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id="toc-Sedimentary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sedimentary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Sedimentary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sedimentary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fault" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fault"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Fault</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fault-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Igneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Igneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Igneous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Igneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Volcanic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volcanic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Volcanic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volcanic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intrusive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intrusive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Intrusive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intrusive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrothermal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrothermal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Hydrothermal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrothermal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ornamental_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ornamental_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ornamental uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ornamental_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Breccia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مدملكات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مدملكات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brecha_(cheoloch%C3%ADa)" title="Brecha (cheolochía) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Brecha (cheolochía)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brek%C3%A7iya" title="Brekçiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Brekçiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Брекча – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Брекча" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretxa" title="Bretxa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bretxa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brekcie" title="Brekcie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Brekcie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brecia" title="Brecia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brecia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breccie" title="Breccie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Breccie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brekzie" title="Brekzie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brekzie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bret%C5%A1a" title="Bretša – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bretša" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brecha_(geolog%C3%ADa)" title="Brecha (geología) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Brecha (geología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bre%C4%89io" title="Breĉio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Breĉio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretxa_(geologia)" title="Bretxa (geologia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bretxa (geologia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B4_(%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF)" title="برش (سنگ) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برش (سنگ)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A8che_(roche)" title="Brèche (roche) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Brèche (roche)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breisia" title="Breisia – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Breisia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brecha_(xeolox%C3%ADa)" title="Brecha (xeoloxía) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Brecha (xeoloxía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%81%EB%A0%A5%EC%95%94" title="각력암 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="각력암" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%B9%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Բրեկչիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրեկչիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%A1nik" title="Kršnik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kršnik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brechio" title="Brechio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Brechio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breksi" title="Breksi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Breksi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breks%C3%ADa" title="Breksía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Breksía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocce_sedimentarie_clastiche#Brecce" title="Rocce sedimentarie clastiche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rocce sedimentarie clastiche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="ברקציה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברקציה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბრექჩია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრექჩია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Женттас – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Женттас" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Брекчия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Брекчия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brek%C4%8Dija" title="Brekčija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Brekčija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brek%C4%8Dija" title="Brekčija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Brekčija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6rmel%C3%A9kk%C5%91" title="Törmelékkő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Törmelékkő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Брекчийн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Брекчийн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breccie" title="Breccie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Breccie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%AB%E5%B2%A9#角礫岩" title="礫岩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="礫岩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Брекчи – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Брекчи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brekzie" title="Brekzie – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Brekzie" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breksje" title="Breksje – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Breksje" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breksje" title="Breksje – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Breksje" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brekchiya" title="Brekchiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Brekchiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brekcja" title="Brekcja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brekcja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brecha" title="Brecha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Brecha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brecie" title="Brecie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Brecie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Брекчия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брекчия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Breccia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brekcia" title="Brekcia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Brekcia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bre%C4%8Da" title="Breča – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Breča" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Бреча – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бреча" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bre%C4%8Da" title="Breča – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Breča" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A9ksi" title="Bréksi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bréksi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breksia" title="Breksia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Breksia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Breccia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Брекчия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Брекчия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bre%C5%9F" title="Breş – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Breş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Rock composed of angular fragments</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basalt_breccia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Basalt_breccia.jpg/220px-Basalt_breccia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Basalt_breccia.jpg/330px-Basalt_breccia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Basalt_breccia.jpg/440px-Basalt_breccia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a> breccia in the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>; green <a href="/wiki/Groundmass" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundmass">groundmass</a> is composed of <a href="/wiki/Epidote" title="Epidote">epidote</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titus_Canyon_Narrows.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Titus_Canyon_Narrows.jpg/220px-Titus_Canyon_Narrows.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Titus_Canyon_Narrows.jpg/330px-Titus_Canyon_Narrows.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Titus_Canyon_Narrows.jpg/440px-Titus_Canyon_Narrows.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Megabreccia (left) at <a href="/wiki/Titus_Canyon" title="Titus Canyon">Titus Canyon</a> Narrows, <a href="/wiki/Death_Valley_National_Park" title="Death Valley National Park">Death Valley National Park</a>, California</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DebrisFlowDepositRestingSpringsPass.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/DebrisFlowDepositRestingSpringsPass.JPG/220px-DebrisFlowDepositRestingSpringsPass.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/DebrisFlowDepositRestingSpringsPass.JPG/330px-DebrisFlowDepositRestingSpringsPass.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/DebrisFlowDepositRestingSpringsPass.JPG/440px-DebrisFlowDepositRestingSpringsPass.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Tertiary breccia at Resting Springs Pass, Mojave Desert, California</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azurite-Malachite_Breccia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Azurite-Malachite_Breccia.jpg/220px-Azurite-Malachite_Breccia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Azurite-Malachite_Breccia.jpg/330px-Azurite-Malachite_Breccia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Azurite-Malachite_Breccia.jpg/440px-Azurite-Malachite_Breccia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>Unusual breccia cemented by <a href="/wiki/Azurite" title="Azurite">azurite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">malachite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morenci_Mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Morenci Mine">Morenci Mine</a>, Arizona</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Breccia</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span></span>-/</a></span></span>) is a rock composed of large angular broken fragments of <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rocks</a> <a href="/wiki/Cementation_(geology)" title="Cementation (geology)">cemented</a> together by a fine-grained <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(geology)" title="Matrix (geology)">matrix</a>. </p><p>The word has its origins in the Italian language, in which it means "rubble".<sup id="cite_ref-allaby-2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allaby-2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A breccia may have a variety of different origins, as indicated by the named types including <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentary">sedimentary</a> breccia, <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">fault</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonic</a> breccia, <a href="/wiki/Igneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous">igneous</a> breccia, <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">impact</a> breccia, and <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_circulation" title="Hydrothermal circulation">hydrothermal</a> breccia. </p><p>A <b>megabreccia</b> is a breccia composed of very large rock fragments, sometimes kilometers across, which can be formed by <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslides</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-geology.utah.gov_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geology.utah.gov-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">impact events</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mcewen-etal-2008_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcewen-etal-2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">caldera</a> collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-goff-etal-2011_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goff-etal-2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breccia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Breccia is composed of coarse rock fragments held together by cement or a fine-grained matrix.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson1997_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson1997-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">conglomerate</a>, breccia contains at least 30 percent of <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a>-sized particles (particles over 2mm in size), but it is distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">conglomerate</a> because the rock fragments have sharp edges that have not been worn down.<sup id="cite_ref-Boggs2006_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boggs2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These indicate that the gravel was deposited very close to its source area, since otherwise the edges would have been rounded during transport.<sup id="cite_ref-allaby-2013_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allaby-2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the rounding of rock fragments takes place within the first few kilometers of transport, though complete rounding of pebbles of very hard rock may take up to 300 kilometers (190 mi) of river transport.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoggs200668_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoggs200668-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i>megabreccia</i> is a breccia containing very large rock fragments, from at least a meter in size to greater than 400 meters. In some cases, the clasts are so large that the brecciated nature of the rock is not obvious.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1997"megabreccia"_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1997"megabreccia"-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Megabreccias can be formed by <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslides</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-geology.utah.gov_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geology.utah.gov-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">impact events</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mcewen-etal-2008_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcewen-etal-2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">caldera</a> collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-goff-etal-2011_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goff-etal-2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breccias are further classified by their mechanism of formation.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson1997_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson1997-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sedimentary">Sedimentary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breccia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sedimentary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sedimentary breccia is breccia formed by sedimentary processes. For example, <a href="/wiki/Scree" title="Scree">scree</a> deposited at the base of a cliff may become cemented to form a talus breccia without ever experiencing transport that might round the rock fragments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1997"sedimentary_breccia",_"talus_breccia"_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1997"sedimentary_breccia",_"talus_breccia"-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thick sequences of sedimentary (<a href="/wiki/Colluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Colluvial">colluvial</a>) breccia are generally formed next to fault scarps in <a href="/wiki/Graben" title="Graben">grabens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LonghitanoEtal2015_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LonghitanoEtal2015-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MasonEtal2017_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MasonEtal2017-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sedimentary breccia may be formed by submarine <a href="/wiki/Debris_flow" title="Debris flow">debris flows</a>. <a href="/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite">Turbidites</a> occur as fine-grained peripheral deposits to sedimentary breccia flows.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore1989_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore1989-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a <a href="/wiki/Karst_topography" class="mw-redirect" title="Karst topography">karst terrain</a>, a collapse breccia may form due to collapse of rock into a <a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">sinkhole</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">cave</a> development.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lopes2020_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lopes2020-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collapse breccias also form by dissolution of underlying <a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">evaporite</a> beds.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fault">Fault</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breccia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fault"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fault_breccia" title="Fault breccia">Fault breccia</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)#Fault_rock" title="Fault (geology)">Fault</a> or tectonic breccia results from the grinding action of two fault blocks as they slide past each other. Subsequent <a href="/wiki/Cementation_(geology)" title="Cementation (geology)">cementation</a> of these broken fragments may occur by means of the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> matter in <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Igneous">Igneous</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breccia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Igneous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Igneous clastic rocks can be divided into two classes: </p> <ol><li>Broken, fragmental rocks associated with volcanic eruptions, both of the <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_rock" title="Pyroclastic rock">pyroclastic</a> type;<sup id="cite_ref-fisher-schmincke-1984-89-92_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fisher-schmincke-1984-89-92-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Broken, fragmental rocks produced by <a href="/wiki/Intrusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrusion">intrusive</a> processes, usually associated with <a href="/wiki/Intrusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrusion">plutons</a> or <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">porphyry</a> stocks.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Volcanic">Volcanic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breccia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Volcanic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Volcanic pyroclastic rocks are formed by explosive eruption of lava and any rocks which are entrained within the eruptive column. This may include rocks plucked off the wall of the <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> conduit, or physically picked up by the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_surge" title="Pyroclastic surge">pyroclastic surge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fisher-schmincke-1984-89-92_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fisher-schmincke-1984-89-92-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lavas, especially <a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">rhyolite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">dacite</a> flows, tend to form clastic volcanic rocks by a process known as <i>autobrecciation</i>. This occurs when the thick, nearly solid lava breaks up into blocks and these blocks are then reincorporated into the lava flow again and mixed in with the remaining liquid magma. The resulting breccia is uniform in rock type and chemical composition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllaby2013"Autobrecciated_lava"_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllaby2013"Autobrecciated_lava"-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">Caldera</a> collapse leads to the formation of megabreccias, which are sometimes mistaken for outcrops of the caldera floor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1997"megabreccia"_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1997"megabreccia"-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are instead blocks of precaldera rock, often coming from the unstable oversteepened rim of the caldera.<sup id="cite_ref-goff-etal-2011_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goff-etal-2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are distinguished from <i>mesobreccias</i> whose clasts are less than a meter in size and which form layers in the caldera floor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1997"mesobreccia"_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1997"mesobreccia"-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some clasts of caldera megabreccias can be over a kilometer in length.<sup id="cite_ref-goff-etal-2011_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goff-etal-2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the volcanic conduits of explosive volcanoes the volcanic breccia environment merges into the intrusive breccia environment. There the upwelling lava tends to solidify during quiescent intervals only to be shattered by ensuing eruptions. This produces an <i>alloclastic</i> volcanic breccia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherSchmincke198489_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherSchmincke198489-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllaby2013"Alloclast"_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllaby2013"Alloclast"-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intrusive">Intrusive</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breccia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Intrusive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Clastic_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Clastic rocks">Clastic rocks</a> are also commonly found in shallow <a href="/wiki/Subvolcanic_rock" title="Subvolcanic rock">subvolcanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Intrusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrusion">intrusions</a> such as porphyry stocks, <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">kimberlite</a> pipes, where they are transitional with volcanic breccias.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intrusive rocks can become brecciated in appearance by multiple stages of intrusion, especially if fresh magma is intruded into partly consolidated or solidified magma. This may be seen in many granite intrusions where later <a href="/wiki/Aplite" title="Aplite">aplite</a> <a href="/wiki/Vein_(geology)" title="Vein (geology)">veins</a> form a late-stage <a href="/wiki/Stockwork" title="Stockwork">stockwork</a> through earlier phases of the granite mass.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When particularly intense, the rock may appear as a chaotic breccia.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clastic rocks in <a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">mafic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultramafic_rock" title="Ultramafic rock">ultramafic</a> intrusions have been found and form via several processes: </p> <ul><li>consumption and melt-mingling with wall rocks, where the wall rocks are softened and gradually invaded by the hotter ultramafic intrusion (producing <i>taxitic texture</i>);<sup id="cite_ref-BarnesEtal2016_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarnesEtal2016-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>accumulation of rocks which fall through the magma chamber from the roof, forming chaotic remnants;<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>autobrecciation of partly consolidated <a href="/wiki/Cumulate_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumulate rocks">cumulate</a> by fresh magma injections;<sup id="cite_ref-Robins1998_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robins1998-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>accumulation of <a href="/wiki/Xenolith" title="Xenolith">xenoliths</a> within a feeder conduit or vent conduit, forming a <a href="/wiki/Diatreme" title="Diatreme">diatreme</a> breccia pipe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200989–93_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200989–93-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact">Impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breccia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlamoBrecciaMedium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/AlamoBrecciaMedium.jpg/220px-AlamoBrecciaMedium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/AlamoBrecciaMedium.jpg/330px-AlamoBrecciaMedium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/AlamoBrecciaMedium.jpg/440px-AlamoBrecciaMedium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alamo_bolide_impact" title="Alamo bolide impact">Alamo bolide impact</a> breccia (Late <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a>, Frasnian) near Hancock Summit, <a href="/wiki/Pahranagat_Range" title="Pahranagat Range">Pahranagat Range</a>, Nevada</figcaption></figure> <p>Impact breccias are thought to be diagnostic of an <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">impact event</a> such as an <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comet</a> striking the Earth and are normally found at <a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">impact craters</a>. Impact breccia, a type of <a href="/wiki/Impactite" title="Impactite">impactite</a>, forms during the process of <a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">impact cratering</a> when large <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a> or <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a> impact with the Earth or other rocky <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a> or <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a>. Breccia of this type may be present on or beneath the floor of the crater, in the rim, or in the <a href="/wiki/Ejecta" title="Ejecta">ejecta</a> expelled beyond the crater. </p><p>Impact breccia may be identified by its occurrence in or around a known impact crater, and/or an association with other products of impact cratering such as <a href="/wiki/Shatter_cone" title="Shatter cone">shatter cones</a>, impact glass, <a href="/wiki/Shocked_quartz" title="Shocked quartz">shocked minerals</a>, and chemical and <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopic</a> evidence of contamination with extraterrestrial material (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Iridium_anomaly" title="Iridium anomaly">iridium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a> anomalies). An example of an impact breccia is the <a href="/wiki/Neugrund_breccia" title="Neugrund breccia">Neugrund breccia</a>, which was formed in the <a href="/wiki/Neugrund_crater" title="Neugrund crater">Neugrund impact</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrothermal">Hydrothermal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breccia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hydrothermal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrothermal_Breccia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hydrothermal_Breccia.jpg/220px-Hydrothermal_Breccia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hydrothermal_Breccia.jpg/330px-Hydrothermal_Breccia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hydrothermal_Breccia.jpg/440px-Hydrothermal_Breccia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Hydrothermal breccia in the Cloghleagh Iron Mine, near Blessington in Ireland, composed mainly of <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psilomelane" title="Psilomelane">manganese oxides</a>, the result of <a href="/wiki/Seismic" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic">seismic</a> activity about 12 million years ago</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ore_genesis#Hydrothermal_processes" title="Ore genesis">Ore genesis § Hydrothermal processes</a></div> <p>Hydrothermal breccias usually form at shallow <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crustal</a> levels (<1 km) between 150 and 350 °C, when seismic or volcanic activity causes a void to open along a fault deep underground. The void draws in hot water, and as pressure in the cavity drops, the water violently boils. In addition, the sudden opening of a cavity causes rock at the sides of the fault to destabilise and implode inwards, and the broken rock gets caught up in a churning mixture of rock, steam and boiling water. Rock fragments collide with each other and the sides of the void, and the angular fragments become more rounded. Volatile gases are lost to the steam <a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">phase</a> as boiling continues, in particular <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>. As a result, the chemistry of the <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluids</a> changes and <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> minerals rapidly <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">precipitate</a>. Breccia-hosted <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> deposits are quite common.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PO-breccia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/PO-breccia.jpg/220px-PO-breccia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/PO-breccia.jpg/330px-PO-breccia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/PO-breccia.jpg/440px-PO-breccia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1349" /></a><figcaption>Silicified and mineralized breccia. Light gray is mostly <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">dolomite</a> with a little translucent quartz. Dark gray is <a href="/wiki/Jasperoid" title="Jasperoid">jasperoid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ore_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ore mineral">ore minerals</a>. Veinlet along lower edge of specimen contains <a href="/wiki/Sphalerite" title="Sphalerite">sphalerite</a> in carbonates. Pend Oreille mine, <a href="/wiki/Pend_Oreille_County,_Washington" title="Pend Oreille County, Washington">Pend Oreille County, Washington</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The morphology of breccias associated with ore deposits varies from tabular sheeted veins<sup id="cite_ref-SherlockEtal1995_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SherlockEtal1995-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Clastic_dike" title="Clastic dike">clastic dikes</a> associated with overpressured sedimentary strata,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to large-scale intrusive <a href="/wiki/Diatreme" title="Diatreme">diatreme</a> breccias (<a href="/wiki/Breccia_pipe" title="Breccia pipe">breccia pipes</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-NortonCathles1973_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NortonCathles1973-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even some synsedimentary diatremes formed solely by the overpressure of pore fluid within <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin" title="Sedimentary basin">sedimentary basins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CartwrightSantamarina2015_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CartwrightSantamarina2015-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydrothermal breccias are usually formed by <a href="/wiki/Hydrofracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrofracture">hydrofracturing</a> of rocks by highly pressured <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrothermal">hydrothermal</a> fluids. They are typical of the <a href="/wiki/Epithermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithermal">epithermal</a> ore environment and are intimately associated with intrusive-related ore deposits such as <a href="/wiki/Skarn" title="Skarn">skarns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greisen" title="Greisen">greisens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">porphyry</a>-related mineralisation. Epithermal deposits are <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mined</a> for copper, silver and gold.<sup id="cite_ref-Jebrak1997_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jebrak1997-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mesothermal regime, at much greater depths, fluids under <a href="/wiki/Lithostatic_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithostatic pressure">lithostatic pressure</a> can be released during seismic activity associated with mountain building. The pressurised fluids ascend towards shallower crustal levels that are under lower <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrostatic">hydrostatic</a> pressure. On their journey, high-pressure fluids crack rock by <a href="/wiki/Hydrofracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrofracture">hydrofracturing</a>, forming an angular <i>in situ</i> breccia. Rounding of rock fragments is less common in the mesothermal regime, as the formational event is brief. If boiling occurs, <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> may be lost to the steam phase, and ore may precipitate. Mesothermal deposits are often mined for gold.<sup id="cite_ref-Jebrak1997_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jebrak1997-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ornamental_uses">Ornamental uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breccia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ornamental uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tawaret.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Tawaret.jpg/100px-Tawaret.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Tawaret.jpg/150px-Tawaret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Tawaret.jpg/200px-Tawaret.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Breccia statue of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a> goddess <a href="/wiki/Tawaret" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawaret">Tawaret</a></figcaption></figure> <p>For thousands of years, the striking visual appearance of breccias has made them a popular <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculptural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architectural</a> material. Breccia was used for column bases in the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> <a href="/wiki/Minoan_palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan palace">palace</a> of <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a> on Crete in about 1800 <a href="/wiki/Before_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Christ">BC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breccia was used on a limited scale by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptians</a>; one of the best-known examples is the statue of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Tawaret" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawaret">Tawaret</a> in the British Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-HendersonEtal2000_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HendersonEtal2000-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breccia was regarded by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> as an especially <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">precious stone</a> and was often used in high-profile public buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many types of <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> are brecciated, such as Breccia Oniciata.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breccia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crackle_breccia" title="Crackle breccia">Crackle breccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallasite" title="Dallasite">Dallasite</a> – Greenish Breccia found in British Columbia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">Impact crater</a> – Circular depression in a solid astronomical body formed by the impact of a smaller object</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrothermal">Hydrothermal circulation</a> – Circulation of water driven by heat exchange<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vein_(geology)" title="Vein (geology)">Vein (geology)</a> – Sheetlike body of crystallized minerals within a rock</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">Kimberlite</a> – Igneous rock which sometimes contains diamonds</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regolith" title="Regolith">Regolith</a> – A layer of loose, heterogeneous superficial deposits covering solid rock</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breccia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-allaby-2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-allaby-2013_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allaby-2013_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAllaby2013" class="citation book cs1">Allaby, Michael, ed. (2013). "Breccia". <i>A dictionary of geology and earth sciences</i> (Fourth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199653065" title="Special:BookSources/9780199653065"><bdi>9780199653065</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Breccia&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+geology+and+earth+sciences&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199653065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreccia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-geology.utah.gov-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-geology.utah.gov_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-geology.utah.gov_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiek2013" class="citation journal cs1">Biek, Robert F. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Utah+Geological+Survey+Notes&rft.atitle=The+Early+Miocene+Markagunt+Megabreccia%3A+Utah%27s+largest+catastrophic+landsline&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2013-05&rft.aulast=Biek&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeology.utah.gov%2Fmap-pub%2Fsurvey-notes%2Fthe-early-miocene-markagunt-megabreccia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreccia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcewen-etal-2008-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcewen-etal-2008_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcewen-etal-2008_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEwenTornabeneGrantWray2008" class="citation journal cs1">McEwen, A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Geophysical+Union%2C+Fall+Meeting&rft.atitle=Noachian+Megabreccia+on+Mars&rft.volume=2008&rft.pages=P43D-03&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008AGUFM.P43D..03M&rft.aulast=McEwen&rft.aufirst=A.+S.&rft.au=Tornabene%2C+L.&rft.au=Grant%2C+J.&rft.au=Wray%2C+J.&rft.au=Mustard%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fui.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2008AGUFM.P43D..03M%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreccia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goff-etal-2011-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goff-etal-2011_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goff-etal-2011_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goff-etal-2011_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goff-etal-2011_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoffGardnerReneauKelley2011" class="citation journal cs1">Goff, Fraser; Gardner, Jamie N.; Reneau, Steven L.; Kelley, Shari A.; Kempter, Kirt A.; Lawrence, John R. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoinfo.nmt.edu/publications/maps/geologic/gm/79/">"Geologic map of the Valles caldera, Jemez Mountains, New Mexico"</a>. <i>New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Map Series</i>. <b>79</b>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.V13C2606G">2011AGUFM.V13C2606G</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Mexico+Bureau+of+Geology+and+Mineral+Resources+Map+Series&rft.atitle=Geologic+map+of+the+Valles+caldera%2C+Jemez+Mountains%2C+New+Mexico&rft.volume=79&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011AGUFM.V13C2606G&rft.aulast=Goff&rft.aufirst=Fraser&rft.au=Gardner%2C+Jamie+N.&rft.au=Reneau%2C+Steven+L.&rft.au=Kelley%2C+Shari+A.&rft.au=Kempter%2C+Kirt+A.&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeoinfo.nmt.edu%2Fpublications%2Fmaps%2Fgeologic%2Fgm%2F79%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreccia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson1997-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson1997_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson1997_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1997" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Julia A., ed. 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(27 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12681%2Fbgsg.11704">"A Multidisciplinary Investigation at the Lastros-Sfaka Graben, Crete"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece</i>. <b>50</b> (1): 85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12681%2Fbgsg.11704">10.12681/bgsg.11704</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134862302">134862302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Geological+Society+of+Greece&rft.atitle=A+Multidisciplinary+Investigation+at+the+Lastros-Sfaka+Graben%2C+Crete&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85&rft.date=2017-07-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12681%2Fbgsg.11704&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134862302%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Schneiderwind%2C+S.&rft.au=Pallikarakis%2C+A.&rft.au=Wiatr%2C+T.&rft.au=Mechernich%2C+S.&rft.au=Papanikolaou%2C+I.&rft.au=Reicherter%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.12681%252Fbgsg.11704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreccia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore1989-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moore1989_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1989" class="citation journal cs1">Moore, P. R. (June 1989). "Kirks Breccia: a late cretaceous submarine channelised debris flow deposit, Raukumara Peninsula, New Zealand". <i>Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 195–203. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989JRSNZ..19..195M">1989JRSNZ..19..195M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03036758.1989.10426448">10.1080/03036758.1989.10426448</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Kirks+Breccia%3A+a+late+cretaceous+submarine+channelised+debris+flow+deposit%2C+Raukumara+Peninsula%2C+New+Zealand&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=195-203&rft.date=1989-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03036758.1989.10426448&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989JRSNZ..19..195M&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=P.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreccia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemiralinHurleyOesleby1993" class="citation book cs1">Demiralin, A.S.; Hurley, N.F.; Oesleby, T.W. (1993). "Karst Breccias in the Madison Limestone (Mississippian), Garland Field, Wyoming". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.datapages.com/data/sepm_sp/CW18/Karst_Breccias_in_the_Madison.htm"><i>Paleokarst Related Hydrocarbon Reservoirs</i></a>. Society for Sedimentary Geology. pp. 101–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2110%2Fcor.93.18.0101">10.2110/cor.93.18.0101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56576-004-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56576-004-2"><bdi>1-56576-004-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Karst+Breccias+in+the+Madison+Limestone+%28Mississippian%29%2C+Garland+Field%2C+Wyoming&rft.btitle=Paleokarst+Related+Hydrocarbon+Reservoirs&rft.pages=101-118&rft.pub=Society+for+Sedimentary+Geology&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2110%2Fcor.93.18.0101&rft.isbn=1-56576-004-2&rft.aulast=Demiralin&rft.aufirst=A.S.&rft.au=Hurley%2C+N.F.&rft.au=Oesleby%2C+T.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.datapages.com%2Fdata%2Fsepm_sp%2FCW18%2FKarst_Breccias_in_the_Madison.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreccia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lopes2020-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lopes2020_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopesRochaMuradGarcia2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lopes, Tuane V.; Rocha, Aline C.; Murad, Marcio A.; Garcia, Eduardo L. M.; Pereira, Patricia A.; Cazarin, Caroline L. (February 2020). "A new computational model for flow in karst-carbonates containing solution-collapse breccias". <i>Computational Geosciences</i>. <b>24</b> (1): 61–87. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020CmpGe..24...61L">2020CmpGe..24...61L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10596-019-09894-9">10.1007/s10596-019-09894-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208144669">208144669</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computational+Geosciences&rft.atitle=A+new+computational+model+for+flow+in+karst-carbonates+containing+solution-collapse+breccias&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-87&rft.date=2020-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A208144669%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10596-019-09894-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020CmpGe..24...61L&rft.aulast=Lopes&rft.aufirst=Tuane+V.&rft.au=Rocha%2C+Aline+C.&rft.au=Murad%2C+Marcio+A.&rft.au=Garcia%2C+Eduardo+L.+M.&rft.au=Pereira%2C+Patricia+A.&rft.au=Cazarin%2C+Caroline+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreccia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlattMiddletoneMurray1980" class="citation book cs1">Blatt, Harvey; Middletone, Gerard; Murray, Raymond (1980). <i>Origin of sedimentary rocks</i> (2d ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. pp. 546, 577. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0136427103" title="Special:BookSources/0136427103"><bdi>0136427103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin+of+sedimentary+rocks&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=546%2C+577&rft.edition=2d&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0136427103&rft.aulast=Blatt&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft.au=Middletone%2C+Gerard&rft.au=Murray%2C+Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreccia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodcockMort2008" class="citation journal cs1">Woodcock, N. H.; Mort, K. (May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gt-crust.ru/jour/article/view/620">"Classification of fault breccias and related fault rocks"</a>. <i>Geological Magazine</i>. <b>145</b> (3): 435–440. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008GeoM..145..435W">2008GeoM..145..435W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0016756808004883">10.1017/S0016756808004883</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55133319">55133319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Magazine&rft.atitle=Classification+of+fault+breccias+and+related+fault+rocks&rft.volume=145&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=435-440&rft.date=2008-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55133319%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0016756808004883&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008GeoM..145..435W&rft.aulast=Woodcock&rft.aufirst=N.+H.&rft.au=Mort%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gt-crust.ru%2Fjour%2Farticle%2Fview%2F620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreccia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fisher-schmincke-1984-89-92-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fisher-schmincke-1984-89-92_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fisher-schmincke-1984-89-92_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisherSchmincke1984" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Richard V.; Schmincke, H.-U. (1984). <i>Pyroclastic rocks</i>. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 89–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3540127569" title="Special:BookSources/3540127569"><bdi>3540127569</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pyroclastic+rocks&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=89-92&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=3540127569&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Richard+V.&rft.au=Schmincke%2C+H.-U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreccia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrightBowes1963" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, A. E.; Bowes, D. R. (1963). "Classification of Volcanic Breccias: A Discussion". <i>Geological Society of America Bulletin</i>. <b>74</b> (1): 79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0016-7606%281963%2974%5B79%3ACOVBAD%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1130/0016-7606(1963)74[79:COVBAD]2.0.CO;2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Society+of+America+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Classification+of+Volcanic+Breccias%3A+A+Discussion&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0016-7606%281963%2974%5B79%3ACOVBAD%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=A.+E.&rft.au=Bowes%2C+D.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreccia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliantiHarris2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Olianti, Camille A.E.; Harris, Chris (February 2018). 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Michael Hogan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/10854/knossos.html#fieldnotes"><i>Knossos fieldnotes</i>, Modern Antiquarian (2007)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HendersonEtal2000-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HendersonEtal2000_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendersonMorkotPeltenbergQuirke2000" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, Julian; Morkot, Robert; Peltenberg, E.J.; Quirke, Stephen; Serpico, Margaret; Tait, John; White, Raymond (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vj7A9jJrZP0C&dq=tarawet+statue,+breccia&pg=PR21"><i>Ancient Egyptian materials and technology</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521452571" title="Special:BookSources/9780521452571"><bdi>9780521452571</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+materials+and+technology&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780521452571&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft.au=Morkot%2C+Robert&rft.au=Peltenberg%2C+E.J.&rft.au=Quirke%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Serpico%2C+Margaret&rft.au=Tait%2C+John&rft.au=White%2C+Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVj7A9jJrZP0C%26dq%3Dtarawet%2Bstatue%2C%2Bbreccia%26pg%3DPR21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreccia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazzarini2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lazzarini, Lorenzo (January 2010). "Six Coloured Types of Stone from Asia Minor Used by the Romans, and Their Specific Deterioration Problems". <i>Studies in Conservation</i>. <b>55</b> (sup2): 140–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fsic.2010.55.Supplement-2.140">10.1179/sic.2010.55.Supplement-2.140</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194088642">194088642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Conservation&rft.atitle=Six+Coloured+Types+of+Stone+from+Asia+Minor+Used+by+the+Romans%2C+and+Their+Specific+Deterioration+Problems&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=sup2&rft.pages=140-146&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Fsic.2010.55.Supplement-2.140&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194088642%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lazzarini&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreccia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGórny2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Górny, Zbigniew (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7494%2Fgeotour.2009.16-17.61">"Selected examples of natural stones from Italy and Germany used in architectural objects in Krakow – a short geological excursion"</a>. <i>Geotourism/Geoturystyka</i>. 16–17 (1): 61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7494%2Fgeotour.2009.16-17.61">10.7494/geotour.2009.16-17.61</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geotourism%2FGeoturystyka&rft.atitle=Selected+examples+of+natural+stones+from+Italy+and+Germany+used+in+architectural+objects+in+Krakow+%E2%80%93+a+short+geological+excursion&rft.volume=16-17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7494%2Fgeotour.2009.16-17.61&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3rny&rft.aufirst=Zbigniew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7494%252Fgeotour.2009.16-17.61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreccia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breccia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Breccia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Breccia">Breccia</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Breccia" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Breccia">Breccia</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSibson1987" class="citation journal cs1">Sibson, R.H. (1987). "Earthquake rupturing as a mineralizing agent in hydrothermal systems". <i>Geology</i>. <b>15</b> (8): 701–704. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987Geo....15..701S">1987Geo....15..701S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%281987%2915%3C701%3AERAAMA%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<701:ERAAMA>2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7613">0091-7613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Earthquake+rupturing+as+a+mineralizing+agent+in+hydrothermal+systems&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=701-704&rft.date=1987&rft.issn=0091-7613&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0091-7613%281987%2915%3C701%3AERAAMA%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987Geo....15..701S&rft.aulast=Sibson&rft.aufirst=R.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreccia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSibson2000" class="citation journal cs1">Sibson, R.H. (2000). "Fluid involvement in normal faulting". <i>Journal of Geodynamics</i>. <b>29</b> (3–5): 469–499. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JGeo...29..469S">2000JGeo...29..469S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0264-3707%2899%2900042-3">10.1016/S0264-3707(99)00042-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geodynamics&rft.atitle=Fluid+involvement+in+normal+faulting&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3%E2%80%935&rft.pages=469-499&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0264-3707%2899%2900042-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000JGeo...29..469S&rft.aulast=Sibson&rft.aufirst=R.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreccia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rock_type" title="Template:Rock type"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rock_type" title="Template talk:Rock type"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rock_type" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rock type"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_rocks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of rocks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">Igneous rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adakite" title="Adakite">Adakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar_granite" title="Alkali feldspar granite">Alkali feldspar granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorthosite" title="Anorthosite">Anorthosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aplite" title="Aplite">Aplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_basalt" title="Alkali basalt">Alkali basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrite_basalt" title="Picrite basalt">Picrite basalt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaltic_trachyandesite" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaltic trachyandesite">Basaltic trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mugearite" title="Mugearite">Mugearite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshonite" title="Shoshonite">Shoshonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanite" title="Basanite">Basanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blairmorite" title="Blairmorite">Blairmorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boninite" title="Boninite">Boninite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">Carbonatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charnockite" title="Charnockite">Charnockite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enderbite" title="Enderbite">Enderbite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">Diabase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonite" title="Napoleonite">Napoleonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunite" title="Dunite">Dunite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essexite" title="Essexite">Essexite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foidolite" title="Foidolite">Foidolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">Gabbro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Granodiorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granophyre" title="Granophyre">Granophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harzburgite" title="Harzburgite">Harzburgite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornblendite" title="Hornblendite">Hornblendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandite" title="Icelandite">Icelandite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">Ignimbrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">Kimberlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">Komatiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamproite" title="Lamproite">Lamproite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamprophyre" title="Lamprophyre">Lamprophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latite" title="Latite">Latite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lherzolite" title="Lherzolite">Lherzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzogranite" title="Monzogranite">Monzogranite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzonite" title="Monzonite">Monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepheline_syenite" title="Nepheline syenite">Nepheline syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">Nephelinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norite" title="Norite">Norite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">Pegmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">Peridotite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">Phonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonotephrite" title="Phonotephrite">Phonotephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroxenite" title="Pyroxenite">Pyroxenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_diorite" title="Quartz diorite">Quartz diorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_monzonite" title="Quartz monzonite">Quartz monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzolite" title="Quartzolite">Quartzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyodacite" title="Rhyodacite">Rhyodacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comendite" title="Comendite">Comendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantellerite" title="Pantellerite">Pantellerite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">Scoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovite" title="Sovite">Sovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syenite" title="Syenite">Syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachylyte">Tachylyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephriphonolite" title="Tephriphonolite">Tephriphonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrite" title="Tephrite">Tephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalite" title="Tonalite">Tonalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyandesite" title="Trachyandesite">Trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benmoreite" title="Benmoreite">Benmoreite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">Trachybasalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiite" title="Hawaiite">Hawaiite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">Trachyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troctolite" title="Troctolite">Troctolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trondhjemite" title="Trondhjemite">Trondhjemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">Tuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Websterite" title="Websterite">Websterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrlite" title="Wehrlite">Wehrlite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">Sedimentary rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argillite" title="Argillite">Argillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkose" title="Arkose">Arkose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_iron_formation" title="Banded iron formation">Banded iron formation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Breccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcarenite" title="Calcarenite">Calcarenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">Chert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claystone" class="mw-redirect" title="Claystone">Claystone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coquina" title="Coquina">Coquina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamictite" title="Diamictite">Diamictite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomite" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomite">Diatomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">Dolomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">Evaporite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyserite" title="Geyserite">Geyserite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywacke" title="Greywacke">Greywacke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gritstone" title="Gritstone">Gritstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itacolumite" title="Itacolumite">Itacolumite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaspillite" title="Jaspillite">Jaspillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">Laterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">Lignite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumachelle" title="Lumachelle">Lumachelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">Marl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">Mudstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oolite" title="Oolite">Oolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">Phosphorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">Shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">Siltstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvinite" title="Sylvinite">Sylvinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillite">Tillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">Travertine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">Tufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite">Turbidite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varve" title="Varve">Varve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wackestone" title="Wackestone">Wackestone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">Metamorphic rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">Anthracite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">Amphibolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueschist" title="Blueschist">Blueschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclasite" title="Cataclasite">Cataclasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclogite" title="Eclogite">Eclogite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">Gneiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulite" title="Granulite">Granulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenschist" title="Greenschist">Greenschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornfels" title="Hornfels">Hornfels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcflinta" title="Calcflinta">Calcflinta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itabirite" title="Itabirite">Itabirite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migmatite" title="Migmatite">Migmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylonite" title="Mylonite">Mylonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Metapelite">Metapelite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metapsammite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metapsammite (page does not exist)">Metapsammite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllite" title="Phyllite">Phyllite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudotachylite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudotachylite">Pseudotachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">Quartzite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">Schist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skarn" title="Skarn">Skarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suevite" title="Suevite">Suevite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talc_carbonate" title="Talc carbonate">Talc carbonate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">Soapstone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonite" title="Tectonite">Tectonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteschist" title="Whiteschist">Whiteschist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Adamellite">Adamellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appinite" title="Appinite">Appinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphanite" title="Aphanite">Aphanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borolanite" title="Borolanite">Borolanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Blue Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidosite" title="Epidosite">Epidosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felsite" title="Felsite">Felsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganister" title="Ganister">Ganister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossan" title="Gossan">Gossan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeitite" title="Jadeitite">Jadeitite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasperoid" title="Jasperoid">Jasperoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyte" title="Kenyte">Kenyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Larvikite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanite" title="Llanite">Llanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxullianite" title="Luxullianite">Luxullianite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangerite" title="Mangerite">Mangerite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novaculite" title="Novaculite">Novaculite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietersite" title="Pietersite">Pietersite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolite" title="Pyrolite">Pyrolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapakivi_granite" title="Rapakivi granite">Rapakivi granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhomb_porphyry" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhomb porphyry">Rhomb porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodingite" title="Rodingite">Rodingite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taconite" title="Taconite">Taconite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylite" title="Tachylite">Tachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teschenite" title="Teschenite">Teschenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theralite" title="Theralite">Theralite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unakite" title="Unakite">Unakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variolite" title="Variolite">Variolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wad_(mineral)" title="Wad (mineral)">Wad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191250#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191250#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191250#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span 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