CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Politics of Malaysia - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"8ef10fde-8d8c-4695-b416-9525270052dc","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Politics_of_Malaysia","wgTitle":"Politics of Malaysia","wgCurRevisionId":1256022875,"wgRevisionId":1256022875,"wgArticleId":19111,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: unfit URL","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","EngvarB from December 2014","Use dmy dates from December 2014","Articles containing Malay (macrolanguage)-language text","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2013","Commons category link from Wikidata","Politics of Malaysia","Politics of Southeast Asia"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Politics_of_Malaysia","wgRelevantArticleId":19111,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1155202","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":[ "brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP", "ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Politics of Malaysia - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Malaysia"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Malaysia"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Politics_of_Malaysia rootpage-Politics_of_Malaysia skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Politics+of+Malaysia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Politics+of+Malaysia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Politics+of+Malaysia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Politics+of+Malaysia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_reformers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_reformers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Religious reformers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_reformers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teachers'_unions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teachers'_unions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Teachers' unions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teachers'_unions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-help_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-help_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Self-help societies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-help_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_political_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_political_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early political organisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_political_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Malay_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malay_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Malay Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malay_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_Party_of_Malaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_Party_of_Malaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Communist Party of Malaya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_Party_of_Malaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Young_Malay_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Young_Malay_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Young Malay Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Young_Malay_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Political conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monarch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monarch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Monarch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monarch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-System_of_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_of_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>System of government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System_of_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Branches_of_federal_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branches_of_federal_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Branches of federal government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Branches_of_federal_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Branches of federal government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Branches_of_federal_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legislative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Legislative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Executive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Executive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Judicial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legal system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>State governments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Participation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of Malaysia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سياسة ماليزيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سياسة ماليزيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Държавно устройство на Малайзия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Държавно устройство на Малайзия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politique_en_Malaisie" title="Politique en Malaisie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Politique en Malaisie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%90%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%9D%98_%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98" title="말레이시아의 정치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="말레이시아의 정치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik_Malaysia" title="Politik Malaysia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Politik Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik_Malaysia" title="Politik Malaysia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Politik Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="マレーシアの政治 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マレーシアの政治" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="د مالیزیا سیاست – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د مالیزیا سیاست" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemi_shtetror_-_Malajzia" title="Sistemi shtetror - Malajzia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sistemi shtetror - Malajzia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malesian_politiikka" title="Malesian politiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Malesian politiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மலேசியாவின் அரசியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மலேசியாவின் அரசியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="马来西亚政治 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马来西亚政治" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1155202#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Malaysia" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Politics_of_Malaysia" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Malaysia"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Malaysia"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Politics_of_Malaysia" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Politics_of_Malaysia" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&oldid=1256022875" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Politics_of_Malaysia&id=1256022875&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPolitics_of_Malaysia"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPolitics_of_Malaysia"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Politics_of_Malaysia&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Malaysia" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1155202" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="width:22.7em; border: 4px double #ffcc00;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Malaysia" title="Category:Politics of Malaysia">a series</a> on the</span></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#cd0000; border: 1px double #ffcc00;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:white;"><small>Politics of</small><br />Malaysia</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg/110px-Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg/165px-Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #000066; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #ffcc00;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_of_Malaysia" title="Monarchies of Malaysia"><span style="color:#FFF;">Head of State</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong_of_Malaysia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Arms_of_the_Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong_of_Malaysia.svg/30px-Arms_of_the_Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Arms_of_the_Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong_of_Malaysia.svg/45px-Arms_of_the_Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Arms_of_the_Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong_of_Malaysia.svg/60px-Arms_of_the_Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="1398" /></a></span> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/King_of_Malaysia" title="King of Malaysia">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Iskandar_of_Johor" title="Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor">Ibrahim Iskandar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Rulers" title="Conference of Rulers">Conference of Rulers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #000066; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #ffcc00;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia" title="Parliament of Malaysia"><span style="color:#FFF;">Legislature</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament_Of_Malaysia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Parliament_Of_Malaysia.svg/30px-Parliament_Of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Parliament_Of_Malaysia.svg/45px-Parliament_Of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Parliament_Of_Malaysia.svg/60px-Parliament_Of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia" title="Parliament of Malaysia">Parliament of Malaysia</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Dewan_Rakyat,_15th_Malaysian_Parliament" title="Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 15th Malaysian Parliament">15th Parliament</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dewan_Negara_Parlimen_Malaysia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dewan_Negara_Parlimen_Malaysia.svg/30px-Dewan_Negara_Parlimen_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dewan_Negara_Parlimen_Malaysia.svg/45px-Dewan_Negara_Parlimen_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dewan_Negara_Parlimen_Malaysia.svg/60px-Dewan_Negara_Parlimen_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Negara" title="Dewan Negara">Senate (Dewan Negara)</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Dewan_Negara" title="President of the Dewan Negara">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Awang_Bemee_Awang_Ali_Basah" title="Awang Bemee Awang Ali Basah">Awang Bemee Awang Ali Basah</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dewan_Rakyat.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Dewan_Rakyat.svg/30px-Dewan_Rakyat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Dewan_Rakyat.svg/45px-Dewan_Rakyat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Dewan_Rakyat.svg/60px-Dewan_Rakyat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Rakyat" title="Dewan Rakyat">House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat)</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Dewan_Rakyat" title="Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Johari_Abdul" title="Johari Abdul">Johari Abdul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Leader of the Government</a> <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim" title="Anwar Ibrahim">Anwar Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Malaysia)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Malaysia)">Leader of the Opposition</a> <a href="/wiki/Hamzah_Zainudin" title="Hamzah Zainudin">Hamzah Zainudin</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #000066; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #ffcc00;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia#Executive" title="Government of Malaysia"><span style="color:#FFF;">Executive</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Malaysia" title="Cabinet of Malaysia">Cabinet</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim" title="Anwar Ibrahim">Anwar Ibrahim</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Civil_service_in_Malaysia" title="Civil service in Malaysia">Civil service</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_ministries_and_agencies_in_Malaysia" title="List of federal ministries and agencies in Malaysia">agencies</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_to_the_Government_of_Malaysia" title="Chief Secretary to the Government of Malaysia">Chief Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamsul_Azri_Abu_Bakar" title="Shamsul Azri Abu Bakar">Shamsul Azri Abu Bakar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #000066; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #ffcc00;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Malaysia" title="Judiciary of Malaysia"><span style="color:#FFF;">Judiciary</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Malaysia" title="Federal Court of Malaysia">Federal Court</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Malaysia" title="Chief Justice of Malaysia">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Tengku_Maimun_Tuan_Mat" title="Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat">Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Malaysia" title="Court of Appeal of Malaysia">Court of Appeal</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Court_of_Appeal_of_Malaysia" title="President of the Court of Appeal of Malaysia">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Abang_Iskandar_Abang_Hashim" title="Abang Iskandar Abang Hashim">Abang Iskandar Abang Hashim</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/High_Courts_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="High Courts of Malaysia">High Court in Malaya ∙ High Court in Sabah and Sarawak</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Judge_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Judge of Malaya">Chief Judge of Malaya</a> <i>Vacant</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Judge_of_Sabah_and_Sarawak" title="Chief Judge of Sabah and Sarawak">Chief Judge of Sabah and Sarawak</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Rahman_Sebli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdul Rahman Sebli (page does not exist)">Abdul Rahman Sebli</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #000066; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #ffcc00;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Malaysia" title="Elections in Malaysia"><span style="color:#FFF;">Elections</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Suruhanjaya_Pilihan_Raya_Malaysia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Suruhanjaya_Pilihan_Raya_Malaysia.svg/30px-Suruhanjaya_Pilihan_Raya_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Suruhanjaya_Pilihan_Raya_Malaysia.svg/45px-Suruhanjaya_Pilihan_Raya_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Suruhanjaya_Pilihan_Raya_Malaysia.svg/60px-Suruhanjaya_Pilihan_Raya_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="624" /></a></span> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Malaysia" title="Election Commission of Malaysia">Election Commission of Malaysia</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Malaysia" title="Elections in Malaysia">General elections</a>: <a href="/wiki/2022_Malaysian_general_election" title="2022 Malaysian general election">2022</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_electoral_districts" title="List of Malaysian electoral districts">Electoral districts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #000066; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #ffcc00;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Malaysia" title="List of political parties in Malaysia"><span style="color:#FFF;">Political parties</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barisan_Nasional" title="Barisan Nasional">BN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan" title="Pakatan Harapan">PH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perikatan_Nasional" title="Perikatan Nasional">PN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabungan_Parti_Sarawak" title="Gabungan Parti Sarawak">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabungan_Rakyat_Sabah" title="Gabungan Rakyat Sabah">GRS</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Malaysia" title="List of political parties in Malaysia">List of political parties in Malaysia</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #000066; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #ffcc00;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Malaysia" title="Federalism in Malaysia"><span style="color:#FFF;">Federalism</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/State_governments_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="State governments in Malaysia">State governments</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_ministers_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief ministers in Malaysia">Chief ministers of the states</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_Malaysia" title="State legislative assemblies of Malaysia">State legislatures</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_State_Assembly_Representatives_(2018%E2%80%93)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2018–)">members</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Malaysia" title="Local government in Malaysia">Local governments</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_local_governments_in_Malaysia" title="List of local governments in Malaysia">list</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #000066; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #ffcc00;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:#FFF;">Ideologies and concepts</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Malaysia" title="Communism in Malaysia">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Malaysia" title="Feminism in Malaysia">Feminism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rukun_Negara" title="Rukun Negara">Rukun Negara</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Malay_nationalism" title="Early Malay nationalism">Malay nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformasi_(Malaysia)" title="Reformasi (Malaysia)">Reformasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_Hadhari" title="Islam Hadhari">Islam Hadhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_values" title="Asian values">Asian values</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Race and politics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayaks_in_politics" title="Dayaks in politics">Dayaks in politics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Ketuanan Melayu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)"><i>Bumiputera</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malaysia" title="Malaysian Malaysia">Malaysian Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract_(Malaysia)" title="Social contract (Malaysia)">Social contract</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Malaysia" title="Portal:Malaysia">Malaysia portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Malaysia" title="Template:Politics of Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Malaysia" title="Template talk:Politics of Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Politics of Malaysia</b> takes place in the framework of a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a> is <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Prime Minister of Malaysia</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>. <a href="/wiki/Executive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive power">Executive power</a> is exercised by the federal government and the 13 <a href="/wiki/States_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Malaysia">state</a> governments. <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">Legislative power</a> is vested in the federal <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia" title="Parliament of Malaysia">parliament</a> and the 13 <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Undangan_Negeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Dewan Undangan Negeri">state assemblies</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts of Malaysia">judiciary</a> is independent of the executive and the legislature, though the executive maintains a certain level of influence in the appointment of judges to the courts. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Constitution of Malaysia">Constitution of Malaysia</a> is <a href="/wiki/Codification_(law)" title="Codification (law)">codified</a> and the system of government is based on the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>. The hierarchy of authority in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, in accordance to the Federal Constitution, stipulates the three branches (administrative components) of the Malaysian government as consisting of the Executive, Judiciary and Legislative branch. Whereas, the Parliament consists of the <i>Dewan Negara</i> (Upper House/Senate) and <i>Dewan Rakyat</i> (Lower House/House of Representatives).<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim,_2012_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim,_2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malaysia has had a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a> since the first <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">direct election</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Legislative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Legislative Council">Federal Legislative Council</a> of <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Malaya</a> in 1955 on a <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post" class="mw-redirect" title="First-past-the-post">first-past-the-post</a> basis. The ruling party was the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_(Malaya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance Party (Malaya)">Alliance Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: <i lang="ms">Parti Perikatan</i>) coalition and from 1973 onwards, its successor, the <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Nasional" title="Barisan Nasional">Barisan Nasional</a> (National Front) coalition. Together with its predecessor, the Barisan Nasional (BN) government served for 61 years and was one of the world's longest serving governments until it lost power to the <a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan" title="Pakatan Harapan">Pakatan Harapan</a> (PH) coalition in the <a href="/wiki/2018_Malaysian_general_election" title="2018 Malaysian general election">14th general election</a> that was held on 9 May 2018. Following the <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_Malaysian_political_crisis" title="2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis">2020–22 Malaysian political crisis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Perikatan_Nasional" title="Perikatan Nasional">Perikatan Nasional</a> government served from 1 March 2020 to 17 August 2021 when <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Nasional" title="Barisan Nasional">Barisan Nasional</a> withdrew support and left the coalition. </p><p>The opposition primarily consist of the <a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan" title="Pakatan Harapan">Pakatan Harapan</a> (PH) coalition which comprises the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Action_Party_(Malaysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)">Democratic Action Party</a> (DAP), <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Justice_Party_(Malaysia)" title="People's Justice Party (Malaysia)">People's Justice Party</a> (PKR), <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_Party_(Malaysia)" title="National Trust Party (Malaysia)">National Trust Party</a> (Amanah) and <a href="/wiki/United_Progressive_Kinabalu_Organisation" title="United Progressive Kinabalu Organisation">United Progressive Kinabalu Organisation</a> (UPKO) with <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Heritage_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Heritage Party">Sabah Heritage Party</a> (Warisan) as confidence-and-supply partner. Other opposition parties include the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_United_Democratic_Alliance" title="Malaysian United Democratic Alliance">Malaysian United Democratic Alliance</a> (MUDA), the <a href="/wiki/Homeland_Fighters%27_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeland Fighters' Party">Homeland Fighters' Party</a> (PEJUANG) and <a href="/wiki/Parti_Sarawak_Bersatu" title="Parti Sarawak Bersatu">Parti Sarawak Bersatu</a> (PSB). </p><p>Although Malaysian politics has been relatively stable, critics allege that "the government, ruling party, and administration are intertwined with few countervailing forces."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, since the <a href="/wiki/2008_Malaysian_general_election" title="2008 Malaysian general election">8 March 2008 General Election</a>, the media's coverage on the country's politics has noticeably increased. After the 14th general elections, media freedom was promised by then new government of Malaysia, the Pakatan Harapan coalition. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a> rated Malaysia a "<a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index#Definitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">flawed democracy</a>" in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Malaysia was a runner up to the Economist 2018 "Country of the Year" in 2018 due to the <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power" title="Peaceful transition of power">peaceful transfer of power</a> following the 14th general elections.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_developments">Early developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early organised political movements in Malaysia were organised along regional and ethnic groups and were not political parties in the modern sense. They generally were loose alliances of interest groups and individuals primarily concerned with <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social welfare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Social progress">social progress</a> and religious reform among the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay people">Malay</a> communities similar to <a href="/wiki/Interest_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Interest group">interest groups</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a> organisations of today.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_reformers">Religious reformers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Religious reformers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Religious reformers played a large role in developing and disseminating ideas with magazines and periodicals like <i>al-Imam</i> published in Singapore by <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Tahir_Jalaluddin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Tahir Jalaluddin">Tahir Jalaluddin</a> between 1906 and 1908, and <i>al-Munir</i> published in <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdullah_Ahmad_(publisher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdullah Ahmad (publisher) (page does not exist)">Abdullah Ahmad</a> between 1911 and 1916. These in turn were primarily influenced by the Egyptian Islamic reform magazine, <i>al-Manar</i> published in Cairo by <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a> from 1898 to 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While these publications were primarily concerned with the <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> religion, it also touched extensively on the social, political and economic conditions of the Malays.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the first such movements was the <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Hope_Society_(Malaya)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Hope Society (Malaya) (page does not exist)">New Hope Society</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: <i lang="ms">Persekutuan Pengharapan Belia</i>) that was established in <a href="/wiki/Johor_Bahru" title="Johor Bahru">Johor Bahru</a> in 1916. On 14 September 1923, a movement was established in <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> by students from <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jam%27iyah_Al-Khairiyah_lit-tholabah_Al-Azhariyah_Al-Jawiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Jam'iyah Al-Khairiyah lit-tholabah Al-Azhariyah Al-Jawiyah (page does not exist)">Al-Jam'iyah Al-Khairiyah lit-tholabah Al-Azhariyah Al-Jawiyah</a> (renamed in 1937 to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesia_Malaya_Convention&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indonesia Malaya Convention (page does not exist)">Indonesia Malaya Convention</a> or <i>Perhimpunan Indonesia Malaya</i>; <b>PERPINDOM</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Composed primarily of students influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a> movement and later the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>, the movement encouraged intentional political and religious discourse through periodicals like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osman_Abdullah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osman Abdullah (page does not exist)">Osman Abdullah</a>'s <i>Seruan Al-Azhar</i> (<i>Al-Azhar Clarion</i>) and <i>Pilehan Timur</i> (<i>Oriental Choice</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Teachers'_unions"><span id="Teachers.27_unions"></span>Teachers' unions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Teachers' unions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Idris_Training_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Idris Training College">Sultan Idris Training College</a> for Malay teachers in <a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Malim" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanjung Malim">Tanjung Malim</a> was fertile ground for the exchange of ideas. The establishment of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selangor_Malay_Teachers_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selangor Malay Teachers Association (page does not exist)">Selangor Malay Teachers Association</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: <i lang="ms">Persatuan Guru-guru Melayu Selangor</i>) in 1921 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Yusof_(Academic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad Yusof (Academic) (page does not exist)">Muhammad Yusof</a> paved the way for similar organisations to be set up in the other <a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated Malay States</a> and a magazine known as <i>Majalah Guru</i> (<i>Teacher's Magazine</i>) was published in 1923. This magazine allowed for the discussion of larger socio-economic issues as well political issues, establishing itself as one of the influences in the development of Malay nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-WilliamRoff_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilliamRoff-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Self-help_societies">Self-help societies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Self-help societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various self-help societies like the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maharani_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maharani Company (page does not exist)">Maharani Company</a> in <a href="/wiki/Muar_(town)" title="Muar (town)">Muar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serikat_Pembaikan_Hidup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serikat Pembaikan Hidup (page does not exist)">Serikat Pembaikan Hidup</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: <i lang="ms">Life Improvement Society</i>) organised by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamad_Eunos_Abdullah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohamad Eunos Abdullah (page does not exist)">Mohamad Eunos Abdullah</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Malay_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore Malay Union">Singapore Malay Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: <i lang="ms">Kesatuan Melayu Singapura</i>) established <a href="/wiki/Co-operative" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operative">co-operatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commune_(intentional_community)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commune (intentional community)">communes</a> to help improve the socio-economic conditions of the Malay peasants and smallholders. They too utilised newspapers and periodicals like the Maharani Company published <i>Perjumpaan Melayu</i> (<i>Malay Convergence</i>) to disseminate ideas and encourage discourse on issues pertaining to the social, political and economic conditions of the Malay people.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_political_organisations">Early political organisations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early political organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malay_Union">Malay Union</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Malay Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malay_Union" title="Malay Union">Malay Union</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Malay_Union" title="Malay Union">Malay Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: <i lang="ms">Kesatuan Melayu</i>; <b>KM</b>) was established in 1926<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamad_Eunos_Abdullah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohamad Eunos Abdullah (page does not exist)">Mohamad Eunos Abdullah</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tengku_Kadir_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tengku Kadir Ali (page does not exist)">Tengku Kadir Ali</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Embok_Suloh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Embok Suloh (page does not exist)">Embok Suloh</a> with the aim of increasing the role of Malays in public life, upholding Malay interests with the colonial authorities, and promote higher and technical education for Malays.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eunos himself was a <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice of Peace">Justice of Peace</a>, a member of the <b>Muslim Advisory Board</b> set up by the colonial administration during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Municipal_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore Municipal Council">Singapore Municipal Council</a>. In his capacity as the chairman of the KM, he became the first Malay member of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_the_Straits_Settlements" title="Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements">Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements</a>. One of the first issues championed by the KM was the appeal for land to be set aside for a Malay settlement. The appeal was granted and a sum of <a href="/wiki/Straits_dollar" title="Straits dollar">$</a> 700,000 was set aside for the KM to purchase and develop the land. This settlement has evolved and is now part of the <a href="/wiki/Eunos,_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Eunos, Singapore">Eunos</a> neighbourhood in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The KM also became the catalyst for the establishment of similar organisations in the other states of the British Malaya such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penang_Malay_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penang Malay Association (page does not exist)">Penang Malay Association</a> (founded in 1927) and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak_Malay_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perak Malay Association (page does not exist)">Perak Malay Association</a> (founded in 1937).<sup id="cite_ref-WilliamRoff_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilliamRoff-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People associated with the KM included the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">President of Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yusof_Ishak" title="Yusof Ishak">Yusof Ishak</a>. The KM survived <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and entered into a political coalition with the <a href="/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="United Malays National Organisation">United Malays National Organisation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Chinese_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan Chinese Association">Malayan Chinese Association</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Alliance_Party" title="Singapore Alliance Party">Singapore Alliance Party</a>. It however eventually faded away with the electoral defeats of the Alliance in the 1955 <a href="/wiki/1955_Singaporean_general_election" title="1955 Singaporean general election">legislative elections</a> in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-WilliamRoff_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilliamRoff-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Communist_Party_of_Malaya">Communist Party of Malaya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Communist Party of Malaya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Communist_Party" title="Malayan Communist Party">Malayan Communist Party</a></div> <p>The first political party to be organised with a pan-Malayan outlook was the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Malaya">Communist Party of Malaya</a> (CPM) established in 1930. The CPM was originally set up as a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> supervised by the Far Eastern Bureau of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> in 1926. It was then known as the <b>South Seas Communist Party</b>. The fraternal <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Communist Party of Indonesia">Communist Party of Indonesia</a> (established in 1924) was by then underground or in exile due to their abortive <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia#1926_revolt" title="Communist Party of Indonesia">revolt</a> in 1926. This resulted in the CPM being almost exclusively dominated by people of Chinese descent. Efforts to establish a broader based representation were made especially in the 1935 representative conferences between the CPM and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Labour_Union_(Malaya)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Labour Union (Malaya) (page does not exist)">General Labour Union</a> as well as the establishment of contact with Communist cells in <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Thailand" title="Communist Party of Thailand">Siam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> in 1936. Nonetheless, the CPM remained an organisation that was predominantly Chinese in composition until the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Japanese occupation of Malaya</a> which saw a larger participation of people from other ethnicities.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Young_Malay_Union">Young Malay Union</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Young Malay Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kesatuan_Melayu_Muda" title="Kesatuan Melayu Muda">Kesatuan Melayu Muda</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Young_Malay_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Malay Union">Young Malay Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: <i lang="ms">Kesatuan Melayu Muda</i>; <b>KMM</b>) was established in <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> in 1938 under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Yaacob" title="Ibrahim Yaacob">Ibrahim Yaacob</a>. While registered as a social organisation working to improve Malay youths in sports, education, agriculture, health and other recreational pursuits, the primary aim of the KMM was to struggle for the political independence of all the Malayan states from Britain and oppose British <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>. </p><p>While gaining significant support from the larger Malay community, the KMM failed to gain support from the Malay aristocrats and bureaucracy and on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Invasion_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Invasion of Malaya">Japanese invasion of Malaya</a>, more than 100 KMM members were arrested by the authorities for collaboration. </p><p>All were released after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">fall of Singapore</a> in February 1942. On 14 January 1942, a KMM delegation led by vice-president, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustapha_Hussain_(Malaysian_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustapha Hussain (Malaysian politician) (page does not exist)">Mustapha Hussain</a>, met with the Japanese authorities to negotiate for the independence of Malaya. The Japanese authorities instead disbanded KMM and established the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembela_Tanah_Ayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembela Tanah Ayer (page does not exist)">Pembela Tanah Ayer</a> (also known as the <i>Malai Giyu Gun</i> or by its <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> acronym <b>PETA</b>) militia in its stead. </p><p>Most who joined PETA were also part of the underground KMM Youth League who continued to struggle for an independent Malaya and some cooperated with the CPM sponsored <a href="/wiki/Malayan_People%27s_Anti-Japanese_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army">Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army</a> and other anti-Japanese guerilla units like <a href="/wiki/Force_136" title="Force 136">Force 136</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rejimen_Askar_Wataniah" title="Rejimen Askar Wataniah">Wataniah</a>. </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a> in August 1945, former KMM cadres formed the nucleus of the emerging political movements like the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Nationalist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay Nationalist Party">Malay Nationalist Party</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkatan_Pemuda_Insaf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angkatan Pemuda Insaf (page does not exist)">Angkatan Pemuda Insaf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Wanita_Sedar" title="Angkatan Wanita Sedar">Angkatan Wanita Sedar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_conditions">Political conditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Political conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malaysia's predominant political party, <a href="/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="United Malays National Organization">United Malays National Organization</a> (UMNO), held power in the coalition known as the <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Nasional" title="Barisan Nasional">Barisan Nasional</a> (formerly the Alliance) with other parties since Malaya's independence in 1957 until 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-state.gov_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state.gov-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973, an alliance of communally based parties was replaced with a broader coalition – the <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Nasional" title="Barisan Nasional">Barisan Nasional</a> — composed of fourteen parties. Today the Barisan Nasional coalition has three prominent members – the UMNO, MCA (<a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_Association" title="Malaysian Chinese Association">Malaysian Chinese Association</a>) and MIC (<a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_Congress" title="Malaysian Indian Congress">Malaysian Indian Congress</a>). The current <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Prime Minister of Malaysia</a> is from Pakatan Harapan (PH) who is the ex-UMNO leader, marking the first time the post is occupied by a non-UMNO party member.<sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg.com_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the UMNO and other member parties of the <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Nasional" title="Barisan Nasional">Barisan Nasional</a> (BN), three main parties (and several smaller parties) compete in national and state-level elections in Malaysia. The three most competitive opposition parties are the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Malaysian_Islamic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party">Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party</a> (Parti Islam se-Malaysia, or PAS) and the <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Nasional" title="Barisan Nasional">Barisan Nasional</a> coalition. The Islamic Party of Malaysia (PAS) promotes a more Islamist political agenda, the BN Coalition is rather critical about the current ruling government since the May 2018 General Elections.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike some countries close to Malaysia, such as Thailand or Indonesia, the armed forces are not prominent in politics.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The political process in Malaysia from 1957 to 2018 has generally been described as taking the form of "<a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">consociationalism</a>" whereby "communal interests are resolved in the framework of a grand coalition". The executive branch is described as tending to dominate political activity, with the Prime Minister's office being in a position to preside "over an extensive and ever growing array of powers to take action against individuals or organisations," and "facilitate business opportunities". Critics of the ruling government generally agree that although authoritarianism in Malaysia preceded the administration of <a href="/wiki/Mahathir_bin_Mohamad" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahathir bin Mohamad">Mahathir bin Mohamad</a>, it was he who "carried the process forward substantially". Legal scholars have suggested that the political "equation for religious and racial harmony" is rather fragile, and that this "fragility stems largely from the identification of religion with race coupled with the <a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">political primacy</a> of the Malay people colliding with the aspiration of other races for complete equality." </p><p>During the terms of Dr. <a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">Mahathir Mohamad</a> as the fourth Prime Minister of Malaysia, many constitutional amendments were made. For example, the Senate could only delay a bill from taking effect and the Monarch no longer had veto powers on proposed bills. Also, the 26 state senators were no longer the majority as another 44 senators were appointed by the King at the advice of the Prime Minister.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The amendments also limited the powers of the judiciary to what parliament grants them. </p><p>In early September 1998, Prime Minister Mahathir dismissed Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim" title="Anwar Ibrahim">Anwar Ibrahim</a> and accused Anwar of immoral and corrupt conduct. Anwar said his ousting was actually owed to political differences and led a series of demonstrations advocating political reforms. Later in September, Anwar was arrested, beaten while in prison (by among others, the chief of police at the time), and charged with corrupt practices, in both legal and moral contexts, charges including <a href="/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstruction of justice">obstruction of justice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">sodomy</a>. In April 1999, he was convicted of four counts of corruption and sentenced to six years in prison. In August 2000, Anwar was convicted of one count of sodomy and sentenced to nine years to run consecutively after his earlier six-year sentence. Both trials were viewed by domestic and international observers as unfair. Anwar's conviction on sodomy has since been overturned, and having completed his six-year sentence for corruption, he has since been released from prison. In the <a href="/wiki/1999_Malaysian_general_election" title="1999 Malaysian general election">November 1999 general election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Nasional" title="Barisan Nasional">Barisan Nasional</a> returned to power with three-fourths of the parliamentary seats, but UMNO's seats dropped from 94 to 72. The opposition, the <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Alternatif" title="Barisan Alternatif">Barisan Alternatif</a> coalition, led by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Party_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Party of Malaysia">Islamic Party of Malaysia</a> (PAS), increased its seats to 42. PAS retained control of the state of <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> and won the additional state of <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MuhyiddinUS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/MuhyiddinUS.jpg/159px-MuhyiddinUS.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/MuhyiddinUS.jpg/239px-MuhyiddinUS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/MuhyiddinUS.jpg/318px-MuhyiddinUS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>Former Prime Minister of Malaysia, <a href="/wiki/Muhyiddin_Yassin" title="Muhyiddin Yassin">Muhyiddin Yassin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The former 6th Prime Minister of Malaysia was Dato' Seri Mohd. Najib bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak. He took office following the retirement of Dato' Seri <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmad_Badawi" title="Abdullah Ahmad Badawi">Abdullah Ahmad Badawi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">colloquially</a> known as "Pak Lah") in April 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim,_2012_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim,_2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">Mahathir Mohamad</a> took office as the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Prime Minister of Malaysia</a> under the new <a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan" title="Pakatan Harapan">Pakatan Harapan</a> government on 10 May 2018. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2004_Malaysian_general_election" title="2004 Malaysian general election">March 2004 general election</a>, Dato' Seri <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmad_Badawi" title="Abdullah Ahmad Badawi">Abdullah Ahmad Badawi</a> led <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Nasional" title="Barisan Nasional">Barisan Nasional</a> to a landslide victory, in which <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Nasional" title="Barisan Nasional">Barisan Nasional</a> recaptured the state of <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a>. The coalition controlled 92% of the seats in Parliament. In 2005, Mahathir stated that "I believe that the country should have a strong government but not too strong. A two-thirds majority like I enjoyed when I was Prime Minister is sufficient but a 90% majority is too strong. ... We need an opposition to remind us if we are making mistakes. When you are not opposed you think everything you do is right." </p><p>The national media is largely controlled by the government and by political parties in the <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Nasional" title="Barisan Nasional">Barisan Nasional</a>/National Front ruling coalition and the opposition has little access to the media. The print media is controlled by the Government through the requirement of obtaining annual publication licences under the <a href="/wiki/Printing_and_Presses_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Printing and Presses Act">Printing and Presses Act</a>. In 2007, a government agency – the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission – issued a directive to all private television and radio stations to refrain from broadcasting speeches made by opposition leaders. </p><p>The official state ideology is the <a href="/wiki/Rukun_Negara" title="Rukun Negara">Rukun Negara</a>, which has been described as encouraging "respect for a pluralistic, multireligious and multicultural society", but political scientists have argued that the slogan of <i>Bangsa, Agama, Negara</i> (race, religion, nation) used by UMNO constitutes an unofficial ideology too. Both ideologies have "generally been used to reinforce a conservative political ideology, one that is Malay-centred." </p><p><a href="/wiki/Executive_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch">Executive power</a> is vested in the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Malaysia" title="Cabinet of Malaysia">cabinet</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">prime minister</a>; the Malaysian <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Constitution of Malaysia">constitution</a> stipulates that the prime minister must be a member of the lower house of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia" title="Parliament of Malaysia">parliament</a> who, in the opinion of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, commands a majority in parliament. The cabinet is chosen from among members of both houses of Parliament and is responsible to that body. </p><p>In recent years, the former opposition, now government has been campaigning for freer and fairer elections within Malaysia. On 10 November 2007, a mass rally, called the <a href="/wiki/2007_Bersih_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Bersih Rally">2007 Bersih Rally</a>, took place in the <a href="/wiki/Dataran_Merdeka" class="mw-redirect" title="Dataran Merdeka">Dataran Merdeka</a>, Kuala Lumpur at 3 pm to demand for clean and fair elections. The gathering was organised by BERSIH, a coalition comprising political parties and civil society groups(NGOs), and drew supporters from all over the country. </p><p>On 11 November, the Malaysian government briefly detained de facto opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim" title="Anwar Ibrahim">Anwar Ibrahim</a> on Tuesday and arrested a human rights lawyer and about a dozen opposition leaders, amid growing complaints that the government was cracking down on dissent. Dozens of policemen blocked the main entrance to the parliament building in <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> to foil an opposition-led rally. The rally was carried out along with the attempt to submit a protest note to Parliament over a government-backed plan to amend a law that would extend the tenure of the <a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Malaysia" title="Election Commission of Malaysia">Election Commission</a> chief, whom the opposition claims is biased. </p><p>The Malaysian government intensified efforts on 6 March 2008 to portray opposition figure <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim" title="Anwar Ibrahim">Anwar Ibrahim</a> as a political turncoat, days ahead of the <a href="/wiki/2008_Malaysian_general_election" title="2008 Malaysian general election">2008 Malaysian general election</a> on 8 March 2008 because he posed a legitimate threat to the ruling coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Campaigning wrapped up 7 March 2008 for general elections that could see gains for <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>'s opposition amid anger over race and religion among minority Chinese and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-edition.cnn.com_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edition.cnn.com-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malaysians voted 8 March 2008 in parliamentary elections.<sup id="cite_ref-edition.cnn.com_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edition.cnn.com-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Election results showed that the ruling government suffered a setback when it failed to obtain two-thirds majority in parliament, and five out of 12 state legislatures were won by the opposition parties.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reasons for the setback of the ruling party, which has retained power since the nation declared independence in 1957, were rising inflation, crime and ethnic tensions.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2018 marks the first time since independence in 1957 that a non-UMNO party namely PH formed the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg.com_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PH leader <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim" title="Anwar Ibrahim">Anwar Ibrahim</a> was then freed after receiving a royal pardon from the king and was designated to take over as PM from <a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">Mahathir Mohamad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, things did not go well and the 22 months-old Pakatan Harapan administration fell in March 2020 during the <a href="/wiki/2020_Malaysian_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Malaysian political crisis">2020 political crisis</a>, having lost the majority number of seats required to hold power as government. They were then replaced by the Perikatan Nasional government, with Muhyiddin as Prime Minister. However, Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin resigned after 17 months in office.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 August 2021, <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Sabri_Yaakob" title="Ismail Sabri Yaakob">Ismail Sabri Yaakob</a> was sworn in as the country’s ninth prime minister. The new prime minister was a veteran politician from UMNO.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the November 2022 Malaysian general <a href="/wiki/2022_Malaysian_general_election" title="2022 Malaysian general election">election</a>, opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim" title="Anwar Ibrahim">Anwar Ibrahim</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan" title="Pakatan Harapan">Pakatan Harapan</a> (PH) coalition won 82 seats and former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Muhyiddin_Yassin" title="Muhyiddin Yassin">Muhyiddin Yassin</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Perikatan_Nasional" title="Perikatan Nasional">Perikatan Nasional</a> (PN) gained 73 seats. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Sabri_Yaakob" title="Ismail Sabri Yaakob">Ismail Sabri Yaakob</a>’s ruling <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Nasional" title="Barisan Nasional">Barisan Nasional</a> (BN) coalition was the biggest loser, securing just 30 seats in the 222-member parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 November 2022, Anwar Ibrahim was sworn in as the 10th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Prime Minister of Malaysia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monarch">Monarch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Monarch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a></div> <p>The monarch of Malaysia is the <i>Yang di-Pertuan Agong</i> (YDPA), commonly referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Supreme King of Malaysia</a>. Malaysia is a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional</a> <a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">elective monarchy</a>, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is selected for a five-year term from among the nine <a href="/wiki/Malay_Ruler" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay Ruler">Sultans</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay states">Malay states</a>. The other four states that do not have monarch kings, are ruled by governors.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nine sultans and four governors together make up the <a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Rulers" title="Conference of Rulers">Conference of Rulers</a> who elect the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. The position has to date been, by informal agreement, based on systematic rotation between the nine sultans; the order was originally based on seniority. </p><p>According to the Federal Constitution of Malaysia, the YDPA is considered as the Supreme Head of the Federation (Article 32). As a constitutional head, the YDPA is to act on the advice of the Prime Minister (Article 40). The YDPA or monarch king basically has three broad power vested in him (Jeong, 2012):<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim,_2012_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim,_2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The power to exercise based on the advice from the Prime Minister, the Cabinet, and the Conference of Rulers (Article 32, 38, 40)</li> <li>The power to exercise based on his discretionary power (without the consent or influence of any other authority)</li> <li>The power to pardon (granting of pardons), reprieves and respites, and/or of remitting, suspending or commuting sentences, under Clause (12) of Article 42.</li></ul> <p>The YDPA is also the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces (i.e. Police, Army) in the Federation of Malaysia (Article 41). He is also the head of the Islamic faith in Malaysia.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="System_of_government">System of government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: System of government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malaysia is a <a href="/wiki/Federal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal state">federation</a> of <a href="/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">13 states and 3 federal territories</a>. The system of government in Malaysia is closely modelled on that of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster System">Westminster</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a>, a legacy of <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British colonial rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FITA_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FITA-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice however, more power is vested in the executive branch of government than in the legislative, and the judiciary has been weakened by sustained attacks by the government during the Mahathir era.<sup id="cite_ref-Milne_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milne-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SallehAbas_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SallehAbas-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RobertsonUBCLR_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RobertsonUBCLR-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian general election">Parliamentary elections</a> are held at least once every five years, usually concurrent with state elections for state assemblies except for Sabah (until 2004) and Sarawak.<sup id="cite_ref-dfat_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dfat-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branches_of_federal_government">Branches of federal government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Branches of federal government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislative">Legislative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legislative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia" title="Parliament of Malaysia">Parliament of Malaysia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MalaysianParliament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/MalaysianParliament.jpg/220px-MalaysianParliament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/MalaysianParliament.jpg/330px-MalaysianParliament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/MalaysianParliament.jpg/440px-MalaysianParliament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>The Parliament building in <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Legislative power is divided between federal and state legislatures. The bicameral parliament consists of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a>, the House of Representatives or <i><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Rakyat" title="Dewan Rakyat">Dewan Rakyat</a></i> (literally the "Chamber of the People"); and the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a>, the Senate or <i><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Negara" title="Dewan Negara">Dewan Negara</a></i> (literally the "Chamber of the Nation").<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All seventy Senate members sit for three-year terms (to a maximum of two terms); twenty-six are elected by the thirteen state assemblies, and forty-four are appointed by the king based on the advice of the Prime Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-state.gov_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state.gov-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 222 members of the Dewan Rakyat are elected from single-member districts by universal adult suffrage. Parliament has a maximum mandate of five years by law. The king may dissolve parliament at any time, and usually does so upon the advice of the Prime Minister. <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_General_Election" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian General Election">General elections</a> must be held within sixty days of the dissolution of parliament. In practice, this has meant that elections have been held every three to five years at the discretion of the Prime Minister. </p><p>Legislative power is divided between federal and state legislatures. Malaysia has two sources of law.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The national constitution, the nation's supreme law, can be amended by a two-thirds majority in parliament. (Since its formation, the BN has never lacked the necessary two-thirds until 8 March 2008's General Election) The second source of law is <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> (Islamic law), which applies only to Muslims. The federal government has little input into the administration of sharia; it falls to the states to implement Islamic law, and interpretations vary from state to state.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parliament follows a multi-party system and the governing body is elected through a <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post" class="mw-redirect" title="First-past-the-post">first-past-the-post</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-state.gov_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state.gov-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executive">Executive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Executive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Executive_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch">Executive power</a> is vested in the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Malaysia" title="Cabinet of Malaysia">cabinet</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">prime minister</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Constitution of Malaysia">Malaysian constitution</a> stipulates that the prime minister must be a member of the Lower House of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia" title="Parliament of Malaysia">parliament</a> who, in the opinion of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (YDPA), commands a majority in parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cabinet is chosen from among members of both houses of Parliament and is responsible to that body.<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim,_2012_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim,_2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Executive branch of the government consists of the Prime Minister as the head of the government, followed by the various ministers of the Cabinet. It formulates various socio-economic policies and development plans, for the development of the country as a whole. The Executive has the power and authority to generate revenues through the collection of various taxes, levies, fines, summons, custom duties, and fees, to name some, from the general public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial">Judicial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Judicial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Malaysia" title="Judiciary of Malaysia">Judiciary of Malaysia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Putrajaya_4064188579_ec6a5c7efc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Building taken from a view of the corner. Beige colour, surrounded by columns. A large dome can be seen on the roof, surrounded by 3 others" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Putrajaya_4064188579_ec6a5c7efc.jpg/220px-Putrajaya_4064188579_ec6a5c7efc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Putrajaya_4064188579_ec6a5c7efc.jpg/330px-Putrajaya_4064188579_ec6a5c7efc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Putrajaya_4064188579_ec6a5c7efc.jpg/440px-Putrajaya_4064188579_ec6a5c7efc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice_(Malaysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Justice (Malaysia)">Palace of Justice</a> in <a href="/wiki/Putrajaya" title="Putrajaya">Putrajaya</a>, housing the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Malaysia" title="Court of Appeal of Malaysia">Court of Appeal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Malaysia" title="Federal Court of Malaysia">Federal Court</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Malaysia" title="Judiciary of Malaysia">judiciary</a> is theoretically independent of the executive and the legislature,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although supporters of the government hold many judicial positions.<sup id="cite_ref-Huffington_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huffington-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest court in the judicial system is the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Malaysia" title="Federal Court of Malaysia">Federal Court</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Malaysia" title="Court of Appeal of Malaysia">Court of Appeal</a>, and two <a href="/wiki/High_Courts_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="High Courts of Malaysia">High Courts</a>, one for <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a>, and one for <a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a>. The subordinate courts in each of these jurisdictions include Sessions Courts, Magistrates' Courts, and Courts for Children. Malaysia also has a Special Court to hear cases brought by or against all Royalty.<sup id="cite_ref-criminal_court_system_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-criminal_court_system-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Special Court was established in 1993 to hear cases brought by or against any Rulers. Before its establishment, Rulers were immune from any proceedings brought against them in their personal capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rulers include the <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a> (the elected Monarch), and the <a href="/wiki/Heads_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Heads of state">heads of state</a> of Malaysia's component states. </p><p>Separate from the civil courts are the <a href="/wiki/Syariah_Court" title="Syariah Court">Syariah Courts</a>, which decide on cases which involve Malaysian Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These courts run parallel to the normal court system, and are undergoing reforms that include the first ever appointment of female judges.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Debate exists in Malaysia over whether the country should be secular or Islamic.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some state governments controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Islamic_Party" title="Malaysian Islamic Party">Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party</a> (PAS), including that of Terengganu, have passed Islamic laws, but these have not gone into effect due to opposition from the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_system">Legal system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Legal system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Malaysia" title="Law of Malaysia">Malaysia's legal system</a> is based on <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English Common Law</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-state.gov_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state.gov-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alongside a <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> court system for Malaysian Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Federal Court reviews decisions referred from the Court of Appeals; it has original jurisdiction in constitutional matters and in disputes between states or between the federal government and a state. Peninsular Malaysia and the East Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak each has a high court. The federal government has authority over external affairs, defence, internal security, justice (except civil law cases among Malays or other Muslims and other indigenous peoples, adjudicated under Islamic and traditional law), federal citizenship, finance, commerce, industry, communications, transportation, and other matters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_governments">State governments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: State governments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Malaysia" title="Federalism in Malaysia">Federalism in Malaysia</a></div> <p>Each state has a unicameral state legislative chamber (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: <i lang="ms">Dewan Undangan Negeri</i>) whose members are elected from single-member constituencies. State governments are led by Chief Ministers<sup id="cite_ref-state.gov_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state.gov-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i><a href="/wiki/Menteri_Besar" class="mw-redirect" title="Menteri Besar">Menteri Besar</a></i> in Malay states or <i>Ketua Menteri</i> in states without hereditary rulers), who are state assembly members from the majority party in the Dewan Undangan Negeri. They advise their respective sultans or governors. In each of the states with a hereditary ruler, the Chief Minister is required to be an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malay">ethnic Malay</a>, appointed by the Sultan upon the recommendation of the Prime Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Malaysia" title="Elections in Malaysia">Parliamentary elections</a> are held at least once every five years, with the last general election being in May 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-state.gov_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state.gov-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Registered voters of age 18 and above may vote for the members of the House of Representatives and, in most of the states, for the state legislative chamber. Voting is not mandatory.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Malaysia is a federal state, political scientists have suggested that its "federalism is highly centralised": </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Our federalism gives the federal government not only the most legislative and executive powers but also the most important sources of revenue. State governments are excluded from the revenues of income tax, export, import and excise duties, and they are also largely restricted from borrowing internationally. They have to depend on revenue from forests, lands, mines, petroleum, the entertainment industry, and finally, transfer payments from the central government.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Participation">Participation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Participation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Race plays a large role in Malaysian politics, and many Malaysian political parties are ethnically based.<sup id="cite_ref-state.gov_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state.gov-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Government's <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_New_Economic_Policy" title="Malaysian New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a> (NEP)<sup id="cite_ref-New_Economic_Policy_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Economic_Policy-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Development_Policy" title="National Development Policy">National Development Policy</a> (NDP) which superseded it, were implemented to advance the standing of <i><a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Bumiputera</a></i> Malaysians. The policies provide preferential treatment to Malays over non-Malays in employment, education, scholarships, business, and access to cheaper housing and assisted savings. While improving in the economic position of Malays, it is a source of resentment amongst non-Malays.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The race-based politics practiced by UMNO has been widely criticised as racist and discriminatory. Prime Minister Dato Sri Mohd Najib Tun Razak has claimed to attempt to close racial divides through the <a href="/wiki/1Malaysia" title="1Malaysia">1Malaysia</a> initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, however, has not helped much. </p><p>The origin of race based politics can be traced back to independence of Malaysia from United Kingdom, who wanted all citizens of Malaysia to be equal upon independence, instead of dominance by Malays. This caused the political parties of the three major races at the time, the UMNO (representing Malays), the MCA (representing Chinese), and the MIC (representing Indians), to join and form the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_(Malaysia)" title="Alliance Party (Malaysia)">Alliance Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Students are not allowed to be involved in politics, due to the University and University College Act.<sup id="cite_ref-Huffington_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huffington-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A higher interest in the political process led to a slowdown in outbound corporate travel in anticipation of the general election in the first half of 2013, where many travellers postponed travel to ensure they had the chance to cast their votes.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2023, Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim stressed that he was committed to transitioning Malaysia from race-based to needs-based affirmative action policies.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Foreign relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Malaysia" title="Foreign relations of Malaysia">Foreign relations of Malaysia</a></div> <p>Malaysia participates in international politics and engages in formal relationships with international bodies as well as with foreign states adopting various policies. Malaysia's participation in international politics also affects domestic politics for example the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="Israel–Malaysia relations">Israel–Malaysia relations</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Malaysia" title="Censorship in Malaysia">Censorship in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Malaysia" title="Human rights in Malaysia">Human rights in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Malaysia" title="List of political parties in Malaysia">List of political parties in Malaysia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ibrahim,_2012-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim,_2012_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim,_2012_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim,_2012_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim,_2012_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeong Chun Hai @Ibrahim, & Nor Fadzlina Nawi. (2012). <i>Principles of Public Administration: Malaysian Perspectives.</i> Kuala Lumpur: Pearson Publishers. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-349-233-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-349-233-6">978-967-349-233-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Conclusion". In John Funston (Ed.), <i>Government and Politics in Southeast Asia</i>, p. 413. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84277-105-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-84277-105-1">1-84277-105-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsolutions" class="citation web cs1">solutions, EIU digital. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=DemocracyIndex2016">"Democracy Index 2016 - The Economist Intelligence Unit"</a>. <i>www.eiu.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eiu.com&rft.atitle=Democracy+Index+2016+-+The+Economist+Intelligence+Unit&rft.aulast=solutions&rft.aufirst=EIU+digital&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eiu.com%2Fpublic%2Ftopical_report.aspx%3Fcampaignid%3DDemocracyIndex2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181229031449/https://www.civilnet.am/news/2018/12/19/The-Economist-Names-Armenia-Country-of-the-Year/350833">"The Economist Names Armenia "Country of the Year" | CIVILNET"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.civilnet.am/news/2018/12/19/The-Economist-Names-Armenia-Country-of-the-Year/350833">the original</a> on 29 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Economist+Names+Armenia+%22Country+of+the+Year%22+%26%23124%3B+CIVILNET&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilnet.am%2Fnews%2F2018%2F12%2F19%2FThe-Economist-Names-Armenia-Country-of-the-Year%2F350833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2006" class="citation book cs1">Weiss, Meredith Leigh (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/protestpossibili00weis"><i>Protest and Possibilities: Civil Society and Coalitions for Political Change in Malaysia</i></a></span>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/protestpossibili00weis/page/n76">60</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-5295-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-5295-8"><bdi>0-8047-5295-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protest+and+Possibilities%3A+Civil+Society+and+Coalitions+for+Political+Change+in+Malaysia&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8047-5295-8&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Meredith+Leigh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprotestpossibili00weis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiddellTony_StreetAnthony_Hearle_Johns1997" class="citation book cs1">Riddell, Peter G.; Tony Street; Anthony Hearle Johns (1997). <i>Islam: Essays on Scripture, Thought and Society : A Festschrift in Honour of Anthony H. Johns</i>. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 297–298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10692-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10692-8"><bdi>90-04-10692-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+Essays+on+Scripture%2C+Thought+and+Society+%3A+A+Festschrift+in+Honour+of+Anthony+H.+Johns&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=297-298&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-10692-8&rft.aulast=Riddell&rft.aufirst=Peter+G.&rft.au=Tony+Street&rft.au=Anthony+Hearle+Johns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090503132646/http://www.singapedia.com.sg/entries/a/al_imam.html">"Al Imam"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia of Singapore</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singapedia.com.sg/entries/a/al_imam.html">the original</a> on 3 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Al+Imam&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Singapore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singapedia.com.sg%2Fentries%2Fa%2Fal_imam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20080109100912/http://www.ppmimesir.info/?pilih=hal&id=6">"Sejarah dan Perkembangan PPMI Mesir"</a>. <i>Persatuan Pelajar dan Mahasiswa Indonesia – Mesir (Indonesian Students and Graduates Society – Egypt)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ppmimesir.info/?pilih=hal&id=6">the original</a> on 9 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Persatuan+Pelajar+dan+Mahasiswa+Indonesia+%E2%80%93+Mesir+%28Indonesian+Students+and+Graduates+Society+%E2%80%93+Egypt%29&rft.atitle=Sejarah+dan+Perkembangan+PPMI+Mesir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ppmimesir.info%2F%3Fpilih%3Dhal%26id%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammad_Redzuan_Othman2005" class="citation book cs1">Mohammad Redzuan Othman (2005). <i>Islam dan Masyarakat Melayu. Peranan dan Pengaruh Timur Tengah</i>. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/983-100-270-9" title="Special:BookSources/983-100-270-9"><bdi>983-100-270-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+dan+Masyarakat+Melayu.+Peranan+dan+Pengaruh+Timur+Tengah&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=University+of+Malaya+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=983-100-270-9&rft.au=Mohammad+Redzuan+Othman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WilliamRoff-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WilliamRoff_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WilliamRoff_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WilliamRoff_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoff1995" class="citation book cs1">Roff, William R. (1995). <i>The Origins of Malay Nationalism</i>. New York: Oxford University Press (USA). p. 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/967-65-3059-X" title="Special:BookSources/967-65-3059-X"><bdi>967-65-3059-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Malay+Nationalism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+%28USA%29&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=967-65-3059-X&rft.aulast=Roff&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRustam_A._Sani2008" class="citation book cs1">Rustam A. Sani (2008). <i>Social Roots of the Malay Left</i>. Petaling Jaya: SIRD. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-3782-44-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-3782-44-4"><bdi>978-983-3782-44-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Roots+of+the+Malay+Left&rft.place=Petaling+Jaya&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=SIRD&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-983-3782-44-4&rft.au=Rustam+A.+Sani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._M._Iskandar_Ahmad1980" class="citation book cs1">A. M. Iskandar Ahmad (1980). <i>Persuratkhabaran Melayu, 1876–1968</i>. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. p. 221.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persuratkhabaran+Melayu%2C+1876%E2%80%931968&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Dewan+Bahasa+dan+Pustaka&rft.date=1980&rft.au=A.+M.+Iskandar+Ahmad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamlah_Adam1991" class="citation book cs1">Ramlah Adam (1991). <i>Maktab Melayu Melaka, 1900–1922</i>. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/983-62-2378-9" title="Special:BookSources/983-62-2378-9"><bdi>983-62-2378-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maktab+Melayu+Melaka%2C+1900%E2%80%931922&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Dewan+Bahasa+dan+Pustaka&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=983-62-2378-9&rft.au=Ramlah+Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Roff 'Origins of Malay Nationalism' p. 190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240524182029/https://www.webcitation.org/5kx5sOqgV?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx%3Frefid=761580116">"Muhammad Eunos Bin Abdullah"</a>. <i>MSN Encarta</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761580116">the original</a> on 24 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSN+Encarta&rft.atitle=Muhammad+Eunos+Bin+Abdullah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencnet%2Frefpages%2FRefArticle.aspx%3Frefid%3D761580116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLimChan_Soon_Onn2004" class="citation book cs1">Lim, Lee Chin; Chan Soon Onn (2004). <i>Pioneers of Singapore: Builders of Our Land</i>. Singapore: Asiapac Books. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-229-387-6" title="Special:BookSources/981-229-387-6"><bdi>981-229-387-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pioneers+of+Singapore%3A+Builders+of+Our+Land&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Asiapac+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=981-229-387-6&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=Lee+Chin&rft.au=Chan+Soon+Onn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKernial_Singh_SandhuA._Mani2006" class="citation book cs1">Kernial Singh Sandhu; A. Mani (2006). <i>Indian Communities in Southeast Asia</i>. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 1006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-230-418-5" title="Special:BookSources/981-230-418-5"><bdi>981-230-418-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Communities+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=1006&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=981-230-418-5&rft.au=Kernial+Singh+Sandhu&rft.au=A.+Mani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheah1992" class="citation book cs1">Cheah, Boon Kheng (1992). <i>From PKI to the Comintern, 1924–1941: The Apprenticeship of the Malayan Communist Party</i>. Ithaca: SEAP Publications. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87727-125-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87727-125-9"><bdi>0-87727-125-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+PKI+to+the+Comintern%2C+1924%E2%80%931941%3A+The+Apprenticeship+of+the+Malayan+Communist+Party&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=SEAP+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-87727-125-9&rft.aulast=Cheah&rft.aufirst=Boon+Kheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOoi2004" class="citation book cs1">Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). <i>From PKI to the Comintern, 1924–1941: The Apprenticeship of the Malayan Communist Party</i>. Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 1791. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-770-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-770-5"><bdi>1-57607-770-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+PKI+to+the+Comintern%2C+1924%E2%80%931941%3A+The+Apprenticeship+of+the+Malayan+Communist+Party&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=1791&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-57607-770-5&rft.aulast=Ooi&rft.aufirst=Keat+Gin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamed_AminMalcolm_CaldwellBertrand_Russell_Peace_Foundation1977" class="citation book cs1">Mohamed Amin; Malcolm Caldwell; Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation (1977). <i>Malaya: The Making of a Neo-colony</i>. Nottingham: Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85124-190-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85124-190-5"><bdi>0-85124-190-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaya%3A+The+Making+of+a+Neo-colony&rft.place=Nottingham&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Bertrand+Russell+Peace+Foundation&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-85124-190-5&rft.au=Mohamed+Amin&rft.au=Malcolm+Caldwell&rft.au=Bertrand+Russell+Peace+Foundation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasil1971" class="citation book cs1">Vasil, R. K. (1971). <i>Politics in a plural society: a study of non-communal political parties in West Malaysia</i>. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press for the Australian Institute of International Affairs. p. 338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-638127-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-638127-4"><bdi>0-19-638127-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+in+a+plural+society%3A+a+study+of+non-communal+political+parties+in+West+Malaysia&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.pages=338&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+for+the+Australian+Institute+of+International+Affairs&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-19-638127-4&rft.aulast=Vasil&rft.aufirst=R.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-state.gov-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-state.gov_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-state.gov_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-state.gov_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-state.gov_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-state.gov_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-state.gov_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-state.gov_22-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm">"Malaysia"</a>. State.gov. 14 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malaysia&rft.pub=State.gov&rft.date=2010-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F2777.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bloomberg.com-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bloomberg.com_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloomberg.com_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-05-09/mahathir-wins-malaysia-election-in-historic-power-shift">"Mahathir Wins in Historic Malaysia Power Shift - Bloomberg"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a></i>. 9 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=Mahathir+Wins+in+Historic+Malaysia+Power+Shift+-+Bloomberg&rft.date=2018-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2018-05-09%2Fmahathir-wins-malaysia-election-in-historic-power-shift&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPepinsky2009" class="citation book cs1">Pepinsky, Thomas (2009). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economiccrisesbr00pepi"><i>Economic Crises and the Breakdown of Authoritarian Regimes: Indonesia and Malaysia in Comparative Perspective</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economiccrisesbr00pepi/page/n80">61</a>–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-74438-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-74438-6"><bdi>978-0-521-74438-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Crises+and+the+Breakdown+of+Authoritarian+Regimes%3A+Indonesia+and+Malaysia+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=61-63&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-74438-6&rft.aulast=Pepinsky&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feconomiccrisesbr00pepi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilne2002" class="citation book cs1">Milne, R. S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50175330"><i>Malaysian politics under Mahathir</i></a>. Diane K. Mauzy. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-26866-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-26866-0"><bdi>0-203-26866-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50175330">50175330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaysian+politics+under+Mahathir&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50175330&rft.isbn=0-203-26866-0&rft.aulast=Milne&rft.aufirst=R.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F50175330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/06/malaysia.elections.ap/index.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080921232324/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/06/malaysia.elections.ap/index.html">Archived</a> 21 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edition.cnn.com-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-edition.cnn.com_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edition.cnn.com_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/07/malay.elex.ap/index.html">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080612112135/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/07/malay.elex.ap/index.html">Archived</a> 12 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7284682.stm">"Election setback for Malaysia PM"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 8 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Election+setback+for+Malaysia+PM&rft.date=2008-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F7284682.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/09/malaysia.elections/index.html">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080921190718/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/09/malaysia.elections/index.html">Archived</a> 21 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180516100126/http://malaysiandigest.com/features/737884-anwar-ibrahim-returns-today.html">"Anwar Ibrahim Returns Today"</a>. Archived from the original on 16 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anwar+Ibrahim+Returns+Today&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.malaysiandigest.com%2Ffeatures%2F737884-anwar-ibrahim-returns-today.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2021/08/malaysias-muhyiddin-finally-steps-down-as-prime-minister/">"Malaysia's Muhyiddin Finally Steps Down As Prime Minister – The Diplomat"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malaysia%27s+Muhyiddin+Finally+Steps+Down+As+Prime+Minister+%E2%80%93+The+Diplomat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2021%2F08%2Fmalaysias-muhyiddin-finally-steps-down-as-prime-minister%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/21/malaysias-ismail-sabri-yaakob-sworn-in-as-new-pm">"Malaysia's Ismail Sabri Yaakob sworn in as new PM | Politics News | Al Jazeera"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malaysia%27s+Ismail+Sabri+Yaakob+sworn+in+as+new+PM+%7C+Politics+News+%7C+Al+Jazeera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F8%2F21%2Fmalaysias-ismail-sabri-yaakob-sworn-in-as-new-pm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/19/tight-race-as-votes-counted-in-malaysias-in-general-election">"No clear winner as Malaysia election ends in hung parliament"</a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=No+clear+winner+as+Malaysia+election+ends+in+hung+parliament&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F11%2F19%2Ftight-race-as-votes-counted-in-malaysias-in-general-election&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-63698901">"Anwar Ibrahim sworn in as Malaysian PM after post-election deadlock"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 24 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Anwar+Ibrahim+sworn+in+as+Malaysian+PM+after+post-election+deadlock&rft.date=2022-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-63698901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia#Article_32" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of Malaysia">Constitution of Malaysia:Article 32</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 3, of the Federal Constitution of Malaysia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FITA-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FITA_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101226105342/http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre">"Malaysia Information"</a>. Fita.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre">the original</a> on 26 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malaysia+Information&rft.pub=Fita.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fita.org%2Fcountries%2Fmalaysia.html%3Fma_rubrique%3Dcadre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milne-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Milne_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilneDiane_K_Mauzy1999" class="citation book cs1">Milne, Robert Stephen; Diane K Mauzy (1999). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malaysianpolitic00mauz"><i>Malaysian Politics Under Mahathir</i></a></span>. New York: Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malaysianpolitic00mauz/page/n49">29</a>–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17143-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17143-4"><bdi>978-0-415-17143-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaysian+Politics+Under+Mahathir&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=29-50&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-17143-4&rft.aulast=Milne&rft.aufirst=Robert+Stephen&rft.au=Diane+K+Mauzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmalaysianpolitic00mauz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SallehAbas-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SallehAbas_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalles_AbasK._Das1989" class="citation book cs1">Salles Abas, Mohamed; K. Das (1989). <i>May Day for Justice</i>. Kuala Lumpur: Magnus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/983-9631-00-4" title="Special:BookSources/983-9631-00-4"><bdi>983-9631-00-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=May+Day+for+Justice&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.pub=Magnus+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=983-9631-00-4&rft.aulast=Salles+Abas&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rft.au=K.+Das&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RobertsonUBCLR-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RobertsonUBCLR_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1991" class="citation journal cs1">Robertson, G (1991). "Malaysia: Justice Hangs In The Balance". <i>UBC Law Review</i>. <b>25</b> (1). Vancouver: University of British Columbia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UBC+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Malaysia%3A+Justice+Hangs+In+The+Balance&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dfat-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dfat_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html">"Malaysia country brief"</a>. dfat.gov.au. October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malaysia+country+brief&rft.pub=dfat.gov.au&rft.date=2010-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfat.gov.au%2Fgeo%2Fmalaysia%2Fmalaysia_brief.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia#Article_44" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of Malaysia">Constitution of Malaysia:Article 44</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia#Article_45" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of Malaysia">Constitution of Malaysia:Article 45</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124135652/https://hub.globalccsinstitute.com/publications/permitting-issues-related-carbon-capture-and-storage-coal-based-power-plant-projects-developing-apec-economies/1-political-and-legal-system-1">"Political and Legal System"</a>. <i>Global CCS Institute</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hub.globalccsinstitute.com/publications/permitting-issues-related-carbon-capture-and-storage-coal-based-power-plant-projects-developing-apec-economies/1-political-and-legal-system-1">the original</a> on 24 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+CCS+Institute&rft.atitle=Political+and+Legal+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhub.globalccsinstitute.com%2Fpublications%2Fpermitting-issues-related-carbon-capture-and-storage-coal-based-power-plant-projects-developing-apec-economies%2F1-political-and-legal-system-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia#Article_43" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of Malaysia">Constitution of Malaysia:Article 43-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia#Article_43" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of Malaysia">Constitution of Malaysia:Article 43-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060708114238/http://www1.mmu.edu.my/~husni/chap4.doc">"The Malaysian Government System"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.mmu.edu.my/~husni/chap4.doc">the original</a> on 8 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Malaysian+Government+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.mmu.edu.my%2F~husni%2Fchap4.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huffington-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huffington_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huffington_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalvorssen2010" class="citation news cs1">Halvorssen, Thor (19 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/thor-halvorssen/malaysias-bridge-is-falli_b_651617.html">"Malaysia's Bridge is Falling Down"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Malaysia%27s+Bridge+is+Falling+Down&rft.date=2010-07-19&rft.aulast=Halvorssen&rft.aufirst=Thor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fthor-halvorssen%2Fmalaysias-bridge-is-falli_b_651617.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-criminal_court_system-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-criminal_court_system_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515090557/http://www.acclawyers.org/resources/malaysia/">"Malaysian criminal court system"</a>. Association of Commonwealth Criminal Lawyers. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malaysian+criminal+court+system&rft.pub=Association+of+Commonwealth+Criminal+Lawyers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acclawyers.org%2Fresources%2Fmalaysia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia#Article_43" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of Malaysia">Constitution of Malaysia:Article 43-2</a>, now amended.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6703155.stm">"Malaysia rejects Christian appeal"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 30 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Malaysia+rejects+Christian+appeal&rft.date=2007-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F6703155.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngland2010" class="citation news cs1">England, Vaudine (9 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10567857">"Malaysian groups welcome first Islamic women judges"</a>. Bbc.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Malaysian+groups+welcome+first+Islamic+women+judges&rft.date=2010-07-09&rft.aulast=England&rft.aufirst=Vaudine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2F10567857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110510081839/http://www.japantoday.com/category/world/view/malaysia-sharia-court-allows-muslim-to-renounce-islam">"Malaysia sharia court allows Muslim to renounce Islam"</a>. Japantoday.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantoday.com/category/world/view/malaysia-sharia-court-allows-muslim-to-renounce-islam">the original</a> on 10 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malaysia+sharia+court+allows+Muslim+to+renounce+Islam&rft.pub=Japantoday.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantoday.com%2Fcategory%2Fworld%2Fview%2Fmalaysia-sharia-court-allows-muslim-to-renounce-islam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simonbaker.me/2/hi/asia-pacific/2116032.stm">"Malaysian state passes Islamic law"</a>. Simonbaker.me. 8 July 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malaysian+state+passes+Islamic+law&rft.pub=Simonbaker.me&rft.date=2002-07-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.simonbaker.me%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F2116032.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mondaq.com/x/472794/trials+appeals+compensation/The+Syariah+Court+Its+Position+Under+The+Malaysian+Legal+System">"The Syariah Court: Its Position Under The Malaysian Legal System - Litigation, Mediation & Arbitration - Malaysia"</a>. <i>www.mondaq.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mondaq.com&rft.atitle=The+Syariah+Court%3A+Its+Position+Under+The+Malaysian+Legal+System+-+Litigation%2C+Mediation+%26+Arbitration+-+Malaysia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mondaq.com%2Fx%2F472794%2Ftrials%2Bappeals%2Bcompensation%2FThe%2BSyariah%2BCourt%2BIts%2BPosition%2BUnder%2BThe%2BMalaysian%2BLegal%2BSystem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Centre_for_Human_Settlements1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Centre_for_Human_Settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Centre for Human Settlements">United Nations Centre for Human Settlements</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P-3155j7FLkC"><i>The management of secondary cities in southeast Asia</i></a>. Nairobi: United Nations Centre for Human Settlements. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-1-131313-9" title="Special:BookSources/92-1-131313-9"><bdi>92-1-131313-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+management+of+secondary+cities+in+southeast+Asia&rft.place=Nairobi&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=United+Nations+Centre+for+Human+Settlements&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=92-1-131313-9&rft.au=United+Nations+Centre+for+Human+Settlements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP-3155j7FLkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipu.org/parline/reports/2197.htm">"Malaysia (Dewan Rakyat)"</a>. Inter-Parliamentary Union. 29 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malaysia+%28Dewan+Rakyat%29&rft.pub=Inter-Parliamentary+Union&rft.date=2008-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipu.org%2Fparline%2Freports%2F2197.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ulutDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78"><i>Malaysia electoral, political parties laws and regulations handbook</i></a>. United States: International Business Publications, USA. 2015. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781514517321" title="Special:BookSources/9781514517321"><bdi>9781514517321</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaysia+electoral%2C+political+parties+laws+and+regulations+handbook&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=International+Business+Publications%2C+USA&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781514517321&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DulutDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Economic_Policy-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-New_Economic_Policy_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJomo_Kwame_Sundaram,_UNRISD2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kwame_Sundaram" title="Jomo Kwame Sundaram">Jomo Kwame Sundaram</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Research_Institute_For_Social_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Research Institute For Social Development">UNRISD</a> (1 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument&panel=seriespapers">"The New Economic Policy and Interethnic Relations in Malaysia"</a>. UNRISD<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+Economic+Policy+and+Interethnic+Relations+in+Malaysia&rft.pub=UNRISD&rft.date=2004-09-01&rft.au=Jomo+Kwame+Sundaram%2C+UNRISD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unrisd.org%2F80256B3C005BCCF9%2F%28httpPublications%29%2FA20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B%3FOpenDocument%26panel%3Dseriespapers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandez" class="citation news cs1">Fernandez, Joe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120713222453/http://freemalaysiatoday.com/fmt-english/news/general/4188-nem-cast-in-deviant-vision-2020-nep-moulds">"NEM cast in deviant Vision 2020, NEP moulds"</a>. <i>Free Malaysia Today</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freemalaysiatoday.com/fmt-english/news/general/4188-nem-cast-in-deviant-vision-2020-nep-moulds">the original</a> on 13 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Free+Malaysia+Today&rft.atitle=NEM+cast+in+deviant+Vision+2020%2C+NEP+moulds&rft.aulast=Fernandez&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreemalaysiatoday.com%2Ffmt-english%2Fnews%2Fgeneral%2F4188-nem-cast-in-deviant-vision-2020-nep-moulds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNajib" class="citation web cs1">Najib, Tun Razak. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101115045145/http://www.1malaysia.com.my/about/about-1malaysia/">"1 Malaysia"</a>. 1Malaysia.com.my. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1malaysia.com.my/about/about-1malaysia/">the original</a> on 15 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1+Malaysia&rft.pub=1Malaysia.com.my&rft.aulast=Najib&rft.aufirst=Tun+Razak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1malaysia.com.my%2Fabout%2Fabout-1malaysia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamarudin" class="citation web cs1">Kamarudin, Raja Petra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101111112802/http://www.malaysia-today.net/mtcolumns/35825-was-merdeka-taken-or-was-it-given">"THE CORRIDORS OF POWER"</a>. Malaysia Today. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.malaysia-today.net/mtcolumns/35825-was-merdeka-taken-or-was-it-given">the original</a> on 11 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+CORRIDORS+OF+POWER&rft.pub=Malaysia+Today&rft.aulast=Kamarudin&rft.aufirst=Raja+Petra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.malaysia-today.net%2Fmtcolumns%2F35825-was-merdeka-taken-or-was-it-given&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730105157/http://www.ttgmice.com/article/malaysians-halt-outbound-mice-for-elections/">"Malaysians halt outbound MICE for elections"</a>. TTGmice. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ttgmice.com/article/malaysians-halt-outbound-mice-for-elections/">the original</a> on 30 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malaysians+halt+outbound+MICE+for+elections&rft.pub=TTGmice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ttgmice.com%2Farticle%2Fmalaysians-halt-outbound-mice-for-elections%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChou" class="citation web cs1">Chou, Chan Tau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/9/malaysia-will-not-survive-if-it-does-not-change-anwar-ibrahim">"Malaysia will 'not survive' if it does not change: Anwar Ibrahim"</a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Malaysia+will+%27not+survive%27+if+it+does+not+change%3A+Anwar+Ibrahim&rft.aulast=Chou&rft.aufirst=Chan+Tau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F6%2F9%2Fmalaysia-will-not-survive-if-it-does-not-change-anwar-ibrahim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>James Chin. Politics of Federal Intervention in Malaysia, with reference to Kelantan, Sarawak and Sabah, Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, Vol. 35, No 2 (July) 1997, pp 96–120</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rashid_Moten" title="Abdul Rashid Moten">Abdul Rashid Moten</a> & Syed Serajul Islam. (2005). <i>Introduction to Political Science.</i> Singapore: Thomson Publication.</li> <li>Ahmad Ibrahim, Tan Sri Datuk Seri. (1992). <i>The Malaysian Legal System</i>. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa & Pustaka.</li> <li>ILBS. (2007). <i>Federal Constitution of Malaysia</i>. Kuala Lumpur: International Law Book Services.</li> <li>Jeong Chun Hai @ Ibrahim & Nor Fadzlina Nawi. (2012). <i>Principles of Public Administration: Malaysian Perspectives.</i> Kuala Lumpur: Pearson Publishers.</li> <li>Jeong Chun Hai @ Ibrahim. (2007). <i>Fundamental of Development Administration.</i> Selangor: Scholar Press.</li> <li>Wan Arfah Hamzah & Ramy Bulan. (2003). <i>The Malaysian Legal System.</i> Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Fajar Bakti.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFann2019" class="citation journal cs1">Fann, Thomas (12 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/10940">"Malaysia Begins Rectifying Major Flaws in its Election System"</a>. <i>Perspective</i>. ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2335-6677">2335-6677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspective&rft.atitle=Malaysia+Begins+Rectifying+Major+Flaws+in+its+Election+System&rft.date=2019-07-12&rft.issn=2335-6677&rft.aulast=Fann&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthink-asia.org%2Fhandle%2F11540%2F10940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Chinyong_Liow2021" class="citation journal cs1">Joseph Chinyong Liow (9 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15570274.2021.1917127">"Malaysia's Creeping Islamization—and Dimming Prospects for Covenantal Pluralism"</a>. <i>The Review of Faith and International Affairs</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 1–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15570274.2021.1917127">10.1080/15570274.2021.1917127</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235381256">235381256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Faith+and+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Malaysia%27s+Creeping+Islamization%E2%80%94and+Dimming+Prospects+for+Covenantal+Pluralism&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=2021-06-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15570274.2021.1917127&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235381256%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Joseph+Chinyong+Liow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F15570274.2021.1917127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKai_OstwaldMohamed_Salihin_Subhan2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kai Ostwald; Mohamed Salihin Subhan (2 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/aspp.12565">"Regional identity formation in Malaysia: Primacy of the political center and its essentialized ethnic identities"</a>. <i>Asian Politics & Policy</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 37–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Faspp.12565">10.1111/aspp.12565</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234109650">234109650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Politics+%26+Policy&rft.atitle=Regional+identity+formation+in+Malaysia%3A+Primacy+of+the+political+center+and+its+essentialized+ethnic+identities&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-55&rft.date=2021-02-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Faspp.12565&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234109650%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Kai+Ostwald&rft.au=Mohamed+Salihin+Subhan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fepdf%2F10.1111%2Faspp.12565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim_Hong_Hai2002" class="citation book cs1">Lim Hong Hai (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/01361005.pdf">"Electoral Politics in Malaysia: 'Managing' Elections in a Plural Society"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Bruns, Gabriele; Croissant, Aurel; John, Marei (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.fes.de/fulltext/iez/01361inf.htm"><i>Electoral politics in Southeast & East Asia</i></a>. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. pp. 101–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789810460204" title="Special:BookSources/9789810460204"><bdi>9789810460204</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Electoral+Politics+in+Malaysia%3A+%E2%80%98Managing%E2%80%99+Elections+in+a+Plural+Society&rft.btitle=Electoral+politics+in+Southeast+%26+East+Asia&rft.pages=101-148&rft.pub=Friedrich+Ebert+Stiftung&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9789810460204&rft.au=Lim+Hong+Hai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.fes.de%2Fpdf-files%2Fiez%2F01361005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeeberg2014" class="citation journal cs1">Seeberg, Merete Bech (6 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13510347.2014.960210">"State capacity and the paradox of authoritarian elections"</a>. <i>Democratization</i>. <b>21</b> (7): 1265–1285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13510347.2014.960210">10.1080/13510347.2014.960210</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144831403">144831403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democratization&rft.atitle=State+capacity+and+the+paradox+of+authoritarian+elections&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1265-1285&rft.date=2014-08-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13510347.2014.960210&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144831403%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Seeberg&rft.aufirst=Merete+Bech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F13510347.2014.960210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Malaysia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Politics of Malaysia">Politics of Malaysia</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Malaysia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Malaysia_topics" title="Template:Malaysia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Malaysia_topics" title="Template talk:Malaysia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Malaysia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Malaysia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Malaysia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Malaysia" title="Outline of Malaysia">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Malaysian_history" title="Timeline of Malaysian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Malaysia" title="Prehistoric Malaysia">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Dutch Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">British Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Japanese occupation of Malaya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement" title="Malaysia Agreement">Malaysia Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Singapore in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Second Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_May_incident" title="13 May incident">13 May incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Malaysian_constitutional_crisis" title="1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis">1988 constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis#Malaysia" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1Malaysia_Development_Berhad_scandal" title="1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal">1MDB scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_Malaysian_political_crisis" title="2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis">2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Malaysia" title="Geography of Malaysia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Malaysia" title="Template:Borders of Malaysia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Malaysia" title="Category:Populated places in Malaysia">Cities, towns and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Malaysia" title="List of districts in Malaysia">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Malaysia" title="Divisions of Malaysia">Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Malaysia" title="Environment of Malaysia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Malaysia" title="Climate change in Malaysia">climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Malaysia" title="Conservation in Malaysia">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Malaysia" title="Environmental issues in Malaysia">environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Malaysia" title="Deforestation in Malaysia">deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Malaysia" title="Wildlife of Malaysia">wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_of_Malaysia" title="List of plants of Malaysia">plants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Malaysia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Malaysia">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hill_stations_in_Malaysia" title="List of hill stations in Malaysia">Hill stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Malaysia" title="List of islands of Malaysia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Malaysia" title="List of lakes of Malaysia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Malaysia" title="List of mountains in Malaysia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_in_Malaysia" title="List of national parks in Malaysia">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Malaysia" title="List of rivers of Malaysia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Malaysia" title="List of earthquakes in Malaysia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Malaysia" title="List of volcanoes in Malaysia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Malaysia" title="Cabinet of Malaysia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Malaysia" title="Shadow Cabinet of Malaysia">Shadow Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Constitution of Malaysia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Malaysia" title="Elections in Malaysia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Malaysia" title="Foreign relations of Malaysia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia" title="Government of Malaysia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Malaysia" title="King of Malaysia">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Malaysia" title="Human rights in Malaysia">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Malaysia" title="Censorship in Malaysia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Malaysia" title="Judiciary of Malaysia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Malaysia" title="Law of Malaysia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Malaysia" title="Law enforcement in Malaysia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Armed_Forces" title="Malaysian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_of_Malaysia" title="Monarchies of Malaysia">Monarchies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia" title="Parliament of Malaysia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Malaysia" title="List of political parties in Malaysia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_Malaysia" title="State legislative assemblies of Malaysia">State legislative assemblies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malaysia" title="Economy of Malaysia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Malaysia" title="Agriculture in Malaysia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Malaysia" title="List of banks in Malaysia">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Malaysia" title="Central Bank of Malaysia">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Malaysia" title="Energy policy of Malaysia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_federal_budget" title="Malaysian federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit" title="Malaysian ringgit">Ringgit <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_by_GDP" title="List of Malaysian states by GDP">States by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_and_municipalities_by_exports" title="List of Malaysian states and municipalities by exports">States and municipalities by exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Malaysia" title="Science and technology in Malaysia">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bursa_Malaysia" title="Bursa Malaysia">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malaysia" title="Telecommunications in Malaysia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Malaysia" title="Tourism in Malaysia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Malaysia" title="Transport in Malaysia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Malaysia" title="Trade unions in Malaysia">Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Malaysia and the World Bank">World Bank Relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Malaysia" title="Category:Society of Malaysia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Malaysia" title="Abortion in Malaysia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Malaysia" title="Crime in Malaysia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Malaysia" title="Corruption in Malaysia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Malaysia" title="Demographics of Malaysia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malaysia" title="Education in Malaysia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Malaysia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Malaysia" title="Health in Malaysia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Malaysia" title="Healthcare in Malaysia">Healthcare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Malaysia" title="Human trafficking in Malaysia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_Malaysia" title="Income inequality in Malaysia">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Languages of Malaysia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Malaysia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_diaspora" title="Malaysian diaspora">Malaysian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Malaysia" title="Poverty in Malaysia">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Malaysia" title="Prostitution in Malaysia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Malaysia" title="Sex trafficking in Malaysia">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Malaysia" title="Squatting in Malaysia">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Malaysia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Malaysia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Malaysia" title="Women in Malaysia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malaysia" title="Culture of Malaysia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_art" title="Malaysian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Malaysia" title="Category:Architecture in Malaysia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Malaysia" title="Cinema of Malaysia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Malaysia" title="Folklore of Malaysia">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_literature" title="Malaysian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Malay ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Malaysia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malaysia" title="Music of Malaysia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_names" title="Malaysian names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Malaysia" title="Public holidays in Malaysia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Malaysia" title="Sport in Malaysia">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_tiger" title="Malayan tiger">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negaraku" title="Negaraku">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia" title="Coat of arms of Malaysia">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Malaysia" title="Flag of Malaysia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibiscus_rosa-sinensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibiscus rosa-sinensis">Flower</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rukun_Negara" title="Rukun Negara">Rukun Negara</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Malaysia" title="Outline of Malaysia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Malaysia" title="Outline of Malaysia">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Malaysia" title="Bibliography of Malaysia">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Malaysia" title="Category:Malaysia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Malaysia" title="Portal:Malaysia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Asia" title="Politics of Asia">Politics of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Afghanistan" title="Politics of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Armenia" title="Politics of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Politics of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bahrain" title="Politics of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bangladesh" title="Politics of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bhutan" title="Politics of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brunei" title="Politics of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cambodia" title="Politics of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cyprus" title="Politics of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_East_Timor" title="Politics of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Egypt" title="Politics of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Politics of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Indonesia" title="Politics of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq" title="Politics of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Israel" title="Politics of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Japan" title="Politics of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jordan" title="Politics of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Politics of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Korea" title="Politics of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Korea" title="Politics of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kuwait" title="Politics of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Politics of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Laos" title="Politics of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Politics of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Maldives" title="Politics of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mongolia" title="Politics of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Myanmar" title="Politics of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nepal" title="Politics of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Oman" title="Politics of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Qatar" title="Politics of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Politics of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Singapore" title="Politics of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Politics of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tajikistan" title="Politics of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand" title="Politics of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkmenistan" title="Politics of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Politics of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Uzbekistan" title="Politics of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vietnam" title="Politics of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Yemen" title="Politics of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Abkhazia" title="Politics of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Politics of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Taiwan" title="Politics of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Politics of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Macau" title="Politics of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Malaysia" title="Portal:Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&oldid=1256022875">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&oldid=1256022875</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Malaysia" title="Category:Politics of Malaysia">Politics of Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Category:Politics of Southeast Asia">Politics of Southeast Asia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_December_2014" title="Category:EngvarB from December 2014">EngvarB from December 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2014" title="Category:Use dmy dates from December 2014">Use dmy dates from December 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Malay_(macrolanguage)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Malay (macrolanguage)-language text">Articles containing Malay (macrolanguage)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_May_2013" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2013">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 November 2024, at 20:52<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Malaysia&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7cdcdd678c-q2c6l","wgBackendResponseTime":153,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.069","walltime":"1.436","ppvisitednodes":{"value":18501,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":205118,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":20637,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":34,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":235980,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1199.964 1 -total"," 30.33% 363.992 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.74% 176.908 1 Template:Malaysia_topics"," 11.35% 136.189 22 Template:Cite_web"," 11.27% 135.242 1 Template:Asia_topic"," 10.97% 131.693 1 Template:Navbox"," 10.14% 121.646 1 Template:Politics_of_Malaysia"," 9.88% 118.558 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 9.48% 113.713 1 Template:Country_topics"," 9.13% 109.516 56 Template:Iso2country"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.600","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20453821,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-fs4hk","timestamp":"20241125053513","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Politics of Malaysia","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Politics_of_Malaysia","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1155202","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1155202","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-07-31T19:20:48Z","dateModified":"2024-11-07T20:52:43Z","headline":"overview of the political system of Malaysia"}</script> </body> </html>