki/East-West_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="East-West Schism">Great Schism</a> in 1054;<a href="#cite_note-541">[530]</a> the Anglican Catholic International Commission (ARCIC) working towards full communion between those churches since 1970;<a href="#cite_note-542">[531]</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_World_Federation" title="Lutheran World Federation">Lutheran</a> and Catholic churches signing the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_on_the_Doctrine_of_Justification" title="Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification">Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification</a> in 1999 to address conflicts at the root of the Protestant Reformation. In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/World_Methodist_Council" title="World Methodist Council">World Methodist Council</a>, representing all Methodist denominations, adopted the declaration.<a href="#cite_note-543">[532]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Criticism,_persecution,_and_apologetics">Criticism, persecution, and apologetics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism of Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution of Christians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Christian apologetics</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_statue_of_Giordano_Bruno_by_Ettore_Ferrari_,_Campo_de%27_Fiori,_Roma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bronze_statue_of_Giordano_Bruno_by_Ettore_Ferrari_%2C_Campo_de%27_Fiori%2C_Roma.jpg/200px-Bronze_statue_of_Giordano_Bruno_by_Ettore_Ferrari_%2C_Campo_de%27_Fiori%2C_Roma.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="272" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3703" data-file-height="5041"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 272px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bronze_statue_of_Giordano_Bruno_by_Ettore_Ferrari_%2C_Campo_de%27_Fiori%2C_Roma.jpg/200px-Bronze_statue_of_Giordano_Bruno_by_Ettore_Ferrari_%2C_Campo_de%27_Fiori%2C_Roma.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="272" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bronze_statue_of_Giordano_Bruno_by_Ettore_Ferrari_%2C_Campo_de%27_Fiori%2C_Roma.jpg/300px-Bronze_statue_of_Giordano_Bruno_by_Ettore_Ferrari_%2C_Campo_de%27_Fiori%2C_Roma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bronze_statue_of_Giordano_Bruno_by_Ettore_Ferrari_%2C_Campo_de%27_Fiori%2C_Roma.jpg/400px-Bronze_statue_of_Giordano_Bruno_by_Ettore_Ferrari_%2C_Campo_de%27_Fiori%2C_Roma.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The monument to <a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a> in the place he was executed in Rome</figcaption></figure> Criticism of Christianity and Christians goes back to the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a>, with the New Testament recording friction between the followers of Jesus and the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scribes">scribes</a> (e.g., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%2015:1%E2%80%9320">Matthew 15:1–20</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Mark%207:1%E2%80%9323">Mark 7:1–23</a>).<a href="#cite_note-544">[533]</a> In the 2nd century, Christianity was criticized by the Jews on various grounds, e.g., that the prophecies of the Hebrew Bible could not have been fulfilled by Jesus, given that he did not have a successful life.<a href="#cite_note-545">[534]</a> Additionally, a sacrifice to remove sins in advance, for everyone or as a human being, did not fit the Jewish sacrifice ritual; furthermore, <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> is said to judge people on their deeds instead of their beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-546">[535]</a><a href="#cite_note-547">[536]</a> One of the first comprehensive attacks on Christianity came from the Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Celsus" title="Celsus">Celsus</a>, who wrote <a href="/wiki/The_True_Word" title="The True Word">The True Word</a>, a polemic criticizing Christians as being unprofitable members of society.<a href="#cite_note-548">[537]</a><a href="#cite_note-549">[538]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olson1999-550">[539]</a> In response, the church father <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> published his treatise <a href="/wiki/Contra_Celsum" title="Contra Celsum">Contra Celsum</a>, or Against Celsus, a seminal work of Christian apologetics, which systematically addressed Celsus's criticisms and helped bring Christianity a level of academic respectability.<a href="#cite_note-551">[540]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olson1999-550">[539]</a> By the 3rd century, criticism of Christianity had mounted. Wild rumors about Christians were widely circulated, claiming that they were <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a> and that, as part of their rituals, they devoured human infants and engaged in incestuous orgies.<a href="#cite_note-552">[541]</a><a href="#cite_note-553">[542]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonist</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a> wrote the fifteen-volume Adversus Christianos as a comprehensive attack on Christianity, in part building on the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-554">[543]</a><a href="#cite_note-555">[544]</a> By the 12th century, the <a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Moses_Maimonides" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses Maimonides">Moses Maimonides</a>) was criticizing Christianity on the grounds of idol worship, in that Christians attributed divinity to Jesus, who had a physical body.<a href="#cite_note-556">[545]</a> In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> began to write a series of polemics on the "unnatural" teachings of Christianity (e.g. sexual abstinence), and continued his criticism of Christianity to the end of his life.<a href="#cite_note-557">[546]</a> In the 20th century, the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> expressed his criticism of Christianity in <a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Christian" title="Why I Am Not a Christian">Why I Am Not a Christian</a>, formulating his rejection of Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-558">[547]</a> Criticism of Christianity continues to date, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> theologians criticize the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> held by most Christians, stating that this doctrine in effect assumes that there are three gods, running against the basic tenet of <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-559">[548]</a> New Testament scholar <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Price" title="Robert M. Price">Robert M. Price</a> has outlined the possibility that some Bible stories are based partly on myth in The Christ Myth Theory and its problems.<a href="#cite_note-560">[549]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecution">Persecution</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kharput_Christian_refugees_-_C.D.Morris_-_National_Geographic,_Nov._1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Kharput_Christian_refugees_-_C.D.Morris_-_National_Geographic%2C_Nov._1925.jpg/220px-Kharput_Christian_refugees_-_C.D.Morris_-_National_Geographic%2C_Nov._1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Kharput_Christian_refugees_-_C.D.Morris_-_National_Geographic%2C_Nov._1925.jpg/220px-Kharput_Christian_refugees_-_C.D.Morris_-_National_Geographic%2C_Nov._1925.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Kharput_Christian_refugees_-_C.D.Morris_-_National_Geographic%2C_Nov._1925.jpg/330px-Kharput_Christian_refugees_-_C.D.Morris_-_National_Geographic%2C_Nov._1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Kharput_Christian_refugees_-_C.D.Morris_-_National_Geographic%2C_Nov._1925.jpg/440px-Kharput_Christian_refugees_-_C.D.Morris_-_National_Geographic%2C_Nov._1925.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Christians fleeing their homes in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, c. 1922. Many Christians were persecuted and killed during the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrian genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-561">[550]</a></figcaption></figure> Christians are one of the most <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">persecuted</a> religious groups in the world, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_East" title="Christianity in the Middle East">Middle-East</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and South and East Asia.<a href="#cite_note-562">[551]</a><a href="#cite_note-563">[552]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wintour_2019_Guardian-564">[553]</a> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Open_Doors" title="Open Doors">Open Doors</a> estimated approximately 260 million Christians are subjected annually to "high, very high, or extreme persecution"<a href="#cite_note-565">[554]</a> with North Korea considered the most hazardous nation for Christians.<a href="#cite_note-566">[555]</a><a href="#cite_note-567">[556]</a> In 2019, a report<a href="#cite_note-568">[557]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mounstephen_2019_FCO_final_rep-569">[558]</a> commissioned by the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">Secretary of State</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office">Foreign and Commonwealth Office</a> (FCO) to investigate global persecution of Christians found persecution has increased, and is highest in the Middle East, North Africa, India, China, North Korea, and Latin America, among others, and that it is global and not limited to Islamic states.<a href="#cite_note-570">[559]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mounstephen_2019_FCO_final_rep-569">[558]</a> This investigation found that approximately 80% of persecuted believers worldwide are Christians.<a href="#cite_note-Wintour_2019_Guardian-564">[553]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apologetics">Apologetics</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SummaTheologiae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/SummaTheologiae.jpg/200px-SummaTheologiae.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="256" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 256px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/SummaTheologiae.jpg/200px-SummaTheologiae.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="256" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/SummaTheologiae.jpg/300px-SummaTheologiae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/SummaTheologiae.jpg/400px-SummaTheologiae.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A copy of the <a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></figcaption></figure> Christian apologetics aims to present a <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">rational</a> basis for Christianity. The word "apologetic" (Greek: ἀπολογητικός apologētikos) comes from the Greek verb ἀπολογέομαι apologeomai, meaning "(I) speak in defense of".<a href="#cite_note-571">[560]</a> Christian apologetics has taken many forms over the centuries, starting with Paul the Apostle. The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> presented five arguments for God's existence in the <a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a>, while his <a href="/wiki/Summa_contra_Gentiles" title="Summa contra Gentiles">Summa contra Gentiles</a> was a major apologetic work.<a href="#cite_note-572">[561]</a><a href="#cite_note-573">[562]</a> Another famous apologist, <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a>, wrote in the early twentieth century about the benefits of religion and, specifically, Christianity. Famous for his use of paradox, Chesterton explained that while Christianity had the most mysteries, it was the most practical religion.<a href="#cite_note-574">[563]</a><a href="#cite_note-575">[564]</a> He pointed to the <a href="/wiki/Role_of_the_Christian_Church_in_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Role of the Christian Church in civilization">advance of Christian civilizations</a> as proof of its practicality.<a href="#cite_note-576">[565]</a> The physicist and priest <a href="/wiki/John_Polkinghorne" title="John Polkinghorne">John Polkinghorne</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Questions_of_Truth" title="Questions of Truth">Questions of Truth</a>, discusses the subject of <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and science">religion and science</a>, a topic that other Christian apologists such as <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lennox" title="John Lennox">John Lennox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a> have engaged, with the latter two men opining that the <a href="/wiki/Religious_interpretations_of_the_Big_Bang_theory" title="Religious interpretations of the Big Bang theory">inflationary Big Bang model</a> is evidence for the <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence of God</a>.<a href="#cite_note-577">[566]</a> <a href="/wiki/Creationist_apologetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Creationist apologetics">Creationist apologetics</a> is apologetics that aims to defend <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">creationism</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_atheism" title="Christian atheism">Christian atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians_of_Saint_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Christians of Saint John">Christians of Saint John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christianity and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Christianity and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Christian mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation">Christianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamieson-Fausset-Brown_Bible_Commentary" title="Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary">Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Christianity originated in 1st-century <a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judea</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christian</a> sect of <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-nontrinitarianism-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nontrinitarianism_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nontrinitarianism_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nontrinitarianism_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nontrinitarianism_11-3">d</a> The doctrine of the Trinity is not universally accepted among Christians. <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarian</a> Christian groups include the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarians</a> and Jehovah's Witnesses.<a href="#cite_note-578">[567]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> The denominations of <a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Christian_Church" title="Apostolic Christian Church">Apostolic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruderhof_Communities" title="Bruderhof Communities">Bruderhof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Brethren" title="River Brethren">River Brethren</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Schwarzenau Brethren</a>), <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravianism/Hussites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Continental Reformed</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterians</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Wa`ldensianism</a> are the main families of Protestantism. Other groups that are sometimes regarded as Protestant include <a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">non-denominational Christian</a> congregations.<a href="#cite_note-Melton2005-16">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> The denominations of <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Luz_del_Mundo" title="La Luz del Mundo">La Luz del Mundo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spinks2017-22">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> It appears in the Acts of the Apostles, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#9:2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 9:2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#19:9" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 19:9</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#19:23" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 19:23</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/English_translations_of_the_bible" class="mw-redirect" title="English translations of the bible">English translations of the New Testament</a> capitalize 'the Way' (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/New_King_James_Version" title="New King James Version">New King James Version</a> and the <a href="/wiki/English_Standard_Version" title="English Standard Version">English Standard Version</a>), indicating that this was how 'the new religion seemed then to be designated'<a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a> whereas others treat the phrase as indicative—'the way',<a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a> 'that way'<a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a> or 'the way of the Lord'.<a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> version reads, "the way of God" and the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> Latin version, "the way of the Lord".<a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trias-Trinitas-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trias-Trinitas_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trias-Trinitas_178-1">b</a> The Latin equivalent, from which English trinity is derived,<a href="#cite_note-175">[170]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] is trinitas<a href="#cite_note-Trinitas-176">[171]</a> though Latin also borrowed Greek trias verbatim.<a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Frequently a distinction is made between "liturgical" and "non-liturgical" churches based on how elaborate or antiquated the worship; in this usage, churches whose services are unscripted or improvised are described as "non-liturgical".<a href="#cite_note-200">[194]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Often these are arranged on an <a href="/wiki/Annual_cycle" title="Annual cycle">annual cycle</a>, using a book called a <a href="/wiki/Lectionary" title="Lectionary">lectionary</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> Iesous Christos Theou Hyios Soter may be a more complete transliteration; in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology#Loss_of_aspiration" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine Greek</a>, the daseia or <a href="/wiki/Spiritus_asper" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritus asper">spiritus asper</a> had largely ceased being pronounced and was not—commonly—marked in the <a href="/wiki/Majuscule" class="mw-redirect" title="Majuscule">majuscule</a> script of the time. </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> A flexible term, defined as all forms of Protestantism with the notable exception of the historical denominations deriving directly from the Protestant Reformation. </li> <li id="cite_note-475"><a href="#cite_ref-475">^</a> The first Nondenominational Christian churches which emerged through the <a href="/wiki/Stone-Campbell_Restoration_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement">Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement</a> are tied to associations such as the <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)" title="Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)">Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes1997-473">[463]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barnett2020-474">[464]</a> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Global_Christianity-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Christianity_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Christianity_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Christianity_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Christianity_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Christianity_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Christianity_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Christianity_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Christianity_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Christianity_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Christianity_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Christianity_1-10">k</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf">"Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population"</a> (PDF). Pew Research Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801204254/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Christianity+%E2%80%93+A+Report+on+the+Size+and+Distribution+of+the+World%27s+Christian+Population&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.pewresearch.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F11%2F2011%2F12%2FChristianity-fullreport-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2005) [2003]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=URdACxKubDIC&pg=PA95">"At Polar Ends of the Spectrum: Early Christian Ebionites and Marcionites"</a>. Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew. Vol. 74. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 95–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0009640700110273">10.1017/s0009640700110273</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518249-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518249-1"><bdi>978-0-19-518249-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152458823">152458823</a>. Retrieved 20 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=At+Polar+Ends+of+the+Spectrum%3A+Early+Christian+Ebionites+and+Marcionites&rft.btitle=Lost+Christianities%3A+The+Battles+for+Scripture+and+the+Faiths+We+Never+Knew&rft.pages=95-112&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152458823%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0009640700110273&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518249-1&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DURdACxKubDIC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurtado2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Hurtado" title="Larry Hurtado">Hurtado, Larry W.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi5xIxgnNgcC&pg=PA13">"How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God? Approaches to Jesus-Devotion in Earliest Christianity"</a>. How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God? Historical Questions about Earliest Devotion to Jesus. Grand Rapids and Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Wm._B._Eerdmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. B. Eerdmans">Wm. B. Eerdmans</a>. pp. 13–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2861-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2861-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-2861-3</bdi></a>. 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A New History of Early Christianity. New Haven and London: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 31–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12987%2F9780300166583">10.12987/9780300166583</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12581-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12581-8"><bdi>978-0-300-12581-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1nq44w">j.ctt1nq44w</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170124789">170124789</a>. 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In Krans, Jan; Lietaert Peerbolte, L. J.; Smit, Peter-Ben; Zwiep, Arie W. (eds.). Paul, John, and Apocalyptic Eschatology: Studies in Honour of Martinus C. de Boer. <a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum" title="Novum Testamentum">Novum Testamentum: Supplements</a>. Vol. 149. Leiden: Brill. pp. 238–255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004250369_016">10.1163/9789004250369_016</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25026-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25026-0"><bdi>978-90-04-25026-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-9732">0167-9732</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191738355">191738355</a>. Retrieved 13 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+Antichrist+Defeated+Death%3A+The+Development+of+Christian+Apocalyptic+Eschatology+in+the+Early+Church&rft.btitle=Paul%2C+John%2C+and+Apocalyptic+Eschatology%3A+Studies+in+Honour+of+Martinus+C.+de+Boer&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Novum+Testamentum%3A+Supplements&rft.pages=238-255&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004250369_016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191738355%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0167-9732&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25026-0&rft.aulast=Lietaert+Peerbolte&rft.aufirst=Bert+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMoKxIeOTkqYC%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_Pelikan2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jan Pelikan, Jaroslav (13 August 2022). "Christianity". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christianity">Christianity | Definition, Origin, History, Beliefs, Symbols, Types, & Facts | Britannica</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <q>...there is a core of ideas that all New Testament scholars and believers would agree are central to ancient Christian beliefs. One British scholar, James G. Dunn, for example, says they would all agree that "the Risen Jesus is the Ascended Lord." That is to say, there would have been no faith tradition and no scriptures had not the early believers thought that Jesus was "Risen," raised from the dead, and, "Ascended," somehow above the ordinary plane of mortal and temporal experience.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christianity+%26%23124%3B+Definition%2C+Origin%2C+History%2C+Beliefs%2C+Symbols%2C+Types%2C+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2022-08-13&rft.aulast=Jan+Pelikan&rft.aufirst=Jaroslav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FChristianity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Young" title="Frances Young">Young, Frances M.</a> (2006). "Prelude: Jesus Christ, foundation of Christianity". In Mitchell, M.; Young, F. (eds.). The Cambridge History of Christianity. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521812399.002">10.1017/CHOL9780521812399.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05483-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05483-6"><bdi>978-1-139-05483-6</bdi></a>. <q>The death of Jesus Christ by crucifixion, together with bhis resurrection from the dead, lies at the heart of Christianity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prelude%3A+Jesus+Christ%2C+foundation+of+Christianity&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Christianity&rft.pages=1-34&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521812399.002&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05483-6&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Frances+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095610483">"Christianity - The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable"</a>. Oxford Reference. Oxford University Press. 2005. Retrieved 6 August 2024. <q>The religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Reference&rft.atitle=Christianity+-+The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Phrase+and+Fable&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803095610483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew_Research_Center-1-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pew_Research_Center-1_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew_Research_Center-1_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/05/christians-remain-worlds-largest-religious-group-but-they-are-declining-in-europe/">"World's largest religion by population is still Christianity"</a>. Pew Research Center. 5 April 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=World%27s+largest+religion+by+population+is+still+Christianity&rft.date=2017-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2017%2F04%2F05%2Fchristians-remain-worlds-largest-religious-group-but-they-are-declining-in-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2012" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Marvin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U2pnv0Aoh2EC&pg=PA33">Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1789</a>. Cengage. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-83720-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-111-83720-4"><bdi>978-1-111-83720-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization%3A+A+Brief+History%2C+Volume+I%3A+To+1789&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Cengage&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-111-83720-4&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU2pnv0Aoh2EC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004Preface-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004Preface_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBokenkotter2004">Bokenkotter 2004</a>, Preface. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes1954" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Carlton J. H. (1954). Christianity and Western Civilization. Stanford University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7581-3510-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7581-3510-0"><bdi>978-0-7581-3510-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+and+Western+Civilization&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=978-0-7581-3510-0&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Carlton+J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melton2005-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Melton2005_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Melton2005_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton2005" class="citation book cs1">Melton, J. Gordon (2005). Encyclopedia of Protestantism. Infobase. p. 398. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6983-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6983-5"><bdi>978-0-8160-6983-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Protestantism&rft.pages=398&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-6983-5&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gordonconwell.edu-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gordonconwell.edu_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gordonconwell.edu_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gordonconwell.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2024/01/Status-of-Global-Christianity-2024.pdf">"Status of Global Christianity, 2024, in the Context of 1900–2050"</a> (PDF). Center for the Study of Global Christianity, Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary. Retrieved 23 May 2024. <q>Protestants: 625,606,000; Independents: 421,689,000; Unaffiliated Christians: 123,508,000</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Status+of+Global+Christianity%2C+2024%2C+in+the+Context+of+1900%E2%80%932050&rft.pub=Center+for+the+Study+of+Global+Christianity%2C+Gordon-Conwell+Theological+Seminary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gordonconwell.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F13%2F2024%2F01%2FStatus-of-Global-Christianity-2024.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KimOsmerSchweitzer2018-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KimOsmerSchweitzer2018_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KimOsmerSchweitzer2018_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimOsmerSchweitzer2018" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Hyun-Sook; Osmer, Richard R.; Schweitzer, Friedrich (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=muV0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">The Future of Protestant Religious Education in an Age of Globalization</a>. Waxmann Verlag. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8309-8876-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8309-8876-2"><bdi>978-3-8309-8876-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Protestant+Religious+Education+in+an+Age+of+Globalization&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Waxmann+Verlag&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-8309-8876-2&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Hyun-Sook&rft.au=Osmer%2C+Richard+R.&rft.au=Schweitzer%2C+Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmuV0DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalshamCummingsLawRiley2020" class="citation book cs1">Walsham, Alexandra; Cummings, Brian; Law, Ceri; Riley, Karis (4 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2XrpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT18">Remembering the Reformation</a>. Routledge. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-61992-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-61992-2"><bdi>978-0-429-61992-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembering+the+Reformation&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020-06-04&rft.isbn=978-0-429-61992-2&rft.aulast=Walsham&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft.au=Cummings%2C+Brian&rft.au=Law%2C+Ceri&rft.au=Riley%2C+Karis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2XrpDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisMittelstadt2016" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Paul W.; Mittelstadt, Martin William (27 April 2016). What's So Liberal about the Liberal Arts?: Integrated Approaches to Christian Formation. Wipf & Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-3145-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-3145-9"><bdi>978-1-4982-3145-9</bdi></a>. <q>The Second Great Awakening (1790-1840) spurred a renewed interest in primitive Christianity. What is known as the Restoration Movement of the nineteenth century gave birth to an array of groups: Mormons (The Latter Day Saint Movement), the Churches of Christ, Adventists, and Jehovah's Witnesses. Though these groups demonstrate a breathtaking diversity on the continuum of Christianity they share an intense restorationist impulse.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What%27s+So+Liberal+about+the+Liberal+Arts%3F%3A+Integrated+Approaches+to+Christian+Formation&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock&rft.date=2016-04-27&rft.isbn=978-1-4982-3145-9&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Paul+W.&rft.au=Mittelstadt%2C+Martin+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spinks2017-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spinks2017_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spinks2017_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpinks2017" class="citation book cs1">Spinks, Bryan D. (2 March 2017). Reformation and Modern Rituals and Theologies of Baptism: From Luther to Contemporary Practices. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-90583-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-90583-1"><bdi>978-1-351-90583-1</bdi></a>. <q>However, Swedenborg claimed to receive visions and revelations of heavenly things and a 'New Church', and the new church which was founded upon his writings was a Restorationist Church. The three nineteenth-century churches are all examples of Restorationist Churches, which believed they were refounding the Apostolic Church, and preparing for the Second Coming of Christ.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reformation+and+Modern+Rituals+and+Theologies+of+Baptism%3A+From+Luther+to+Contemporary+Practices&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-03-02&rft.isbn=978-1-351-90583-1&rft.aulast=Spinks&rft.aufirst=Bryan+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaoSawatsky2023" class="citation web cs1">Gao, Ronnie Chuang-Rang; Sawatsky, Kevin (7 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hc.edu/center-for-christianity-in-business/2023/02/07/motivations-in-faith-based-organizations/">"Motivations in Faith-Based Organizations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Houston_Christian_University" title="Houston Christian University">Houston Christian University</a>. Retrieved 29 August 2024. <q>For example, Christianity comprises six major groups: Church of the East, Oriental Orthodoxy, Eastern Orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism, Protestantism and Restorationism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Motivations+in+Faith-Based+Organizations&rft.pub=Houston+Christian+University&rft.date=2023-02-07&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Ronnie+Chuang-Rang&rft.au=Sawatsky%2C+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhc.edu%2Fcenter-for-christianity-in-business%2F2023%2F02%2F07%2Fmotivations-in-faith-based-organizations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> Gao and Sawatsky refer to <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Ellwood" title="Robert S. Ellwood">Ellwood, Robert S.</a>, The Encyclopedia of World Religions, New York: Infobase Publishing (2008) as their source for this taxonomy. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/commentaries/jfb//acts/19.htm">"Acts 19 | Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary"</a>. biblehub.com. Retrieved 8 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Acts+19+%7C+Jamieson-Fausset-Brown+Bible+Commentary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fcommentaries%2Fjfb%2F%2Facts%2F19.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Jubilee Bible 2000 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="/wiki/American_King_James_Version" class="mw-redirect" title="American King James Version">American King James Version</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Douai-Rheims_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Douai-Rheims Bible">Douai-Rheims Bible</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/commentaries/gill/acts/19.htm">"Online Bible Study Suite | Gill, J., Gill's Exposition of the Bible, commentary on Acts 19:23"</a>. Retrieved 8 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Bible+Study+Suite+%7C+Gill%2C+J.%2C+Gill%27s+Exposition+of+the+Bible%2C+commentary+on+Acts+19%3A23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fcommentaries%2Fgill%2Facts%2F19.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> E. Peterson (1959), "Christianus." In: Frühkirche, Judentum und Gnosis, publisher: Herder, Freiburg, pp. 353–72 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElwellComfort2001266,_828-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElwellComfort2001266,_828_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElwellComfort2001">Elwell & Comfort 2001</a>, pp. 266, 828. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Evodius of Antioch → Antioch, Church of". Evodius of Antioch → Antioch, Church of. Brill Encyclopedia of Early Christianity Online. 2018. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2589-7993_eeco_dum_00001220">10.1163/2589-7993_eeco_dum_00001220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evodius+of+Antioch+%E2%86%92+Antioch%2C+Church+of&rft.btitle=Brill+Encyclopedia+of+Early+Christianity+Online&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2589-7993_eeco_dum_00001220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCory2015" class="citation book cs1">Cory, Catherine (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SsZcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20">Christian Theological Tradition</a>. Routledge. p. 20 and forward. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-34958-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-34958-7"><bdi>978-1-317-34958-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Theological+Tradition&rft.pages=p.+20+and+forward&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-34958-7&rft.aulast=Cory&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSsZcCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenko1984" class="citation book cs1">Benko, Stephen (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LHHxkapsiEgC&pg=PA22">Pagan Rome and the Early Christians</a>. Indiana University Press. p. 22 and forward. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34286-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34286-7"><bdi>978-0-253-34286-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pagan+Rome+and+the+Early+Christians&rft.pages=p.+22+and+forward&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34286-7&rft.aulast=Benko&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLHHxkapsiEgC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alister_McGrath" title="Alister McGrath">McGrath, Alister E.</a> (2006), Christianity: An Introduction, Wiley-Blackwell, p. 174, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-0899-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-0899-1"><bdi>1-4051-0899-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-4051-0899-1&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Alister+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeifrid1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_A._Seifrid" title="Mark A. Seifrid">Seifrid, Mark A.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KdUkuOtOw68C&pg=PA210">"'Justification by Faith' and The Disposition of Paul's Argument"</a>. Justification by Faith: The Origin and Development of a Central Pauline Theme. <a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum" title="Novum Testamentum">Novum Testamentum</a>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 210–211, 246–247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004095217" title="Special:BookSources/9004095217"><bdi>9004095217</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-9732">0167-9732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Justification+by+Faith%27+and+The+Disposition+of+Paul%27s+Argument&rft.btitle=Justification+by+Faith%3A+The+Origin+and+Development+of+a+Central+Pauline+Theme&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Novum+Testamentum&rft.pages=210-211%2C+246-247&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0167-9732&rft.isbn=9004095217&rft.aulast=Seifrid&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKdUkuOtOw68C%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Wylen, Stephen M., The Jews in the Time of Jesus: An Introduction, Paulist Press (1995), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0809136104" title="Special:BookSources/0809136104">0809136104</a>, pp. 190–192; Dunn, James D.G., Jews and Christians: The Parting of the Ways, A.D. 70 to 135, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing (1999), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802844987" title="Special:BookSources/0802844987">0802844987</a>, [pp. 33–34.; Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro & Gargola, Daniel J & Talbert, Richard John Alexander, The Romans: From Village to Empire, Oxford University Press (2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195118758" title="Special:BookSources/0195118758">0195118758</a>, p. 426. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%207:59&version=nrsv">Acts 7:59</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2012:2&version=nrsv">Acts 12:2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Martin, D. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v1Bh_SAEU90">The "Afterlife" of the New Testament and Postmodern Interpretation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160608093412/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v1Bh_SAEU90">Archived</a> 8 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cosmolearning.org/video-lectures/the-afterlife-of-the-new-testament-and-postmodern-interpretation-6819/">lecture transcript</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160812141627/https://cosmolearning.org/video-lectures/the-afterlife-of-the-new-testament-and-postmodern-interpretation-6819/">Archived</a> 12 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). Yale University. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140303004713/https://cso-france.voila.net/Monastere_Saint_Mattai.htm">"Monastère de Mor Mattai – Mossul – Irak"</a> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cso-france.voila.net/Monastere_Saint_Mattai.htm">the original</a> on 3 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monast%C3%A8re+de+Mor+Mattai+%E2%80%93+Mossul+%E2%80%93+Irak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcso-france.voila.net%2FMonastere_Saint_Mattai.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Michael Whitby, et al. eds. Christian Persecution, Martyrdom and Orthodoxy (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/115080283?title=Christian%20Persecution%2c%20Martyrdom%2c%20and%20Orthodoxy">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110624034855/https://www.questia.com/read/115080283?title=Christian%20Persecution%2c%20Martyrdom%2c%20and%20Orthodoxy">Archived</a> 24 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a>, the author of <a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Ecclesiastical History</a> in the 4th century, states that St. Mark came to Egypt in the first or third year of the reign of Emperor Claudius, i.e. 41 or 43 AD. "Two Thousand years of Coptic Christianity" Otto F.A. Meinardus p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLettinga" class="citation web cs1">Lettinga, Neil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010730174045/https://www.bethel.edu/~letnie/AfricanChristianity/WesternNorthAfricaHomepage.html">"A History of the Christian Church in Western North Africa"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bethel.edu/~letnie/AfricanChristianity/WesternNorthAfricaHomepage.html">the original</a> on 30 July 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Christian+Church+in+Western+North+Africa&rft.aulast=Lettinga&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bethel.edu%2F~letnie%2FAfricanChristianity%2FWesternNorthAfricaHomepage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101116113632/https://allaboutreligion.org/history-of-christianity-in-africa-faq.htm">"Allaboutreligion.org"</a>. Allaboutreligion.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allaboutreligion.org/history-of-christianity-in-africa-faq.htm">the original</a> on 16 November 2010. Retrieved 19 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Allaboutreligion.org&rft.pub=Allaboutreligion.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allaboutreligion.org%2Fhistory-of-christianity-in-africa-faq.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/armenia">"Armenia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Retrieved 8 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Armenia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Farmenia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2011.zip">(Archived 2011 edition.)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-almanac-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-almanac_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-almanac_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunner2006" class="citation book cs1">Brunner, Borgna (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timealmanac2007w00brun/page/685">Time Almanac with Information Please 2007</a>. New York: Time Home Entertainment. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timealmanac2007w00brun/page/685">685</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933405-49-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933405-49-0"><bdi>978-1-933405-49-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+Almanac+with+Information+Please+2007&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=685&rft.pub=Time+Home+Entertainment&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-933405-49-0&rft.aulast=Brunner&rft.aufirst=Borgna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftimealmanac2007w00brun%2Fpage%2F685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Lint2009" class="citation journal cs1">van Lint, Theo Maarten (2009). "The Formation of Armenian Identity in the First Millennium". Church History and Religious Culture. 89 (1/3): 269.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History+and+Religious+Culture&rft.atitle=The+Formation+of+Armenian+Identity+in+the+First+Millennium&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=1%2F3&rft.pages=269&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=van+Lint&rft.aufirst=Theo+Maarten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2017" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Jonathan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b-ECDgAAQBAJ">Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium</a> (2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Academic. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-5467-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-5467-0"><bdi>978-1-4742-5467-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantinople%3A+Capital+of+Byzantium&rft.pages=38&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4742-5467-0&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db-ECDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChidester2000" class="citation book cs1">Chidester, David (2000). Christianity: A Global History. HarperOne. p. 91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%3A+A+Global+History&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Chidester&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRicciotti1999">Ricciotti 1999</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/theodcodeXVI.html">Theodosian Code XVI.i.2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140814182634/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/theodcodeXVI.html">Archived</a> 14 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in: Bettenson. Documents of the Christian Church. p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurbankCopper2010" class="citation book cs1">Burbank, Jane; Copper, Frederick (2010). Empires in World History: Power and the Politics of Difference. Princeton University Press. p. 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+in+World+History%3A+Power+and+the+Politics+of+Difference&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Burbank&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Copper%2C+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcTavish2010" class="citation book cs1">McTavish, T. J. (2010). A Theological Miscellany: 160 Pages of Odd, Merry, Essentially Inessential Facts, Figures, and Tidbits about Christianity. Thomas Nelson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4185-5281-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4185-5281-7"><bdi>978-1-4185-5281-7</bdi></a>. <q>The Nicene Creed, as used in the churches of the West (Anglican, Catholic, Lutheran, and others), contains the statement, "We believe [or I believe] in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life, who proceeds from the Father and the Son."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Theological+Miscellany%3A+160+Pages+of+Odd%2C+Merry%2C+Essentially+Inessential+Facts%2C+Figures%2C+and+Tidbits+about+Christianity&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4185-5281-7&rft.aulast=McTavish&rft.aufirst=T.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UMC—Our_Common_Heritage_as_Christians-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UMC%E2%80%94Our_Common_Heritage_as_Christians_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UMC%E2%80%94Our_Common_Heritage_as_Christians_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060114032325/https://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?mid=1806">"Our Common Heritage as Christians"</a>. The United Methodist Church. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?mid=1806">the original</a> on 14 January 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Common+Heritage+as+Christians&rft.pub=The+United+Methodist+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.umc.org%2Finterior.asp%3Fmid%3D1806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> McManners, Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity, pp. 37ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cameron_2006_42-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cameron_2006_42_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cameron_2006_42_58-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCameron2006">Cameron 2006</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCameron2006">Cameron 2006</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrowning1992">Browning 1992</a>, pp. 198–208. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrowning1992">Browning 1992</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gonzalez-p238-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gonzalez-p238_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gonzalez-p238_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gonzalez-p238_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gonzalez-p238_62-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGonz%C3%A1lez1984">González 1984</a>, pp. 238–242 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarari2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yuval_Noah_Harari" title="Yuval Noah Harari">Harari, Yuval Noah</a> (2015). Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Yuval_Noah_Harari" title="Yuval Noah Harari">Harari, Yuval Noah</a>; Purcell, John; <a href="/wiki/Haim_Watzman" title="Haim Watzman">Watzman, Haim</a>. London: Penguin Random House. pp. 243, 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-959008-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-959008-8"><bdi>978-0-09-959008-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sapiens%3A+A+Brief+History+of+Humankind&rft.place=London&rft.pages=243%2C+247&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-09-959008-8&rft.aulast=Harari&rft.aufirst=Yuval+Noah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullin200888-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMullin200888_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMullin2008">Mullin 2008</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullin200893–94-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMullin200893%E2%80%9394_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMullin2008">Mullin 2008</a>, pp. 93–94. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Religions in Global Society. p. 146, Peter Beyer, 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Cambridge University Historical Series, An Essay on Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects, p. 40: Hebraism, like Hellenism, has been an all-important factor in the development of Western Civilization; Judaism, as the precursor of Christianity, has indirectly had had much to do with shaping the ideals and morality of western nations since the christian era. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Caltron J.H Hayas, Christianity and Western Civilization (1953), Stanford University Press, p. 2: "That certain distinctive features of our Western civilization—the civilization of western Europe and of America—have been shaped chiefly by Judaeo – Graeco – Christianity, Catholic and Protestant." </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Fred Reinhard Dallmayr, Dialogue Among Civilizations: Some Exemplary Voices (2004), p. 22: Western civilization is also sometimes described as "Christian" or "Judaeo- Christian" civilization. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGonz%C3%A1lez1984">González 1984</a>, pp. 244–47 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGonz%C3%A1lez1984">González 1984</a>, p. 260 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGonz%C3%A1lez1984">González 1984</a>, pp. 278–281 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Riché, Pierre (1978): "Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century", Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0872493768" title="Special:BookSources/0872493768">0872493768</a>, pp. 126–127, 282–298 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Rudy, The Universities of Europe, 1100–1914, p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-verger1999-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-verger1999_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-verger1999_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerger1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Verger" class="extiw" title="fr:Jacques Verger">Verger, Jacques</a> [in French] (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL822497W">Culture, enseignement et société en Occident aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles</a> (in French) (1st ed.). Presses universitaires de Rennes in Rennes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2868473448" title="Special:BookSources/978-2868473448"><bdi>978-2868473448</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture%2C+enseignement+et+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+en+Occident+aux+XIIe+et+XIIIe+si%C3%A8cles&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+Rennes+in+Rennes&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-2868473448&rft.aulast=Verger&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL822497W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Verger, Jacques. "The Universities and Scholasticism", in The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume V c. 1198–c. 1300. Cambridge University Press, 2007, 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in: A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521361052" title="Special:BookSources/0521361052">0521361052</a>, pp. xix–xx </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGonz%C3%A1lez1984">González 1984</a>, pp. 303–307, 310ff., 384–386 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGonz%C3%A1lez1984">González 1984</a>, pp. 305, 310ff., 316ff </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGonz%C3%A1lez1984">González 1984</a>, pp. 321–323, 365ff </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Parole de l'Orient. Vol. 30. Université Saint-Esprit. 2005. p. 488.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parole+de+l%27Orient&rft.pages=488&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A9+Saint-Esprit&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGonz%C3%A1lez1984">González 1984</a>, pp. 292–300 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Riley-Smith. The Oxford History of the Crusades. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070629153450/http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/general/greatschism.aspx">"The Great Schism: The Estrangement of Eastern and Western Christendom"</a>. Orthodox Information Centre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orthodoxinfo.com/general/greatschism.aspx">the original</a> on 29 June 2007. Retrieved 26 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Schism%3A+The+Estrangement+of+Eastern+and+Western+Christendom&rft.pub=Orthodox+Information+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxinfo.com%2Fgeneral%2Fgreatschism.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Duffy, Saints and Sinners (1997), p. 91 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCulloch2011" class="citation book cs1">MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7x4m20TRYzQC">Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-18999-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-18999-3"><bdi>978-1-101-18999-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%3A+The+First+Three+Thousand+Years&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-101-18999-3&rft.aulast=MacCulloch&rft.aufirst=Diarmaid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7x4m20TRYzQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelushkin2008" class="citation book cs1">Telushkin, Joseph (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewishliteracy00telu/page/192">Jewish Literacy</a>. HarperCollins. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewishliteracy00telu/page/192">192–193</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-08506-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-08506-3"><bdi>978-0-688-08506-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Literacy&rft.pages=192-193&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-688-08506-3&rft.aulast=Telushkin&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjewishliteracy00telu%2Fpage%2F192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGonz%C3%A1lez1984">González 1984</a>, pp. 300, 304–305 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGonz%C3%A1lez1984">González 1984</a>, pp. 310, 383, 385, 391 </li> <li id="cite_note-Simon-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simon_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simon_90-1">b</a> Simon. Great Ages of Man: The Reformation. pp. 39, 55–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Simon. Great Ages of Man: The Reformation. p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Schama. A History of Britain. pp. 306–310. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> National Geographic, 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Jensen, De Lamar (1992), Renaissance Europe, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0395889472" title="Special:BookSources/0395889472">0395889472</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevey1967" class="citation book cs1">Levey, Michael (1967). Early Renaissance. Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Renaissance&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Levey&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004242–244-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004242%E2%80%93244_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBokenkotter2004">Bokenkotter 2004</a>, pp. 242–244. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Simon. Great Ages of Man: The Reformation. pp. 109–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> A general overview about the English discussion is given in Coffey, Persecution and Toleration in Protestant England 1558–1689. </li> <li id="cite_note-openuni-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-openuni_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-openuni_99-1">b</a> Open University, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/renaissance2/religion.htm">Looking at the Renaissance: Religious Context in the Renaissance</a> (Retrieved 10 May 2007) </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Some scholars and historians attribute Christianity to having contributed to the rise of the Scientific Revolution: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2012" class="citation web cs1">Harrison, Peter (8 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2012/05/08/3498202.htm">"Christianity and the rise of western science"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. Retrieved 28 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=Christianity+and+the+rise+of+western+science&rft.date=2012-05-08&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Freligion%2Farticles%2F2012%2F05%2F08%2F3498202.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoll" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Noll" title="Mark Noll">Noll, Mark</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322013257/https://biologos.org/uploads/projects/noll_scholarly_essay2.pdf">Science, Religion, and A.D. White: Seeking Peace in the "Warfare Between Science and Theology"</a> (PDF), The Biologos Foundation, p. 4, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biologos.org/uploads/projects/noll_scholarly_essay2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 March 2015, retrieved 14 January 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science%2C+Religion%2C+and+A.D.+White%3A+Seeking+Peace+in+the+%22Warfare+Between+Science+and+Theology%22&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=The+Biologos+Foundation&rft.aulast=Noll&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiologos.org%2Fuploads%2Fprojects%2Fnoll_scholarly_essay2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindbergNumbers1986" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_C._Lindberg" title="David C. Lindberg">Lindberg, David C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ronald_L._Numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald L. Numbers">Numbers, Ronald L.</a> (1986), "Introduction", God & Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter Between Christianity and Science, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, pp. 5, 12, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05538-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05538-4"><bdi>978-0-520-05538-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=God+%26+Nature%3A+Historical+Essays+on+the+Encounter+Between+Christianity+and+Science&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pages=5%2C+12&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05538-4&rft.aulast=Lindberg&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft.au=Numbers%2C+Ronald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilley2006" class="citation book cs1">Gilley, Sheridan (2006). The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 8, World Christianities c. 1815 – c. 1914. Brian Stanley. Cambridge University Press. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81456-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-81456-1"><bdi>0-521-81456-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Christianity%3A+Volume+8%2C+World+Christianities+c.+1815+%E2%80%93+c.+1914&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-521-81456-1&rft.aulast=Gilley&rft.aufirst=Sheridan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lindberg, David. (1992). The Beginnings of Western Science. University of Chicago Press. p. 204.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Pro forma candidate to Prince-Bishop of Warmia, cf. Dobrzycki, Jerzy, and Leszek Hajdukiewicz, "Kopernik, Mikołaj", <a href="/wiki/Polski_s%C5%82ownik_biograficzny" class="mw-redirect" title="Polski słownik biograficzny">Polski słownik biograficzny</a> (Polish Biographical Dictionary), vol. XIV, Wrocław, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Polish Academy of Sciences">Polish Academy of Sciences</a>, 1969, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharratt1994" class="citation book cs1">Sharratt, Michael (1994). Galileo: Decisive Innovator. 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Glastonbury Review (113). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishorthodox.org/113e.php">the original</a> on 19 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glastonbury+Review&rft.atitle=The+Oriental+Orthodox+Rejection+of+Chalcedon&rft.issue=113&rft.date=2006-02&rft.au=Peter+Theodore+Farrington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishorthodox.org%2F113e.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Pope Leo I, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailycatholic.org/history/4ecumen2.htm">Letter to Flavian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220620231801/http://www.dailycatholic.org/history/4ecumen2.htm">Archived</a> 20 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02033b.htm">Athanasian Creed</a>". </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> White, Howard A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.appiusforum.net/restoration.html">The History of the Church</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171130221959/http://www.appiusforum.net/restoration.html">Archived</a> 30 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummins1991" class="citation book cs1">Cummins, Duane D. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookfortoday0000cumm">A handbook for Today's Disciples in the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)</a> (Revised ed.). St Louis, MO: Chalice. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8272-1425-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8272-1425-5"><bdi>978-0-8272-1425-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+handbook+for+Today%27s+Disciples+in+the+Christian+Church+%28Disciples+of+Christ%29&rft.place=St+Louis%2C+MO&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Chalice&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8272-1425-5&rft.aulast=Cummins&rft.aufirst=Duane+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookfortoday0000cumm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Ron Rhodes, The Complete Guide to Christian Denominations, Harvest House Publishers, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0736912894" title="Special:BookSources/0736912894">0736912894</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodhead2004">Woodhead 2004</a>, p. 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodhead2004">Woodhead 2004</a>, p. n.p </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Metzger/Coogan, Oxford Companion to the Bible, pp. 513, 649. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%202:24&version=nrsv">Acts 2:24</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%202:31%E2%80%9332&version=nrsv">2:31–32</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%203:15&version=nrsv">3:15</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%203:26&version=nrsv">3:26</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%204:10&version=nrsv">4:10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%205:30&version=nrsv">5:30</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2010:40%E2%80%9341&version=nrsv">10:40–41</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2013:30&version=nrsv">13:30</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2013:34&version=nrsv">13:34</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2013:37&version=nrsv">13:37</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2017:30%E2%80%9331&version=nrsv">17:30–31</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2010:9&version=nrsv">Romans 10:9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2015:15&version=nrsv">1 Cor. 15:15</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%206:14&version=nrsv">6:14</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Corinthians%204:14&version=nrsv">2 Cor. 4:14</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%201:1&version=nrsv">Gal 1:1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%201:20&version=nrsv">Eph 1:20</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%202:12&version=nrsv">Col 2:12</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Thessalonians%201:10&version=nrsv">1 Thess. 11:10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%2013:20&version=nrsv">Heb. 13:20</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Peter%201:3&version=nrsv">1 Pet. 1:3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Peter%201:21&version=nrsv">1:21</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_Creed" class="extiw" title="s:Nicene Creed">s:Nicene Creed</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%201:9%E2%80%9311&version=nrsv">Acts 1:9–11</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGambero1999" class="citation book cs1">Gambero, Luigi (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dsZzsAtggnUC&q=L.+Gambero%2C+Mary+and+the+Fathers+of+the+Church">Mary and the Fathers of the Church: The Blessed Virgin Mary in Patristic Thought</a>. Ignatius. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-686-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-686-4"><bdi>978-0-89870-686-4</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+and+the+Fathers+of+the+Church%3A+The+Blessed+Virgin+Mary+in+Patristic+Thought&rft.pub=Ignatius&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-89870-686-4&rft.aulast=Gambero&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdsZzsAtggnUC%26q%3DL.%2BGambero%252C%2BMary%2Band%2Bthe%2BFathers%2Bof%2Bthe%2BChurch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanegraaff2002" class="citation book cs1">Hanegraaff, Hank (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bZfZYMt8Tx4C">Resurrection: The Capstone in the Arch of Christianity</a>. Thomas Nelson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4185-1723-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4185-1723-6"><bdi>978-1-4185-1723-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resurrection%3A+The+Capstone+in+the+Arch+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-4185-1723-6&rft.aulast=Hanegraaff&rft.aufirst=Hank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbZfZYMt8Tx4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070901153606/https://dlibrary.acu.edu.au/research/theology/Walsh.htm">"The Significance of the Death and Resurrection of Jesus for the Christian"</a>. Australian Catholic University National. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dlibrary.acu.edu.au/research/theology/Walsh.htm">the original</a> on 1 September 2007. Retrieved 16 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Significance+of+the+Death+and+Resurrection+of+Jesus+for+the+Christian&rft.pub=Australian+Catholic+University+National&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdlibrary.acu.edu.au%2Fresearch%2Ftheology%2FWalsh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:30%E2%80%9331&version=nrsv">Jn. 19:30–31</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2016:1&version=nrsv">Mk. 16:1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2016:6&version=nrsv">16:6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2015:6&version=nrsv">1Cor 15:6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%203:16&version=nrsv">John 3:16</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%205:24&version=nrsv">5:24</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%206:39%E2%80%9340&version=nrsv">6:39–40</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%206:47&version=nrsv">6:47</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2010:10&version=nrsv">10:10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2011:25%E2%80%9326&version=nrsv">11:25–26</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2017:3&version=nrsv">17:3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> This is drawn from a number of sources, especially the early Creeds, the Catechism of the Catholic Church, certain theological works, and various Confessions drafted during the Reformation including the Thirty Nine Articles of the Church of England, works contained in the Book of Concord. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Fuller, The Foundations of New Testament Christology, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> A <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Seminar" title="Jesus Seminar">Jesus Seminar</a> conclusion held that "in the view of the Seminar, he did not rise bodily from the dead; the resurrection is based instead on <a href="/wiki/Vision_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Vision hypothesis">visionary experiences</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary</a>." </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Funk. The Acts of Jesus: What Did Jesus Really Do?. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Lorenzen. Resurrection, Discipleship, Justice: Affirming the Resurrection Jesus Christ Today, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2015:14&version=nrsv">1Cor 15:14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Ball/Johnsson (ed.). The Essential Jesus. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+3%3A16&version=NIV">"John 3:16 New International Version"</a>. Bible Gateway. Retrieved 21 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=John+3%3A16+New+International+Version&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DJohn%2B3%253A16%26version%3DNIV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-remedy-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-remedy_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-remedy_154-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenbaum2004" class="citation journal cs1">Eisenbaum, Pamela (Winter 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbl-site.org/assets/pdfs/JBL1234.pdf">"A Remedy for Having Been Born of Woman: Jesus, Gentiles, and Genealogy in Romans"</a> (PDF). Journal of Biblical Literature. 123 (4): 671–702. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3268465">10.2307/3268465</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9231">0021-9231</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3268465">3268465</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.sbl-site.org/assets/pdfs/JBL1234.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=A+Remedy+for+Having+Been+Born+of+Woman%3A+Jesus%2C+Gentiles%2C+and+Genealogy+in+Romans&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=671-702&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0021-9231&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3268465%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3268465&rft.aulast=Eisenbaum&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbl-site.org%2Fassets%2Fpdfs%2FJBL1234.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%203:29&version=nrsv">Gal. 3:29</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Wright, N.T. What Saint Paul Really Said: Was Paul of Tarsus the Real Founder of Christianity? (Oxford, 1997), p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%208:9&version=nrsv">Rom. 8:9,11,16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P29.HTM#:~:text=846%20">Paragraph 846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+846&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a href="/wiki/L._W._Grensted" class="mw-redirect" title="L. W. Grensted">L. W. Grensted</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PUW8AAAAIAAJ">A Short History of the Doctrine of the Atonement</a> (Manchester: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>, 1920), p. 191: 'Before the Reformation only a few hints of a Penal theory can be found.' </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Westminster Confession, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spurgeon.org/~phil/creeds/wcf.htm#chap10">Chapter X</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140528062341/https://www.spurgeon.org/~phil/creeds/wcf.htm#chap10">Archived</a> 28 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Spurgeon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spurgeon.org/calvinis.htm">A Defense of Calvinism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080410133140/https://www.spurgeon.org/calvinis.htm">Archived</a> 10 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100815001751/https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p3s1c3a2.htm">"Grace and Justification"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p3s1c3a2.htm">the original</a> on 15 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.atitle=Grace+and+Justification&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fcatechism%2Fp3s1c3a2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Definition of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Lateran_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Lateran Council">Fourth Lateran Council</a> quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P17.HTM#:~:text=253%20">Paragraph 253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+253&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Christianity's status as monotheistic is affirmed in, among other sources, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a> (article "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10499a.htm">Monotheism</a>"); <a href="/wiki/William_F._Albright" title="William F. Albright">William F. Albright</a>, From the Stone Age to Christianity; <a href="/wiki/H._Richard_Niebuhr" title="H. Richard Niebuhr">H. Richard Niebuhr</a>; Kirsch, God Against the Gods; Woodhead, An Introduction to Christianity; <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Encyclopedia" title="Columbia Encyclopedia">The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0833762.html">Monotheism</a>; The New Dictionary of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Literacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Literacy">Cultural Literacy</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212011435/https://www.bartleby.com/59/5/monotheism.html">monotheism</a>; New Dictionary of Theology, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ntwrightpage.com/Wright_NDCT_Paul.htm">Paul</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160720034723/http://ntwrightpage.com/Wright_NDCT_Paul.htm">Archived</a> 20 July 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 496–499; Meconi. "Pagan Monotheism in Late Antiquity". pp. 111ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Kelly. Early Christian Doctrines. pp. 87–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Alexander. New Dictionary of Biblical Theology. pp. 514ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> McGrath. Historical Theology. p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Metzger/Coogan. Oxford Companion to the Bible. p. 782. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Kelly. The Athanasian Creed. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowden2005" class="citation book cs1">Bowden, John Stephen (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch0000unse_u1l4/page/1206/mode/2up">Encyclopedia of Christianity</a>. Internet Archive. Oxford University Press. p. 1207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-522393-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-522393-4"><bdi>978-0-19-522393-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Christianity&rft.pages=1207&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-522393-4&rft.aulast=Bowden&rft.aufirst=John+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofch0000unse_u1l4%2Fpage%2F1206%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Heidi J. Hornik and Mikeal Carl Parsons, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BmWpMKaDBVUC&pg=PA34">Interpreting Christian Art: Reflections on Christian art</a>, Mercer University Press, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0865548501" title="Special:BookSources/0865548501">0865548501</a>, pp. 32–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Examples of ante-Nicene statements:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Hence all the power of magic became dissolved; and every bond of wickedness was destroyed, men's ignorance was taken away, and the old kingdom abolished God Himself appearing in the form of a man, for the renewal of eternal life.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>St. Ignatius of Antioch in Letter to the Ephesians, ch.4, shorter version, Roberts-Donaldson translation</cite></div></blockquote><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We have also as a Physician the Lord our God Jesus the Christ the only-begotten Son and Word, before time began, but who afterwards became also man, of Mary the virgin. For 'the Word was made flesh.' Being incorporeal, He was in the body; being impassible, He was in a passable body; being immortal, He was in a mortal body; being life, He became subject to corruption, that He might free our souls from death and corruption, and heal them, and might restore them to health, when they were diseased with ungodliness and wicked lusts<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>St. Ignatius of Antioch in Letter to the Ephesians, ch.7, shorter version, Roberts-Donaldson translation</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Church, though dispersed throughout the whole world, even to the ends of the earth, has received from the apostles and their disciples this faith: ...one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven, and earth, and the sea, and all things that are in them; and in one Christ Jesus, the Son of God, who became incarnate for our salvation; and in the Holy Spirit, who proclaimed through the prophets the dispensations of God, and the advents, and the birth from a virgin, and the passion, and the resurrection from the dead, and the ascension into heaven in the flesh of the beloved Christ Jesus, our Lord, and His manifestation from heaven in the glory of the Father 'to gather all things in one,' and to raise up anew all flesh of the whole human race, in order that to Christ Jesus, our Lord, and God, and Savior, and King, according to the will of the invisible Father, 'every knee should bow, of things in heaven, and things in earth, and things under the earth, and that every tongue should confess; to him, and that He should execute just judgment towards all...<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>St. Irenaeus in Against Heresies, ch.X, v.I, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson1950" class="citation cs2">Donaldson, James (1950), Ante Nicene Fathers, Volume 1: Apostolic Fathers, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, William B. Eerdmans, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-8087-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-8087-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-8087-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ante+Nicene+Fathers%2C+Volume+1%3A+Apostolic+Fathers%2C+Justin+Martyr%2C+Irenaeus&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-8087-1&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">For, in the name of God, the Father and Lord of the universe, and of our Savior Jesus Christ, and of the Holy Spirit, they then receive the washing with water<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Justin Martyr in First Apology, ch. LXI, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson1950" class="citation cs2">Donaldson, James (1950), Ante Nicene Fathers, Volume 1: Apostolic Fathers, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Wm. B. Eerdmans, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-8087-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-8087-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-8087-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ante+Nicene+Fathers%2C+Volume+1%3A+Apostolic+Fathers%2C+Justin+Martyr%2C+Irenaeus&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-8087-1&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></cite></div></blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2002" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Roger E. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SUAidAp8AgEC">The Trinity</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4827-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4827-7"><bdi>978-0-8028-4827-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trinity&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4827-7&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Roger+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSUAidAp8AgEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Fowler. World Religions: An Introduction for Students. p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=tria/s1">τριάς</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=trinity">"trinity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=trinity&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dtrinity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trinitas-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trinitas_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trinitas_176-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=trinitas">trinitas</a>. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. <a href="/wiki/A_Latin_Dictionary" title="A Latin Dictionary">A Latin Dictionary</a> on <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=trias">trias</a>. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. <a href="/wiki/A_Latin_Dictionary" title="A Latin Dictionary">A Latin Dictionary</a> on <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheophilus_of_Antioch" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Theophilus of Antioch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/PatrologiaGraeca/Patrologia%20Graeca%20Vol.%20006#page/n569">"Book II.15"</a>. Apologia ad Autolycum. <a href="/wiki/Patrologiae_Graecae" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrologiae Graecae">Patrologiae Graecae</a> Cursus Completus (in Greek and Latin). Vol. 6. <q>Ὡσαύτως καὶ αἱ τρεῖς ἡμέραι τῶν φωστήρων γεγονυῖαι τύποι εἰσὶν τῆς Τριάδος, τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ τοῦ Λόγου αὐτοῦ, καὶ τῆς Σοφίας αὐτοῦ.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+II.15&rft.btitle=Apologia+ad+Autolycum&rft.series=Patrologiae+Graecae+Cursus+Completus&rft.au=Theophilus+of+Antioch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FPatrologiaGraeca%2FPatrologia%2520Graeca%2520Vol.%2520006%23page%2Fn569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> McManners, Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity. p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTertullian" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tertullian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tertullian.org/latin/de_pudicitia.htm">"21"</a>, De Pudicitia (in Latin), <q>Nam et ipsa ecclesia proprie et principaliter ipse est spiritus, in quo est trinitas unius diuinitatis, Pater et Filius et Spiritus sanctus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=21&rft.btitle=De+Pudicitia&rft.au=Tertullian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Flatin%2Fde_pudicitia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> McManners, Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Moltmann" title="Jürgen Moltmann">Moltmann, Jürgen</a>. The Trinity and the Kingdom: The Doctrine of God. Tr. from German. Fortress Press, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/080062825X" title="Special:BookSources/080062825X">080062825X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Harnack, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/harnack/dogma1.ii.iii.iii.html">History of Dogma</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Pocket Dictionary of Church History Nathan P. Feldmeth p. 135 "Unitarianism. Unitarians emerged from Protestant Christian beginnings in the sixteenth century with a central focus on the unity of God and subsequent denial of the doctrine of the Trinity" </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/summa/5.htm">Summa Theologicum, Supplementum Tertiae Partis</a> questions 69 through 99 </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvin" class="citation web cs1">Calvin, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071210215923/http://www.reformed.org/books/institutes/books/book3/bk3ch25.html">"Institutes of the Christian Religion, Book Three, Ch. 25"</a>. reformed.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reformed.org/books/institutes/books/book3/bk3ch25.html">the original</a> on 10 December 2007. Retrieved 1 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Institutes+of+the+Christian+Religion%2C+Book+Three%2C+Ch.+25&rft.pub=reformed.org&rft.aulast=Calvin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reformed.org%2Fbooks%2Finstitutes%2Fbooks%2Fbook3%2Fbk3ch25.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08550a.htm">Particular Judgment</a>". </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Ott, Grundriß der Dogmatik, p. 566. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> David Moser, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orthodox.net/articles/about-prayer-for-the-dead.html">What the Orthodox believe concerning prayer for the dead</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Ken Collins, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kencollins.com/question-45.htm">What Happens to Me When I Die?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080928055816/https://www.kencollins.com/question-45.htm">Archived</a> 28 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/1999/documents/hf_jp-ii_aud_04081999_en.html">"Audience of 4 August 1999"</a>. Vatican.va. 4 August 1999. Retrieved 19 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Audience+of+4+August+1999&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft.date=1999-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Faudiences%2F1999%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_aud_04081999_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04171a.htm">The Communion of Saints</a>". </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> "The death that Adam brought into the world is spiritual as well as physical, and only those who gain entrance into the Kingdom of God will exist eternally. However, this division will not occur until Armageddon, when all people will be resurrected and given a chance to gain eternal life. In the meantime, "the dead are conscious of nothing." What is God's Purpose for the Earth?" Official Site of Jehovah's Witnesses. Watchtower, 15 July 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hartzler2013-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hartzler2013_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hartzler2013_195-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartzler2013" class="citation book cs1">Hartzler, Rachel Nafziger (2013). No Strings Attached: Boundary Lines in Pleasant Places: A History of Warren Street / Pleasant Oaks Mennonite Church. Wipf & Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62189-635-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62189-635-7"><bdi>978-1-62189-635-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Strings+Attached%3A+Boundary+Lines+in+Pleasant+Places%3A+A+History+of+Warren+Street+%2F+Pleasant+Oaks+Mennonite+Church&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-62189-635-7&rft.aulast=Hartzler&rft.aufirst=Rachel+Nafziger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-White_71-82-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-White_71-82_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-White_71-82_196-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2010">White 2010</a>, pp. 71–82 </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuck1999" class="citation book cs1">Buck, Christopher (1999). Paradise and Paradigm: Key Symbols in Persian Christianity and the Baha'i Faith. State University of New York Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4062-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4062-9"><bdi>978-0-7914-4062-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paradise+and+Paradigm%3A+Key+Symbols+in+Persian+Christianity+and+the+Baha%27i+Faith&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-4062-9&rft.aulast=Buck&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakashima_Brock2008" class="citation book cs1">Nakashima Brock, Rita (2008). Saving Paradise: How Christianity Traded Love of this World for Crucifixion and Empire. Beacon. p. 446. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-6750-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-6750-5"><bdi>978-0-8070-6750-5</bdi></a>. <q>the ancient church had three important languages: Greek, Latin, and Syriac.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saving+Paradise%3A+How+Christianity+Traded+Love+of+this+World+for+Crucifixion+and+Empire&rft.pages=446&rft.pub=Beacon&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-6750-5&rft.aulast=Nakashima+Brock&rft.aufirst=Rita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Lamport2020" class="citation book cs1">A. Lamport, Mark (2020). The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-6750-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-6750-5"><bdi>978-0-8070-6750-5</bdi></a>. <q>the ancient church had three important languages: Greek, Latin, and Syriac.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Handbook+of+Christianity+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-6750-5&rft.aulast=A.+Lamport&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2010" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Thomas Arthur (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FmMarHDbglgC&pg=PT21">Comparative Christianity: A Student's Guide to a Religion and Its Diverse Traditions</a>. Universal-Publishers. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59942-877-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59942-877-2"><bdi>978-1-59942-877-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Christianity%3A+A+Student%27s+Guide+to+a+Religion+and+Its+Diverse+Traditions&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Universal-Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59942-877-2&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFmMarHDbglgC%26pg%3DPT21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-justin-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-justin_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-justin_202-1">b</a> Justin Martyr, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/justinmartyr-firstapology.html">First Apology</a> §LXVII </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2010">White 2010</a>, p. 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitvliet2007" class="citation book cs1">Witvliet, John D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s7cyEGLwHicC">The Biblical Psalms in Christian Worship: A Brief Introduction and Guide to Resources</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0767-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0767-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-0767-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biblical+Psalms+in+Christian+Worship%3A+A+Brief+Introduction+and+Guide+to+Resources&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0767-0&rft.aulast=Witvliet&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds7cyEGLwHicC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallwork2019" class="citation web cs1">Wallwork, Norman (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jlg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Hymns-Purpose.pdf">"The Purpose of a Hymn Book"</a> (PDF). Joint Liturgical Group of Great Britain. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://jlg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Hymns-Purpose.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Purpose+of+a+Hymn+Book&rft.pub=Joint+Liturgical+Group+of+Great+Britain&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Wallwork&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjlg.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F10%2FHymns-Purpose.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> For example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar">The Calendar</a>, Church of England, retrieved 25 June 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Calendar&rft.pub=Church+of+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Fworship-texts-and-resources%2Fcommon-worship%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Fworship-texts-and-resources%2Fcommon-worship%2Fchurchs-year%2Fcalendar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Ignazio Silone, Bread and Wine (1937). </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenz2008" class="citation book cs1">Benz, Ernst (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5Z_evECb1UC&pg=PA35">The Eastern Orthodox Church: Its Thought and Life</a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-202-36575-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-202-36575-6"><bdi>978-0-202-36575-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eastern+Orthodox+Church%3A+Its+Thought+and+Life&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-202-36575-6&rft.aulast=Benz&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ5Z_evECb1UC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060812151753/https://www.lordlife.org/site/dbpage.asp?page_id=140000871&sec_id=140000527">Understanding Closed Communion</a>, stating "Therefore, our Congregation and our Denomination practices what is called 'close or closed Communion', meaning that before you take Communion at our Churches, we ask you to take a Communion Class first to properly learn what Communion is all about.", by <a href="/wiki/Archive.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive.org">Archive.org</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P44.HTM#:~:text=1415%20">Paragraph 1415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+1415&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umc.org/what-we-believe/an-open-table-how-united-methodists-understand-communion">"An open table: How United Methodists understand communion – The United Methodist Church"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a>. Retrieved 24 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+open+table%3A+How+United+Methodists+understand+communion+%E2%80%93+The+United+Methodist+Church&rft.pub=United+Methodist+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.umc.org%2Fwhat-we-believe%2Fan-open-table-how-united-methodists-understand-communion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wilmorefmc.org/worship/current-order-of-worship/">"Order of Worship"</a>. Wilmore Free Methodist Church. Retrieved 21 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Order+of+Worship&rft.pub=Wilmore+Free+Methodist+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwilmorefmc.org%2Fworship%2Fcurrent-order-of-worship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/more/policy-and-thinking/canons-church-england/section-b#b28">"Canon B28 of the Church of England"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canon+B28+of+the+Church+of+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fmore%2Fpolicy-and-thinking%2Fcanons-church-england%2Fsection-b%23b28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODCC1435-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODCC1435_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODCC1435_215-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODCC1435_215-2">c</a> Cross/Livingstone. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. pp. 1435ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrahnRempel1989" class="citation book cs1">Krahn, Cornelius; Rempel, John D. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Ordinances">Ordinances</a>. Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia. <q>The term "ordinance" emphasizes the aspect of institution by Christ and the symbolic meaning.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordinances&rft.pub=Global+Anabaptist+Mennonite+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Krahn&rft.aufirst=Cornelius&rft.au=Rempel%2C+John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgameo.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DOrdinances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East, Archdiocese of Australia, New Zealand and Lebanon. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1891/04/26/archives/love-feast-of-the-dunkards-peculiar-ceremonies-of-a-peculiar-sect.html">"Love Feast of the Dunkards; Peculiar Ceremonies of a Peculiar Sect of Christians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 26 April 1891. Retrieved 25 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Love+Feast+of+the+Dunkards%3B+Peculiar+Ceremonies+of+a+Peculiar+Sect+of+Christians&rft.date=1891-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1891%2F04%2F26%2Farchives%2Flove-feast-of-the-dunkards-peculiar-ceremonies-of-a-peculiar-sect.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenn2012" class="citation book cs1">Senn, Frank C. (2012). Introduction to Christian Liturgy. Fortress. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-2433-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-2433-1"><bdi>978-1-4514-2433-1</bdi></a>. <q>For example, days of Mary, Joseph, and John the Baptist (e.g., August 15, March 19, June 24, respectively) are ranked as solemnities in the Roman Catholic calendar; in the Anglican and Lutheran calendars they are holy days or lesser festivals respectively.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Christian+Liturgy&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Fortress&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-2433-1&rft.aulast=Senn&rft.aufirst=Frank+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-calendar-220">^ <a href="#cite_ref-calendar_220-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-calendar_220-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortescue1912" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fortescue, Adrian (1912). "Christian Calendar". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03158a.htm">CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Christian Calendar</a>. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton. Retrieved 18 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+Christian+Calendar&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Fortescue&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F03158a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Hickman. Handbook of the Christian Year. </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitzinger1954" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kitzinger" title="Ernst Kitzinger">Kitzinger, Ernst</a> (1954). "The Cult of Images in the Age before Iconoclasm". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 8: 83–150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1291064">10.2307/1291064</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0070-7546">0070-7546</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291064">1291064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dumbarton+Oaks+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Cult+of+Images+in+the+Age+before+Iconoclasm&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=83-150&rft.date=1954&rft.issn=0070-7546&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1291064%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1291064&rft.aulast=Kitzinger&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedberg1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Freedberg" title="David Freedberg">Freedberg, David</a> (1977). "The Structure of Byzantine and European Iconoclasm". In Bryer, Anthony; Herrin, Judith (eds.). Iconoclasm. Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Birmingham. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7044-0226-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7044-0226-2"><bdi>0-7044-0226-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Structure+of+Byzantine+and+European+Iconoclasm&rft.btitle=Iconoclasm&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Centre+for+Byzantine+Studies%2C+University+of+Birmingham&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-7044-0226-2&rft.aulast=Freedberg&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-04/anf04-34.htm">"ANF04. Fathers of the Third Century: Tertullian, Part Fourth; Minucius Felix; Commodian; Origen, Parts First and Second | Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. Ccel.org. 1 June 2005. Retrieved 5 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ANF04.+Fathers+of+the+Third+Century%3A+Tertullian%2C+Part+Fourth%3B+Minucius+Felix%3B+Commodian%3B+Origen%2C+Parts+First+and+Second+%26%23124%3B+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft.pub=Ccel.org&rft.date=2005-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Ffathers2%2FANF-04%2Fanf04-34.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> Minucius Felix speaks of the cross of Jesus in its familiar form, likening it to objects with a crossbeam or to a man with arms outstretched in prayer (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-04/anf04-34.htm#P5713_906729">Octavius of Minucius Felix</a>, chapter XXIX). </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> "At every forward step and movement, at every going in and out, when we put on our clothes and shoes, when we bathe, when we sit at table, when we light the lamps, on couch, on seat, in all the ordinary actions of daily life, we trace upon the forehead the sign." (Tertullian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf03.iv.vi.iii.html">De Corona, chapter 3</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-soc-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-soc_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-soc_227-1">b</a> Dilasser. The Symbols of the Church. </li> <li id="cite_note-cefish-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cefish_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cefish_228-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassett1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hassett, Maurice M. (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Symbolism_of_the_Fish">"Symbolism of the Fish" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Symbolism+of+the+Fish&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Hassett&rft.aufirst=Maurice+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3G.HTM#:~:text=1213%20">Paragraph 1213</a>. <q>Through Baptism we are freed from sin and reborn as sons of God; we become members of Christ, are incorporated into the Church and made sharers in her mission.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+1213&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> "Holy Baptism is the sacrament by which God adopts us as his children and makes us members of Christ's Body, the Church, and inheritors of the kingdom of God" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anglicansonline.org/basics/catechism.html#Holy%20Baptism">Book of Common Prayer, 1979, Episcopal)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220219062846/http://anglicansonline.org/basics/catechism.html#Holy%20Baptism">Archived</a> 19 February 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> "Baptism is the sacrament of initiation and incorporation into the body of Christ" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.backriverumc.com/userFiles/1257/by_water_and_the_spirit.pdf">By Water and The Spirit – The Official United Methodist Understanding of Baptism (PDF)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313053601/https://www.backriverumc.com/userFiles/1257/by_water_and_the_spirit.pdf">Archived</a> 13 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> "As an initiatory rite into membership of the Family of God, baptismal candidates are symbolically purified or washed as their sins have been forgiven and washed away" (<a href="/wiki/William_H._Brackney" title="William H. Brackney">William H. Brackney</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baptisthistory.org/pamphlets/baptism.htm">Doing Baptism Baptist Style – Believer's Baptism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100107183031/https://www.baptisthistory.org/pamphlets/baptism.htm">Archived</a> 7 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> "After the proclamation of faith, the baptismal water is prayed over and blessed as the sign of the goodness of God's creation. The person to be baptized is also prayed over and blessed with sanctified oil as the sign that his creation by God is holy and good. And then, after the solemn proclamation of "Alleluia" (God be praised), the person is immersed three times in the water in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oca.org/OCchapter.asp?SID=2&ID=51">Orthodox Church in America: Baptism).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101012021946/https://www.oca.org/OCchapter.asp?SID=2&ID=51">Archived</a> 12 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> "In the Orthodox Church we totally immerse, because such total immersion symbolizes death. What death? The death of the "old, sinful man". After Baptism we are freed from the dominion of sin, even though after Baptism we retain an inclination and tendency toward evil.", Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia, article "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greekorthodox.org.au/general/faq/faqbaptism">Baptism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140930002357/https://www.greekorthodox.org.au/general/faq/faqbaptism">Archived</a> 30 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2017" class="citation web cs1">Olson, Karen Bates (12 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livinglutheran.org/2017/01/why-infant-baptism/">"Why infant baptism?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Living_Lutheran" title="Living Lutheran">Living Lutheran</a>. Retrieved 11 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+infant+baptism%3F&rft.pub=Living+Lutheran&rft.date=2017-01-12&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Karen+Bates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livinglutheran.org%2F2017%2F01%2Fwhy-infant-baptism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P1C.HTM#:~:text=403%20">Paragraph 403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+403&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3J.HTM#:~:text=1231%20">Paragraphs 1231, 1233, 1250, 1252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraphs+1231%2C+1233%2C+1250%2C+1252&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3J.HTM#:~:text=1240%20">Paragraph 1240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+1240&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEby" class="citation web cs1">Eby, Edwin R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220511071751/https://www.pilgrimministry.org/literature/early-anabaptist-positions-on-believer%E2%80%99s-baptism-and-a-challenge-for-today">"Early Anabaptist Positions on Believer's Baptism and a Challenge for Today"</a>. Pilgrim Mennonite Conference. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pilgrimministry.org/literature/early-anabaptist-positions-on-believer%E2%80%99s-baptism-and-a-challenge-for-today">the original</a> on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2022. <q>They concluded according to the Scriptures that baptism must always follow a conscious decision to take up "following Christ." They believed that a regenerated life becomes the experience of an adult who counts the cost of following Christ, exercises obedience to Christ, and is therefore baptized as a sign of such commitment and life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Anabaptist+Positions+on+Believer%27s+Baptism+and+a+Challenge+for+Today&rft.pub=Pilgrim+Mennonite+Conference&rft.aulast=Eby&rft.aufirst=Edwin+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pilgrimministry.org%2Fliterature%2Fearly-anabaptist-positions-on-believer%25E2%2580%2599s-baptism-and-a-challenge-for-today&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurianDay2017" class="citation book cs1">Kurian, George Thomas; Day, Sarah Claudine (14 March 2017). The Essential Handbook of Denominations and Ministries. Baker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-0640-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-0640-1"><bdi>978-1-4934-0640-1</bdi></a>. <q>The Conservative Mennonite Conference practices believer's baptism, seen as an external symbol of internal spiritual purity and performed by immersion or pouring of water on the head; Communion; washing the feet of the saints, following Jesus's example and reminding believers of the need to be washed of pride, rivalry, and selfish motives; anointing the sick with oil – a symbol of the Holy Spirit and of the healing power of God—offered with the prayer of faith; and laying on of hands for ordination, symbolizing the imparting of responsibility and of God's power to fulfill that responsibility.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Handbook+of+Denominations+and+Ministries&rft.pub=Baker&rft.date=2017-03-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4934-0640-1&rft.aulast=Kurian&rft.aufirst=George+Thomas&rft.au=Day%2C+Sarah+Claudine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraybill2010" class="citation book cs1">Kraybill, Donald B. (2010). Concise Encyclopedia of Amish, Brethren, Hutterites, and Mennonites. JHU Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9911-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9911-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-9911-9</bdi></a>. <q>All Amish, Hutterites, and most Mennonites baptized by pouring or sprinkling.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Amish%2C+Brethren%2C+Hutterites%2C+and+Mennonites&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-9911-9&rft.aulast=Kraybill&rft.aufirst=Donald+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoltLoewen2010" class="citation book cs1">Nolt, Steven M.; Loewen, Harry (2010). Through Fire and Water: An Overview of Mennonite History. MennoMedia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8316-9701-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8316-9701-3"><bdi>978-0-8316-9701-3</bdi></a>. <q>...both groups practiced believers baptism (the River Brethren did so by immersion in a stream or river) and stressed simplicity in life and nonresistance to violence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+Fire+and+Water%3A+An+Overview+of+Mennonite+History&rft.pub=MennoMedia&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8316-9701-3&rft.aulast=Nolt&rft.aufirst=Steven+M.&rft.au=Loewen%2C+Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrackney2012" class="citation book cs1">Brackney, William H. (3 May 2012). Historical Dictionary of Radical Christianity. Scarecrow. p. 279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7365-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7365-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-7365-0</bdi></a>. <q>The birthdate in 1708 marked the baptism by immersion of the group in the River Eder, thus believer's baptism became one of the primary tenets of The Brethren.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Radical+Christianity&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=2012-05-03&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7365-0&rft.aulast=Brackney&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+6%3A9-13&version=EHV">"Matthew 6:9–13 Evangelical Heritage Version (EHV)"</a>. Retrieved 10 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Matthew+6%3A9%E2%80%9313+Evangelical+Heritage+Version+%28EHV%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DMatthew%2B6%253A9-13%26version%3DEHV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan2000" class="citation book cs1">Jordan, Anne (2000). Christianity. Nelson Thornes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7487-5320-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7487-5320-8"><bdi>978-0-7487-5320-8</bdi></a>. <q>When he was standing on a hillside, Jesus explained to his followers how they were to behave as God would wish. The talk has become known as the Sermon on the Mount, and is found in the Gospel of Matthew, chapter 5, 6 and 7. During the talk Jesus taught his followers how to pray and he gave them an example of suitable prayer. Christians call the prayer the Lord's Prayer, because it was taught by the Lord, Jesus Christ. It is also known as the Pattern Prayer as it provides a pattern for Christians to follow in prayer, to ensure that they pray in the way God and Jesus would want.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity&rft.pub=Nelson+Thornes&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7487-5320-8&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilavec2003" class="citation book cs1">Milavec, Aaron (2003). The Didache: Faith, Hope, & Life of the Earliest Christian Communities, 50–70 C.E. Paulist. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-0537-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-0537-3"><bdi>978-0-8091-0537-3</bdi></a>. <q>Given the placement of the Lord's Prayer in the Didache, it was to be expected that the new member of the community would come to learn and to pray the Lord's Prayer at the appointed hours three times each day only after baptism (8:2f.).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Didache%3A+Faith%2C+Hope%2C+%26+Life+of+the+Earliest+Christian+Communities%2C+50%E2%80%9370+C.E.&rft.pub=Paulist&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-0537-3&rft.aulast=Milavec&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_T._Beckwith" title="Roger T. Beckwith">Beckwith, Roger T.</a> (2005). Calendar, Chronology And Worship: Studies in Ancient Judaism And Early Christianity. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14603-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14603-7"><bdi>978-90-04-14603-7</bdi></a>. <q>So three minor hours of prayer were developed, at the third, sixth and ninth hours, which, as Dugmore points out, were ordinary divisions of the day for worldly affairs, and the Lord's Prayer was transferred to those hours.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calendar%2C+Chronology+And+Worship%3A+Studies+in+Ancient+Judaism+And+Early+Christianity&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14603-7&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Roger+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Chadwick_(theologian)" title="Henry Chadwick (theologian)">Chadwick, Henry</a> (1993). The Early Church. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-16042-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-16042-8"><bdi>978-1-101-16042-8</bdi></a>. <q>Hippolytus in the Apostolic Tradition directed that Christians should pray seven times a day – on rising, at the lighting of the evening lamp, at bedtime, at midnight, and also, if at home, at the third, sixth and ninth hours of the day, being hours associated with Christ's Passion. Prayers at the third, sixth, and ninth hours are similarly mentioned by Tertullian, Cyprian, Clement of Alexandria and Origen, and must have been very widely practised. These prayers were commonly associated with private Bible reading in the family.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Church&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-101-16042-8&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLössl2010" class="citation book cs1">Lössl, Josef (2010). The Early Church: History and Memory. A&C Black. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-16561-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-16561-9"><bdi>978-0-567-16561-9</bdi></a>. <q>Not only the content of early Christian prayer was rooted in Jewish tradition; its daily structure too initially followed a Jewish pattern, with prayer times in the early morning, at noon and in the evening. Later (in the course of the second century), this pattern combined with another one; namely prayer times in the evening, at midnight and in the morning. As a result seven 'hours of prayer' emerged, which later became the monastic 'hours' and are still treated as 'standard' prayer times in many churches today. They are roughly equivalent to midnight, 6 a.m., 9 a.m., noon, 3 p.m., 6 p.m. and 9 p.m. Prayer positions included prostration, kneeling and standing. ... Crosses made of wood or stone, or painted on walls or laid out as mosaics, were also in use, at first not directly as objections of veneration but in order to 'orientate' the direction of prayer (i.e. towards the east, Latin oriens).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Church%3A+History+and+Memory&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-567-16561-9&rft.aulast=L%C3%B6ssl&rft.aufirst=Josef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurian" class="citation web cs1">Kurian, Jake. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ds-wa.org/seven-times-a-day-i-praise-you-the-sheema-prayers.html">""Seven Times a Day I Praise You" – The Shehimo Prayers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Diocese_of_Southwest_America" title="Malankara Orthodox Diocese of Southwest America">Diocese of South-West America of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a>. Retrieved 2 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Seven+Times+a+Day+I+Praise+You%22+%E2%80%93+The+Shehimo+Prayers&rft.pub=Diocese+of+South-West+America+of+the+Malankara+Orthodox+Syrian+Church&rft.aulast=Kurian&rft.aufirst=Jake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ds-wa.org%2Fseven-times-a-day-i-praise-you-the-sheema-prayers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Cecil,_2nd_Baroness_Amherst_of_Hackney1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cecil,_2nd_Baroness_Amherst_of_Hackney" title="Mary Cecil, 2nd Baroness Amherst of Hackney">Mary Cecil, 2nd Baroness Amherst of Hackney</a> (1906). A Sketch of Egyptian History from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Methuen. p. 399. <q>Prayers 7 times a day are enjoined, and the most strict among the Copts recite one of more of the Psalms of David each time they pray. They always wash their hands and faces before devotions, and turn to the East.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sketch+of+Egyptian+History+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1906&rft.au=Mary+Cecil%2C+2nd+Baroness+Amherst+of+Hackney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHippolytus" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stjohnsarlingtonva.org/Customer-Content/saintjohnsarlington/CMS/files/EFM/Apostolic_Tradition_by_Hippolytus.pdf">"Apostolic Tradition"</a> (PDF). St. John's Episcopal Church. pp. 8, 16, 17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.stjohnsarlingtonva.org/Customer-Content/saintjohnsarlington/CMS/files/EFM/Apostolic_Tradition_by_Hippolytus.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apostolic+Tradition&rft.pages=8%2C+16%2C+17&rft.pub=St.+John%27s+Episcopal+Church&rft.au=Hippolytus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stjohnsarlingtonva.org%2FCustomer-Content%2Fsaintjohnsarlington%2FCMS%2Ffiles%2FEFM%2FApostolic_Tradition_by_Hippolytus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%209:40&version=nrsv">Acts 9:40</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Kings%2017:19%E2%80%9322&version=nrsv">1Kings 17:19–22</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=James%205:16%E2%80%9318&version=nrsv">James 5:16–18</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexanderRosner2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Alexander, T. D.; Rosner, B. S., eds. (2001). "Prayer". New Dictionary of Biblical Theology. Downers Grove, IL: Intervarsity.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prayer&rft.btitle=New+Dictionary+of+Biblical+Theology&rft.place=Downers+Grove%2C+IL&rft.pub=Intervarsity&rft.date=2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070518100544/http://www.orgsites.com/pa/rac/index.html">"What We Believe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Community_Church-Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Community Church-Lutheran">Evangelical Community Church-Lutheran</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orgsites.com/pa/rac/index.html">the original</a> on 18 May 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+We+Believe&rft.pub=Evangelical+Community+Church-Lutheran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orgsites.com%2Fpa%2Frac%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFergusonPacker1988" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ferguson, S. B. & Packer, J. (1988). "Saints". New Dictionary of Theology. Downers Grove, IL: Intervarsity.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saints&rft.btitle=New+Dictionary+of+Theology&rft.place=Downers+Grove%2C+IL&rft.pub=Intervarsity&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=S.+B.&rft.au=Packer%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> Madeleine Gray, The Protestant Reformation, (Sussex Academic Press, 2003), p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P8Z.HTM#:~:text=2559%20">Paragraph 2559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+2559&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/book-common-prayer">"The Book of Common Prayer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. Retrieved 24 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Common+Prayer&rft.pub=Church+of+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Fworship-texts-and-resources%2Fbook-common-prayer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirkler2007" class="citation book cs1">Virkler, Henry A. (2007). Ayayo, Karelynne Gerber (ed.). Hermeneutics: Principles and Processes of Biblical Interpretation (2nd ed.). Grand Rapids, MI: Baker. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3138-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3138-0"><bdi>978-0-8010-3138-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hermeneutics%3A+Principles+and+Processes+of+Biblical+Interpretation&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pages=21&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Baker&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-3138-0&rft.aulast=Virkler&rft.aufirst=Henry+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100909213651/https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p1s1c2a3.htm">"Inspiration and Truth of Sacred Scripture"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p1s1c2a3.htm">the original</a> on 9 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.atitle=Inspiration+and+Truth+of+Sacred+Scripture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fcatechism%2Fp1s1c2a3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988">(§ 105–108) </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> Second Helvetic Confession, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203120450/https://www.creeds.net/reformed/helvetic/c01.htm">Of the Holy Scripture Being the True Word of God</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Statement_on_Biblical_Inerrancy" title="Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy">Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reformed.org/documents/icbi.html">online text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980129093951/https://www.reformed.org/documents/icbi.html">Archived</a> 29 January 1998 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimbrough2005" class="citation book cs1">Kimbrough, S. T. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q-vhwjamOioC&pg=PA23">Orthodox And Wesleyan Scriptural Understanding And Practice</a>. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-301-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-301-4"><bdi>978-0-88141-301-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthodox+And+Wesleyan+Scriptural+Understanding+And+Practice&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=St+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-88141-301-4&rft.aulast=Kimbrough&rft.aufirst=S.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq-vhwjamOioC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> Metzger/Coogan, Oxford Companion to the Bible. p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Bowker_(theologian)" title="John Bowker (theologian)">John Bowker</a>, 2011, The Message and the Book, UK, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Books" title="Atlantic Books">Atlantic Books</a>, pp. 13–14 </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> Kelly. Early Christian Doctrines. pp. 69–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> Catechism of the Catholic Church, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p1s1c2a3.htm#III,">The Holy Spirit, Interpreter of Scripture § 115–118</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150325191945/https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p1s1c2a3.htm#III">Archived</a> 25 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2010:2&version=nrsv">1Cor 10:2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> Thomas Aquinas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/summa/100110.htm">"Whether in Holy Scripture a word may have several senses"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060906114843/https://www.newadvent.org/summa/100110.htm">Archived</a> 6 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> Catechism of the Catholic Church, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p1s1c2a3.htm#III">§ 116</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150325191945/https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p1s1c2a3.htm#III">Archived</a> 25 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19651118_dei-verbum_en.html">Dei Verbum (V.19)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140531175312/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19651118_dei-verbum_en.html">Archived</a> 31 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> Catechism of the Catholic Church, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p1s1c2a3.htm#III">"The Holy Spirit, Interpreter of Scripture"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100609220852/https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p1s1c2a3.htm#III">Archived</a> 9 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> Catechism of the Catholic Church, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p1s1c2a2.htm#III">"The Interpretation of the Heritage of Faith" § 85</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403212113/https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p1s1c2a2.htm#III">Archived</a> 3 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-solascriptura-278"><a href="#cite_ref-solascriptura_278-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090927214527/https://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=39&cuItem_itemID=12132">"Sola Scriptura?"</a>. WELS Topical Q&A. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. 15 May 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=39&cuItem_itemID=12132">the original</a> on 27 September 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2024. <q>[M]any passages...state sola scriptura, such as Revelation 22:18-19. If we cannot add anything to the words of Scripture and we cannot take anything away from them, that is Scripture alone.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WELS+Topical+Q%26A&rft.atitle=Sola+Scriptura%3F&rft.date=2006-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wels.net%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsite.pl%3F1518%26cuTopic_topicID%3D39%26cuItem_itemID%3D12132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WELS2014-279">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WELS2014_279-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WELS2014_279-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wels.net/what-we-believe/questions-answers/christian/methodist-beliefs">"Methodist Beliefs: In what ways are Lutherans different from United Methodists?"</a>. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140522105449/https://www.wels.net/what-we-believe/questions-answers/christian/methodist-beliefs">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014. <q>The United Methodists see Scripture as the primary source and criterion for Christian doctrine. They emphasize the importance of tradition, experience, and reason for Christian doctrine. Lutherans teach that the Bible is the sole source for Christian doctrine. The truths of Scripture do not need to be authenticated by tradition, human experience, or reason. Scripture is self authenticating and is true in and of itself.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Methodist+Beliefs%3A+In+what+ways+are+Lutherans+different+from+United+Methodists%3F&rft.pub=Wisconsin+Evangelical+Lutheran+Synod&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wels.net%2Fwhat-we-believe%2Fquestions-answers%2Fchristian%2Fmethodist-beliefs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathison2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keith_A._Mathison" class="mw-redirect" title="Keith A. Mathison">Mathison, Keith A.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w_PHAGr2TfgC&pg=PA15">"Introduction"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Shape_of_Sola_Scriptura" title="The Shape of Sola Scriptura">The Shape of Sola Scriptura</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canon_Press" title="Canon Press">Canon Press</a>. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885767-74-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-885767-74-5"><bdi>978-1-885767-74-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Shape+of+Sola+Scriptura&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Canon+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-885767-74-5&rft.aulast=Mathison&rft.aufirst=Keith+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw_PHAGr2TfgC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphrey2013" class="citation book cs1">Humphrey, Edith M. (15 April 2013). Scripture and Tradition. Baker. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-4048-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-4048-4"><bdi>978-1-4412-4048-4</bdi></a>. <q>historically Anglicans have adopted what could be called a prima Scriptura position.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scripture+and+Tradition&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Baker&rft.date=2013-04-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4412-4048-4&rft.aulast=Humphrey&rft.aufirst=Edith+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foutz-282">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foutz_282-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foutz_282-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoutz" class="citation web cs1">Foutz, Scott David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000414063800/https://www.quodlibet.net/luther.shtml">"Martin Luther and Scripture"</a>. Quodlibet Journal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quodlibet.net/luther.shtml">the original</a> on 14 April 2000. Retrieved 16 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+and+Scripture&rft.pub=Quodlibet+Journal&rft.aulast=Foutz&rft.aufirst=Scott+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quodlibet.net%2Fluther.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> John Calvin,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/calcom45.vii.iv.iv.html"> Commentaries on the Catholic Epistles 2 Peter 3:14–18</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelder1934" class="citation book cs1">Engelder, Theodore E. W. (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics: The Doctrines of the Churches of Christendom and of Other Religious Bodies Examined in the Light of Scripture</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1/page/n57">28</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Symbolics%3A+The+Doctrines+of+the+Churches+of+Christendom+and+of+Other+Religious+Bodies+Examined+in+the+Light+of+Scripture&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Engelder&rft.aufirst=Theodore+E.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMN41551ucmf_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> Sproul. Knowing Scripture, pp. 45–61; Bahnsen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cmfnow.com/articles/pt173.htm">A Reformed Confession Regarding Hermeneutics</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cmfnow.com/articles/pt173.htm"> (article 6)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141204091801/https://www.cmfnow.com/articles/pt173.htm">Archived</a> 4 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elwell565-286">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elwell565_286-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elwell565_286-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElwell1984" class="citation book cs1">Elwell, Walter A. (1984). <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Dictionary_of_Theology" title="Evangelical Dictionary of Theology">Evangelical Dictionary of Theology</a>. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evangelicaldicti00elwe/page/565">565</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3413-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3413-8"><bdi>978-0-8010-3413-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evangelical+Dictionary+of+Theology&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pages=565&rft.pub=Baker&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-3413-8&rft.aulast=Elwell&rft.aufirst=Walter+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1990" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Elliott (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/expositoryhermen0000john">Expository hermeneutics : an introduction</a>. Grand Rapids, MI: Academie Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-34160-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-34160-4"><bdi>978-0-310-34160-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expository+hermeneutics+%3A+an+introduction&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Academie+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-310-34160-4&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Elliott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexpositoryhermen0000john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerry1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Milton_Terry" title="Milton Terry">Terry, Milton</a> (1974). Biblical hermeneutics: a treatise on the interpretation of the Old and New Testaments. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. p. 205.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+hermeneutics%3A+a+treatise+on+the+interpretation+of+the+Old+and+New+Testaments&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Terry&rft.aufirst=Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> (1890 edition page 103, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fy9VAAAAMAAJ&q=%22fundamental+principle%22">view1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fy9VAAAAMAAJ&q=%22neglect+this+principle%22">view2</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> e.g., in his <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/commentaries/mhcw/matthew/1.htm">commentary on Matthew 1</a> (§III.1). <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henry" title="Matthew Henry">Matthew Henry</a> interprets the twin sons of Judah, Phares and Zara, as an allegory of the Gentile and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christians">Jewish Christians</a>. For a contemporary treatment, see Glenny, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/article_typology_glenny.html">Typology: A Summary Of The Present Evangelical Discussion</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-www.globalreligiousfutures.org-290">^ <a href="#cite_ref-www.globalreligiousfutures.org_290-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.globalreligiousfutures.org_290-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013135617/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/explorer#/?subtopic=15&chartType=bar&year=2020&data_type=number&religious_affiliation=all&destination=to&countries=Worldwide&age_group=all&gender=all&pdfMode=false">"Religion Information Data Explorer | GRF"</a>. www.globalreligiousfutures.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/explorer#/?subtopic=15&chartType=bar&year=2020&data_type=number&religious_affiliation=all&destination=to&countries=Worldwide&age_group=all&gender=all&pdfMode=false">the original</a> on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.globalreligiousfutures.org&rft.atitle=Religion+Information+Data+Explorer+%7C+GRF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalreligiousfutures.org%2Fexplorer%23%2F%3Fsubtopic%3D15%26chartType%3Dbar%26year%3D2020%26data_type%3Dnumber%26religious_affiliation%3Dall%26destination%3Dto%26countries%3DWorldwide%26age_group%3Dall%26gender%3Dall%26pdfMode%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_Pelikan2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jan Pelikan, Jaroslav (13 August 2022). "Christianity". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christianity">Christianity | Definition, Origin, History, Beliefs, Symbols, Types, & Facts | Britannica</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <q>It has become the largest of the world's religions and, geographically, the most widely diffused of all faiths.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christianity+%26%23124%3B+Definition%2C+Origin%2C+History%2C+Beliefs%2C+Symbols%2C+Types%2C+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2022-08-13&rft.aulast=Jan+Pelikan&rft.aufirst=Jaroslav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FChristianity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonGrim2020" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Todd M.; Grim, Brian J., eds. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldreligiondatabase.org/">"All Religions (global totals)"</a>. World Religion Database. Leiden, Boston: Brill, Boston University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Religion+Database&rft.atitle=All+Religions+%28global+totals%29&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldreligiondatabase.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> 31.4% of ≈7.4 billion world population (under the section 'People') <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world">"World"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 14 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=World&rft.date=2021-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fworld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2021.zip">(Archived 2021 edition.)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/05/christians-remain-worlds-largest-religious-group-but-they-are-declining-in-europe/">"World's largest religion by population is still Christianity"</a>. Pew Research Center. 5 April 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=World%27s+largest+religion+by+population+is+still+Christianity&rft.date=2017-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2017%2F04%2F05%2Fchristians-remain-worlds-largest-religious-group-but-they-are-declining-in-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonGrim2020" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Todd M.; Grim, Brian J., eds. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldreligiondatabase.org/">"All Religions (global totals)"</a>. World Religion Database. Leiden, Boston: Brill, Boston University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Religion+Database&rft.atitle=All+Religions+%28global+totals%29&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldreligiondatabase.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PewDec2012-296">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PewDec2012_296-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PewDec2012_296-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PewDec2012_296-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PewDec2012_296-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PewDec2012_296-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PewDec2012_296-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PewDec2012_296-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PewDec2012_296-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PewDec2012_296-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PewDec2012_296-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PewDec2012_296-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnalysis2011" class="citation web cs1">Analysis (19 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf">"Global religious landscape: Christians"</a> (PDF). Pewforum.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180323215026/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+religious+landscape%3A+Christians&rft.pub=Pewforum.org&rft.date=2011-12-19&rft.au=Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.pewresearch.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F11%2F2014%2F01%2Fglobal-religion-full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Kling2020" class="citation book cs1">W. Kling, David (2020). A History of Christian Conversion. Oxford University Press. pp. 586–587. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532092-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532092-3"><bdi>978-0-19-532092-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christian+Conversion&rft.pages=586-587&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-532092-3&rft.aulast=W.+Kling&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Ross2017" class="citation book cs1">R. Ross, Kenneth (2017). Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa: Edinburgh Companions to Global Christianity. Edinburgh University Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-1204-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-1204-9"><bdi>978-1-4744-1204-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+Sub-Saharan+Africa%3A+Edinburgh+Companions+to+Global+Christianity&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4744-1204-9&rft.aulast=R.+Ross&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> Werner Ustorf. "A missiological postscript", in McLeod and Ustorf (eds), The Decline of Christendom in (Western) Europe, 1750–2000, (<a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2003) pp. 219–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-PewProjections-300">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PewProjections_300-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PewProjections_300-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506113049/https://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf">"The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010–2050"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 May 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+World+Religions%3A+Population+Growth+Projections%2C+2010%E2%80%932050&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2Ffiles%2F2015%2F03%2FPF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew20152016-301">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pew20152016_301-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew20152016_301-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/">"Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe"</a>. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 10 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Religious+Belief+and+National+Belonging+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.date=2017-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2017%2F05%2F10%2Freligious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamboFarhadian2014" class="citation book cs1">Rambo, Lewis Ray; Farhadian, Charles E., eds. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversio. Oxford University Press. pp. 58–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533852-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533852-2"><bdi>978-0-19-533852-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Religious+Conversio&rft.pages=58-61&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533852-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarla_Gardina_Pestana2010" class="citation book cs1">Carla Gardina Pestana, ed. (2010). Evangelicalism and Conversion: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-980834-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-980834-2"><bdi>978-0-19-980834-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evangelicalism+and+Conversion%3A+Oxford+Bibliographies+Online+Research+Guide&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-980834-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pewforum1-304">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pewforum1_304-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pewforum1_304-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pewforum1_304-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130805020311/https://www.pewforum.org/files/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf">"Pewforum: Christianity (2010)"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/files/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 August 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pewforum%3A+Christianity+%282010%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2Ffiles%2F2011%2F12%2FChristianity-fullreport-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstone2011" class="citation book cs1">Johnstone, Patrick (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AVzFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA109">The Future of the Global Church: History, Trends and Possibilities</a>. InterVarsity. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-5695-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-5695-4"><bdi>978-0-8308-5695-4</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+the+Global+Church%3A+History%2C+Trends+and+Possibilities&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=InterVarsity&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-5695-4&rft.aulast=Johnstone&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAVzFAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> Hillerbrand, Hans J., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4tbFBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT3311">"Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set"</a>, p. 1815, "Observers carefully comparing all these figures in the total context will have observed the even more startling finding that for the first time ever in the history of Protestantism, Wider Protestants will by 2050 have become almost exactly as numerous as Catholics – each with just over 1.5 billion followers, or 17 percent of the world, with Protestants growing considerably faster than Catholics each year." </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> Some scholars suggest that Pentecostalism is the fastest growing religion in the world: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerSargeantFlory2013" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Donald E.; Sargeant, Kimon H.; Flory, Richard, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199920570.001.0001/acprof-9780199920570">Spirit and Power: The Growth and Global Impact of Pentecostalism</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199920570.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199920570.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-934563-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-934563-2"><bdi>978-0-19-934563-2</bdi></a>. <q>Pentecostalism is the fastest-growing religious movement in the world</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spirit+and+Power%3A+The+Growth+and+Global+Impact+of+Pentecostalism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199920570.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-934563-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxford.universitypressscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199920570.001.0001%2Facprof-9780199920570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonBergunderDroogers2010" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Allan; Bergunder, Michael; Droogers, Andre (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://california.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1525/california/9780520266612.001.0001/upso-9780520266612">Studying Global PentecostalismTheories and Methods</a>. University of California Press Scholarship. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fcalifornia%2F9780520266612.001.0001">10.1525/california/9780520266612.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26661-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26661-2"><bdi>978-0-520-26661-2</bdi></a>. <q>With its remarkable ability to adapt to different cultures, Pentecostalism has become the world's fastest growing religious movement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studying+Global+PentecostalismTheories+and+Methods&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press+Scholarship&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fcalifornia%2F9780520266612.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-520-26661-2&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft.au=Bergunder%2C+Michael&rft.au=Droogers%2C+Andre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia.universitypressscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1525%2Fcalifornia%2F9780520266612.001.0001%2Fupso-9780520266612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/rearvision/pentecostal/13360182">"Pentecostalism—the fastest growing religion on earth"</a>. ABC. 30 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pentecostalism%E2%80%94the+fastest+growing+religion+on+earth&rft.pub=ABC&rft.date=2021-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fradionational%2Fprograms%2Frearvision%2Fpentecostal%2F13360182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/pentecostalism-massive-global-growth-under-radar">"Pentecostalism: Massive Global Growth Under the Radar"</a>. Pulitzer Center. 9 March 2015. <q>Today, one quarter of the two billion Christians in the world are Pentecostal or Charismatic. Pentecostalism is the fastest growing religion in the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pentecostalism%3A+Massive+Global+Growth+Under+the+Radar&rft.pub=Pulitzer+Center&rft.date=2015-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpulitzercenter.org%2Fstories%2Fpentecostalism-massive-global-growth-under-radar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1067&context=political_science_theses">"Max Weber and Pentecostals in Latin America: The Protestant Ethic, Social Capital and Spiritual Capital Ethic, Social Capital and Spiritual Capital"</a>. Georgia State University. 9 May 2016. <q>Many scholars claim that Pentecostalism is the fastest growing religious phenomenon in human history.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Max+Weber+and+Pentecostals+in+Latin+America%3A+The+Protestant+Ethic%2C+Social+Capital+and+Spiritual+Capital+Ethic%2C+Social+Capital+and+Spiritual+Capital&rft.pub=Georgia+State+University&rft.date=2016-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.gsu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Freferer%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F%26httpsredir%3D1%26article%3D1067%26context%3Dpolitical_science_theses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuergensmeyer2005" class="citation book cs1">Juergensmeyer, Mark (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ic5pyiIkTxAC&pg=PA16">Religion in Global Civil Society</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804069-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804069-9"><bdi>978-0-19-804069-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+in+Global+Civil+Society&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-804069-9&rft.aulast=Juergensmeyer&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIc5pyiIkTxAC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker2005" class="citation web cs1">Barker, Isabelle V. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131217004703/https://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/3/9/8/7/pages39879/p39879-1.php">"Engendering Charismatic Economies: Pentecostalism, Global Political Economy, and the Crisis of Social Reproduction"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association" title="American Political Science Association">American Political Science Association</a>. pp. 2, 8 and footnote 14 on page 8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/3/9/8/7/pages39879/p39879-1.php">the original</a> on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Engendering+Charismatic+Economies%3A+Pentecostalism%2C+Global+Political+Economy%2C+and+the+Crisis+of+Social+Reproduction&rft.pages=2%2C+8+and+footnote+14+on+page+8&rft.pub=American+Political+Science+Association&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Isabelle+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allacademic.com%2F%2Fmeta%2Fp_mla_apa_research_citation%2F0%2F3%2F9%2F8%2F7%2Fpages39879%2Fp39879-1.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> Todd M. Johnson, Gina A Zurlo, Albert W. Hickman, and Peter F. Grossing, "Christianity 2016: Latin America and Projecting Religions to 2050", International Bulletin of Mission Research, 2016, Vol. 40 (1) 22–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> Barrett, 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> Ross Douthat, "Fear of a Black Continent", The New York Times, 21 October 2018, 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/table?tocId=9394911">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> table of religions, by region. Retrieved November 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080218163337/https://www.britannica.com/eb/table?tocId=9394911">Archived</a> 18 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFARIS_2008_Report:_Part_IA_–_Belonging" class="citation web cs1">ARIS 2008 Report: Part IA – Belonging. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110518163841/https://b27.cc.trincoll.edu/weblogs/AmericanReligionSurvey-ARIS/reports/p1a_belong.html">"American Religious Identification Survey 2008"</a>. B27.cc.trincoll.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://b27.cc.trincoll.edu/weblogs/AmericanReligionSurvey-ARIS/reports/p1a_belong.html">the original</a> on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Religious+Identification+Survey+2008&rft.pub=B27.cc.trincoll.edu&rft.au=ARIS+2008+Report%3A+Part+IA+%E2%80%93+Belonging&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fb27.cc.trincoll.edu%2Fweblogs%2FAmericanReligionSurvey-ARIS%2Freports%2Fp1a_belong.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/PopularAreas?collection=Census&period=2006&&navmapdisplayed=true&textversion=false">"Australian 2006 census – Religion"</a>. 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Retrieved 19 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+2006+census+%E2%80%93+Religion&rft.pub=Censusdata.abs.gov.au&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusdata.abs.gov.au%2FABSNavigation%2Fprenav%2FPopularAreas%3Fcollection%3DCensus%26period%3D2006%26%26navmapdisplayed%3Dtrue%26textversion%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stats.govt.nz/~/media/Statistics/Publications/Census/2006-reports/quickstats-subject/Culture-Identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity-tables.ashx">Table 28, 2006 Census Data – QuickStats About Culture and Identity – Tables</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724200044/https://www.stats.govt.nz/~/media/Statistics/Publications/Census/2006-reports/quickstats-subject/Culture-Identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity-tables.ashx">Archived</a> 24 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ekklesia.co.uk/news/uk/061223/christendom">"New UK opinion poll shows continuing collapse of 'Christendom'"</a>. 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Retrieved 18 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Canada&rft.atitle=The+Canadian+census%3A+A+rich+portrait+of+the+country%27s+religious+and+ethnocultural+diversity&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Fn1%2Fdaily-quotidien%2F221026%2Fdq221026b-eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> Barrett/Kurian.World Christian Encyclopedia, p. 139 (Britain), 281 (France), 299 (Germany). </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4499668.stm">"Christians in the Middle East"</a>. BBC News. 15 December 2005. 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Retrieved 17 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table%3A+Religious+Composition+by+Country%2C+in+Percentages&rft.pub=Pewforum.org&rft.date=2011-12-19&rft.au=Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2012%2F12%2F18%2Ftable-religious-composition-by-country-in-percentages%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldChristian_Database-370"><a href="#cite_ref-WorldChristian_Database_370-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gordonconwell.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2024/01/Status-of-Global-Christianity-2024.pdf">"Status of Global Christianity, 2024, in the Context of 1900–2050"</a> (PDF). Center for the Study of Global Christianity, Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary. Retrieved 23 May 2024. <q>Christian total 2,631,941,000, Catholic total 1,278,009,000 (48.6%), Wider Protestant total including Independents 1,047,295,000 (39.8%), Orthodox total including Eastern and Oriental 293,158,000 (11.1%)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Status+of+Global+Christianity%2C+2024%2C+in+the+Context+of+1900%E2%80%932050&rft.pub=Center+for+the+Study+of+Global+Christianity%2C+Gordon-Conwell+Theological+Seminary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gordonconwell.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F13%2F2024%2F01%2FStatus-of-Global-Christianity-2024.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiswold2009" class="citation book cs1">Riswold, Caryn D. (1 October 2009). Feminism and Christianity: Questions and Answers in the Third Wave. Wipf & Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62189-053-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62189-053-9"><bdi>978-1-62189-053-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feminism+and+Christianity%3A+Questions+and+Answers+in+the+Third+Wave&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock&rft.date=2009-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-62189-053-9&rft.aulast=Riswold&rft.aufirst=Caryn+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2010" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell, Lynn (8 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dialoguesociety.org/leeds-outreach-participation/417-christian-denominations-by-dr-lynn-mitchell.html">"Christian Denominations by Dr. Lynn Mitchell"</a>. Dialogue Society. Retrieved 23 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christian+Denominations+by+Dr.+Lynn+Mitchell&rft.pub=Dialogue+Society&rft.date=2010-12-08&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dialoguesociety.org%2Fleeds-outreach-participation%2F417-christian-denominations-by-dr-lynn-mitchell.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.religioustolerance.org/ldswho.htm">"The LDS Restorationist movement, including Mormon denominations"</a>. Religious Tolerance. Retrieved 31 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+LDS+Restorationist+movement%2C+including+Mormon+denominations&rft.pub=Religious+Tolerance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.religioustolerance.org%2Fldswho.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lostchristianiti00ehrm/page/1">Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lostchristianiti00ehrm/page/1">1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514183-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514183-2"><bdi>978-0-19-514183-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Christianities%3A+The+Battles+for+Scripture+and+the+Faiths+We+Never+Knew&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514183-2&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flostchristianiti00ehrm%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sydney_E._Ahlstrom" title="Sydney E. Ahlstrom">Sydney E. Ahlstrom</a>, characterized <a href="/wiki/Denominationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Denominationalism">denominationalism</a> in America as "a virtual ecclesiology" that "first of all repudiates the insistences of the Catholic Church, the churches of the 'magisterial' Reformation, and of most sects that they alone are the true Church." (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhlstromHall2004" class="citation book cs1">Ahlstrom, Sydney E.; Hall, David D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5kFF6a1viGcC&pg=PA381">A Religious History of the American People</a> (Revised ed.). Yale University Press. p. 381. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10012-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10012-9"><bdi>978-0-300-10012-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Religious+History+of+the+American+People&rft.pages=381&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10012-9&rft.aulast=Ahlstrom&rft.aufirst=Sydney+E.&rft.au=Hall%2C+David+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5kFF6a1viGcC%26pg%3DPA381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988">); <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Nash, Donald A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5n7kJH3Yf?url=https://www.crownhillchurch.com/Why_the_Churches_of_Christ_Are_Not_A_Denomination.pdf">Why the Churches of Christ are Not a Denomination</a> (PDF). pp. 1–3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecra.org/files/WhyNotDenom.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 January 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+the+Churches+of+Christ+are+Not+a+Denomination&rft.pages=1-3&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Donald+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecra.org%2Ffiles%2FWhyNotDenom.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988">;</li> <li>Wendell Winkler, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebible.net/introchurch/ch4.html">Christ's Church is not a Denomination</a>;</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratte1999" class="citation web cs1">Pratte, David E. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblestudylessons.com/jesuslord/jeslord8-lesson.php">"Jesus Is Lord Free Online Bible Study Course Lesson 8, II. How Did Modern Denominations Begin?"</a>. biblestudylessons.com. Retrieved 17 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblestudylessons.com&rft.atitle=Jesus+Is+Lord+Free+Online+Bible+Study+Course+Lesson+8%2C+II.+How+Did+Modern+Denominations+Begin%3F&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Pratte&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblestudylessons.com%2Fjesuslord%2Fjeslord8-lesson.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Nicene Creed". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055702">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nicene+Creed&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9055702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html">Lumen Gentium</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140906031754/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html">Archived</a> 6 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> Duffy, Saints and Sinners, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> Hitchcock, Geography of Religion, p. 281. </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> Norman, The Roman Catholic Church an Illustrated History, pp. 11, 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-LumenGentium-381">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LumenGentium_381-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LumenGentium_381-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html">Lumen Gentium</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140906031754/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html">Archived</a> 6 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, chapter 2, paragraph 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p123a9p3.htm#IV">paragraph 865</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150812051820/https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p123a9p3.htm#IV">Archived</a> 12 August 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> Marthaler, Introducing the Catechism of the Catholic Church, Traditional Themes and Contemporary Issues (1994), preface. </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Paul_II1997" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">John Paul II (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080211121910/https://www.usccb.org/catechism/text/laetamurmagnopere.htm">"Laetamur Magnopere"</a> (in Latin). Vatican. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usccb.org/catechism/text/laetamurmagnopere.htm">the original</a> on 11 February 2008. Retrieved 9 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laetamur+Magnopere&rft.pub=Vatican&rft.date=1997&rft.au=John+Paul+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fcatechism%2Ftext%2Flaetamurmagnopere.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3W.HTM#:~:text=1322%20">Paragraphs 1322–1327</a>. <q>[T]he Eucharist is the sum and summary of our faith</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraphs+1322-1327&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-marian_dogmas-386"><a href="#cite_ref-marian_dogmas_386-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resource/55423/the-four-marian-dogmas">"The Four Marian Dogmas"</a>. Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Four+Marian+Dogmas&rft.pub=Catholic+News+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fresource%2F55423%2Fthe-four-marian-dogmas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgnew2010" class="citation journal cs1">Agnew, John (12 February 2010). "Deus Vult: The Geopolitics of Catholic Church". Geopolitics. 15 (1): 39–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14650040903420388">10.1080/14650040903420388</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144793259">144793259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geopolitics&rft.atitle=Deus+Vult%3A+The+Geopolitics+of+Catholic+Church&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-61&rft.date=2010-02-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14650040903420388&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144793259%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Agnew&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> Black's Law Dictionary, 5th Edition, pg. 771: "Jus canonicum" </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> Della Rocca, Manual of Canon Law, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> Berman, Harold J. 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Fordham University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Theology%3A+Historical+Trends+and+Doctrinal+Themes&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWo9MwwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSGC2019-404">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CSGC2019_404-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSGC2019_404-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSGC2019_404-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gordonconwell.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/04/StatusofGlobalChristianity20191.pdf?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=dbc877fea75b25fc6737b0fd6bd1d6bd5d4e0119-1589502882-0-AWKZpJ8Cde9iLLQo_A-22M_6Yx_NzYkoJXkWheGxqt79XJKGAsGe9toy2d0WPGwhF-35Z5iB65LQsTW3m1PdGbFd6Pz1FN8-LTUPA-7p3VA9qU1sUJgKAyskRYjdAd0nnbE1K-Hekmpb1HvqRyiyTVMvdoiAQgbQ-x1tFESeE7IEPbEr0ePTUaTOq_G4kXbl8tty1gBEzw8IXz3nc987229mqJBKaNGFMSVFhwIzaLKjTkv5qbwuKBmYwZgAVO2HRopF4H-YG7QxTS3V8NgWvWxvKHSwzN3xPcJXwStewDjYL9XE7FUB8bncjdGvSFX_yA3OZlfXOAqatMcH3w0Jebe-r7HC14HXVGSUPzjxATzH3krdCRrsVQ5T_N3AEDXA-TDldZcNJpl_EpuDcfobDniMsNiSbFzIH6EuBv7Vy4aP">"Status of Global Christianity, 2019, in the Context of 1900–2050"</a> (PDF). 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The Orthodox Church. Penguin. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014656-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014656-1"><bdi>978-0-14-014656-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Church&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-14-014656-1&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.aufirst=Kallistos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter2018" class="citation news cs1">Peter, Laurence (17 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-45877584">"Orthodox Church split: Five reasons why it matters"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <q>The Moscow-based Russian Orthodox Church has at least 150 million followers – more than half the total of Orthodox Christians. ... But Mr Shterin, who lectures on trends in ex-Soviet republics, says some Moscow-linked parishes will probably switch to a new Kiev-led church, because many congregations 'don't vary a lot in their political preferences.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Orthodox+Church+split%3A+Five+reasons+why+it+matters&rft.date=2018-10-17&rft.aulast=Peter&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-45877584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBautistaGee_Lim2009" class="citation book cs1">Bautista, Julius; Gee Lim, Francis Khek (2009). Christianity and the State in Asia: Complicity and Conflict. Taylor & Francis. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-01887-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-01887-1"><bdi>978-1-134-01887-1</bdi></a>. <q>Nevertheless, it is clear in Asia that Christianity spread as a result of both trade and military power.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+and+the+State+in+Asia%3A+Complicity+and+Conflict&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-134-01887-1&rft.aulast=Bautista&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft.au=Gee+Lim%2C+Francis+Khek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100406014259/https://www.wcc-coe.org/wcc/what/ecumenical/ooc-e.html">"Oriental Orthodox Churches"</a>. Wcc-coe.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wcc-coe.org/wcc/what/ecumenical/ooc-e.html">the original</a> on 6 April 2010. Retrieved 19 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oriental+Orthodox+Churches&rft.pub=Wcc-coe.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wcc-coe.org%2Fwcc%2Fwhat%2Fecumenical%2Fooc-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-409"><a href="#cite_ref-409">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120708191023/http://www.pluralism.org/affiliates/student/allen/Oriental-Orthodox/Home.html">"An Introduction to the Oriental Orthodox Churches"</a>. Pluralism.org. 15 March 2005. 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Retrieved 19 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Oriental+Orthodox+Churches&rft.pub=Pluralism.org&rft.date=2005-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralism.org%2Faffiliates%2Fstudent%2Fallen%2FOriental-Orthodox%2FHome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sor.cua.edu-410"><a href="#cite_ref-sor.cua.edu_410-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOONS" class="citation web cs1">OONS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626020037/https://sor.cua.edu/Ecumenism/20010317oomtg4.html">"Syrian Orthodox Resources – Middle Eastern Oriental Orthodox Common Declaration"</a>. Sor.cua.edu. 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Rowman & Littlefield. p. 601. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-7157-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-7157-9"><bdi>978-1-4422-7157-9</bdi></a>. <q>Today these churches are also referred to as the Oriental Orthodox Churches and are made up of 50 million Christians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Christianity+in+the+Global+South&rft.pages=601&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-7157-9&rft.aulast=Lamport&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB6xVDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Doriental%2Borthodox%2B50%2Bmillion%26pg%3DPA601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century/">"Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century"</a>. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 8 November 2017. <q>Oriental Orthodoxy has separate self-governing jurisdictions in Ethiopia, Egypt, Eritrea, India, Armenia and Syria, and it accounts for roughly 20% of the worldwide Orthodox population.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Orthodox+Christianity+in+the+21st+Century&rft.date=2017-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2017%2F11%2F08%2Forthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oikoumene.org/en/church-families/orthodox-churches-oriental">"Orthodox churches (Oriental) — World Council of Churches"</a>. www.oikoumene.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oikoumene.org&rft.atitle=Orthodox+churches+%28Oriental%29+%E2%80%94+World+Council+of+Churches&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oikoumene.org%2Fen%2Fchurch-families%2Forthodox-churches-oriental&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-414"><a href="#cite_ref-414">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/global-christianity-traditions/">"Christian Traditions"</a>. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 19 December 2011. <q>About half of all Christians worldwide are Catholic (50%), while more than a third are Protestant (37%). Orthodox communions comprise 12% of the world's Christians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Christian+Traditions&rft.date=2011-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2011%2F12%2F19%2Fglobal-christianity-traditions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-415"><a href="#cite_ref-415">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetts1978" class="citation book cs1">Betts, Robert B. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gHstAQAAIAAJ">Christians in the Arab East: A Political Study</a> (2nd ed.). Athens: Lycabettus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8042-0796-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8042-0796-6"><bdi>978-0-8042-0796-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christians+in+the+Arab+East%3A+A+Political+Study&rft.place=Athens&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Lycabettus&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-8042-0796-6&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgHstAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-416"><a href="#cite_ref-416">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Meyendorff" title="John Meyendorff">Meyendorff, John</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ">Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450-680 A.D.</a> The Church in history. Vol. 2. Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-055-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-055-6"><bdi>978-0-88141-055-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+unity+and+Christian+divisions%3A+The+Church+450-680+A.D.&rft.place=Crestwood%2C+NY&rft.series=The+Church+in+history&rft.pub=St+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88141-055-6&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6J_YAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-417"><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry2019" class="citation book cs1">Barry, James (2019). Armenian Christians in Iran. Cambridge University Press. pp. 241–242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108429047" title="Special:BookSources/9781108429047"><bdi>9781108429047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenian+Christians+in+Iran&rft.pages=241-242&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781108429047&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-418"><a href="#cite_ref-418">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHindsonMitchell2013" class="citation book cs1">Hindson, Ed; Mitchell, Dan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4eE2LdSKiQwC">The Popular Encyclopedia of Church History</a>. Harvest House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7369-4806-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7369-4806-7"><bdi>978-0-7369-4806-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Popular+Encyclopedia+of+Church+History&rft.pub=Harvest+House&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7369-4806-7&rft.aulast=Hindson&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4eE2LdSKiQwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-419"><a href="#cite_ref-419">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppiahGates2005" class="citation book cs1">Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (2005). Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. Oxford University Press. p. 566. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517055-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517055-9"><bdi>978-0-19-517055-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africana%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+the+African+and+African+American+Experience&rft.pages=566&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517055-9&rft.aulast=Appiah&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Gates%2C+Henry+Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-420"><a href="#cite_ref-420">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._Stearns2008" class="citation book cs1">N. Stearns, Peter (2008). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World. Oxford University Press. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517632-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517632-2"><bdi>978-0-19-517632-2</bdi></a>. <q>Uniformly practiced by Jews, Muslims, and the members of Coptic, Ethiopian, and Eritrean Orthodox Churches, male circumcision remains prevalent in many regions of the world, particularly Africa, South and East Asia, Oceania, and Anglosphere countries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Modern+World&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517632-2&rft.aulast=N.+Stearns&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-421"><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2012" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, Ian (2012). Water: A Spiritual History. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-6767-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-6767-5"><bdi>978-1-4411-6767-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water%3A+A+Spiritual+History&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-6767-5&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-422"><a href="#cite_ref-422">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._Bulzacchelli2006" class="citation book cs1">H. Bulzacchelli, Richard (2006). Judged by the Law of Freedom: A History of the Faith-works Controversy, and a Resolution in the Thought of St. Thomas Aquinas. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_America" title="University Press of America">University Press of America</a>. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-3501-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-3501-1"><bdi>978-0-7618-3501-1</bdi></a>. <q>The Ethiopian and Coptic Churches distinguishes between clean and unclean meats, observes days of ritual purification, and keeps a kind of dual Sabbath on both Saturday and Sunday.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judged+by+the+Law+of+Freedom%3A+A+History+of+the+Faith-works+Controversy%2C+and+a+Resolution+in+the+Thought+of+St.+Thomas+Aquinas&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-3501-1&rft.aulast=H.+Bulzacchelli&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-423"><a href="#cite_ref-423">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._T._Kimbrough2005" class="citation book cs1">S. T. Kimbrough, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q-vhwjamOioC&q=anagignoskomena&pg=PA23">Orthodox and Wesleyan Scriptural understanding and practice</a>. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-301-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-301-4"><bdi>978-0-88141-301-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthodox+and+Wesleyan+Scriptural+understanding+and+practice&rft.pub=St+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-88141-301-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq-vhwjamOioC%26q%3Danagignoskomena%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-424"><a href="#cite_ref-424">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumer2006" class="citation book cs1">Baumer, Christoph (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ7ZAAAAMAAJ">The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity</a>. London & New York: Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-115-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-115-1"><bdi>978-1-84511-115-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+the+East%3A+An+Illustrated+History+of+Assyrian+Christianity&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-115-1&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSQ7ZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-425"><a href="#cite_ref-425">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEduardo_Campo2009" class="citation book cs1">Eduardo Campo, Juan (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2696-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2696-8"><bdi>978-1-4381-2696-8</bdi></a>. <q>the Assyrian Church of the East (found mainly in northern Iraq, southern Turkey, Iran, southwest India, and now the United States).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2696-8&rft.aulast=Eduardo+Campo&rft.aufirst=Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-426"><a href="#cite_ref-426">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2014" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Erica C.D. (2014). "The Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East". In Leustean, Lucian N. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zt2vAwAAQBAJ">Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty-First Century</a>. London & New York: Routledge. pp. 601–620. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-81866-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-81866-3"><bdi>978-1-317-81866-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Holy+Apostolic+Catholic+Assyrian+Church+of+the+East&rft.btitle=Eastern+Christianity+and+Politics+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pages=601-620&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-81866-3&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Erica+C.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzt2vAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-427"><a href="#cite_ref-427">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316110009/http://www.cnewa.us/default.aspx?ID=1&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1">"CNEWA: Ronald G. Roberson, C.S.P. – The Assyrian Church of the East"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnewa.us/default.aspx?ID=1&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1">the original</a> on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CNEWA%3A+Ronald+G.+Roberson%2C+C.S.P.+%E2%80%93+The+Assyrian+Church+of+the+East&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnewa.us%2Fdefault.aspx%3FID%3D1%26pagetypeID%3D9%26sitecode%3DHQ%26pageno%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-blackwell1-428">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blackwell1_428-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blackwell1_428-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParryMellingBradyGriffith2017" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Ken; Melling, David J.; Brady, Dimitri; Griffith, Sidney H.; Healey, John F., eds. (2017) [1999]. "Church of the East". The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 122–123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781405166584">10.1002/9781405166584</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6658-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6658-4"><bdi>978-1-4051-6658-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Church+of+the+East&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Dictionary+of+Eastern+Christianity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=122-123&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781405166584&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6658-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-429"><a href="#cite_ref-429">^</a> Fahlbusch, Erwin, and Bromiley, Geoffrey William, The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 3. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 2003. p. 362. </li> <li id="cite_note-430"><a href="#cite_ref-430">^</a> McManners, Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity. pp. 251–259. </li> <li id="cite_note-431"><a href="#cite_ref-431">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulvaine2013" class="citation web cs1">Mulvaine, Troy A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180903061548/http://churchoftheapostleslutheran.org/evangelical-catholic/">"Evangelical Catholic"</a>. Church of the Apostles, Lutheran. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://churchoftheapostleslutheran.org/evangelical-catholic">the original</a> on 3 September 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evangelical+Catholic&rft.pub=Church+of+the+Apostles%2C+Lutheran&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Mulvaine&rft.aufirst=Troy+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchurchoftheapostleslutheran.org%2Fevangelical-catholic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-432"><a href="#cite_ref-432">^</a> Sykes/Booty/Knight. The Study of Anglicanism, p. 219. Some Anglicans consider their church a <a href="/wiki/Branch_theory" title="Branch theory">branch of the "One Holy Catholic Church"</a> alongside of the Catholic, Scandinavian Lutheran and Eastern Orthodox churches, a concept rejected by the Catholic Church, some Eastern Orthodox, and many <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Anglican">evangelical Anglicans</a> themselves, for more on this, see Gregory Hallam, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org/articles/ecumenical/hallam_orthodoxy_ecumenism.htm">Orthodoxy and Ecumenism</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-433"><a href="#cite_ref-433">^</a> Gregory Mathewes-Green, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westernorthodox.com/branch.html">Whither the Branch Theory?</a>", Anglican Orthodox Pilgrim Vol. 2, No. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120519104645/https://www.westernorthodox.com/branch.html">Archived</a> 19 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-434"><a href="#cite_ref-434">^</a> Karl Heussi, Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte, 11. Auflage (1956), Tübingen (Germany), pp. 317–319, 325–326. </li> <li id="cite_note-435"><a href="#cite_ref-435">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Marty2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">E. Marty, Martin (13 August 2022). "Protestantism's influence in the modern world". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Protestant-Heritage-1354359/Protestantisms-influence-in-the-modern-world">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Protestantism%27s+influence+in+the+modern+world&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2022-08-13&rft.aulast=E.+Marty&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FThe-Protestant-Heritage-1354359%2FProtestantisms-influence-in-the-modern-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-436"><a href="#cite_ref-436">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGertz2004" class="citation web cs1">Gertz, Steven (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/issues/issue-84/outsiders-guide-to-americas-anabaptists.html">"Outsider's Guide to America's Anabaptists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a>. Retrieved 20 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Outsider%27s+Guide+to+America%27s+Anabaptists&rft.pub=Christianity+Today&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Gertz&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fhistory%2Fissues%2Fissue-84%2Foutsiders-guide-to-americas-anabaptists.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-437"><a href="#cite_ref-437">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedettoDuke2008" class="citation book cs1">Benedetto, Robert; Duke, James O. (2008). The New Westminster Dictionary of Church History. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22416-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22416-5"><bdi>978-0-664-22416-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Westminster+Dictionary+of+Church+History&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22416-5&rft.aulast=Benedetto&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Duke%2C+James+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-438"><a href="#cite_ref-438">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittell2000" class="citation book cs1">Littell, Franklin H. (2000). The Anabaptist View of the Church. The Baptist Standard Bearer. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57978-836-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57978-836-0"><bdi>978-1-57978-836-0</bdi></a>. <q>In reviewing the records, the reader is struck with the Anabaptists' acute consciousness of separation from the "fallen" church—in which they included the Reformers as well as the Roman institution. Some writers have therefore concluded that Anabaptism is not merely a variant form of Protestantism, but rather an ideology and practice quite different in kind from those of both Rome and the Reformers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anabaptist+View+of+the+Church&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=The+Baptist+Standard+Bearer&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57978-836-0&rft.aulast=Littell&rft.aufirst=Franklin+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-439"><a href="#cite_ref-439">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mennoniteusa.org/who-we-are/">"Who We Are: A Quick Visual Guide"</a>. Mennonite Church US. 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2018. <q>Anabaptists: We are neither Catholic nor Protestant, but we share ties to those streams of Christianity. We cooperate as a sign of our unity in Christ and in ways that extend the reign of God's Kingdom on earth. We are known as "Anabaptists" (not anti-Baptist)—meaning "rebaptizers."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+We+Are%3A+A+Quick+Visual+Guide&rft.pub=Mennonite+Church+US&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmennoniteusa.org%2Fwho-we-are%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-440"><a href="#cite_ref-440">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070121041402/https://www.methodist-central-hall.org.uk/history/WhatisMethodism.htm">"About The Methodist Church"</a>. Methodist Central Hall Westminster. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.methodist-central-hall.org.uk/history/WhatisMethodism.htm">the original</a> on 21 January 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+The+Methodist+Church&rft.pub=Methodist+Central+Hall+Westminster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.methodist-central-hall.org.uk%2Fhistory%2FWhatisMethodism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-441"><a href="#cite_ref-441">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150211234057/https://www.godpreach.com/christianity-pentecostal-churches/">"Christianity: Pentecostal Churches"</a>. GodPreach. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.godpreach.com/christianity-pentecostal-churches/">the original</a> on 11 February 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christianity%3A+Pentecostal+Churches&rft.pub=GodPreach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.godpreach.com%2Fchristianity-pentecostal-churches%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-442"><a href="#cite_ref-442">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928101604/https://www.cambridgechristumc.com/statementofbelief.htm">"Statement of Belief"</a>. Cambridge Christ United Methodist Church. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridgechristumc.com/statementofbelief.htm">the original</a> on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+of+Belief&rft.pub=Cambridge+Christ+United+Methodist+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridgechristumc.com%2Fstatementofbelief.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-443"><a href="#cite_ref-443">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070913232442/https://new.gbgm-umc.org/umhistory/wesley/sermons/45/">"The New Birth by John Wesley (Sermon 45)"</a>. The United Methodist Church GBGM. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.gbgm-umc.org/umhistory/wesley/sermons/45/">the original</a> on 13 September 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+Birth+by+John+Wesley+%28Sermon+45%29&rft.pub=The+United+Methodist+Church+GBGM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnew.gbgm-umc.org%2Fumhistory%2Fwesley%2Fsermons%2F45%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-444"><a href="#cite_ref-444">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080109013416/https://gbgm-umc.org/UMW/Wesley/walk.stm">"God's Preparing, Accepting, and Sustaining Grace"</a>. The United Methodist Church GBGM. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gbgm-umc.org/umw/wesley/walk.stm">the original</a> on 9 January 2008. Retrieved 31 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=God%27s+Preparing%2C+Accepting%2C+and+Sustaining+Grace&rft.pub=The+United+Methodist+Church+GBGM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgbgm-umc.org%2Fumw%2Fwesley%2Fwalk.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-445"><a href="#cite_ref-445">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060903030820/https://www.warren-wilson.edu/~religion/newifo/religions/christianity/index/pentecostal/essay.shtml">"Total Experience of the Spirit"</a>. Warren Wilson College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.warren-wilson.edu/~religion/newifo/religions/christianity/index/pentecostal/essay.shtml">the original</a> on 3 September 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Total+Experience+of+the+Spirit&rft.pub=Warren+Wilson+College&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.warren-wilson.edu%2F~religion%2Fnewifo%2Freligions%2Fchristianity%2Findex%2Fpentecostal%2Fessay.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-446"><a href="#cite_ref-446">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoll2011" class="citation book cs1">Noll, Mark A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1GKBgK00JSsC&q=protestantism+million&pg=PA9">Protestantism: A Very Short Introduction</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162013-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162013-3"><bdi>978-0-19-162013-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protestantism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-162013-3&rft.aulast=Noll&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1GKBgK00JSsC%26q%3Dprotestantism%2Bmillion%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-447"><a href="#cite_ref-447">^</a> This branch was first called Calvinism by <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a> who opposed it, and many within the tradition would prefer to use the word Reformed. </li> <li id="cite_note-448"><a href="#cite_ref-448">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oikoumene.org/en/church-families/evangelical-churches">World Council of Churches: Evangelical churches</a>: "Evangelical churches have grown exponentially in the second half of the 20th century and continue to show great vitality, especially in the global South. This resurgence may in part be explained by the phenomenal growth of Pentecostalism and the emergence of the charismatic movement, which are closely associated with evangelicalism. However, there can be no doubt that the evangelical tradition "per se" has become one of the major components of world Christianity. Evangelicals also constitute sizable minorities in the traditional Protestant and Anglican churches. In regions like Africa and Latin America, the boundaries between "evangelical" and "mainline" are rapidly changing and giving way to new ecclesial realities." </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-449">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_449-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_449-1">b</a> Confessionalism is a term employed by historians to refer to "the creation of fixed identities and systems of beliefs for separate churches which had previously been more fluid in their self-understanding, and which had not begun by seeking separate identities for themselves—they had wanted to be truly Catholic and reformed." (MacCulloch, The Reformation: A History, p. xxiv.) </li> <li id="cite_note-450"><a href="#cite_ref-450">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091009175734/http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report2religious-landscape-study-appendix3.pdf">"Classification of Protestant Denominations"</a> (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life / U.S. Religious Landscape Survey. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report2religious-landscape-study-appendix3.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 October 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classification+of+Protestant+Denominations&rft.pub=Pew+Forum+on+Religion+%26+Public+Life+%2F+U.S.+Religious+Landscape+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freligions.pewforum.org%2Fpdf%2Freport2religious-landscape-study-appendix3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-451"><a href="#cite_ref-451">^</a> McManners, Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity, pp. 91ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-452"><a href="#cite_ref-452">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.religioustolerance.org/chrrest.htm">"The Restorationist Movements"</a>. Religious Tolerance. Retrieved 31 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Restorationist+Movements&rft.pub=Religious+Tolerance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.religioustolerance.org%2Fchrrest.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-453"><a href="#cite_ref-453">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloesch2005" class="citation book cs1">Bloesch, Donald G. (2 December 2005). The Holy Spirit: Works Gifts. InterVarsity Press. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2755-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2755-8"><bdi>978-0-8308-2755-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Spirit%3A+Works+Gifts&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2005-12-02&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-2755-8&rft.aulast=Bloesch&rft.aufirst=Donald+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-454"><a href="#cite_ref-454">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics">"The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Statistics and Church Facts | Total Church Membership"</a>. newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org. Retrieved 3 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-Day+Saints+Statistics+and+Church+Facts+%7C+Total+Church+Membership&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Ffacts-and-statistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-455"><a href="#cite_ref-455">^</a> Sydney E. Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People (2004) </li> <li id="cite_note-456"><a href="#cite_ref-456">^</a> Melton's Encyclopedia of American Religions (2009) </li> <li id="cite_note-457"><a href="#cite_ref-457">^</a> Manuscript History of the Church, LDS Church Archives, book A-1, p. 37; reproduced in <a href="/wiki/Dean_C._Jessee" title="Dean C. Jessee">Dean C. Jessee</a>(comp.) (1989). The Papers of Joseph Smith: Autobiographical and Historical Writings(Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book) 1:302–303. </li> <li id="cite_note-458"><a href="#cite_ref-458">^</a> J. Gordon Melton, Encyclopedia of Protestantism, 2005, p. 543: "Unitarianism – The word unitarian [italics] means one who believes in the oneness of God; historically it refers to those in the Christian community who rejected the doctrine of the Trinity (one God expressed in three persons). Non-Trinitarian Protestant churches emerged in the 16th century in ITALY, POLAND, and TRANSYLVANIA." </li> <li id="cite_note-459"><a href="#cite_ref-459">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahlbuschBromileyLochmanMbiti2008" class="citation book cs1">Fahlbusch, Erwin; Bromiley, Geoffrey William; Lochman, Jan Milic; Mbiti, John; Pelikan, Jaroslav (2008). The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Vol. 5. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 603. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2417-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2417-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-2417-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christianity%2C+Vol.+5&rft.pages=603&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2417-2&rft.aulast=Fahlbusch&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rft.au=Bromiley%2C+Geoffrey+William&rft.au=Lochman%2C+Jan+Milic&rft.au=Mbiti%2C+John&rft.au=Pelikan%2C+Jaroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-460"><a href="#cite_ref-460">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBochenski2013" class="citation book cs1">Bochenski, Michael I. (14 March 2013). Transforming Faith Communities: A Comparative Study of Radical Christianity in Sixteenth-Century Anabaptism and Late Twentieth-Century Latin America. Wipf & Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62189-597-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62189-597-8"><bdi>978-1-62189-597-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transforming+Faith+Communities%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+Radical+Christianity+in+Sixteenth-Century+Anabaptism+and+Late+Twentieth-Century+Latin+America&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock&rft.date=2013-03-14&rft.isbn=978-1-62189-597-8&rft.aulast=Bochenski&rft.aufirst=Michael+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-461"><a href="#cite_ref-461">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarvis2018" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Jarvis_(author)" title="Edward Jarvis (author)">Jarvis, Edward</a> (2018), God, Land & Freedom: The True Story of ICAB, Berkeley, CA: The Apocryphile Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-947826-90-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-947826-90-8"><bdi>978-1-947826-90-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%2C+Land+%26+Freedom%3A+The+True+Story+of+ICAB&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=The+Apocryphile+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-947826-90-8&rft.aulast=Jarvis&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-462"><a href="#cite_ref-462">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlummer2004" class="citation book cs1">Plummer, John P. (2004). The Many Paths of the Independent Sacramental Movement. Berkeley, CA: The Apocryphile Press. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9771461-2-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9771461-2-X"><bdi>0-9771461-2-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Many+Paths+of+the+Independent+Sacramental+Movement&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=The+Apocryphile+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-9771461-2-X&rft.aulast=Plummer&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-463"><a href="#cite_ref-463">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahlbusch2008" class="citation book cs1">Fahlbusch, Erwin (2008). The Encyclodedia of Christianity. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2417-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2417-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-2417-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclodedia+of+Christianity&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2417-2&rft.aulast=Fahlbusch&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-464"><a href="#cite_ref-464">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlemingRowanChambers2004" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, John A.; Rowan, Michael J.; Chambers, James Albert (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/folkfurnitureofc00flem/page/4">Folk Furniture of Canada's Doukhobors, Hutterites, Mennonites and Ukrainians</a>. University of Alberta. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/folkfurnitureofc00flem/page/4">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88864-418-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88864-418-3"><bdi>978-0-88864-418-3</bdi></a>. <q>The English Quakers, who had made contact with the Doukhobors earlier, as well as the Philadelphia Society of Friends, also determined to help with their emigration from Russia to some other country—the only action which seemed possible.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folk+Furniture+of+Canada%27s+Doukhobors%2C+Hutterites%2C+Mennonites+and+Ukrainians&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=University+of+Alberta&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-88864-418-3&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft.au=Rowan%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=Chambers%2C+James+Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffolkfurnitureofc00flem%2Fpage%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-465"><a href="#cite_ref-465">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAriel2006" class="citation book cs1">Ariel, Yaakov (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oZiScvbS6-cC&pg=RA1-PA208">"Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism"</a>. In Gallagher, Eugene V.; Ashcraft, W. Michael (eds.). Jewish and Christian Traditions. Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. Vol. 2. Westport, CN: Greenwood. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98714-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98714-5"><bdi>978-0-275-98714-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 September 2015. <q>For example, Messianic Jews, without exception, believe that the way to eternal life is through the acceptance of Jesus as one's personal savior and that no obedience to the Jewish law or "works" is necessary in order to obtain that goal....Remarkably, it has been exactly this adherence to the basic Christian evangelical faith that has allowed Messianic Jews to adopt and promote Jewish rites and customs. They are Christians in good standing and can retain whatever cultural attributes and rites they choose.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Judaism+and+Christianity+Unite%21+The+Unique+Culture+of+Messianic+Judaism&rft.btitle=Jewish+and+Christian+Traditions&rft.place=Westport%2C+CN&rft.series=Introduction+to+New+and+Alternative+Religions+in+America&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98714-5&rft.aulast=Ariel&rft.aufirst=Yaakov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoZiScvbS6-cC%26pg%3DRA1-PA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-466"><a href="#cite_ref-466">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeltonBaumann2010" class="citation book cs1">Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (2010). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 620. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-204-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-204-3"><bdi>978-1-59884-204-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+World%3A+A+Comprehensive+Encyclopedia+of+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pages=620&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-204-3&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rft.au=Baumann%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-467"><a href="#cite_ref-467">^</a> Western Esotericism and the Science of Religion: Selected Papers Presented at the 17th Congress </li> <li id="cite_note-468"><a href="#cite_ref-468">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBesant2001" class="citation book cs1">Besant, Annie (2001). Esoteric Christianity or the Lesser Mysteries. Adamant Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-0029-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-0029-1"><bdi>978-1-4021-0029-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Esoteric+Christianity+or+the+Lesser+Mysteries&rft.pub=Adamant+Media&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-4021-0029-1&rft.aulast=Besant&rft.aufirst=Annie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-469"><a href="#cite_ref-469">^</a> From the Greek ἐσωτερικός (esôterikos, "inner"). The term <a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">esotericism</a> itself was coined in the 17th century. (Oxford English Dictionary Compact Edition, Volume 1, Oxford University Press, 1971, p. 894.) </li> <li id="cite_note-470"><a href="#cite_ref-470">^</a> Wouter J. Hanegraaff, Antoine Faivre, <a href="/wiki/Roelof_van_den_Broek" class="mw-redirect" title="Roelof van den Broek">Roelof van den Broek</a>, Jean-Pierre Brach, Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, Brill 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-471"><a href="#cite_ref-471">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202062757/https://www.webster.com/dictionary/esotericism">"Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary: esotericism"</a>. Webster.com. 13 August 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webster.com/dictionary/esotericism">the original</a> on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 19 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster+Online+Dictionary%3A+esotericism&rft.pub=Webster.com&rft.date=2010-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fesotericism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-472"><a href="#cite_ref-472">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080907075009/https://www.webster.com/dictionary/esoteric">"Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary: esoteric"</a>. Webster.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webster.com/dictionary/esoteric">the original</a> on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 19 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster+Online+Dictionary%3A+esoteric&rft.pub=Webster.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fesoteric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes1997-473">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes1997_473-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes1997_473-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes1997_473-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Journal of American History. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 1997. p. 1400. <q>Richard T. Hughes, professor of religion at Pepperdine University, argues that the Churches of Christ built a corporate identity around "restoration" of the primitive church and the corresponding belief that their congregations represented a nondenominational Christianity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journal+of+American+History&rft.pages=1400&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnett2020-474">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barnett2020_474-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnett2020_474-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett2020" class="citation web cs1">Barnett, Joe R. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220219100501/https://www.southsidehopkinsville.com/who-are-the-churches-of-christ/">"Who are the Churches of Christ"</a>. Southside Church of Christ. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southsidehopkinsville.com/who-are-the-churches-of-christ/">the original</a> on 19 February 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2020. <q>Not A Denomination: For this reason, we are not interested in man-made creeds, but in the New Testament pattern. We do not conceive of ourselves as being a denomination–nor as Catholic, Protestant, or Jewish—but as members of the church which Jesus established and for which he died. And that, incidentally, is why we wear his name. The term "church of Christ" is not used as a denominational designation, but rather as a descriptive term indicating that the church belongs to Christ.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+are+the+Churches+of+Christ&rft.pub=Southside+Church+of+Christ&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Joe+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.southsidehopkinsville.com%2Fwho-are-the-churches-of-christ%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-476"><a href="#cite_ref-476">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash" class="citation web cs1">Nash, Donald A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecra.org/files/WhyNotDenom.pdf">"Why the Churches of Christ Are Not A Denomination"</a> (PDF). The Christian Restoration Association. Retrieved 7 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+the+Churches+of+Christ+Are+Not+A+Denomination&rft.pub=The+Christian+Restoration+Association&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Donald+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecra.org%2Ffiles%2FWhyNotDenom.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-477"><a href="#cite_ref-477">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughesRoberts2001" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Richard Thomas; Roberts, R. L. (2001). The Churches of Christ. Greenwood. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-23312-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-23312-8"><bdi>978-0-313-23312-8</bdi></a>. <q>Barton Stone was fully prepared to ally himself with Alexander Campbell in an effort to promote nondenominational Christianity, though it is evident that the two men came to this emphasis by very different routes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Churches+of+Christ&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-313-23312-8&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Richard+Thomas&rft.au=Roberts%2C+R.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-478"><a href="#cite_ref-478">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCherok2011" class="citation book cs1">Cherok, Richard J. (14 June 2011). Debating for God: Alexander Campbell's Challenge to Skepticism in Antebellum America. <a href="/wiki/ACU_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="ACU Press">ACU Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89112-838-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89112-838-0"><bdi>978-0-89112-838-0</bdi></a>. <q>Later proponents of Campbell's views would refer to themselves as the "Restoration Movement" because of the Campbellian insistence on restoring Christianity to its New Testament form. ... Added to this mix were the concepts of American egalitarianism, which gave rise to his advocacy of nondenominational individualism and local church autonomy, and Christian primitivism, which led to his promotion of such early church practices as believer's baptism by immersion and the weekly partaking of the Lord's Supper.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debating+for+God%3A+Alexander+Campbell%27s+Challenge+to+Skepticism+in+Antebellum+America&rft.pub=ACU+Press&rft.date=2011-06-14&rft.isbn=978-0-89112-838-0&rft.aulast=Cherok&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crisis_in_Western_Education-479">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crisis_in_Western_Education_479-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crisis_in_Western_Education_479-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawsonOlsen1961" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, Christopher; Olsen, Glenn (1961). Crisis in Western Education (Reprint ed.). CUA Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-1683-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-1683-6"><bdi>978-0-8132-1683-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+in+Western+Education&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=CUA+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0-8132-1683-6&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Olsen%2C+Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-480"><a href="#cite_ref-480">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._McGrath2006" class="citation book cs1">E. McGrath, Alister (2006). Christianity: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons. p. 336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-0899-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-0899-1"><bdi>1-4051-0899-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=336&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-4051-0899-1&rft.aulast=E.+McGrath&rft.aufirst=Alister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-481"><a href="#cite_ref-481">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060822150152/http://www.nrbookservice.com/products/BookPage.asp?prod_cd=c6664">"Review of How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization by Thomas Woods Jr"</a>. National Review Book Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrbookservice.com/products/bookpage.asp?prod_cd=c6664">the original</a> on 22 August 2006. Retrieved 16 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review+Book+Service&rft.atitle=Review+of+How+the+Catholic+Church+Built+Western+Civilization+by+Thomas+Woods+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrbookservice.com%2Fproducts%2Fbookpage.asp%3Fprod_cd%3Dc6664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-482"><a href="#cite_ref-482">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChazan2006" class="citation book cs1">Chazan, Robert (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JxJQ_98I3R0C">The Jews of Medieval Western Christendom: 1000–1500</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61664-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61664-5"><bdi>978-0-521-61664-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Medieval+Western+Christendom%3A+1000%E2%80%931500&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-61664-5&rft.aulast=Chazan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJxJQ_98I3R0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-483"><a href="#cite_ref-483">^</a> Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "christendom. § 1.3 Scheidingen". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. </li> <li id="cite_note-484"><a href="#cite_ref-484">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Meyendorff" title="John Meyendorff">Meyendorff, John</a> (1982). The Byzantine Legacy in the Orthodox Church. Yonkers: St Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-913836-90-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-913836-90-3"><bdi>978-0-913836-90-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Legacy+in+the+Orthodox+Church&rft.place=Yonkers&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=St+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-913836-90-3&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-485"><a href="#cite_ref-485">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCameron2006">Cameron 2006</a>, pp. 42–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-486"><a href="#cite_ref-486">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._Koenig2009" class="citation book cs1">G. Koenig, Harold (2009). Religion and Spirituality in Psychiatry. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88952-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88952-0"><bdi>978-0-521-88952-0</bdi></a>. <q>The Bible is the most globally influential and widely read book ever written. ... it has been a major influence on the behavior, laws, customs, education, art, literature, and morality of Western civilization.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Spirituality+in+Psychiatry&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88952-0&rft.aulast=G.+Koenig&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-487"><a href="#cite_ref-487">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnside2011" class="citation book cs1">Burnside, Jonathan (2011). God, Justice, and Society: Aspects of Law and Legality in the Bible. Oxford University Press. p. XXVI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975921-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975921-7"><bdi>978-0-19-975921-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%2C+Justice%2C+and+Society%3A+Aspects+of+Law+and+Legality+in+the+Bible&rft.pages=XXVI&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975921-7&rft.aulast=Burnside&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2000ch._1-488">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2000ch._1_488-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2000ch._1_488-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiches2000">Riches 2000</a>, ch. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-489"><a href="#cite_ref-489">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Spinello2012" class="citation book cs1">A. Spinello, Richard (2012). The Encyclicals of John Paul II: An Introduction and Commentary. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1942-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1942-7"><bdi>978-1-4422-1942-7</bdi></a>. <q>... The insights of Christian philosophy "would not have happened without the direct or indirect contribution of Christian faith" (FR 76). Typical Christian philosophers include St. Augustine, St. Bonaventure, and St. Thomas Aquinas. The benefits derived from Christian philosophy are twofold....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclicals+of+John+Paul+II%3A+An+Introduction+and+Commentary&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-1942-7&rft.aulast=A.+Spinello&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-490"><a href="#cite_ref-490">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilleyStanley2006" class="citation book cs1">Gilley, Sheridan; Stanley, Brian (2006). World Christianities c. 1815–c.1914. The Cambridge History of Christianity. Vol. 8. Cambridge University Press. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81456-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-81456-1"><bdi>0-521-81456-1</bdi></a>. <q>... Many of the scientists who contributed to these developments were Christians...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Christianities+c.+1815%E2%80%93c.1914&rft.series=The+Cambridge+History+of+Christianity&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-521-81456-1&rft.aulast=Gilley&rft.aufirst=Sheridan&rft.au=Stanley%2C+Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-491"><a href="#cite_ref-491">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteane2014" class="citation book cs1">Steane, Andrew (2014). Faithful to Science: The Role of Science in Religion. Oxford University Press. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-102513-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-102513-6"><bdi>978-0-19-102513-6</bdi></a>. <q>... the Christian contribution to science has been uniformly at the top level, but it has reached that level and it has been sufficiently strong overall ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faithful+to+Science%3A+The+Role+of+Science+in+Religion&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-102513-6&rft.aulast=Steane&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-492"><a href="#cite_ref-492">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraves1998" class="citation web cs1">Graves, Daniel (7 July 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924084347/https://www.rae.org/influsci.html">"Christian Influences in the Sciences"</a>. rae.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rae.org/influsci.html">the original</a> on 24 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rae.org&rft.atitle=Christian+Influences+in+the+Sciences&rft.date=1998-07-07&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rae.org%2Finflusci.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-493"><a href="#cite_ref-493">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190617072212/https://www.adherents.com/people/100_Nobel.html">"50 Nobel Laureates and Other Great Scientists Who Believe in God"</a>. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=50+Nobel+Laureates+and+Other+Great+Scientists+Who+Believe+in+God&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adherents.com%2Fpeople%2F100_Nobel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) Many well-known historical figures who influenced Western science considered themselves Christian such as <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin">William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-494"><a href="#cite_ref-494">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Kroger2016" class="citation book cs1">S. Kroger, William (2016). Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis in Medicine, Dentistry and Psychology. Pickle Partners Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78720-304-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78720-304-4"><bdi>978-1-78720-304-4</bdi></a>. <q>Many prominent Catholic physicians and psychologists have made significant contributions to hypnosis in medicine, dentistry, and psychology.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+and+Experimental+Hypnosis+in+Medicine%2C+Dentistry+and+Psychology&rft.pub=Pickle+Partners+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78720-304-4&rft.aulast=S.+Kroger&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-495"><a href="#cite_ref-495">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051211024930/https://www.adherents.com/people/adh_art.html">"Religious Affiliation of the World's Greatest Artists"</a>. Archived from the original on 11 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+Affiliation+of+the+World%27s+Greatest+Artists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adherents.com%2Fpeople%2Fadh_art.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-496"><a href="#cite_ref-496">^</a> Suzel Ana Reily, Jonathan M. Dueck, The Oxford Handbook of Music and World Christianities, Oxford University Press, USA, 2016, p. 443 </li> <li id="cite_note-497"><a href="#cite_ref-497">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051119112115/https://www.adherents.com/people/100_business.html">"Wealthy 100 and the 100 Most Influential in Business"</a>. Archived from the original on 19 November 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wealthy+100+and+the+100+Most+Influential+in+Business&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adherents.com%2Fpeople%2F100_business.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-498"><a href="#cite_ref-498">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Williams2016" class="citation book cs1">W. Williams, Peter (2016). Religion, Art, and Money: Episcopalians and American Culture from the Civil War to the Great Depression. University of North Carolina Press. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-2698-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-2698-7"><bdi>978-1-4696-2698-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Art%2C+and+Money%3A+Episcopalians+and+American+Culture+from+the+Civil+War+to+the+Great+Depression&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4696-2698-7&rft.aulast=W.+Williams&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-499"><a href="#cite_ref-499">^</a> Baruch A. Shalev, 100 Years of Nobel Prizes (2003), Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, p. 57: between 1901 and 2000 reveals that 654 Laureates belong to 28 different religions. Most (65.4%) have identified Christianity in its various forms as their religious preference. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0935047370" title="Special:BookSources/978-0935047370">978-0935047370</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curtis_2017_173-500">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Curtis_2017_173_500-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Curtis_2017_173_500-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2017" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Michael (2017). Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East. Routledge. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-51072-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-51072-1"><bdi>978-1-351-51072-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews%2C+Antisemitism%2C+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-51072-1&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-501"><a href="#cite_ref-501">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._Barr2012" class="citation book cs1">D. Barr, Michael (2012). Cultural Politics and Asian Values. Routledge. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-00166-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-00166-6"><bdi>978-1-136-00166-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Politics+and+Asian+Values&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-00166-6&rft.aulast=D.+Barr&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-502"><a href="#cite_ref-502">^</a> Hill, Donald. Islamic Science and Engineering. 1993. Edinburgh Univ. Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0748604553" title="Special:BookSources/0748604553">0748604553</a>, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-503"><a href="#cite_ref-503">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrague2009" class="citation book cs1">Brague, Rémi (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c8YjEkLPXNYC">The Legend of the Middle Ages</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-07080-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-07080-3"><bdi>978-0-226-07080-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legend+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-226-07080-3&rft.aulast=Brague&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9mi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc8YjEkLPXNYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-504"><a href="#cite_ref-504">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2011" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Kitty (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=trM7NJz011oC&pg=PT100">Pythagoras: His Lives and the Legacy of a Rational Universe</a>. Icon. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84831-250-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84831-250-0"><bdi>978-1-84831-250-0</bdi></a>. <q>It was in the Near and Middle East and North Africa that the old traditions of teaching and learning continued, and where Christian scholars were carefully preserving ancient texts and knowledge of the ancient Greek language</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pythagoras%3A+His+Lives+and+the+Legacy+of+a+Rational+Universe&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Icon&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84831-250-0&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Kitty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtrM7NJz011oC%26pg%3DPT100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-505"><a href="#cite_ref-505">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaser2011" class="citation book cs1">Kaser, Karl (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j3i8muwLf8AC&pg=PA137">The Balkans and the Near East: Introduction to a Shared History</a>. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-50190-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-50190-5"><bdi>978-3-643-50190-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans+and+the+Near+East%3A+Introduction+to+a+Shared+History&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-643-50190-5&rft.aulast=Kaser&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj3i8muwLf8AC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-506"><a href="#cite_ref-506">^</a> Rémi Brague, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm">Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927015958/https://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm">Archived</a> 27 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-507"><a href="#cite_ref-507">^</a> Britannica, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/409819/Nestorian">Nestorian</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-508"><a href="#cite_ref-508">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacini1998" class="citation book cs1">Pacini, Andrea (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KMfYAAAAMAAJ">Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East: The Challenge of the Future</a>. Clarendon. pp. 38, 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829388-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829388-0"><bdi>978-0-19-829388-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Communities+in+the+Arab+Middle+East%3A+The+Challenge+of+the+Future&rft.pages=38%2C+55&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829388-0&rft.aulast=Pacini&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKMfYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-509"><a href="#cite_ref-509">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawsonOlsen1961" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, Christopher; Olsen, Glenn (1961). Crisis in Western Education (Reprint ed.). CUA Press. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-1683-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-1683-6"><bdi>978-0-8132-1683-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+in+Western+Education&rft.pages=108&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=CUA+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0-8132-1683-6&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Olsen%2C+Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koch-1994-510">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koch-1994_510-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch-1994_510-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch-1994_510-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch1994" class="citation book cs1">Koch, Carl (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catholicchurchjo00koch">The Catholic Church: Journey, Wisdom, and Mission</a>. Early Middle Ages: St. Mary's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88489-298-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88489-298-4"><bdi>978-0-88489-298-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Church%3A+Journey%2C+Wisdom%2C+and+Mission&rft.place=Early+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=St.+Mary%27s+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-88489-298-4&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcatholicchurchjo00koch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica2022-511">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica2022_511-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica2022_511-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica2022_511-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica2022_511-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica2022_511-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_Pelikan2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jan Pelikan, Jaroslav (13 August 2022). "The Christian community and the world". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christianity/The-history-of-church-and-state">Christianity - Church, State, History | Britannica</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christianity+-+Church%2C+State%2C+History+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2022-08-13&rft.aulast=Jan+Pelikan&rft.aufirst=Jaroslav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FChristianity%2FThe-history-of-church-and-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-512"><a href="#cite_ref-512">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHough2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Hough" title="Susan Hough">Hough, Susan Elizabeth</a> (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rvmDeAxEiO8C&pg=PA68">Richter's Scale: Measure of an Earthquake, Measure of a Man</a>, Princeton University Press, p. 68, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12807-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12807-8"><bdi>978-0-691-12807-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richter%27s+Scale%3A+Measure+of+an+Earthquake%2C+Measure+of+a+Man&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12807-8&rft.aulast=Hough&rft.aufirst=Susan+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrvmDeAxEiO8C%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods2005109-513"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods2005109_513-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoods2005">Woods 2005</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-514"><a href="#cite_ref-514">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2004" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Jonathan (2004). God's Soldiers: Adventure, Politics, intrigue and Power: A History of the Jesuits. HarperCollins. p. 200.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Soldiers%3A+Adventure%2C+Politics%2C+intrigue+and+Power%3A+A+History+of+the+Jesuits&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-515"><a href="#cite_ref-515">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Jesuit". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/302999/Jesuit">Jesuit | History, Definition, Order, Catholic, Slavery, & Facts | Britannica</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 16 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jesuit+%26%23124%3B+History%2C+Definition%2C+Order%2C+Catholic%2C+Slavery%2C+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F302999%2FJesuit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-516"><a href="#cite_ref-516">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Stark" title="Rodney Stark">Rodney Stark</a>, For the Glory of God: How Monotheism Led to Reformations, Science, Witch-Hunts and the End of Slavery, 2003, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691114366" title="Special:BookSources/0691114366">0691114366</a>, p. 123 </li> <li id="cite_note-517"><a href="#cite_ref-517">^</a> Wallace, William A. (1984). Prelude, Galileo and his Sources. The Heritage of the Collegio Romano in Galileo's Science. NJ: Princeton University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-518"><a href="#cite_ref-518">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindbergNumbers1986" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_C._Lindberg" title="David C. Lindberg">Lindberg, David C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ronald_L._Numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald L. Numbers">Numbers, Ronald L.</a> (1986), "Introduction", God & Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter Between Christianity and Science, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, pp. 5, 12, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05538-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05538-4"><bdi>978-0-520-05538-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=God+%26+Nature%3A+Historical+Essays+on+the+Encounter+Between+Christianity+and+Science&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pages=5%2C+12&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05538-4&rft.aulast=Lindberg&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft.au=Numbers%2C+Ronald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-519"><a href="#cite_ref-519">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1990" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, I. Bernard (1990). Puritanism and the rise of modern science: the Merton thesis. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1530-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1530-4"><bdi>978-0-8135-1530-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puritanism+and+the+rise+of+modern+science%3A+the+Merton+thesis&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-1530-4&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=I.+Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-520"><a href="#cite_ref-520">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._Floris_Cohen" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Floris Cohen">Cohen, H.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scientificrevolu00cohe/page/320">The scientific revolution: a historiographical inquiry</a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scientificrevolu00cohe/page/320">320–321</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-11280-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-11280-0"><bdi>978-0-226-11280-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+scientific+revolution%3A+a+historiographical+inquiry&rft.pages=320-321&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-226-11280-0&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscientificrevolu00cohe%2Fpage%2F320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2iieLX7nrEAC&dq=Merton+thesis&pg=PA320">Google Print, pp. 320–321</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-521"><a href="#cite_ref-521">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerngren2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_B._Ferngren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gary B. Ferngren (page does not exist)">Ferngren, Gary B.</a> (2002). Science and religion: a historical introduction. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7038-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7038-5"><bdi>978-0-8018-7038-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+religion%3A+a+historical+introduction&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-7038-5&rft.aulast=Ferngren&rft.aufirst=Gary+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=weOOCfiDhDcC&dq=Merton+thesis&pg=PA125">Google Print, p.125</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-522"><a href="#cite_ref-522">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrislip2005" class="citation book cs1">Crislip, Andrew T. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r90OUzO9AP8C">From Monastery to Hospital: Christian Monasticism & the Transformation of Health Care in Late Antiquity</a>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11474-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11474-0"><bdi>978-0-472-11474-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Monastery+to+Hospital%3A+Christian+Monasticism+%26+the+Transformation+of+Health+Care+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-472-11474-0&rft.aulast=Crislip&rft.aufirst=Andrew+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr90OUzO9AP8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-523"><a href="#cite_ref-523">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1905" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Max (1905). The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Protestant+Ethic+and+the+Spirit+of+Capitalism&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-524"><a href="#cite_ref-524">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillerbrand2016" class="citation book cs1">Hillerbrand, Hans J. (2016). Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set. Pickle Partners Publishing. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78720-304-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78720-304-4"><bdi>978-1-78720-304-4</bdi></a>. <q>... In the centuries succeeding the holy Reformation the teaching of Protestantism was consistent on the nature of work. Some Protestant theologians also contributed to the study of economics, especially the nineteenth-century Scottish minister Thomas Chalmers ....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Protestantism%3A+4-volume+Set&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Pickle+Partners+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78720-304-4&rft.aulast=Hillerbrand&rft.aufirst=Hans+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-525"><a href="#cite_ref-525">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins2014" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, Owen (2014). Architectural Styles: A Visual Guide. Laurence King. pp. 23, 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78067-163-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78067-163-5"><bdi>978-1-78067-163-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architectural+Styles%3A+A+Visual+Guide&rft.pages=23%2C+25&rft.pub=Laurence+King&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78067-163-5&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-526"><a href="#cite_ref-526">^</a> Buringh, Eltjo; van Zanden, Jan Luiten: "Charting the 'Rise of the West': Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe, A Long-Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries", The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 69, No. 2 (2009), pp. 409–445 (416, table 1) </li> <li id="cite_note-527"><a href="#cite_ref-527">^</a> Christianity has always placed a strong emphasis on hygiene: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarshStrong-Boag2006" class="citation book cs1">Warsh, Cheryl Krasnick; Strong-Boag, Veronica (2006). Children's Health Issues in Historical Perspective. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-912-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-912-1"><bdi>978-0-88920-912-1</bdi></a>. <q>... From Fleming's perspective, the transition to Christianity required a good dose of personal and public hygiene ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children%27s+Health+Issues+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-88920-912-1&rft.aulast=Warsh&rft.aufirst=Cheryl+Krasnick&rft.au=Strong-Boag%2C+Veronica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarsh2006" class="citation book cs1">Warsh, Cheryl Krasnick (2006). Children's Health Issues in Historical Perspective. Veronica Strong-Boag. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-912-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-912-1"><bdi>978-0-88920-912-1</bdi></a>. <q>... Thus bathing also was considered a part of good health practice. For example, Tertullian attended the baths and believed them hygienic. Clement of Alexandria, while condemning excesses, had given guidelines for Christians who wished to attend the baths ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children%27s+Health+Issues+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-88920-912-1&rft.aulast=Warsh&rft.aufirst=Cheryl+Krasnick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSquatriti2002" class="citation book cs1">Squatriti, Paolo (2002). Water and Society in Early Medieval Italy, AD 400–1000, Parti 400–1000. Cambridge University Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52206-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52206-9"><bdi>978-0-521-52206-9</bdi></a>. <q>... but baths were normally considered therapeutic until the days of Gregory the Great, who understood virtuous bathing to be bathing "on account of the needs of body" ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water+and+Society+in+Early+Medieval+Italy%2C+AD+400%E2%80%931000%2C+Parti+400%E2%80%931000&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52206-9&rft.aulast=Squatriti&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEveleigh2002" class="citation book cs1">Eveleigh, Bogs (2002). Baths and Basins: The Story of Domestic Sanitation. Stroud, England: Sutton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baths+and+Basins%3A+The+Story+of+Domestic+Sanitation&rft.pub=Stroud%2C+England%3A+Sutton&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Eveleigh&rft.aufirst=Bogs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Christianity's role in the development and promotion of spas: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2012" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, Ian (2012). Water: A Spiritual History. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-6767-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-6767-5"><bdi>978-1-4411-6767-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water%3A+A+Spiritual+History&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-6767-5&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Contribution of the Christian missionaries of better health care of the people through hygiene and introducing and distributing the soaps: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanna2009" class="citation book cs1">Channa, Subhadra (2009). The Forger's Tale: The Search for Odeziaku. Indiana University Press. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8177550504" title="Special:BookSources/978-8177550504"><bdi>978-8177550504</bdi></a>. <q>A major contribution of the Christian missionaries was better health care of the people through hygiene. Soap, tooth–powder and brushes came to be used increasingly in urban areas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forger%27s+Tale%3A+The+Search+for+Odeziaku&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-8177550504&rft.aulast=Channa&rft.aufirst=Subhadra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2015" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, John (2015). Evangelising the Nation: Religion and the Formation of Naga Political Identity. Routledge. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-41398-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-41398-1"><bdi>978-1-317-41398-1</bdi></a>. <q>cleanliness and hygiene became an important marker of being identified as a Christian</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evangelising+the+Nation%3A+Religion+and+the+Formation+of+Naga+Political+Identity&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-41398-1&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-528"><a href="#cite_ref-528">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGariepy2009" class="citation book cs1">Gariepy, Henry (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christianityinac0000gari">Christianity in Action: The History of the International Salvation Army</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christianityinac0000gari/page/16">16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4841-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4841-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-4841-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+Action%3A+The+History+of+the+International+Salvation+Army&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4841-3&rft.aulast=Gariepy&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristianityinac0000gari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-529"><a href="#cite_ref-529">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawson2010" class="citation book cs1">Rawson, Beryl (2010). A Companion to Families in the Greek and Roman Worlds. John Wiley & Sons. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-9075-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-9075-9"><bdi>978-1-4443-9075-9</bdi></a>. <q>...Christianity placed great emphasis on the family and on all members from children to the aged...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Families+in+the+Greek+and+Roman+Worlds&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-9075-9&rft.aulast=Rawson&rft.aufirst=Beryl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-530"><a href="#cite_ref-530">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritchard2006" class="citation book cs1">Pritchard, Colin (2006). Mental Health Social Work: Evidence-Based Practice. Routledge. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-36544-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-36544-9"><bdi>978-1-134-36544-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mental+Health+Social+Work%3A+Evidence-Based+Practice&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-134-36544-9&rft.aulast=Pritchard&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-531"><a href="#cite_ref-531">^</a> James D. Mallory, Stanley C. Baldwin, The kink and I: a psychiatrist's guide to untwisted living, 1973, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ahEG4X5pSXIC&q=%22cultural+Christian%22+-%22multi-cultural+Christian%22+-%22cross-cultural+Christian%22">p. 64</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-532"><a href="#cite_ref-532">^</a> G.C. Oosthuizen. Postchristianity in Africa. C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd (1968). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0903983052" title="Special:BookSources/0903983052">0903983052</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-533"><a href="#cite_ref-533">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter2018" class="citation news cs1">Peter, Laurence (17 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-45877584">"Orthodox Church split: Five reasons why it matters"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 17 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Orthodox+Church+split%3A+Five+reasons+why+it+matters&rft.date=2018-10-17&rft.aulast=Peter&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-45877584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McManners581-534">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McManners581_534-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McManners581_534-1">b</a> McManners, Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity, pp. 581–584. </li> <li id="cite_note-535"><a href="#cite_ref-535">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPizzey2019" class="citation book cs1">Pizzey, Antonia (2019). Receptive Ecumenism and the Renewal of the Ecumenical Movement: The Path of Ecclesial Conversion. Brill. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004397804" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004397804"><bdi>978-9004397804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Receptive+Ecumenism+and+the+Renewal+of+the+Ecumenical+Movement%3A+The+Path+of+Ecclesial+Conversion&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-9004397804&rft.aulast=Pizzey&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-536"><a href="#cite_ref-536">^</a> McManners, Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity. pp. 413ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-537"><a href="#cite_ref-537">^</a> McManners, Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity, p. 498. </li> <li id="cite_note-538"><a href="#cite_ref-538">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"Resolution". Federal Council Bulletin. 25–27. Religious Publicity Service of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America. 1942.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Federal+Council+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Resolution&rft.volume=25%E2%80%9327&rft.date=1942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-taize-539">^ <a href="#cite_ref-taize_539-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-taize_539-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hast">The Oxford Companion to Christian thought</a>. Oxford University Press. 2000. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hast/page/694">694</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860024-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860024-4"><bdi>978-0-19-860024-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Christian+thought&rft.pages=694&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860024-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00hast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-540"><a href="#cite_ref-540">^</a> Oxford, "Encyclopedia of Christianity, p. 307. </li> <li id="cite_note-541"><a href="#cite_ref-541">^</a> McManners, Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity, p. 373. </li> <li id="cite_note-542"><a href="#cite_ref-542">^</a> McManners, Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity, p. 583. </li> <li id="cite_note-543"><a href="#cite_ref-543">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100116215437/https://www.lutheranworld.org/What_We_Do/OEA/Methodist-Statement-2006-EN.pdf">"Methodist Statement"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lutheranworld.org/What_We_Do/OEA/Methodist-Statement-2006-EN.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 January 2010. Retrieved 19 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Methodist+Statement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lutheranworld.org%2FWhat_We_Do%2FOEA%2FMethodist-Statement-2006-EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-544"><a href="#cite_ref-544">^</a> International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J by Geoffrey W. Bromiley 1982 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3782-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3782-4">0-8028-3782-4</a> p. 175 </li> <li id="cite_note-545"><a href="#cite_ref-545">^</a> Jews and Christians: The Parting of the Ways, A.D. 70 to 135 by James D.G. Dunn 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802844987" title="Special:BookSources/0802844987">0802844987</a> pp. 112–113 </li> <li id="cite_note-546"><a href="#cite_ref-546">^</a> Asher Norman Twenty-six Reasons why Jews Don't Believe in Jesus Feldheim Publishers 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0977193707" title="Special:BookSources/978-0977193707">978-0977193707</a> p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-547"><a href="#cite_ref-547">^</a> Keith Akers The Lost Religion of Jesus: Simple Living and Nonviolence in Early Christianity. Lantern Books 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1930051263" title="Special:BookSources/978-1930051263">978-1930051263</a> p. 103 </li> <li id="cite_note-548"><a href="#cite_ref-548">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson1993" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Everett (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/backgroundsearly00ferg">Backgrounds of Early Christianity</a> (second ed.). Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/backgroundsearly00ferg/page/n581">562</a>–564. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0669-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0669-7"><bdi>978-0-8028-0669-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Backgrounds+of+Early+Christianity&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pages=562-564&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0669-7&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Everett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbackgroundsearly00ferg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-549"><a href="#cite_ref-549">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2004" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Stephen (2004). "Celsus". In McGuckin, John Anthony (ed.). The Westminster Handbook to Origen. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 72–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22472-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22472-1"><bdi>978-0-664-22472-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Celsus&rft.btitle=The+Westminster+Handbook+to+Origen&rft.place=Louisville%2C+KY&rft.pages=72-73&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22472-1&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olson1999-550">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olson1999_550-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olson1999_550-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1999" class="citation cs2">Olson, Roger E. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zexBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA100">The Story of Christian Theology: Twenty Centuries of Tradition & Reform</a>, Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, p. 101, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1505-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1505-0"><bdi>978-0-8308-1505-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Christian+Theology%3A+Twenty+Centuries+of+Tradition+%26+Reform&rft.place=Downers+Grove%2C+IL&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=InterVarsity&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-1505-0&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Roger+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzexBAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-551"><a href="#cite_ref-551">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuckin2004" class="citation book cs1">McGuckin, John Anthony (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=riEdrWEDFq0C&q=Origen+ordination&pg=PA13">"The Scholarly Works of Origen"</a>. The Westminster Handbook to Origen. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 32–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22472-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22472-1"><bdi>978-0-664-22472-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Scholarly+Works+of+Origen&rft.btitle=The+Westminster+Handbook+to+Origen&rft.place=Louisville%2C+KY&rft.pages=32-34&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22472-1&rft.aulast=McGuckin&rft.aufirst=John+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DriEdrWEDFq0C%26q%3DOrigen%2Bordination%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-552"><a href="#cite_ref-552">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson1993" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Everett (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/backgroundsearly00ferg">Backgrounds of Early Christianity</a> (second ed.). Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/backgroundsearly00ferg/page/n575">556</a> 561. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0669-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0669-7"><bdi>978-0-8028-0669-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Backgrounds+of+Early+Christianity&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pages=556+561&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0669-7&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Everett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbackgroundsearly00ferg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-553"><a href="#cite_ref-553">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherwin-White1964" class="citation journal cs1">Sherwin-White, A. N. (April 1964). "Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted? – An Amendment". Past and Present (27): 23–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F27.1.23">10.1093/past/27.1.23</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/649759">649759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+and+Present&rft.atitle=Why+Were+the+Early+Christians+Persecuted%3F+%E2%80%93+An+Amendment&rft.issue=27&rft.pages=23-27&rft.date=1964-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F27.1.23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F649759%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sherwin-White&rft.aufirst=A.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-554"><a href="#cite_ref-554">^</a> The Encyclopedia of Christian Literature, Volume 1 by George Thomas Kurian and James Smith 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/081086987X" title="Special:BookSources/081086987X">081086987X</a> p. 527 </li> <li id="cite_note-555"><a href="#cite_ref-555">^</a> Apologetic Discourse and the Scribal Tradition by Wayne Campbell Kannaday 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004130853" title="Special:BookSources/9004130853">9004130853</a> pp. 32–33 </li> <li id="cite_note-556"><a href="#cite_ref-556">^</a> A Dictionary of Jewish-Christian Relations by Edward Kessler, Neil Wenborn 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521826926" title="Special:BookSources/0521826926">0521826926</a> p. 168 </li> <li id="cite_note-557"><a href="#cite_ref-557">^</a> The Cambridge Companion to Nietzsche by Bernd Magnus, Kathleen Marie Higgins 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521367670" title="Special:BookSources/0521367670">0521367670</a> pp. 90–93 </li> <li id="cite_note-558"><a href="#cite_ref-558">^</a> Russell on Religion: Selections from the Writings of Bertrand Russell by Bertrand Russell, Stefan Andersson and Louis Greenspan 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415180910" title="Special:BookSources/0415180910">0415180910</a> pp. 77–87 </li> <li id="cite_note-559"><a href="#cite_ref-559">^</a> Christianity: An Introduction by Alister E. McGrath 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1405108991" title="Special:BookSources/1405108991">1405108991</a> pp. 125–126. </li> <li id="cite_note-560"><a href="#cite_ref-560">^</a> " The Christ Myth Theory and its Problems ", published 2011 by American Atheist Press, Cranford, NJ, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1578840171" title="Special:BookSources/1578840171">1578840171</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-561"><a href="#cite_ref-561">^</a> James L. Barton, Turkish Atrocities: Statements of American Missionaries on the Destruction of Christian Communities in Ottoman Turkey, 1915–1917. Gomidas Institute, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1884630049" title="Special:BookSources/1884630049">1884630049</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-562"><a href="#cite_ref-562">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kaplan, S. (2005). ""Religious Nationalism": A Textbook Case from Turkey". Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. 25 (3): 665–676. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F1089201x-25-3-665">10.1215/1089201x-25-3-665</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1089-201X">1089-201X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144003006">144003006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+of+South+Asia%2C+Africa+and+the+Middle+East&rft.atitle=%22Religious+Nationalism%22%3A+A+Textbook+Case+from+Turkey&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=665-676&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144003006%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1089-201X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F1089201x-25-3-665&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-563"><a href="#cite_ref-563">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-48146305">"Christian persecution 'at near genocide levels'".</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 3 May 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wintour_2019_Guardian-564">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wintour_2019_Guardian_564-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wintour_2019_Guardian_564-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/02/persecution-driving-christians-out-of-middle-east-report">Wintour, Patrick. "Persecution of Christians coming close to genocide' in Middle East – report".</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 2 May 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-565"><a href="#cite_ref-565">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2017/january/top-50-countries-christian-persecution-world-watch-list.html">Weber, Jeremy. "'Worst year yet': the top 50 countries where it's hardest to be a Christian".</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a>. 11 January 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-566"><a href="#cite_ref-566">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/oliviaenos/2017/01/25/north-korea-is-the-worlds-worst-persecutor-of-christians/#36250678318e">Enos, Olivia. "North Korea is the world's worst persecutor of Christians".</a> <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>. 25 January 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-567"><a href="#cite_ref-567">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorldwatchlist2020" class="citation web cs1">Worldwatchlist2020, Most dangerous countries for Christians. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000302223728/https://www.opendoorsusa.org/">"Serving Persecuted Christians – Open Doors USA"</a>. www.opendoorsusa.org. 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Retrieved 24 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.opendoorsusa.org&rft.atitle=Serving+Persecuted+Christians+%E2%80%93+Open+Doors+USA&rft.aulast=Worldwatchlist2020&rft.aufirst=Most+dangerous+countries+for+Christians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendoorsusa.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-568"><a href="#cite_ref-568">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://christianpersecutionreview.org.uk/storage/2019/05/interim-report.pdf">Mounstephen, Philip. "Interim report".</a> Bishop of Truro's Independent Review for the Foreign Secretary of FCO Support for Persecuted Christians. April 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mounstephen_2019_FCO_final_rep-569">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mounstephen_2019_FCO_final_rep_569-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mounstephen_2019_FCO_final_rep_569-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://christianpersecutionreview.org.uk/storage/2019/07/final-report-and-recommendations.pdf">Mounstephen, Philip. "Final Report and Recommendations".</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Mounstephen" title="Philip Mounstephen">Bishop of Truro's</a> Independent Review for the Foreign Secretary of FCO Support for Persecuted Christians. July 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-570"><a href="#cite_ref-570">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/opinion/barbara-kay-our-politicians-may-not-care-but-christians-are-under-siege-across-the-world">Kay, Barbara. "Our politicians may not care, but Christians are under siege across the world".</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a>. 8 May 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-571"><a href="#cite_ref-571">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)pologhtiko/s">ἀπολογητικός</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)pologe/omai">ἀπολογέομαι</a> in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-572"><a href="#cite_ref-572">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDulles2005" class="citation book cs1">Dulles, Avery Robert Cardinal (2005). A History of Apologetics. San Francisco: Ignatius. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-933-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-933-9"><bdi>978-0-89870-933-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Apologetics&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Ignatius&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-89870-933-9&rft.aulast=Dulles&rft.aufirst=Avery+Robert+Cardinal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-573"><a href="#cite_ref-573">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBush1983" class="citation book cs1">Bush, L. Russ, ed. (1983). Classical Readings in Christian Apologetics. Grand Rapids: Zondervan. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-45641-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-45641-4"><bdi>978-0-310-45641-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Readings+in+Christian+Apologetics&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-310-45641-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-574"><a href="#cite_ref-574">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chesterton.org/why-i-believe-in-christianity/">"Why I Believe in Christianity – Society of Gilbert Keith Chesterton"</a>. 6 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+I+Believe+in+Christianity+%E2%80%93+Society+of+Gilbert+Keith+Chesterton&rft.date=2010-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesterton.org%2Fwhy-i-believe-in-christianity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-575"><a href="#cite_ref-575">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauser,_Chris_(History_major,_Dartmouth_College_class_of_2014)2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hauser, Chris (History major, Dartmouth College class of 2014) (Fall 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150714080437/http://issuu.com/apologia/docs/apol11sv25">"Faith and Paradox: G.K. Chesterton's Philosophy of Christian Paradox"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College_publications#The_Dartmouth_Apologia" title="Dartmouth College publications">The Dartmouth Apologia: A Journal of Christian Thought</a>. 6 (1): 16–20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/apologia/docs/apol11sv25">the original</a> on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dartmouth+Apologia%3A+A+Journal+of+Christian+Thought&rft.atitle=Faith+and+Paradox%3A+G.K.+Chesterton%27s+Philosophy+of+Christian+Paradox&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16-20&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Hauser%2C+Chris+%28History+major%2C+Dartmouth+College+class+of+2014%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fapologia%2Fdocs%2Fapol11sv25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-576"><a href="#cite_ref-576">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chesterton.org/why-i-believe-in-christianity/">"Christianity"</a>. 6 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christianity&rft.date=2010-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesterton.org%2Fwhy-i-believe-in-christianity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-577"><a href="#cite_ref-577">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowson2011" class="citation book cs1">Howson, Colin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/objectingtogod00hows">Objecting to God</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/objectingtogod00hows/page/n104">92</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49856-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49856-2"><bdi>978-1-139-49856-2</bdi></a>. <q>Nor is the agreement coincidental, according to a substantial constituency of religious apologists, who regard the inflationary Big Bang model as direct evidence for God. John Lennox, a mathematician at the University of Oxford, tells us that 'even if the non-believers don't like it, the Big Bang fits in exactly with the Christian narrative of creation'. ... William Lane Craig is another who claims that the Biblical account is corroborated by Big Bang cosmology. Lane Craig also claims that there is a prior proof that there is a God who created this universe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Objecting+to+God&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-139-49856-2&rft.aulast=Howson&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fobjectingtogod00hows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-578"><a href="#cite_ref-578">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalsey1988" class="citation book cs1">Halsey, A. (1988). British Social Trends since 1900: A Guide to the Changing Social Structure of Britain. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 518. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-19466-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-19466-7"><bdi>978-1-349-19466-7</bdi></a>. <q>his so called 'non-Trinitarian' group includes the Jehovah's Witnesses, Mormons, Christadelphians, Apostolics, Christian Scientists, Theosophists, Church of Scientology, Unification Church (Moonies), the Worldwide Church of God and so on.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Social+Trends+since+1900%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Changing+Social+Structure+of+Britain&rft.pages=518&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-1-349-19466-7&rft.aulast=Halsey&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Bahnsen" title="Greg Bahnsen">Bahnsen, Greg</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cmfnow.com/articles/pt173.htm">A Reformed Confession Regarding Hermeneutics (article 6)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141204091801/https://www.cmfnow.com/articles/pt173.htm">Archived</a> 4 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Ball, Bryan; Johnsson, William (ed.). The Essential Jesus. Pacific Press (2002). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816319294" title="Special:BookSources/0816319294">0816319294</a>.</li> <li>Barrett, David; Kurian, Tom and others. (ed.). World Christian Encyclopedia. Oxford University Press (2001).</li> <li>Barry, John F. One Faith, One Lord: A Study of Basic Catholic Belief. William H. Sadlier (2001). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0821522078" title="Special:BookSources/0821522078">0821522078</a></li> <li>Benton, John. Is Christianity True? Darlington, Eng.: Evangelical Press (1988). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85234-260-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-85234-260-8">0-85234-260-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettenson,_Henry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bettenson, Henry">Bettenson, Henry</a> (ed.). Documents of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press (1943).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBokenkotter2004" class="citation book cs1">Bokenkotter, Thomas (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00boke">A Concise History of the Catholic Church</a>. 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Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-0754-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-0754-4"><bdi>978-0-8132-0754-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Empire&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=The+Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8132-0754-4&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbyzantineempire0000brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Averil_Cameron" title="Averil Cameron">Cameron, Averil</a> (2006). The Byzantines. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9833-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9833-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-9833-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantines&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9833-2&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Averil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Chambers, Mortimer; Crew, Herlihy, Rabb, Woloch. The Western Experience. Volume II: The Early Modern Period. Alfred A. Knopf (1974). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0394317343" title="Special:BookSources/0394317343">0394317343</a>.</li> <li>Coffey, John. Persecution and Toleration in Protestant England 1558–1689. Pearson Education (2000).</li> <li>Cross, F.L.; Livingstone, E.A. (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press (1997). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/019211655X" title="Special:BookSources/019211655X">019211655X</a>.</li> <li>Deppermann, Klaus. Melchior Hoffman: Social Unrest and Apocalyptic Vision in the Age of Reformation. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0567086542" title="Special:BookSources/0567086542">0567086542</a>.</li> <li>Dilasser, Maurice. The Symbols of the Church. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press (1999). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/081462538X" title="Special:BookSources/081462538X">081462538X</a></li> <li>Duffy, Eamon. Saints and Sinners, a History of the Popes. Yale University Press (1997). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300073321" title="Special:BookSources/0300073321">0300073321</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElwellComfort2001" class="citation book cs1">Elwell, Walter; Comfort, Philip Wesley (2001). Tyndale Bible Dictionary. Tyndale House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8423-7089-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8423-7089-7"><bdi>0-8423-7089-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tyndale+Bible+Dictionary&rft.pub=Tyndale+House&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8423-7089-7&rft.aulast=Elwell&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Comfort%2C+Philip+Wesley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Esler, Philip F. The Early Christian World. Routledge (2004).</li> <li>Farrar, F.W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tentmaker.org/books/mercyandjudgment/mercy_and_judgment_ch1.html">Mercy and Judgment. A Few Last Words On Christian Eschatology With Reference to Dr. Pusey's, "What Is Of Faith?"</a>. Macmillan, London/New York (1904).</li> <li>Ferguson, Sinclair; Wright, David, eds. New Dictionary of Theology. consulting ed. Packer, James. Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press (1988). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85110-636-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85110-636-6">0-85110-636-6</a></li> <li>Foutz, Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000414063800/https://www.quodlibet.net/luther.shtml">Martin Luther and Scripture</a>.</li> <li>Fowler, Jeaneane D. World Religions: An Introduction for Students, Sussex Academic Press (1997). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1898723486" title="Special:BookSources/1898723486">1898723486</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_H._Fuller" title="Reginald H. Fuller">Fuller, Reginald H.</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Foundations_of_New_Testament_Christology" class="mw-redirect" title="The Foundations of New Testament Christology">The Foundations of New Testament Christology</a> Scribners (1965). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/068415532X" title="Special:BookSources/068415532X">068415532X</a>.</li> <li>Froehle, Bryan; Gautier, Mary, Global Catholicism, Portrait of a World Church, Orbis books; Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate, Georgetown University (2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/157075375X" title="Special:BookSources/157075375X">157075375X</a></li> <li>Funk, Robert. The Acts of Jesus: What Did Jesus Really Do?. Polebridge Press (1998). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060629789" title="Special:BookSources/0060629789">0060629789</a>.</li> <li>Glenny, W. Edward. Typology: A Summary of the Present Evangelical Discussion.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Justo_L._Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Justo L. González">González, Justo L.</a> (1984). The Story of Christianity (1st ed.). Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-063315-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-063315-8"><bdi>0-06-063315-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Christianity&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-06-063315-8&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.aufirst=Justo+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hanegraaff, Hank. Resurrection: The Capstone in the Arch of Christianity. Thomas Nelson (2000). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0849916437" title="Special:BookSources/0849916437">0849916437</a>.</li> <li>Harnack, Adolf von. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/harnack/dogma1.ii.iii.iii.html">History of Dogma</a> (1894).</li> <li>Hickman, Hoyt L. and others. Handbook of the Christian Year. Abingdon Press (1986). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/068716575X" title="Special:BookSources/068716575X">068716575X</a></li> <li>Hitchcock, Susan Tyler. Geography of Religion. National Geographic Society (2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0792273133" title="Special:BookSources/0792273133">0792273133</a></li> <li>Kelly, J.N.D. Early Christian Doctrines.</li> <li>Kelly, J.N.D. The Athanasian Creed. Harper & Row, New York (1964).</li> <li>Kirsch, Jonathan. God Against the Gods.</li> <li>Kreeft, Peter. Catholic Christianity. Ignatius Press (2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0898707986" title="Special:BookSources/0898707986">0898707986</a></li> <li>Letham, Robert. The Holy Trinity in Scripture, History, Theology, and Worship. P & R Publishing (2005). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0875520006" title="Special:BookSources/0875520006">0875520006</a>.</li> <li>Lorenzen, Thorwald. Resurrection, Discipleship, Justice: Affirming the Resurrection Jesus Christ Today. Smyth & Helwys (2003). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1573123994" title="Special:BookSources/1573123994">1573123994</a>.</li> <li>McLaughlin, R. Emmet, Caspar Schwenckfeld, reluctant radical: his life to 1540, New Haven: Yale University Press (1986). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300033672" title="Special:BookSources/0300033672">0300033672</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">MacCulloch, Diarmaid</a>, The Reformation: A History. Viking Adult (2004).</li> <li>MacCulloch, Diarmaid, <a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Christianity:_The_First_Three_Thousand_Years" title="A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years">A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years</a>. London, Allen Lane. 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0713998696" title="Special:BookSources/978-0713998696">978-0713998696</a></li> <li>Marber, Peter. Money Changes Everything: How Global Prosperity Is Reshaping Our Needs, Values and Lifestyles. FT Press (2003). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0130654809" title="Special:BookSources/0130654809">0130654809</a></li> <li>Marthaler, Berard. Introducing the Catechism of the Catholic Church, Traditional Themes and Contemporary Issues. Paulist Press (1994). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0809134950" title="Special:BookSources/0809134950">0809134950</a></li> <li>Mathison, Keith. The Shape of Sola Scriptura (2001).</li> <li>McClintock, John, Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. Harper &Brothers, original from Harvard University (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McManners" title="John McManners">McManners, John</a>. Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity. Oxford University Press (1990). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198229283" title="Special:BookSources/0198229283">0198229283</a>.</li> <li>Metzger, Bruce M., Michael Coogan (ed.). Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford University Press (1993). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195046455" title="Special:BookSources/0195046455">0195046455</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullin2008" class="citation book cs1">Mullin, Robert Bruce (2008). A short world history of Christianity. Westminster John Knox Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+short+world+history+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Mullin&rft.aufirst=Robert+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988">.</li> <li>Norman, Edward. The Roman Catholic Church, An Illustrated History. University of California (2007) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520252516" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520252516">978-0520252516</a></li> <li>Olson, Roger E., The Mosaic of Christian Belief. InterVarsity Press (2002). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0830826957" title="Special:BookSources/978-0830826957">978-0830826957</a>.</li> <li>Orlandis, Jose, A Short History of the Catholic Church. Scepter Publishers (1993) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1851821252" title="Special:BookSources/1851821252">1851821252</a></li> <li>Otten, Herman J. Baal or God? Liberalism or Christianity, Fantasy vs. Truth: Beliefs and Practices of the Churches of the World Today.... Second ed. New Haven, Mo.: Lutheran News, 1988.</li> <li>Pelikan, Jaroslav; Hotchkiss, Valerie (ed.) Creeds and Confessions of Faith in the Christian Tradition. Yale University Press (2003). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300093896" title="Special:BookSources/0300093896">0300093896</a>.</li> <li>Putnam, Robert D. Democracies in Flux: The Evolution of Social Capital in Contemporary Society. Oxford University Press (2002).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicciotti1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Ricciotti" title="Giuseppe Ricciotti">Ricciotti, Giuseppe</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L1c9CwAAQBAJ">Julian the Apostate: Roman Emperor (361–363)</a>. TAN Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5051-0454-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5051-0454-7"><bdi>978-1-5051-0454-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Julian+the+Apostate%3A+Roman+Emperor+%28361%E2%80%93363%29&rft.pub=TAN+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-5051-0454-7&rft.aulast=Ricciotti&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL1c9CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Riley-Smith, Jonathan. The Oxford History of the Crusades. New York: Oxford University Press, (1999).</li> <li>Schama, Simon. A History of Britain. Hyperion (2000). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786866756" title="Special:BookSources/0786866756">0786866756</a>.</li> <li>Servetus, Michael. Restoration of Christianity. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press (2007).</li> <li>Simon, Edith. Great Ages of Man: The Reformation. Time-Life Books (1966). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0662278208" title="Special:BookSources/0662278208">0662278208</a>.</li> <li>Spitz, Lewis. The Protestant Reformation. Concordia Publishing House (2003). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0570033209" title="Special:BookSources/0570033209">0570033209</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Spurgeon" title="Charles Spurgeon">Spurgeon, Charles</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080410133140/https://www.pcanet.org/general/cof_chapvi-x.htm#chapx">A Defense of Calvinism</a>.</li> <li>Sykes, Stephen; Booty, John; Knight, Jonathan. The Study of Anglicanism. Augsburg Fortress Publishers (1998). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/080063151X" title="Special:BookSources/080063151X">080063151X</a>.</li> <li>Talbott, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413172335/https://www.willamette.edu/~ttalbott/PICTURES.pdf">Three Pictures of God in Western Theology</a> (1995).</li> <li>Ustorf, Werner. "A missiological postscript", in: McLeod, Hugh; Ustorf, Werner (ed.). The Decline of Christendom in Western Europe, 1750–2000. Cambridge University Press (2003).</li> <li>Walsh, Chad. Campus Gods on Trial. Rev. and enl. ed. New York: Macmillan Co., 1962, t.p. 1964. xiv, [4], 154 p.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2010" class="citation book cs1">White, James F. (2010). Introduction to Christian Worship Third Edition: Revised and Expanded (3rd ed.). Abingdon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4267-2285-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4267-2285-1"><bdi>978-1-4267-2285-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Christian+Worship+Third+Edition%3A+Revised+and+Expanded&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Abingdon&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4267-2285-1&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodhead2004" class="citation book cs1">Woodhead, Linda (2004). Christianity: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280322-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280322-1"><bdi>978-0-19-280322-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280322-1&rft.aulast=Woodhead&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim2017" class="citation book cs1">Lim, Timothy H. (2017) [2005]. The Dead Sea Scrolls: a very short introduction (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-877952-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-877952-0"><bdi>978-0-19-877952-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls%3A+a+very+short+introduction&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-877952-0&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=Timothy+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Woods" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Woods">Woods, Thomas E.</a> (2005). How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization. Washington, D.C.: Regnery.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Catholic+Church+Built+Western+Civilization&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Regnery&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiches2000" class="citation book cs1">Riches, John (2000). The Bible: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285343-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285343-1"><bdi>978-0-19-285343-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285343-1&rft.aulast=Riches&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalloner1801" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Challoner" title="Richard Challoner">Challoner, Richard</a> (1801). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Think_Well_On%27t/Rules">"Rules for a Christian Life" </a>. Think Well On't or, Reflections on the great truths of the Christian religion for every day of the month. T. Haydock.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rules+for+a+Christian+Life&rft.btitle=Think+Well+On%27t+or%2C+Reflections+on+the+great+truths+of+the+Christian+religion+for+every+day+of+the+month&rft.pub=T.+Haydock&rft.date=1801&rft.aulast=Challoner&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Gill_(priest)" title="Robin Gill (priest)">Gill, Robin</a> (2001). The Cambridge companion to Christian ethics. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77918-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77918-0"><bdi>978-0-521-77918-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+companion+to+Christian+ethics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77918-0&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Gunton, Colin E. (1997). The Cambridge companion to Christian doctrine. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47695-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47695-9"><bdi>978-0-521-47695-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+companion+to+Christian+doctrine&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47695-9&rft.aulast=Gunton&rft.aufirst=Colin+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li>MacCulloch, Diarmaid. Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years (Viking; 2010) 1,161 pp.; survey by leading historian</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">MacMullen, Ramsay (2006). Voting About God in Early Church Councils. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11596-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11596-3"><bdi>978-0-300-11596-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voting+About+God+in+Early+Church+Councils&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11596-3&rft.aulast=MacMullen&rft.aufirst=Ramsay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Padgett, Alan G.; Bruyneel, Sally (2003). Introducing Christianity. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57075-395-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57075-395-4"><bdi>978-1-57075-395-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+Christianity&rft.place=Maryknoll%2C+NY&rft.pub=Orbis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57075-395-4&rft.aulast=Padgett&rft.aufirst=Alan+G.&rft.au=Bruyneel%2C+Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Price, Matthew Arlen; Collins, Michael (1999). The story of Christianity. New York: Dorling Kindersley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7513-0467-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7513-0467-1"><bdi>978-0-7513-0467-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+story+of+Christianity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7513-0467-1&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Arlen&rft.au=Collins%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatzinger2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Ratzinger, Joseph</a> (2004). Introduction To Christianity (Communio Books). San Francisco: Ignatius. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58617-029-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58617-029-5"><bdi>978-1-58617-029-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+To+Christianity+%28Communio+Books%29&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Ignatius&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58617-029-5&rft.aulast=Ratzinger&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Roper, J.C., Bp. (1923), et al.. Faith in God, in series, Layman's Library of Practical Religion, Church of England in Canada, vol. 2. Toronto, Ont.: Musson Book Co. N.B.: The series statement is given in the more extended form which appears on the book's front cover.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Robinson, George (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialjudaism00robi">Essential Judaism: A Complete Guide to Beliefs, Customs and Rituals</a>. New York: Pocket. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-03481-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-03481-8"><bdi>978-0-671-03481-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Judaism%3A+A+Complete+Guide+to+Beliefs%2C+Customs+and+Rituals&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pocket&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-671-03481-8&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessentialjudaism00robi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRüegg1992" class="citation book cs1">Rüegg, Walter (1992). "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in: A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1, Universities in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36105-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-36105-2"><bdi>0-521-36105-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Foreword.+The+University+as+a+European+Institution%22%2C+in%3A+A+History+of+the+University+in+Europe.+Vol.+1%2C+Universities+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-521-36105-2&rft.aulast=R%C3%BCegg&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerWainwright2006" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Karen; Wainwright, Geoffrey (2006). The Oxford History of Christian Worship. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513886-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513886-3"><bdi>978-0-19-513886-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Christian+Worship&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513886-3&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Wainwright%2C+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerger1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Verger, Jacques (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL822497W">Culture, enseignement et société en Occident aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles</a> (in French). Presses universitaires de Rennes in Rennes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2868473448" title="Special:BookSources/978-2868473448"><bdi>978-2868473448</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture%2C+enseignement+et+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+en+Occident+aux+XIIe+et+XIIIe+si%C3%A8cles&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+Rennes+in+Rennes&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-2868473448&rft.aulast=Verger&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL822497W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2004" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Richard (2004). Christianity for Dummies. For Dummies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7645-4482-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7645-4482-8"><bdi>978-0-7645-4482-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+for+Dummies&rft.pub=For+Dummies&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7645-4482-8&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb2004" class="citation book cs1">Webb, Jeffrey B. (2004). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Christianity. Indianapolis: Alpha. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59257-176-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59257-176-5"><bdi>978-1-59257-176-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Idiot%27s+Guide+to+Christianity&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Alpha&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59257-176-5&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garry_Wills" title="Garry Wills">Wills, Garry</a>, "A Wild and Indecent Book" (review of <a href="/wiki/David_Bentley_Hart" title="David Bentley Hart">David Bentley Hart</a>, The New Testament: A Translation, Yale University Press, 577 pp.), <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>, vol. LXV, no. 2 (8 February 2018), pp. 34–35. Discusses some pitfalls in interpreting and translating the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>.</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/115240/Christianity">"Christianity"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/index.shtml">Religion & Ethics – Christianity</a> A number of introductory articles on Christianity from the BBC</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/21px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/21px-P_christianity.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="21" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/42px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/21px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/21px-P_religion_world.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="21" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/42px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></li></ul></div><style 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decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Christianity" class="extiw" title="wikt:Christianity">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 14px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="14" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Christianity" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Christianity">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Christianity" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Christianity">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Christianity" class="extiw" title="q:Christianity">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="18" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Christianity">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Subject:Christianity" class="extiw" title="b:Subject:Christianity">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Christianity" class="extiw" title="v:Christianity">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Christianity" class="extiw" title="voy:Christianity">Travel guides</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5043" class="extiw" title="d:Q5043">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianity&oldid=1259669617">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianity&oldid=1259669617</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 26 November 2024, at 12:30 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen" title="Kristen – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Kristen" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%8D" title="Чыристэныгъэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Чыристэныгъэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чыристан дин – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Чыристан дин" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Christendom" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christentum" title="Christentum – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Christentum" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%98%D0%B0%D2%A5" title="Христиан јаҥ – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Христиан јаҥ" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Алтай тил</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B5%E1%8A%93" title="ክርስትና – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ክርስትና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="ईसाई धर्म – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ईसाई धर्म" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C4%ABstend%C5%8Dm" title="Crīstendōm – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Crīstendōm" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9B%D1%8C%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ақьырсианра – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ақьырсианра" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المسيحية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المسيحية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianismo" title="Cristianismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cristianismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%AB%DC%9D%DC%9A%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Քրիստոնէութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քրիստոնէութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cri%C8%99tinismu" title="Criștinismu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Criștinismu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianismo" title="Cristianismo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Cristianismo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianismu" title="Cristianismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cristianismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="ईसाई धर्म – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="ईसाई धर्म" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesu_rape" title="Hesu rape – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hesu rape" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B1_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Насранияб дин – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Насранияб дин" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xristianl%C4%B1q" title="Xristianlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xristianlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مسیحیت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مسیحیت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Kristen" title="Agama Kristen – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Agama Kristen" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="খ্রিস্টধর্ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খ্রিস্টধর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karistin" title="Karistin – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Karistin" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki-tok-k%C3%A0u" title="Ki-tok-kàu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ki-tok-kàu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen" title="Kristen – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Kristen" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1" title="Христианлыҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Христианлыҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Хрысціянства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хрысціянства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Хрысьціянства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хрысьціянства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="ईसाई धर्म – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ईसाई धर्म" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristianismo" title="Kristianismo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kristianismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristaniti" title="Kristaniti – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Kristaniti" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Християнство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Християнство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristndum" title="Kristndum – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kristndum" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ཡེ་ཤུའི་ཆོས་ལུགས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡེ་ཤུའི་ཆོས་ལུགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%A1%C4%87anstvo" title="Kršćanstvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kršćanstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristeniezh" title="Kristeniezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kristeniezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Христосой шажан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Христосой шажан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianisme" title="Cristianisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cristianisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Христианлăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Христианлăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiyanismo" title="Kristiyanismo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kristiyanismo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%99es%C5%A5anstv%C3%AD" title="Křesťanství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Křesťanství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitendero_chechiKristu" title="Chitendero chechiKristu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chitendero chechiKristu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianisimu" title="Cristianisimu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Cristianisimu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristnogaeth" title="Cristnogaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cristnogaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristatali" title="Kristatali – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Kristatali" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristendom" title="Kristendom – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kristendom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مسيحية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مسيحية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risttala%C5%A1vuohta" title="Risttalašvuohta – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Risttalašvuohta" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christentum" title="Christentum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Christentum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%90%DE%A9%DE%80%DE%A9%DE%8B%DE%A9%DE%82%DE%B0" title="މަސީހީދީން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މަސީހީދީން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%9Bes%C4%87ija%C5%84stwo" title="Kśesćijaństwo – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kśesćijaństwo" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristlus" title="Kristlus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kristlus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Χριστιανισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χριστιανισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Кристаньчи – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кристаньчи" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianismo" title="Cristianismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cristianismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristanismo" title="Kristanismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kristanismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianismu" title="Cristianismu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Cristianismu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristautasun" title="Kristautasun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kristautasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مسیحیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مسیحیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isai_Dharam" title="Isai Dharam – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Isai Dharam" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristind%C3%B3mur" title="Kristindómur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kristindómur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianisme" title="Christianisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Christianisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristendom" title="Kristendom – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kristendom" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiristanci" title="Kiristanci – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Kiristanci" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianesim" title="Cristianesim – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cristianesim" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Chr%C3%ADosta%C3%ADocht" title="An Chríostaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Chríostaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Chreestiaght" title="Yn Chreestiaght – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Chreestiaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristianl%C4%B1k" title="Hristianlık – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Hristianlık" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%ACosdaidheachd" title="Crìosdaidheachd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Crìosdaidheachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianismo" title="Cristianismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cristianismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="ЖӀаргахой ди – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ЖӀаргахой ди" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="基督教" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A8kristiano" title="Ũkristiano – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Ũkristiano" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%96%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE" title="ખ્રિસ્તી ધર્મ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ખ્રિસ્તી ધર્મ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristanvponn" title="Kristanvponn – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Kristanvponn" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AE-tuk-kau" title="Kî-tuk-kau – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kî-tuk-kau" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%8F%85%EA%B5%90" title="기독교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기독교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiristanci" title="Kiristanci – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kiristanci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Քրիստոնեություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քրիստոնեություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="ईसाई धर्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ईसाई धर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%99es%C4%87anstwo" title="Křesćanstwo – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Křesćanstwo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%A1%C4%87anstvo" title="Kršćanstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kršćanstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristanismo" title="Kristanismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kristanismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efefe_Kra%E1%BB%8Bst" title="Efefe Kraịst – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Efefe Kraịst" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristianidad" title="Kristianidad – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kristianidad" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekristenan" title="Kekristenan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekristenan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianismo" title="Christianismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Christianismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianisme" title="Cristianisme – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Cristianisme" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukpiqtuaq" title="Ukpiqtuaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Ukpiqtuaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чырыстон дин – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Чырыстон дин" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristni" title="Kristni – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kristni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianesimo" title="Cristianesimo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cristianesimo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="נצרות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נצרות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen" title="Kristen – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kristen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C9%A9stiyaniism" title="Krɩstiyaniism – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Krɩstiyaniism" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE" title="ಕ್ರೈಸ್ತ ಧರ್ಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ರೈಸ್ತ ಧರ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristianismu" title="Kristianismu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Kristianismu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Христианлыкъ – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Христианлыкъ" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ქრისტიანობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქრისტიანობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%96%D8%B3%D9%B2%DB%8C%D9%90%DB%8C%D9%8E%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="عیٖسٲیِیَتھ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="عیٖسٲیِیَتھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Христиандық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Христиандық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristonedh" title="Kristonedh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kristonedh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubukirisitu" title="Ubukirisitu – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubukirisitu" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukristo" title="Ukristo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ukristo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyesu" title="Kiyesu – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kiyesu" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristeva" title="Kristeva – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisyanis" title="Krisyanis – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Krisyanis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristyanism" title="Kristyanism – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kristyanism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiristiyan%C3%AE" title="Xiristiyanî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xiristiyanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Машаякчылык – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Машаякчылык" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianejim" title="Cristianejim – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Cristianejim" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristianizmo" title="Kristianizmo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kristianizmo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ххачпарас дин – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Ххачпарас дин" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%9C%E0%BA%B2" title="ຄິດຕະສາສະໜາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄິດຕະສາສະໜາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religio_Christiana" title="Religio Christiana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Religio Christiana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiet%C4%ABba" title="Kristietība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kristietība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%ABschtentum" title="Chrëschtentum – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Chrëschtentum" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Хашпара дин – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Хашпара дин" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krik%C5%A1%C4%8Dionyb%C4%97" title="Krikščionybė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Krikščionybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banua_Niha_Keriso" title="Banua Niha Keriso – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Banua Niha Keriso" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crestian%C3%AAximo" title="Crestianêximo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Crestianêximo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christend%C3%B3m" title="Christendóm – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Christendóm" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokl%C3%ADsto" title="Boklísto – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Boklísto" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianisme" title="Cristianisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cristianisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristianskoi_usko" title="Hristianskoi usko – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Hristianskoi usko" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/xi%27ojda" title="xi'ojda – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="xi'ojda" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianesim" title="Cristianesim – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cristianesim" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereszt%C3%A9nys%C3%A9g" title="Kereszténység – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kereszténység" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="ईसाई धर्म – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ईसाई धर्म" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Христијанство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Христијанство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristianisma" title="Kristianisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kristianisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="ക്രിസ്തുമതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്രിസ്തുമതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristjane%C5%BCmu" title="Kristjaneżmu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kristjaneżmu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whakapono_Karaitiana" title="Whakapono Karaitiana – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Whakapono Karaitiana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="ख्रिश्चन धर्म – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ख्रिश्चन धर्म" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ქირსიანობა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქირსიანობა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%87" title="مسيحيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مسيحيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ခရေတ်ယာန် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ခရေတ်ယာန်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="مسیحی دین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مسیحی دین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristian" title="Kristian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kristian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen" title="Kristen – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kristen" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%AD-d%C3%B3k-g%C3%A1u" title="Gĭ-dók-gáu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gĭ-dók-gáu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristandade" title="Cristandade – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Cristandade" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Кристозши – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кристозши" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Христ итгэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Христ итгэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC" title="ခရစ်ယာန်ဘာသာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခရစ်ယာန်ဘာသာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianoyotl" title="Cristianoyotl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Cristianoyotl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Christendom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Christendom" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="इसाई धर्म – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इसाई धर्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E6%95%99" title="キリスト教 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キリスト教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crestianesemo" title="Crestianesemo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Crestianesemo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8C%DF%9B%DF%9F%DF%8A%DF%9E%DF%A6%DF%8A" title="ߌߛߟߊߞߦߊ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߌߛߟߊߞߦߊ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Насаралла – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Насаралла" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krastendoom" title="Krastendoom – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Krastendoom" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreschenitii" title="Kreschenitii – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Kreschenitii" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristendom" title="Kristendom – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kristendom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristendommen" title="Kristendommen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kristendommen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%AAtchiennet%C3%A9" title="Chrêtchienneté – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Chrêtchienneté" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristanisme" title="Kristanisme – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Kristanisme" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianisme" title="Cristianisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cristianisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Христианлык – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Христианлык" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%96%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F_%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE" title="ଖ୍ରୀଷ୍ଟ ଧର୍ମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଖ୍ରୀଷ୍ଟ ଧର୍ମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiristaanummaa" title="Kiristaanummaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kiristaanummaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xristianlik" title="Xristianlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xristianlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE" title="ਇਸਾਈ ਧਰਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਸਾਈ ਧਰਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مسیحیت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مسیحیت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%82%8F%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F" title="ခရိယာန်ႏဘာႏသာႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ခရိယာန်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristianismo" title="Kristianismo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Kristianismo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="مسيحيت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مسيحيت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristianiti" title="Kristianiti – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kristianiti" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6" title="គ្រិស្តសាសនា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="គ្រិស្តសាសនា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiannime" title="Cristiannime – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Cristiannime" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian%C3%A9sim" title="Cristianésim – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Cristianésim" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotu_Kristen" title="Lotu Kristen – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Lotu Kristen" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Christendom" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrze%C5%9Bcija%C5%84stwo" title="Chrześcijaństwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chrześcijaństwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianismo" title="Cristianismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cristianismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristianl%C4%B1q" title="Hristianlıq – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Hristianlıq" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cre%C8%99tinism" title="Creștinism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Creștinism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiyanismo" title="Kristiyanismo – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Kristiyanismo" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianissem" title="Cristianissem – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Cristianissem" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiristuyuyay_i%C3%B1iy" title="Kiristuyuyay iñiy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kiristuyuyay iñiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Хрістіанство – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Хрістіанство" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Христианство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Христианство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Христианство – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Христианство" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerisiano" title="Kerisiano – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Kerisiano" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="क्रैस्तमतम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="क्रैस्तमतम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%AD_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مسیحیت – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="مسیحیت" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian%C3%A8simu" title="Cristianèsimu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Cristianèsimu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Christianity" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristendum" title="Kristendum – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kristendum" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekriste" title="Sekriste – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Sekriste" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekeresete" title="Sekeresete – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Sekeresete" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisht%C3%ABrimi" title="Krishtërimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Krishtërimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian%C3%A8simu" title="Cristianèsimu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cristianèsimu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B8" title="ක්‍රිස්තියානි ආගම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ක්‍රිස්තියානි ආගම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Christianity" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="عيسائيت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عيسائيت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhristu" title="Bukhristu – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Bukhristu" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kres%C5%A5anstvo" title="Kresťanstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kresťanstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%A1%C4%8Danstvo" title="Krščanstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Krščanstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%97%D1%81%D1%82%D1%97%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Хрїстїаньство – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Хрїстїаньство" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krze%C5%9Bcij%C5%8D%C5%84stwo" title="Krześcijōństwo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Krześcijōństwo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masiixiyad" title="Masiixiyad – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Masiixiyad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA" title="مەسیحییەت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەسیحییەت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Хришћанство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хришћанство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hri%C5%A1%C4%87anstvo" title="Hrišćanstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hrišćanstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C3%A9sten" title="Karésten – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Karésten" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristinusko" title="Kristinusko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kristinusko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristendom" title="Kristendom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kristendom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiyanismo" title="Kristiyanismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kristiyanismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கிறிஸ்தவம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிறிஸ்தவம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamasi%E1%B8%A5it" title="Tamasiḥit – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamasiḥit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Христианлык – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Христианлык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%81%BC%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89" title="သႃႇသၼႃႇၶရိတ်ႉ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="သႃႇသၼႃႇၶရိတ်ႉ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B5_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="క్రైస్తవ మతం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="క్రైస్తవ మతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ศาสนาคริสต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสนาคริสต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ABr%C3%ABth%C3%A4nu%C9%94%C9%94i" title="Kërëthänuɔɔi – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Kërëthänuɔɔi" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B5%E1%8A%93" title="ክርስትና – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ክርስትና" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D2%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Масеҳият – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Масеҳият" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE" title="ಕ್ರಿಶ್ಚಿಯನ್ ಧರ್ಮ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕ್ರಿಶ್ಚಿಯನ್ ಧರ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristiyanl%C4%B1k" title="Hristiyanlık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hristiyanlık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristosom" title="Kristosom – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Kristosom" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwikristi" title="Khwikristi – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Khwikristi" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Християнство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Християнство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مسیحیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مسیحیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%89%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%86%D9%89" title="خرىستىئان دىنى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="خرىستىئان دىنى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geidoekgauq" title="Geidoekgauq – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Geidoekgauq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge, good article badge, recommended article"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian%C3%A8zemo" title="Cristianèzemo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cristianèzemo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristanuskond" title="Hristanuskond – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Hristanuskond" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit%C3%B4_gi%C3%A1o" title="Kitô giáo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kitô giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krit" title="Krit – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Krit" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ristiusk" title="Ristiusk – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ristiusk" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustinnisse" title="Crustinnisse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Crustinnisse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="基督教" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christndom" title="Christndom – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Christndom" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristohanon" title="Kristohanon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kristohanon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="基督宗教 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="基督宗教" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vukreste" title="Vukreste – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Vukreste" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9D" title="קריסטנטום – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קריסטנטום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8%CC%80s%C3%ACn_Kr%C3%ADst%C3%AC" title="Ẹ̀sìn Krístì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹ̀sìn Krístì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="基督教" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C4%B1ristiyaniye" title="Xıristiyaniye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Xıristiyaniye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrissendom" title="Chrissendom – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Chrissendom" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C4%97k%C5%A1tiuon%C4%ABb%C4%97" title="Krėkštiuonībė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Krėkštiuonībė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="基督教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiristien" title="Kiristien – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Kiristien" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen" title="Kristen – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Kristen" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karisten" title="Karisten – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Karisten" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Kristian" title="Agama Kristian – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Agama Kristian" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristian" title="Kristian – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Kristian" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%9A%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%B1_%E1%A5%94%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%B1_%E1%A5%91%E1%A5%A3_%E1%A5%98%E1%A5%A4%E1%A5%96%E1%A5%B3_%E1%A5%95%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%A2%E1%A5%B1" title="ᥚᥣᥱ ᥔᥣᥱ ᥑᥣ ᥘᥤᥖᥳ ᥕᥣᥢᥱ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥚᥣᥱ ᥔᥣᥱ ᥑᥣ ᥘᥤᥖᥳ ᥕᥣᥢᥱ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xacp%C9%99r%C9%99st%C9%99ti" title="Xacpərəstəti – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Xacpərəstəti" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%83%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 November 2024, at 12:30 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a 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<div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d465dfd78-722xx","wgBackendResponseTime":488,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.310","walltime":"4.826","ppvisitednodes":{"value":55366,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1209589,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":39517,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":94,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1690744,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3852.408 1 -total"," 52.49% 2022.227 2 Template:Reflist"," 25.30% 974.750 206 Template:Cite_book"," 11.88% 457.583 109 Template:Cite_web"," 5.89% 226.836 58 Template:ISBN"," 4.16% 160.318 8 Template:Sfn"," 3.53% 135.862 1 Template:Subject_bar"," 3.25% 125.337 15 Template:Refn"," 3.15% 121.482 9 Template:Cite_CCC"," 3.09% 119.012 9 Template:Cite_CCC/core"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.379","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21408967,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFA._Lamport2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFA._Spinello2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFARIS_2008_Report:_Part_IA_–_Belonging\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdappur2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgnew2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhlstromHall2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexanderRosner2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAltermatt2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnalysis2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAndersonBergunderDroogers2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAppiahGates2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAriel2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarker2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnett2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarry2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaumer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBautistaGee_Lim2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckwith2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenedettoDuke2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenko1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBesant2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBetts1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlainey2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloesch2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBochenski2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBokenkotter2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowden2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrackney2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradley2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBrague2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrowning1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrunner2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuck1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurbankCopper2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurnside2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBush1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalvin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCameron2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarla_Gardina_Pestana2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChadwick1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChalloner1801\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChanna2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChazan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCherok2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChidester2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCory2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrislip2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCummins1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurtis2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD._Barr2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawsonOlsen1961\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDonaldson1950\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDulles2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFE._Marty2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFE._McGrath2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEby\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEd_Gitre,_Christianity_Today_Magazine2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEduardo_Campo2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEisenbaum2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElwell1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElwellComfort2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngelder1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEveleigh2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFahlbusch2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFahlbuschBromileyLochmanMbiti2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFargues1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeagaimaali\u0026#039;i-Luamanu2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson1993\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFergusonPacker1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerngren2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlemingRowanChambers2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFortescue1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoutz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreedberg1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFG._Koenig2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGambero1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaoSawatsky2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGariepy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGertz2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilley2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilleyStanley2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonzález1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraves1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenlees2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH._Bulzacchelli2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHadden1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalsey1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanciles2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanegraaff2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarari2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartzler2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHassett1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHauser,_Chris_(History_major,_Dartmouth_College_class_of_2014)2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayes1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeimann1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHendersoMaoz2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHillerbrand2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHindsonMitchell2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHippolytus\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopkins2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHough2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughesRoberts2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphrey2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurtado2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJan_Pelikan2022\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFJarvis2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkins2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Paul_II1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonGrim2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJohnstone2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnstoneMiller2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuergensmeyer2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaser2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimKim2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimOsmerSchweitzer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimbrough2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitzinger1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoch1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKosminKeysar2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrahnRempel1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKraybill2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurian\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurianDay2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamport2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLettinga\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevey1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisMittelstadt2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLietaert_Peerbolte2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLim2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindbergNumbers1986\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLittell2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLössl2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacCulloch2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMary_Cecil,_2nd_Baroness_Amherst_of_Hackney1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathison2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGrath2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGuckin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcTavish2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelton2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMeltonBaumann2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyendorff1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyendorff1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyendorff1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilavec2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerKoepping2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerSargeantFlory2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilne2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMullin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulvaine2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFN._Stearns2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNakashima_Brock2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNash\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoll\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoll2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoltLoewen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovak1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOONS\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPacini1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParryMellingBradyGriffith2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerry2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Theodore_Farrington2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPew_Forum_on_ReligionPublic_Life2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPizzey2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlummer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPratte1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPritchard2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._Ross2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamboFarhadian2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRatzinger2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRawson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRicciotti1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiches2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiswold2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRüegg1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._Kroger2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._T._Kimbrough2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeifrid1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenn2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharratt1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherwin-White1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpinks2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSquatriti2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteane2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTayviah1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTelushkin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerry1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTertullian\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheophilus_of_Antioch\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuckerWainwright2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerger1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVirkler2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFW._Kling2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFW._Robinson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFW._Williams2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagner2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallwork2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalshamCummingsLawRiley2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWare1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarsh2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarshStrong-Boag2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebb2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilken2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitvliet2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodhead2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoods2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorldwatchlist2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYang2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Lint2009\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleref2-nb\"] = 19,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 30,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 5,\n [\"C.\"] = 3,\n [\"Christian denomination tree\"] = 1,\n [\"Christianity\"] = 1,\n [\"Christianity footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite CCC\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite CE1913\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite CIA World Factbook\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 197,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 108,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Decrease\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Est.\"] = 1,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"Googlebooks\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 20,\n [\"History of Christianity\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 58,\n [\"Increase\"] = 9,\n [\"Infobox religion\"] = 1,\n [\"Jesus footer\"] = 1,\n [\"L\u0026S\"] = 2,\n [\"LSJ\"] = 3,\n [\"Lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Lang-grc-gre\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 33,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"OEtymD\"] = 1,\n [\"Patriarchates in Christianity\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Plain image with caption\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 3,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 15,\n [\"Religion topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 11,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 8,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Source-attribution\"] = 1,\n [\"Stack\"] = 1,\n [\"Steady\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 3,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 33,\n [\"Western culture\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","560","22.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","400","15.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","10.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","180","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","140","5.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","3.9"],["type","100","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::test","60","2.4"],["newFrame \u003Cmw.lua:153\u003E","60","2.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::unstripNoWiki","60","2.4"],["[others]","620","24.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b4bfbf464-8kkm4","timestamp":"20241126141512","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Christianity","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christianity","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5043","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5043","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-14T04:10:03Z","dateModified":"2024-11-26T12:30:20Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6d\/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Gerd_Eichmann_%28cropped%29.jpg","headline":"Abrahamic monotheistic religion"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>