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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tasks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Electoral term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latest_election_result" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latest_election_result"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Latest election result</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Latest_election_result-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Latest election result subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Latest_election_result-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regular_election_of_2021" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regular_election_of_2021"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Regular election of 2021</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regular_election_of_2021-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repeat_election_of_2024" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repeat_election_of_2024"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Repeat election of 2024</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repeat_election_of_2024-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Bundestag_by_session" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Bundestag_by_session"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>List of Bundestag by session</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Bundestag_by_session-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidents_since_1949" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidents_since_1949"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Presidents since 1949</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidents_since_1949-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parliamentary_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliamentary_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Parliamentary groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliamentary_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Executive_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Executive bodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive_bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Committees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Committees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Committees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Committees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principle_of_discontinuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principle_of_discontinuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Principle of discontinuation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Principle_of_discontinuation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Principle of discontinuation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Principle_of_discontinuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bundestag</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bundestag" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Bundestag" title="Deutscher Bundestag – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Deutscher Bundestag" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="بوندستاغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوندستاغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bundestag" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Պունտեսթակ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պունտեսթակ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bundestag" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestaq" title="Bundestaq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bundestaq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tek-kok_Li%C3%A2n-pang_G%C4%AB-h%C5%8De" title="Tek-kok Liân-pang Gī-hōe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tek-kok Liân-pang Gī-hōe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Бундэстаг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бундэстаг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Бундэстаг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бундэстаг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3_(%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Бундестаг (Германия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бундестаг (Германия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bundestag" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bundestag" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Бундестаг – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бундестаг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bundestag" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bmeck%C3%BD_spolkov%C3%BD_sn%C4%9Bm" title="Německý spolkový sněm – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Německý spolkový sněm" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbundsdagen" title="Forbundsdagen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Forbundsdagen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Bundestag" title="Deutscher Bundestag – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutscher Bundestag" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zw%C4%9Bzkowy_sejm" title="Zwězkowy sejm – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Zwězkowy sejm" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liidup%C3%A4ev" title="Liidupäev – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Liidupäev" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Μπούντεσταγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπούντεσταγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bundestag" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federacia_Parlamento_(Germanio)" title="Federacia Parlamento (Germanio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Federacia Parlamento (Germanio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bundestag" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%AF" title="بوندستاگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوندستاگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bundestag" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag_de_Gjermanie" title="Bundestag de Gjermanie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Bundestag de Gjermanie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bundestag" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC_%EC%97%B0%EB%B0%A9%EC%9D%98%ED%9A%8C" title="독일 연방의회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일 연방의회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3" title="Բունդեսթագ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բունդեսթագ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwjazkowy_sejm" title="Zwjazkowy sejm – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Zwjazkowy sejm" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bundestag" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bundestag" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bundestag" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%92" title="בונדסטאג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בונדסטאג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ბუნდესტაგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბუნდესტაგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Бундестаг – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бундестаг" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bundestag" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieta_foederalis_Germaniae" title="Dieta foederalis Germaniae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dieta foederalis Germaniae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundest%C4%81gs" title="Bundestāgs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bundestāgs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A4itsche_Bundestag" title="Däitsche Bundestag – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Däitsche Bundestag" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestagas" title="Bundestagas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bundestagas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieta_Federal_(Germania)" title="Dieta Federal (Germania) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Dieta Federal (Germania)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bundestag" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Бундестаг – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бундестаг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97" title="बुंडेश्टाग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बुंडेश्टाग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ბუნდესტაგი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბუნდესტაგი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بوندستاج المانيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بوندستاج المانيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bundestag" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Бундестаг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бундестаг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondsdag" title="Bondsdag – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bondsdag" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97" title="बुन्देस्त्याग – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बुन्देस्त्याग" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E8%AD%B0%E4%BC%9A" title="ドイツ連邦議会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツ連邦議会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjiisk_Bundesdai" title="Sjiisk Bundesdai – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sjiisk Bundesdai" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbundsdagen" title="Forbundsdagen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Forbundsdagen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbundsdagen" title="Forbundsdagen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Forbundsdagen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bundestag" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bundestag" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch_Bundsdag" title="Düütsch Bundsdag – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Düütsch Bundsdag" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bundestag" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bundestag" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bundestag" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Бундестаг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бундестаг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bundestag" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buundesdai" title="Buundesdai – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Buundesdai" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bundestag" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Bundestag" title="German Bundestag – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="German Bundestag" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemeck%C3%BD_spolkov%C3%BD_snem" title="Nemecký spolkový snem – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nemecký spolkový snem" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8E%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%AF" title="بوندێستاگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بوندێستاگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Бундестаг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бундестаг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bundestag" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksan_liittop%C3%A4iv%C3%A4t" title="Saksan liittopäivät – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksan liittopäivät" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rbundsdagen" title="Förbundsdagen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Förbundsdagen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bundestag" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Bundestag" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84" title="บุนเดิสทาค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บุนเดิสทาค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Бундестаг – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бундестаг" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman_Federal_Meclisi" title="Alman Federal Meclisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alman Federal Meclisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Бундестаг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бундестаг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Bundestag" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%91c_h%E1%BB%99i_Li%C3%AAn_bang_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Quốc hội Liên bang Đức – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quốc hội Liên bang Đức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" title="德国联邦议院 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="德国联邦议院" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2" title="德國聯邦議院 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="德國聯邦議院" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" title="德国联邦议院 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="德国联邦议院" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q154797#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bundestag&params=52_31_07_N_13_22_34_E_source:nlwiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°31′07″N</span> <span class="longitude">13°22′34″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.51861°N 13.37611°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.51861; 13.37611</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Federal parliament of Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the current parliament of Germany. For the governing body of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866, see <a href="/wiki/Bundesversammlung_(German_Confederation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesversammlung (German Confederation)">Bundesversammlung (German Confederation)</a>. For other historical parliaments of Germany, see <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Reichstag (disambiguation)">Reichstag (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%; border-top: 2px solid #000000; border-bottom: 2px solid #000000"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">German Bundestag</div> <br /><div style="display:inline" class="nickname"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutscher Bundestag</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_20th_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 20th Bundestag">20th Bundestag</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coat of arms or logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg/150px-Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg/225px-Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg/300px-Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="348" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #000000; border-bottom: 2px solid #000000">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">7 September 1949<span class="noprint">; 75 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1949-09-07</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Historically: <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Reichstag (Nazi Germany)">Reichstag</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, 1933–1945)</li><li><i>De jure:</i> <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a> (<a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, 1919–1933)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #000000; border-bottom: 2px solid #000000">Leadership</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Bundestag" title="President of the Bundestag">President of the Bundestag</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A4rbel_Bas" title="Bärbel Bas">Bärbel Bas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> <br />since 26 October 2021 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Bundestag" title="Presidium of the Bundestag">Vice presidents of the Bundestag</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Aydan_%C3%96zo%C4%9Fuz" title="Aydan Özoğuz">Aydan Özoğuz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> <br />since 26 October 2021 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Magwas" title="Yvonne Magwas">Yvonne Magwas</a>, <a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a> <br />since 26 October 2021 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Katrin_G%C3%B6ring-Eckardt" title="Katrin Göring-Eckardt">Katrin Göring-Eckardt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> <br />since 9 December 2021 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Kubicki" title="Wolfgang Kubicki">Wolfgang Kubicki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> <br />since 24 October 2017 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Petra_Pau" title="Petra Pau">Petra Pau</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> <br />since 7 April 2006 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><i>Vacant</i>, <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a><sup id="cite_ref-vp_afd_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vp_afd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/President_by_right_of_age_of_the_Bundestag" title="President by right of age of the Bundestag">President by right of age</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ramsauer" title="Peter Ramsauer">Peter Ramsauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a> <br />since 26 December 2023 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> <br />since 8 December 2021 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Germany)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Germany)">Leader of the Opposition</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Merz" title="Friedrich Merz">Friedrich Merz</a>, <a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a> <br />since 15 February 2022 </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #000000; border-bottom: 2px solid #000000">Structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Seats</th><td class="infobox-data">733<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundestag_(current_composition).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bundestag_%28current_composition%29.svg/250px-Bundestag_%28current_composition%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bundestag_%28current_composition%29.svg/375px-Bundestag_%28current_composition%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bundestag_%28current_composition%29.svg/500px-Bundestag_%28current_composition%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Political groups</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><b><a href="/wiki/Scholz_cabinet" title="Scholz cabinet">Government</a> (325)</b> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> (207)</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#409A3C; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Greens</a> (117)</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (<a href="/wiki/Volker_Wissing" title="Volker Wissing">1</a>)</dd></dl> <p><b>Opposition (408)</b> </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a> (196) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> (153)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008AC5; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">CSU</a> (43)</li></ul></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> (90)</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00A2DE; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a> (77)</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#BE3075; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> (28)</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#792351; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sahra_Wagenknecht_Alliance" title="Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance">BSW</a> (10)</dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> Non-attached (7)</span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00A2DE; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a> (<a href="/wiki/Matthias_Helferich" title="Matthias Helferich">1</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#003C8F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/South_Schleswig_Voters%27_Association" title="South Schleswig Voters' Association">SSW</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stefan_Seidler" title="Stefan Seidler">1</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (5)</li></ul></dd></dl> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #000000; border-bottom: 2px solid #000000">Elections</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Voting system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member proportional representation</a> (MMP)<br />with <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation#Dealing_with_overhang_seats" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">leveling seats</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Last election</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/2021_German_federal_election" title="2021 German federal election">26 September 2021</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Next election</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/2025_German_federal_election" title="2025 German federal election">23 February 2025</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #000000; border-bottom: 2px solid #000000">Meeting place</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutscher_Bundestag_Plenarsaal_Seitenansicht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Deutscher_Bundestag_Plenarsaal_Seitenansicht.jpg/220px-Deutscher_Bundestag_Plenarsaal_Seitenansicht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Deutscher_Bundestag_Plenarsaal_Seitenansicht.jpg/330px-Deutscher_Bundestag_Plenarsaal_Seitenansicht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Deutscher_Bundestag_Plenarsaal_Seitenansicht.jpg/440px-Deutscher_Bundestag_Plenarsaal_Seitenansicht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1937" data-file-height="1441" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data label"><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_building" title="Reichstag building">Reichstag building</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mitte" title="Mitte">Mitte</a>, Berlin, Germany</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #000000; border-bottom: 2px solid #000000">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundestag.de/en">www<wbr />.bundestag<wbr />.de<wbr />/en</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154797#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #000000; border-bottom: 2px solid #000000">Constitution</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #000000; border-bottom: 2px solid #000000">Rules</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.btg-bestellservice.de/pdf/80060000.pdf">Rules of Procedure of the German Bundestag and Mediation Committee</a> (English)</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="width:22.0em; border: 4px double var(--background-color-inverted, #101418);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">This article is part of a series on the</span></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#d33; border: 1px double #8C959A;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany"><span style="color: white;"><small>Politics of </small><br />Germany</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany"><span style="color:#000;">Constitution <span style="font-size:85%;">(Basic Law)</span></span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Constitutional Court of Germany">Federal Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Germany" title="Human rights in Germany">Human rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">Head of State</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President of Germany</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">Executive</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(1949%E2%80%93)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Germany (1949–)">Chancellor of Germany</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_chancellors_of_Germany" title="List of chancellors of Germany">list</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Vice-Chancellor of Germany">Vice Chancellor of Germany</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Habeck" title="Robert Habeck">Robert Habeck</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Grüne</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germany" title="Cabinet of Germany">Cabinet</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Scholz_cabinet" title="Scholz cabinet">Scholz</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_agency_(Germany)" title="Federal agency (Germany)">Federal agencies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">Legislature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bundestag</a></b> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bundestag_constituencies" title="List of Bundestag constituencies">constituencies</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_German_Bundestag" title="Member of the German Bundestag">members</a></dd></dl></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat of Germany">Bundesrat</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermittlungsausschuss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vermittlungsausschuss (page does not exist)"><i>Vermittlungsausschuss</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsamer_Ausschuss" title="Gemeinsamer Ausschuss"><i>Gemeinsamer Ausschuss</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany" title="Judiciary of Germany"><span style="color:#000;">Judiciary</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court" title="Federal Constitutional Court">Federal Constitutional Court</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Federal courts</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Justice" title="Federal Court of Justice">Ordinary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Administrative_Court_(Germany)" title="Federal Administrative Court (Germany)">Administrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Fiscal_Court" title="Federal Fiscal Court">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Labour_Court" title="Federal Labour Court">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Social_Court" title="Federal Social Court">Social</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Senate_of_the_Supreme_Courts_of_the_Federation" title="Joint Senate of the Supreme Courts of the Federation">Joint Senate</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany#Courts" title="Judiciary of Germany">Other courts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Germany"><span style="color:#000;">Subdivisions</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State (<i>Land</i>)</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_President_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister President (Germany)">Minister president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Parliament_(Germany)" title="State Parliament (Germany)">State Parliament (<i>Landtag</i>)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_German_state_parliaments" title="Composition of the German state parliaments">composition</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk"><i>Regierungsbezirk</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">District (<i>Kreis</i>)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Germany" title="List of districts of Germany">list</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amt_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amt (country subdivision)">Collective municipality (<i>Amt</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Germany" title="Municipalities of Germany">Municipality (<i>Gemeinde</i>)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Germany" title="List of municipalities in Germany">list</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany"><span style="color:#000;">Elections</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Germany" title="Electoral system of Germany">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Germany" title="Referendums in Germany">Referendums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_governing_coalition" title="German governing coalition">Coalitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Convention_(Germany)" title="Federal Convention (Germany)">Federal Convention (<i>Bundesversammlung</i>)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Presidential elections</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany_(1919%E2%80%931945)" title="President of Germany (1919–1945)">Weimar Republic (1919–1933)</a></li></ul> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_German_presidential_election" title="1919 German presidential election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_German_presidential_election" title="1925 German presidential election">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_German_presidential_election" title="1932 German presidential election">1932</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_East_Germany" title="President of East Germany">East Germany (1949–1960)</a></li></ul> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1949_East_German_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1949 East German presidential election (page does not exist)">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1953_East_German_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1953 East German presidential election (page does not exist)">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1957_East_German_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1957 East German presidential election (page does not exist)">1957</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949)</a></li></ul> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1949_West_German_presidential_election" title="1949 West German presidential election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_West_German_presidential_election" title="1954 West German presidential election">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_West_German_presidential_election" title="1959 West German presidential election">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_West_German_presidential_election" title="1964 West German presidential election">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_West_German_presidential_election" title="1969 West German presidential election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_West_German_presidential_election" title="1974 West German presidential election">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_West_German_presidential_election" title="1979 West German presidential election">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_West_German_presidential_election" title="1984 West German presidential election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_West_German_presidential_election" title="1989 West German presidential election">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_German_presidential_election" title="1994 German presidential election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_German_presidential_election" title="1999 German presidential election">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_German_presidential_election" title="2004 German presidential election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_German_presidential_election" title="2009 German presidential election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_German_presidential_election" title="2010 German presidential election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_German_presidential_election" title="2012 German presidential election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_German_presidential_election" title="2017 German presidential election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_German_presidential_election" title="2022 German presidential election"><i>2022</i></a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Parliamentary election</b></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_1867_North_German_federal_election" title="February 1867 North German federal election">1867 (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1867_North_German_federal_election" title="August 1867 North German federal election">1867 (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Zollparlament_election" title="1868 Zollparlament election">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_German_federal_election" title="1871 German federal election">1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_German_federal_election" title="1874 German federal election">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_German_federal_election" title="1877 German federal election">1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1878_German_federal_election" title="1878 German federal election">1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1881_German_federal_election" title="1881 German federal election">1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_German_federal_election" title="1884 German federal election">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_German_federal_election" title="1887 German federal election">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_German_federal_election" title="1890 German federal election">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_German_federal_election" title="1893 German federal election">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_German_federal_election" title="1898 German federal election">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_German_federal_election" title="1903 German federal election">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_German_federal_election" title="1907 German federal election">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_German_federal_election" title="1912 German federal election">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_German_federal_election" title="1919 German federal election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_German_federal_election" title="1920 German federal election">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1924_German_federal_election" title="May 1924 German federal election">1924 (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1924_German_federal_election" title="December 1924 German federal election">1924 (Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_German_federal_election" title="1928 German federal election">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_German_federal_election" title="1930 German federal election">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1932_German_federal_election" title="July 1932 German federal election">1932 (July)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">1932 (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election" title="March 1933 German federal election">1933 (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1933_German_parliamentary_election" title="November 1933 German parliamentary election">1933 (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_German_parliamentary_election_and_referendum" title="1936 German parliamentary election and referendum">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_German_parliamentary_election_and_referendum" title="1938 German parliamentary election and referendum">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_West_German_federal_election" title="1949 West German federal election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_West_German_federal_election" title="1953 West German federal election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_West_German_federal_election" title="1957 West German federal election">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_West_German_federal_election" title="1961 West German federal election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_West_German_federal_election" title="1965 West German federal election">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_West_German_federal_election" title="1969 West German federal election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_West_German_federal_election" title="1972 West German federal election">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_West_German_federal_election" title="1976 West German federal election">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_West_German_federal_election" title="1980 West German federal election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_West_German_federal_election" title="1983 West German federal election">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_West_German_federal_election" title="1987 West German federal election">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_German_federal_election" title="1990 German federal election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_German_federal_election" title="1994 German federal election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_German_federal_election" title="1998 German federal election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_German_federal_election" title="2002 German federal election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_German_federal_election" title="2005 German federal election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_German_federal_election" title="2009 German federal election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_German_federal_election" title="2013 German federal election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_German_federal_election" title="2017 German federal election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_German_federal_election" title="2021 German federal election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_German_federal_election" title="2025 German federal election"><i>2025</i></a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <ul><li><b>European elections</b></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" title="1979 European Parliament election in West Germany">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" title="1984 European Parliament election in West Germany">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" title="1989 European Parliament election in West Germany">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="1994 European Parliament election in Germany">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="1999 European Parliament election in Germany">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2004 European Parliament election in Germany">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2009 European Parliament election in Germany">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2014 European Parliament election in Germany">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2019 European Parliament election in Germany">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2024 European Parliament election in Germany"><i>2024</i></a></li></ul> </div> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">State and local politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b>State Politics</b></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Politics of Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bavaria" title="Politics of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Berlin" title="Politics of Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brandenburg" title="Politics of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Bremen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politics of Bremen (page does not exist)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hamburg" title="Politics of Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hesse" title="Politics of Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lower_Saxony" title="Politics of Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Politics of North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Politics of Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saarland" title="Politics of Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saxony" title="Politics of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Politics of Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Politics of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Thuringia" title="Politics of Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany"><span style="color:#000;">Foreign relations</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><br /> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Foreign relations by country</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="France–Germany relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Germany–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Germany–United Kingdom relations">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Germany–United States relations">USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="China–Germany relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Germany–Russia relations">Russia</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>International Relations</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_German_citizens" title="Visa requirements for German citizens">Visa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_passport" title="German passport">Passport</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">Political ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture_of_Germany" title="Political culture of Germany">Political culture</a> / <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Germany" title="Federalism in Germany">Federalism</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Germany_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Communism in Germany (disambiguation)">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Conservatism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Conservatism_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrarian Conservatism in Germany">Agrarian Conservatism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Germany_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="Far-right politics in Germany (1945–present)">Far-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democracy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/16px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Germany" title="Template:Politics of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Politics of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Bundestag</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈbʊndəstaːk]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/88\/De-Bundestag2.ogg\/De-Bundestag2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Bundestag2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/De-Bundestag2.ogg/De-Bundestag2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Bundestag2.ogg" title="File:De-Bundestag2.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, "Federal <a href="/wiki/Diet_(assembly)" title="Diet (assembly)">Diet</a>") is the German <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Germany" title="Federalism in Germany">federal</a> parliament alongside the legally distinct body of the <a href="/wiki/German_Bundesrat" title="German Bundesrat">Bundesrat</a>, which together function similar to a bicameral legislature while technically being two separate unicameral legislative entities. It is the only federal representative body directly elected by the German people. The Bundestag was established by Title III<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Grundgesetz</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈɡʁʊntɡəˌzɛt͡s]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f5\/De-Grundgesetz.ogg\/De-Grundgesetz.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Grundgesetz.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/De-Grundgesetz.ogg/De-Grundgesetz.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Grundgesetz.ogg" title="File:De-Grundgesetz.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) in 1949 as one of the legislative bodies of Germany. It is thus the historical successor to the earlier <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a>. </p><p>The members of the Bundestag are representatives of the German people as a whole, are not bound by any orders or instructions and are only accountable to their electorate and their conscience.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The minimum legal number of members of the Bundestag (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Mitglieder des Bundestages</i>) is 598;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, due to the system of <a href="/wiki/Overhang_seat" title="Overhang seat">overhang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leveling_seat" title="Leveling seat">leveling seats</a> the current 20th Bundestag has a total of 735 members, making it the largest Bundestag to date and the largest freely elected national parliamentary chamber in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The members of the Bundestag refer to their workplace as <i>Hohes Haus,</i> august house. </p><p>The Bundestag is elected every four years by German citizens<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aged 18 and older.<sup id="cite_ref-law_eligibility_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law_eligibility-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elections use a <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">mixed-member proportional representation</a> system which combines <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post</a> elected seats with a <a href="/wiki/State_list_(Germany)" title="State list (Germany)">proportional party list</a> to ensure its composition mirrors the <a href="/wiki/Popular_vote_(representative_democracy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular vote (representative democracy)">national popular vote</a>. Germany's parliament can only be dissolved by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President of Germany</a>, and only after the chancellor failed to maintain the confidence of the parliament in a vote called for either by him or a majority of the house. </p><p>The Bundestag has several functions, among which a few are shared with the <a href="/wiki/German_Bundesrat" title="German Bundesrat">Bundesrat</a>. It is the chief legislative body on the federal level, producing the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germany" title="Cabinet of Germany">federal government</a> and its presiding <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">chancellor</a>. The individual states (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Bundesländer</a></i></span>) of Germany participate in the legislative process through the Bundesrat, a separate assembly sharing several privileges with the house.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bundestag elects and oversees the chancellor and their ministers, to each of which the parliament constituted mirroring <a href="/wiki/Committee" title="Committee">committees</a> for oversight (<i>Ausschüsse</i>). Setting the <a href="/wiki/Government_budget" title="Government budget">government budget</a> is the parliament's primary privilege, for which to execute it assembles the largest and most important committee of the house. Opposed to most debates in the Bundestag focussing on a specific topic, budget bills from the committee are heavily debated in the style of a review and general criticism on the government for the past year (<i>Generaldebatte</i>). The Bundestag also exclusively mandates about deployment, dispatch and assignments of the <a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a>, Germany's military. The <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a>, which is the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Defence_(Germany)" title="Federal Ministry of Defence (Germany)">federal minister of defence</a>, is obliged to and acting on behalf of the parliament (<i>Parlamentsarmee</i>). </p><p>Since 1999, the Bundestag has met in the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_building" title="Reichstag building">Reichstag building</a> in Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bundestag also operates in multiple new government buildings in Berlin around the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">neo-renaissance</a> house and has its own <a href="/wiki/German_Parliament_Police" title="German Parliament Police">police force</a> (the <a href="/wiki/German_Parliament_Police" title="German Parliament Police"><i>Bundestagspolizei</i></a>), directly subordinated to the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Bundestag" title="President of the Bundestag">Bundestag Presidency</a>. Since 2021, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A4rbel_Bas" title="Bärbel Bas">Bärbel Bas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> is the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Bundestag" title="President of the Bundestag">president of the Bundestag</a>, with as many as five vice presidents, one from each faction. The presidents and vice presidents of the parliament are elected by the members of the parliament from among their midst. Usually each faction's proposed candidate gets a simple affirmation for the office by a vote of the whole house, no matter whether the faction is governing or in opposition and regularly without distinction of person. The radical-right <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a> is the first and only faction in the history of reunited Germany not being able to take seat in the Bundestag presidency, failing to do so in 17 votes of the house.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The denial to affirm a vice president from the AfD is seen as a vote of no confidence and distrust of the house in the only faction observed by Germany's <a href="/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" title="Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution">domestic intelligence agency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President of Germany</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, while the Bundestag produces, oversees, and controls the government, the president of the Bundestag is therefore the second-highest ranking administrator of Germany. The <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">chancellor</a>, albeit <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, is only the third-highest ranking administrator and has to petition both the presidents he is subordinated to for certain procedures. </p><p>The 20th German Bundestag is the most visited parliament in the world, as well as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_legislatures_by_number_of_members" title="List of legislatures by number of members">largest elected legislative body in the world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundestag&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reichstag,_Berl%C3%ADn,_Alemania,_2016-04-21,_DD_46-48_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Reichstag%2C_Berl%C3%ADn%2C_Alemania%2C_2016-04-21%2C_DD_46-48_HDR.jpg/220px-Reichstag%2C_Berl%C3%ADn%2C_Alemania%2C_2016-04-21%2C_DD_46-48_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Reichstag%2C_Berl%C3%ADn%2C_Alemania%2C_2016-04-21%2C_DD_46-48_HDR.jpg/330px-Reichstag%2C_Berl%C3%ADn%2C_Alemania%2C_2016-04-21%2C_DD_46-48_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Reichstag%2C_Berl%C3%ADn%2C_Alemania%2C_2016-04-21%2C_DD_46-48_HDR.jpg/440px-Reichstag%2C_Berl%C3%ADn%2C_Alemania%2C_2016-04-21%2C_DD_46-48_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6242" data-file-height="3739" /></a><figcaption>The <i>German Unity Flag</i> is a national memorial to <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> that was raised on 3 October 1990; it waves in front of the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_building" title="Reichstag building">Reichstag building</a> in Berlin, seat of the Bundestag.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first body to be called <i>Bundestag</i> was in the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> (called <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Bund" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutscher Bund">Deutscher Bund</a> in German). It convened in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a> from 1816 to 1866. In English it is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Federal_Convention_(German_Confederation)" title="Federal Convention (German Confederation)">Federal Convention</a>. </p><p>With the dissolution of the German Confederation in 1866 and the founding of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a>) in 1871, the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)" title="Reichstag (German Empire)">Reichstag</a> was established as the German parliament in Berlin, which was the capital of the then <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> (the largest and most influential state in both the Confederation and the empire). Two decades later, the current parliament building was erected. The Reichstag delegates were elected by direct and equal male suffrage (and not the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_three-class_franchise" title="Prussian three-class franchise">three-class electoral system</a> prevailing in Prussia until 1918). The Reichstag did not participate in the appointment of the chancellor until the <a href="/wiki/German_constitutional_reforms_of_October_1918" title="German constitutional reforms of October 1918">parliamentary reforms of October 1918</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%9319" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–19">Revolution of November 1918</a> and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Constitution" title="Weimar Constitution">Weimar Constitution</a>, women were given the right to vote for (and serve in) the Reichstag, and the parliament could use the <a href="/wiki/No-confidence_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="No-confidence vote">no-confidence vote</a> to force the chancellor or any cabinet member to resign. In 1933, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> was appointed chancellor and through the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_Fire_Decree" title="Reichstag Fire Decree">Reichstag Fire Decree</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a> and the death of President <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> in 1934, gained unlimited power. After this, the Reichstag met only rarely, usually at the <a href="/wiki/Kroll_Opera_House#1933–1951:_Seat_of_the_Reichstag_and_destruction" title="Kroll Opera House">Kroll Opera House</a> to unanimously rubber-stamp the decisions of the government. It last convened on 26 April 1942. </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">new constitution of 1949</a>, the Bundestag was established as the new West German parliament. Because <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> was not officially under the jurisdiction of the constitution, a legacy of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the Bundestag met in <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> in several different buildings, including (provisionally) a former waterworks facility. In addition, owing to the city's legal status, citizens of West Berlin were unable to vote in elections to the Bundestag, and were instead represented by 22 non-voting delegates<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> chosen by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives of Berlin">House of Representatives</a>, the city's legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bundeshaus_(Bonn)" title="Bundeshaus (Bonn)">Bundeshaus in Bonn</a> is the former parliament building of Germany. The sessions of the German Bundestag were held there from 1949 until its move to Berlin in 1999. Today it houses the International Congress Centre Bundeshaus Bonn and in the northern areas the branch office of the <a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat of Germany">Bundesrat</a> ("Federal Council"), which represents the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Länder</i></span> – the federated states. The southern areas became part of German offices for the United Nations in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The former <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_building" title="Reichstag building">Reichstag building</a> housed a history exhibition (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fragen an die deutsche Geschichte</i></span>) and served occasionally as a conference center. The Reichstag building was also occasionally used as a venue for sittings of the Bundestag and its committees and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Convention_(Germany)" title="Federal Convention (Germany)">Federal Convention</a>, the body which elects the German federal president. However, the Soviets harshly protested against the use of the Reichstag building by institutions of the Federal Republic of Germany and tried to disturb the sittings by flying supersonic jets close to the building.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since 19 April 1999, the German parliament has again assembled in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> in its original Reichstag building, which was built in 1888 based on the plans of German architect <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wallot" title="Paul Wallot">Paul Wallot</a> and underwent a significant renovation under the lead of British architect <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster,_Baron_Foster_of_Thames_Bank" title="Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank">Lord Norman Foster</a>. Parliamentary committees and subcommittees, public hearings and parliamentary group meetings take place in three auxiliary buildings, which surround the Reichstag building: the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Jakob-Kaiser-Haus, Paul-Löbe-Haus</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Marie-Elisabeth-Lüders-Haus</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, a small aircraft crashed close to the German Parliament. It was then decided to ban private air traffic over Central Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tasks">Tasks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundestag&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tasks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Together with the <a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat (Germany)">Bundesrat</a>, the Bundestag is the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative branch">legislative branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">German political system</a>. </p><p>Although most legislation is initiated by the executive branch, the Bundestag considers the legislative function its most important responsibility, concentrating much of its energy on assessing and amending the government's legislative program. The committees (see below) play a prominent role in this process. <a href="/wiki/Plenary_sessions" class="mw-redirect" title="Plenary sessions">Plenary sessions</a> provide a forum for members to engage in public debate on legislative issues before them, but they tend to be well attended only when significant legislation is being considered. </p><p>The Bundestag members are the only federal officials directly elected by the public; the Bundestag in turn elects the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(Federal_Republic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic)">chancellor</a> and, in addition, exercises oversight of the executive branch on issues of both substantive policy and routine administration. This check on executive power can be employed through binding legislation, public debates on government policy, investigations, and direct questioning of the chancellor or cabinet officials. For example, the Bundestag can conduct a question hour (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fragestunde</i></span>), in which a government representative responds to a written question previously submitted by a member. Members can ask related questions during the question hour. The questions can concern anything from a major policy issue to a specific constituent's problem. Use of the question hour has increased markedly over the past forty years, with more than 20,000 questions being posed during the 1987–90 term. The opposition parties actively exercise their parliamentary right to scrutinize government actions. </p><p>Constituent services also take place via the Petition Committee. In 2004, the Petition Committee received over 18,000 complaints from citizens and was able to negotiate a mutually satisfactory solution to more than half of them. In 2005, as a pilot of the potential of <a href="/wiki/Internet_petition" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet petition">internet petitions</a>, a version of <a href="/wiki/E-petitioner" title="E-petitioner">e-petitioner</a> was produced for the Bundestag. This was a collaborative project involving The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Teledemocracy_Centre" title="International Teledemocracy Centre">International Teledemocracy Centre</a> and the Bundestag 'Online Services Department'. The system was formally launched on 1 September 2005, and in 2008 the Bundestag moved to a new system based on its evaluation.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_term">Electoral term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundestag&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Electoral term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chart_Basic_Law_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Chart_Basic_Law_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany_EN.svg/220px-Chart_Basic_Law_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Chart_Basic_Law_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany_EN.svg/330px-Chart_Basic_Law_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Chart_Basic_Law_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany_EN.svg/440px-Chart_Basic_Law_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>The Bundestag within the political system of Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>The Bundestag is elected for four years, and new elections must be held between 46 and 48 months after the beginning of its <a href="/wiki/Electoral_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral term">electoral term</a>, unless the Bundestag is dissolved prematurely. Its term ends when the next Bundestag convenes, which must occur within 30 days of the election.<sup id="cite_ref-Electoral_term_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Electoral_term-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to 1976, there could be a period where one Bundestag had been dissolved and the next Bundestag could not be convened; during this period, the rights of the Bundestag were exercised by a so-called "Permanent Committee".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election">Election</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundestag&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_Bundestag_constituencies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German Bundestag constituencies">List of German Bundestag constituencies</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_list_(Germany)" title="State list (Germany)">State list (Germany)</a></div><p> Germany uses the <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">mixed-member proportional representation</a> system, a system of <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> combined with elements of <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a>. The Bundestag has 598 nominal members, elected for a four-year term; these seats are distributed between the sixteen German states in proportion to the states' population eligible to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthias_Cantow-2017_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthias_Cantow-2017-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Every elector has two votes: a constituency vote (first vote) and a party list vote (second vote). Based solely on the first votes, 299 members are elected in <a href="/wiki/Single-member_constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-member constituency">single-member constituencies</a> by first-past-the-post voting. The second votes are used to produce a proportional number of seats for parties, first in the states, and then on the federal level. Seats are allocated using the <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Sainte-Laguë method</a>. If a party wins fewer constituency seats in a state than its second votes would entitle it to, it receives additional seats from the relevant <a href="/wiki/State_list_(Germany)" title="State list (Germany)">state list</a>. Parties can file lists in every single state under certain conditions – for example, a fixed number of supporting signatures. Parties can receive second votes only in those states in which they have filed a state list.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthias_Cantow-2017_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthias_Cantow-2017-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If a party, by winning single-member constituencies in one state, receives more seats than it would be entitled to according to its second vote share in that state (so-called <a href="/wiki/Overhang_seat" title="Overhang seat">overhang seats</a>), the other parties receive compensation seats. Owing to this provision, the Bundestag usually has more than 598 members. The 20th and current Bundestag, for example, has 735 seats: 598 regular seats and 137 overhang and compensation seats. Overhang seats are calculated at the state level, so many more seats are added to balance this out among the different states, adding more seats than would be needed to compensate for overhang at the national level in order to avoid <a href="/wiki/Negative_vote_weight" title="Negative vote weight">negative vote weight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthias_Cantow-2017_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthias_Cantow-2017-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To qualify for seats based on the party-list vote share, a party must either win three single-member constituencies via first votes (basic mandate clause) or exceed a <a href="/wiki/Electoral_threshold" title="Electoral threshold">threshold</a> of 5% of the second votes nationwide. If a party only wins one or two single-member constituencies and fails to get at least 5% of the second votes, it keeps the single-member seat(s), but other parties that accomplish at least one of the two threshold conditions receive compensation seats.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthias_Cantow-2017_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthias_Cantow-2017-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the most recent example of this, during the <a href="/wiki/2002_German_federal_election" title="2002 German federal election">2002 election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Democratic_Socialism_(Germany)" title="Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany)">PDS</a> won only 4.0% of the second votes nationwide, but won two constituencies in the state of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Der_Bundeswahlleiter-2017_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Der_Bundeswahlleiter-2017-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same applies if an independent candidate wins a single-member constituency,<sup id="cite_ref-Matthias_Cantow-2017_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthias_Cantow-2017-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has not happened since the <a href="/wiki/1949_West_German_federal_election" title="1949 West German federal election">1949 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Der_Bundeswahlleiter-2017_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Der_Bundeswahlleiter-2017-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If a voter cast a first vote for a successful independent candidate or a successful candidate whose party failed to qualify for proportional representation, their second vote does not count toward proportional representation. However, it does count toward whether the elected party exceeds the 5% threshold.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthias_Cantow-2017_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthias_Cantow-2017-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parties representing recognized national minorities (currently <a href="/wiki/Danes#Danish_diaspora" title="Danes">Danes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a>) are exempt from both the 5% threshold and the basic mandate clause, but normally only run in state elections.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthias_Cantow-2017_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthias_Cantow-2017-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only party that has been able to benefit from this provision so far on the federal level is the <a href="/wiki/South_Schleswig_Voters%27_Association" title="South Schleswig Voters' Association">South Schleswig Voters' Association</a>, which represents the minorities of Danes and Frisians in <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> and managed to win a seat in <a href="/wiki/1949_West_German_federal_election" title="1949 West German federal election">1949</a> and <a href="/wiki/2021_German_federal_election" title="2021 German federal election">2021</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundestagswahl_05_stimmzett.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bundestagswahl_05_stimmzett.jpg/220px-Bundestagswahl_05_stimmzett.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="418" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bundestagswahl_05_stimmzett.jpg/330px-Bundestagswahl_05_stimmzett.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bundestagswahl_05_stimmzett.jpg/440px-Bundestagswahl_05_stimmzett.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption>Bundestag ballot from the <a href="/wiki/2005_German_federal_election" title="2005 German federal election">2005 election</a> in the <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a> district. The column for the constituency vote (with the name, occupation, and address of each candidate) is on the left in black print; the column for the party list vote (showing top five list candidates in the state) is on the right in blue print.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latest_election_result">Latest election result</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundestag&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Latest election result"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regular_election_of_2021">Regular election of 2021</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundestag&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Regular election of 2021"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The latest federal election was held on Sunday, 26 September 2021, to elect the members of the 20th Bundestag. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2021_German_federal_election" title="2021 German federal election">2021 German federal election</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2021_German_federal_election" title="Results of the 2021 German federal election">Results of the 2021 German federal election</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="15" style="background:#F8F9FA;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundestag_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bundestag_2021.svg/300px-Bundestag_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bundestag_2021.svg/450px-Bundestag_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bundestag_2021.svg/600px-Bundestag_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Party </th> <th colspan="3">Constituencies </th> <th colspan="3">Party list </th> <th rowspan="2">Total<br />seats </th> <th rowspan="2">+/– </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E3000F"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> (SPD)</td> <td>12,234,690</td> <td>26.4</td> <td>121</td> <td>11,955,434</td> <td>25.7</td> <td>85</td> <td>206</td> <td>+53 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#151518"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a> (CDU)<sup id="cite_ref-CDU/CSU_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDU/CSU-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>10,451,524</td> <td>22.5</td> <td>98</td> <td>8,775,471</td> <td>18.9</td> <td>54</td> <td>152</td> <td>−48 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> (GRÜNE)</td> <td>6,469,081</td> <td>14.0</td> <td>16</td> <td>6,852,206</td> <td>14.8</td> <td>102</td> <td>118</td> <td>+51 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFED00"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> (FDP)</td> <td>4,042,951</td> <td>8.7</td> <td>0</td> <td>5,319,952</td> <td>11.5</td> <td>92</td> <td>92</td> <td>+12 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#00A2DE"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> (AfD)</td> <td>4,695,611</td> <td>10.1</td> <td>16</td> <td>4,803,902</td> <td>10.3</td> <td>67</td> <td>83</td> <td>−11 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#008AC5"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union</a> (CSU)<sup id="cite_ref-CDU/CSU_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDU/CSU-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>2,788,048</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>45</td> <td>2,402,827</td> <td>5.2</td> <td>0</td> <td>45</td> <td>−1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#BE3075"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> (DIE LINKE)</td> <td>2,307,536</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>3</td> <td>2,270,906</td> <td>4.9</td> <td>36</td> <td>39</td> <td>−30 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#F7A800;"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Free_Voters" title="Free Voters">Free Voters</a> (FREIE WÄHLER)</td> <td>1,334,739</td> <td>2.9</td> <td>0</td> <td>1,127,784</td> <td>2.4</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#F8F9FA;"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Human_Environment_Animal_Protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Environment Animal Protection">Human Environment Animal Protection</a></td> <td>163,201</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>0</td> <td>675,353</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#4AA79D;"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Grassroots Democratic Party of Germany">Grassroots Democratic Party</a> (dieBasis)</td> <td>735,451</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>0</td> <td>630,153</td> <td>1.4</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#B5152B;"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Die_PARTEI" title="Die PARTEI">Die PARTEI</a></td> <td>543,145</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>0</td> <td>461,570</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#DA4048;"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Team_Todenh%C3%B6fer" title="Team Todenhöfer">Team Todenhöfer</a></td> <td>5,700</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>214,535</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FF820A;"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party_Germany" title="Pirate Party Germany">Pirate Party Germany</a> (PIRATEN)</td> <td>60,839</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>0</td> <td>169,923</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#502379;"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Volt_Germany" title="Volt Germany">Volt Germany</a> (Volt)</td> <td>78,339</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>0</td> <td>165,474</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FF6400;"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Democratic_Party" title="Ecological Democratic Party">Ecological Democratic Party</a> (ÖDP)</td> <td>152,792</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>0</td> <td>112,314</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#8B4726;"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party</a> (NPD)</td> <td>1,090</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>64,574</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#003C8F;"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/South_Schleswig_Voters%27_Association" title="South Schleswig Voters' Association">South Schleswig Voters' Association</a> (SSW)</td> <td>35,027</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>0</td> <td>55,578</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>1<sup id="cite_ref-SSW_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSW-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1</td> <td>+1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#000000;"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Partei_f%C3%BCr_Gesundheitsforschung" class="mw-redirect" title="Partei für Gesundheitsforschung">Party for Health Research</a></td> <td>2,842</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>49,349</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#6D6AB1;"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Humanists" title="Party of Humanists">The Humanists</a> (Die Humanisten)</td> <td>12,730</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>47,711</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#01509F;"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_C_%E2%80%93_Christians_for_Germany" title="Alliance C – Christians for Germany">Alliance C – Christians for Germany</a></td> <td>6,222</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>39,868</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#386ABC;"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Party" title="Bavaria Party">Bavaria Party</a> (BP)</td> <td>36,748</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>0</td> <td>32,790</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#99cc33;"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/V-Partei%C2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Partei³">V-Partei³</a></td> <td>10,644</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>31,884</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FF9900"></td> <td align="left"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unabh%C3%A4ngige_f%C3%BCr_b%C3%BCrgernahe_Demokratie" class="extiw" title="de:Unabhängige für bürgernahe Demokratie">Independents for Citizen-oriented Democracy</a></td> <td>13,421</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>22,736</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#DD127B;"></td> <td align="left"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Grauen_%E2%80%93_F%C3%BCr_alle_Generationen" class="extiw" title="de:Die Grauen – Für alle Generationen">The Greys</a> (Die Grauen)</td> <td>2,368</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>19,443</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#E66346;"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Die_Urbane._Eine_HipHop_Partei" title="Die Urbane. Eine HipHop Partei">The Urbans. A HipHop Party</a> (du.)</td> <td>1,912</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>17,811</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#DF221D;"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Party_of_Germany" title="Marxist–Leninist Party of Germany">Marxist–Leninist Party</a> (MLPD)</td> <td>22,534</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>17,799</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ED1C24;"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/German_Communist_Party" title="German Communist Party">German Communist Party</a> (DKP)</td> <td>5,446</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>14,925</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#3d499a;"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Human_Rights,_Animal_and_Nature_Protection" title="Alliance for Human Rights, Animal and Nature Protection">Animal Protection Alliance</a> (Tierschutzallianz)</td> <td>7,371</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>13,672</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#DC2F28"></td> <td align="left"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europ%C3%A4ische_Partei_Liebe" class="extiw" title="de:Europäische Partei Liebe">European Party Love</a> (LIEBE)</td> <td>873</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>12,967</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#F29200;"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Conservative_Reformers" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Conservative Reformers">Liberal Conservative Reformers</a> (LKR)</td> <td>10,767</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>11,159</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#D1165D"></td> <td align="left">Lobbyists for Children (LfK)</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>9,189</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#F8F9FA;"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/The_III._Path" class="mw-redirect" title="The III. Path">The III. Path</a> (III. Weg)</td> <td>515</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>7,832</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#004800"></td> <td align="left"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartenpartei" class="extiw" title="de:Gartenpartei">Garden Party</a> (MG)</td> <td>2,095</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>7,611</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#44AAE0"></td> <td align="left">Citizens' Movement (BÜRGERBEWEGUNG)</td> <td>1,556</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>7,491</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#263d80;"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Motion" title="Democracy in Motion">Democracy in Motion</a> (DiB)</td> <td>2,609</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>7,184</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#EE6600;"></td> <td align="left"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menschliche_Welt" class="extiw" title="de:Menschliche Welt">Human World</a> (MENSCHLICHE WELT)</td> <td>656</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>3,786</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#E71F71"></td> <td align="left"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Pinken/B%C3%BCndnis21" class="extiw" title="de:Die Pinken/Bündnis21">The Pinks/Alliance 21</a> (BÜNDNIS21)</td> <td>377</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>3,488</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#F5A419"></td> <td align="left"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partei_des_Fortschritts" class="extiw" title="de:Partei des Fortschritts">Party of Progress</a> (PdF)</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>3,228</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#BA141A;"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(Germany)" title="Socialist Equality Party (Germany)">Socialist Equality Party</a> (SGP)</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>1,417</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#003366;"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerrechtsbewegung_Solidarit%C3%A4t" title="Bürgerrechtsbewegung Solidarität">Civil Rights Movement Solidarity</a> (BüSo)</td> <td>811</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>727</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#43A428;"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Klimaliste" title="Klimaliste">Climate List Baden-Württemberg</a> (KlimalisteBW)</td> <td>3,967</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>0</td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#E16B0B;"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Family_Party_of_Germany" title="Family Party of Germany">Family Party of Germany</a> (FAMILIE)</td> <td>1,817</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:white;"></td> <td align="left"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_jetzt_..._Demokratie_durch_Volksabstimmung" class="extiw" title="de:Ab jetzt ... Demokratie durch Volksabstimmung">Democracy by Referendum</a> (Volksabstimmung)</td> <td>1,086</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#566467"></td> <td align="left"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graue_Panther_(Partei)" class="extiw" title="de:Graue Panther (Partei)">Grey Panthers</a> (Graue Panther)</td> <td>961</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>0</td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#0083C1"></td> <td align="left">Thuringian Homeland Party (THP)</td> <td>549</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>0</td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td align="left">The Others (sonstige)</td> <td>256</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>0</td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#66CCFF"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Bergpartei,_die_%22%C3%9CberPartei%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergpartei, die "ÜberPartei"">Bergpartei, die "ÜberPartei"</a> (B*)</td> <td>222</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and voter groups</td> <td>110,894</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>0</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="10" style="background: #E9E9E9"> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="2" align="left">Valid votes</td> <td>46,362,013</td> <td>98.9</td> <td>–</td> <td>46,442,023</td> <td>99.1</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="2" align="left">Invalid/blank votes</td> <td>492,495</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>–</td> <td>412,485</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="2" align="left"><b>Total votes</b></td> <td><b>46,854,508</b></td> <td><b>100.0</b></td> <td><b>299</b></td> <td><b>46,854,508</b></td> <td><b>100.0</b></td> <td><b>437</b></td> <td><b>736</b></td> <td><b>+27</b> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="2" align="left">Registered voters/turnout</td> <td>61,181,072</td> <td>76.6</td> <td>–</td> <td>61,181,072</td> <td>76.6</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="10" align="left">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/en/bundestagswahlen/2021/ergebnisse/bund-99.html">Bundeswahlleiter</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repeat_election_of_2024">Repeat election of 2024</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundestag&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Repeat election of 2024"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In several districts of Berlin the 2021 election was repeated due to irregularities. This changed the number of additional mandates of the Bundestag from 138 to 137, resulting in the FDP losing a seat.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Bundestag_by_session">List of Bundestag by session</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundestag&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: List of Bundestag by session"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="background:#eecdab; text-align:center;">Seat distribution in the German Bundestag (at the beginning of each session) </th></tr> <tr style="background:#ffffff"> <th style="width:100px;">Session </th> <th style="width:100px;">Election </th> <th style="width:100px;">Seats </th> <th style="width:85px;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">CSU</a> </th> <th style="width:85px;"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> </th> <th style="width:85px;"><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> </th> <th style="width:85px;"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Greens</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:85px;"><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:80px;"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a> </th> <th style="width:80px;">Others<br /><i>Sonstige</i> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/First_German_Bundestag" title="First German Bundestag">1st</a></b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/1949_West_German_federal_election" title="1949 West German federal election">1949</a></b> </td> <td>402</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">139</td> <td>131</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">52</td> <td>– </td> <td> –</td> <td>–</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">80<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Second_German_Bundestag" title="Second German Bundestag">2nd</a></b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/1953_West_German_federal_election" title="1953 West German federal election">1953</a></b> </td> <td>487</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">243</td> <td>151</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">48</td> <td>– </td> <td> –</td> <td>–</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">45<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_3rd_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 3rd Bundestag">3rd</a></b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/1957_West_German_federal_election" title="1957 West German federal election">1957</a></b> </td> <td>497</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">270</td> <td>169</td> <td>41</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">17<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_4th_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 4th Bundestag">4th</a></b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/1961_West_German_federal_election" title="1961 West German federal election">1961</a></b> </td> <td>499</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">242</td> <td>190</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">67</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_5th_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 5th Bundestag">5th</a></b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/1965_West_German_federal_election" title="1965 West German federal election">1965</a></b> </td> <td>496</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">245</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">202</td> <td>49</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_6th_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 6th Bundestag">6th</a></b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/1969_West_German_federal_election" title="1969 West German federal election">1969</a></b> </td> <td>496</td> <td>242</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">224</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">30</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_7th_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 7th Bundestag">7th</a></b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/1972_West_German_federal_election" title="1972 West German federal election">1972</a></b> </td> <td>496</td> <td>225</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">230</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">41</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_8th_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 8th Bundestag">8th</a></b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/1976_West_German_federal_election" title="1976 West German federal election">1976</a></b> </td> <td>496</td> <td>243</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">214</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">39</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_9th_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 9th Bundestag">9th</a></b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/1980_West_German_federal_election" title="1980 West German federal election">1980</a></b> </td> <td>497</td> <td>226</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">218</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">53</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_10th_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 10th Bundestag">10th</a></b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/1983_West_German_federal_election" title="1983 West German federal election">1983</a></b> </td> <td>498</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">244</td> <td>193</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">34</td> <td>27</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_11th_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 11th Bundestag">11th</a></b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/1987_West_German_federal_election" title="1987 West German federal election">1987</a></b> </td> <td>497</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">223</td> <td>186</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">46</td> <td>42</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_12th_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 12th Bundestag">12th</a></b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/1990_German_federal_election" title="1990 German federal election">1990</a></b> </td> <td>662</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">319</td> <td>239</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">79</td> <td>8</td> <td>17</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_13th_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 13th Bundestag">13th</a></b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/1994_German_federal_election" title="1994 German federal election">1994</a></b> </td> <td>672</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">294</td> <td>252</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">47</td> <td>49</td> <td>30</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_14th_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 14th Bundestag">14th</a></b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/1998_German_federal_election" title="1998 German federal election">1998</a></b> </td> <td>669</td> <td>245</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">298</td> <td>43</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">47</td> <td>36</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_15th_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 15th Bundestag">15th</a></b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/2002_German_federal_election" title="2002 German federal election">2002</a></b> </td> <td>603</td> <td>248</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">251</td> <td>47</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">55</td> <td>2</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_16th_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 16th Bundestag">16th</a></b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/2005_German_federal_election" title="2005 German federal election">2005</a></b> </td> <td>614</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">226</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">222</td> <td>61</td> <td>51</td> <td>54</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_17th_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 17th Bundestag">17th</a></b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/2009_German_federal_election" title="2009 German federal election">2009</a></b> </td> <td>622</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">239</td> <td>146</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">93</td> <td>68</td> <td>76</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_18th_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 18th Bundestag">18th</a></b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/2013_German_federal_election" title="2013 German federal election">2013</a></b> </td> <td>630</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">311</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">192</td> <td>–</td> <td>63</td> <td>64</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_19th_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 19th Bundestag">19th</a></b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/2017_German_federal_election" title="2017 German federal election">2017</a></b> </td> <td>709</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">246</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">153</td> <td>80</td> <td>67</td> <td>69</td> <td>94</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_20th_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 20th Bundestag">20th</a></b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/2021_German_federal_election" title="2021 German federal election">2021</a></b> </td> <td>736(735)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>197</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">206</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">92(91)</td> <td style="background:#82E0AA;">118</td> <td>39</td> <td>83</td> <td>1<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#82E0AA; color:black;"> </span> Parties in the ruling coalition</div> <div class="center"><div class="thumb tnone" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="thumbcaption">Seat distribution in the Bundestag from 1949 to 2021 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#BE3075; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">Left</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EB001F; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#64A12D; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Green</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#003C8F; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/South_Schleswig_Voters%27_Association" title="South Schleswig Voters' Association">SSW</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008AC5; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">CSU</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#009EE0; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a></div> </div> <p>Parties that were only present between 1949 and 1957 </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#AAAAAA; color:black;"> </span> Others</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0047AB; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#63B8FF; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/German_Party_(1947)" title="German Party (1947)">DP</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C3C318; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/All-German_Bloc/League_of_Expellees_and_Deprived_of_Rights" title="All-German Bloc/League of Expellees and Deprived of Rights">GB/BHE</a></div> </div></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p><br /> </p> <table class="toccolours" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="72">Timeline of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany#The_parties" title="List of political parties in Germany">political parties who got elected into the Bundestag</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" width="2%" style="text-align:center; background-color:#F0F0F0">1940s </td> <td colspan="10" width="13%" style="text-align:center; background-color:#F0F0F0">1950s </td> <td colspan="10" width="13%" style="text-align:center; background-color:#F0F0F0">1960s </td> <td colspan="10" width="13%" style="text-align:center; background-color:#F0F0F0">1970s </td> <td colspan="10" width="13%" style="text-align:center; background-color:#F0F0F0">1980s </td> <td colspan="10" width="13%" style="text-align:center; background-color:#F0F0F0">1990s </td> <td colspan="10" width="13%" style="text-align:center; background-color:#F0F0F0">2000s </td> <td colspan="10" width="13%" style="text-align:center; background-color:#F0F0F0">2010s </td> <td colspan="2" width="13%" style="text-align:center; background-color:#F0F0F0">2020s </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background-color:#EFEFEF"> <td>9</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>2 </td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">3</td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">4</td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">5</td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">6 </td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>9</td> <td>0 </td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">1</td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">2</td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">3</td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">4 </td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td>8 </td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">9</td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">0</td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">1 </td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>5 </td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">6</td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">7</td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">8</td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">9 </td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>2 </td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">3</td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">4</td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">5</td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">6 </td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>9 </td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">0</td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">1</td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">2</td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">3 </td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td>7 </td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">8</td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">9</td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">0</td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">1 </td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>4 </td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">5</td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">6</td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">7</td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">8</td> <td>9</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>2 </td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">3</td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">4</td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">5</td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">6 </td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>9</td> <td>0</td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0D0">1</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="73" style="background-color:#0088ce"><span style="color:#FFFFFF"> CSU </span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="73" style="background-color:#000000"><span style="color:#FFFFFF"> CDU </span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#0047AB"><span style="color:#FFFFFF"> Centre </span> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#386ABC"><span style="color:#FFFFFF"> BP </span> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3C318">BHE </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C3C318">GB/BHE </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C3C318">GDP </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#6495ED">DSU </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#009EE0">AfD </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#63B8FF">DP </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#63B8FF" rowspan="2">DP </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#E0E0E0" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#E0E0E0" rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#FFED00" rowspan="2">FDP </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#FFCC00">FVP </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="57" style="background-color:#FFED00">FDP </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#FFED00">FDP </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#FFA500">WAV </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#003C8F"><span style="color:#FFFFFF"> SSW </span> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#003C8F"><span style="color:#FFFFFF"> SSW </span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#64A12D">Greens </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="27" style="background-color:#64A12D" rowspan="2">Alliance 90/Greens </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#008000"><span style="color:#FFFFFF"> Greens/Alliance 90 </span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="56" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#EB001F"><span style="color:#FFFFFF"> SPD </span> </td> <td colspan="17" style="background-color:#EB001F"><span style="color:#FFFFFF"> SPD </span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#FF8000">WASG </td> <td colspan="15" style="background-color:#BE3075" rowspan="2"><span style="color:#FFFFFF"> The Left </span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#8B0000"><span style="color:#FFFFFF"> KPD </span> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="17" style="background-color:#BE3075"><span style="color:#FFFFFF"> PDS </span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#999955">NDP </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#8B4726" rowspan="2"><span style="color:#FFFFFF"> DRP </span> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#E0E0E0" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#E0E0E0" rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#8B4726"><span style="color:#FFFFFF"> DRP </span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidents_since_1949">Presidents since 1949</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundestag&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Presidents since 1949"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Presidents of the Bundestag </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:12px;">No. </th> <th style="width:280px;">Name </th> <th style="width:20px;">Party </th> <th style="width:180px;">Beginning of term </th> <th style="width:180px;">End of term </th> <th style="width:180px;">Length of term </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erich_K%C3%B6hler" title="Erich Köhler">Erich Köhler</a> (1892–1958) </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7 September 1949 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">18 October 1950<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>q<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 year, 41 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Ehlers" title="Hermann Ehlers">Hermann Ehlers</a> (1904–1954) </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">19 October 1950 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">29 October 1954<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>r<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 years, 10 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Gerstenmaier" title="Eugen Gerstenmaier">Eugen Gerstenmaier</a> (1906–1986) </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">16 November 1954 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">31 January 1969<sup id="cite_ref-politres_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-politres-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">14 years, 76 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kai-Uwe_von_Hassel" title="Kai-Uwe von Hassel">Kai-Uwe von Hassel</a> (1913–1997) </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 February 1969 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">13 December 1972 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 years, 312 days </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFE8E8;">5 </td> <td style="background:#FFE8E8;"><a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Renger" title="Annemarie Renger">Annemarie Renger</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1919–2008) </td> <td style="background:#ffe8e8; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffe8e8; text-align:center;">13 December 1972 </td> <td style="background:#ffe8e8; text-align:center;">14 December 1976 </td> <td style="background:#ffe8e8; text-align:center;">4 years, 1 day </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karl_Carstens" title="Karl Carstens">Karl Carstens</a> (1914–1992) </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">14 December 1976 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">31 May 1979<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>u<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2 years, 168 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_St%C3%BCcklen" title="Richard Stücklen">Richard Stücklen</a> (1916–2002) </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Social Union of Bavaria">CSU</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">31 May 1979 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">29 March 1983 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 years, 363 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Barzel" title="Rainer Barzel">Rainer Barzel</a> (1924–2006) </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">29 March 1983 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">25 October 1984<sup id="cite_ref-politres_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-politres-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 year, 210 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Jenninger" title="Philipp Jenninger">Philipp Jenninger</a> (1932–2018) </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 November 1984 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">11 November 1988<sup id="cite_ref-politres_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-politres-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 years, 6 days </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFE8E8;">10 </td> <td style="background:#FFE8E8;"><a href="/wiki/Rita_S%C3%BCssmuth" title="Rita Süssmuth">Rita Süssmuth</a> (b. 1937) </td> <td style="background:#ffe8e8; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffe8e8; text-align:center;">25 November 1988 </td> <td style="background:#ffe8e8; text-align:center;">26 October 1998 </td> <td style="background:#ffe8e8; text-align:center;">9 years, 335 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Thierse" title="Wolfgang Thierse">Wolfgang Thierse</a> (b. 1943) </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">26 October 1998 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">18 October 2005 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 years, 357 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Lammert" title="Norbert Lammert">Norbert Lammert</a> (b. 1948) </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">18 October 2005 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">24 October 2017 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">12 years, 6 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble" title="Wolfgang Schäuble">Wolfgang Schäuble</a> (1942–2023) </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">24 October 2017 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">26 October 2021 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 years, 2 days </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFE8E8;">14 </td> <td style="background:#FFE8E8;"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A4rbel_Bas" title="Bärbel Bas">Bärbel Bas</a> (b. 1968) </td> <td style="background:#ffe8e8; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffe8e8; text-align:center;">26 October 2021 </td> <td style="background:#ffe8e8; text-align:center;"><i>present</i> </td> <td style="background:#ffe8e8; text-align:center;">3 years, 28 days </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membership">Membership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundestag&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_German_Bundestag" title="Member of the German Bundestag">Member of the German Bundestag</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundestag&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie-Elisabeth-L%C3%BCders-Haus,_Berlin-Mitte,_160328,_ako.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Marie-Elisabeth-L%C3%BCders-Haus%2C_Berlin-Mitte%2C_160328%2C_ako.jpg/240px-Marie-Elisabeth-L%C3%BCders-Haus%2C_Berlin-Mitte%2C_160328%2C_ako.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Marie-Elisabeth-L%C3%BCders-Haus%2C_Berlin-Mitte%2C_160328%2C_ako.jpg/360px-Marie-Elisabeth-L%C3%BCders-Haus%2C_Berlin-Mitte%2C_160328%2C_ako.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Marie-Elisabeth-L%C3%BCders-Haus%2C_Berlin-Mitte%2C_160328%2C_ako.jpg/480px-Marie-Elisabeth-L%C3%BCders-Haus%2C_Berlin-Mitte%2C_160328%2C_ako.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3890" data-file-height="2188" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Marie-Elisabeth-Lüders-Haus</i>, one of the official buildings of the complex, housing the parliamentary library</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliamentary_groups">Parliamentary groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundestag&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Parliamentary groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fraktion_(Bundestag)" title="Fraktion (Bundestag)">Fraktion (Bundestag)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_group_(Germany)" title="Parliamentary group (Germany)">Parliamentary group (Germany)</a></div> <p>The most important organisational structures within the Bundestag are 'fractions' (<i>Fraktionen</i>; sing. <i>Fraktion</i>). A parliamentary fraction must consist of at least 5% of all members of parliament. Members of parliament from different parties may only join in a group if those parties did not run against each other in any German state during the election. Normally, all parties that surpassed the 5%-threshold build a fraction. The <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Social Union of Bavaria">CSU</a> have always formed a <a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">single united <i>Fraktion</i></a> (called CDU/CSU oder 'Union'), which is possible, as the CSU only runs in the state of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> and the CDU only runs in the other 15 states. The size of a fraction determines the extent of its representation on committees, the time slots allotted for speaking, the number of committee chairs it can hold, and its representation in executive bodies of the Bundestag. The fractions, not the members, receive the bulk of government funding for legislative and administrative activities. </p><p>The leadership of each fraction consists of a parliamentary party leader, several deputy leaders, and an executive committee. The leadership's major responsibilities are to represent the <i>Fraktion</i>, enforce party discipline and orchestrate the party's parliamentary activities. The members of each <i>Fraktion</i> are distributed among <a href="/wiki/Working_group" title="Working group">working groups</a> focused on specific policy-related topics such as social policy, economics, and foreign policy. The <i>Fraktion</i> meets every Tuesday afternoon in the weeks in which the Bundestag is in session to consider legislation before the Bundestag and formulate the party's position on it. </p><p>Parties that do not hold 5% of the Bundestag-seats may be granted the status of a <i><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_group_(Germany)" title="Parliamentary group (Germany)">Gruppe</a></i> ('group') in the Bundestag; this is decided case by case, as the rules of procedure do not state a fixed number of seats for this. This status entails some privileges which are in general less than those of a <i>Fraktion</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executive_bodies">Executive bodies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundestag&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Executive bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bundestag's executive bodies include the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Elders_of_the_Bundestag_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Elders of the Bundestag (Germany)">Council of Elders</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Bundestag" title="Presidium of the Bundestag">Presidium</a>. The council consists of the Bundestag leadership, together with the most senior representatives of each <i>Fraktion</i>, with the number of these representatives tied to the strength of the Parliamentary groups in the chamber. The council is the coordination hub, determining the daily legislative agenda and assigning committee chairpersons based on Parliamentary group representation. The council also serves as an important forum for interparty negotiations on specific legislation and procedural issues. The Presidium is responsible for the routine administration of the Bundestag, including its clerical and research activities. It consists of the chamber's president (usually elected from the largest <i>Fraktion</i>) and vice presidents (one from each <i>Fraktion</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Committees">Committees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundestag&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Committees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the legislative work in the Bundestag is the product of standing committees, which exist largely unchanged throughout one legislative period. The number of committees approximates the number of federal ministries, and the titles of each are roughly similar (e.g., defense, agriculture, and labor). There are, as of the current nineteenth Bundestag, 24 standing committees. The distribution of committee chairs and the membership of each committee reflect the relative strength of the various Parliamentary groups in the chamber. In the current nineteenth Bundestag, the <a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a> chaired ten committees, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> five, the <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> three each, <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Greens</a> two each. Members of the opposition party can chair a significant number of standing committees (e.g. the budget committee is by tradition chaired by the biggest opposition party). These committees have either a small staff or no staff at all. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration">Administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundestag&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The members of Bundestag and the presidium are supported by the Bundestag Administration. It is headed by the Director, that reports to the President of the Bundestag. The Bundestag Administrations four departments are Parliament Service, Research, Information / Documentation and Central Affairs. The Bundestag Administration employs around 3,000 employees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principle_of_discontinuation">Principle of discontinuation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundestag&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Principle of discontinuation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the tradition of German <a href="/wiki/Diet_(assembly)" title="Diet (assembly)">diets</a>, the Bundestag is subject to the <i>principle of discontinuation</i>, meaning that a newly elected Bundestag is legally regarded to be a body and entity completely different from the previous Bundestag. This leads to the result that any motion, application or action submitted to the previous Bundestag, e.g. a bill referred to the Bundestag by the Federal Government, is regarded as void by non-decision (German terminology: "<i>Die Sache fällt der Diskontinuität anheim</i>"). Thus any bill that has not been decided upon by the beginning of the new electoral period must be brought up by the government again if it aims to uphold the motion, this procedure in effect delaying the passage of the bill. Furthermore, any newly elected Bundestag will have to freshly decide on the rules of procedure (<i>Geschäftsordnung</i>), which is done by a formal decision of taking over such rules from the preceding Bundestag by reference. If the succeeding Bundestag convents with same or similar majorities like its predecessor, the parliament can decide to take over earlier initiatives of legislation in the same fashion to abbreviate the process, thus effectively breaking the principle of discontinuation by a pull. The discontinuation of the parliament is the reason why the four-year-long convent is numbered. The current convent is numbered the 20th Bundestag. </p><p>Any Bundestag (even after a snap election) is considered dissolved only once a newly elected Bundestag has actually gathered in order to constitute itself (Article 39 sec. 1 sentence 2 of the Basic Law), which has to happen within 30 days of its election (Article 39 sec. 2 of the Basic Law). Thus, it may happen (and has happened) that the old Bundestag gathers and makes decisions even after the election of a new Bundestag that has not gathered in order to constitute itself. For example, elections to the 16th Bundestag took place on 18 September 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the 15th Bundestag still convened after election day to make some decisions on German military engagement abroad,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was entitled to do so, as the newly elected 16th Bundestag did not convene for the first time until 18 October 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundestag&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also following the tradition of German <a href="/wiki/Diet_(assembly)" title="Diet (assembly)">diets</a>, the German Bundestag can legally convene on any location, domestic and foreign. The Reichstag plenary chamber is not determined by law as the location of the assembly, making it a facility of convenience. Bundestag's predecessor, the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">German Reichstag</a>, convened in the <a href="/wiki/Kroll_Opera_House" title="Kroll Opera House">Kroll Opera House</a> in Berlin, after the Reichstag with its then wooden interior and walls burned down in the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_fire" title="Reichstag fire">Reichstag fire</a>. </p><p>After World War II, the Bundestag did not have own facilities to call home and had to convene in the <a href="/wiki/Bundeshaus_(Bonn)" title="Bundeshaus (Bonn)">Bundeshaus</a> in Bonn together with the <a href="/wiki/German_Bundesrat" title="German Bundesrat">Bundesrat</a>. 1953, the plenary chambers in the Bundeshaus had to be expanded and the Bundestag assembled in a radio building in Cologne. Until 1965, the Bundestag assembled in <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> for nine sessions. Seven sessions have been held in the <a href="/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Berlin" title="Technische Universität Berlin">Technische Universität Berlin</a> and two sessions in Berlin's Congress Hall in <a href="/wiki/Tiergarten_(park)" title="Tiergarten (park)">Tiergarten</a>. The assemblies met severe protest from the communist side, the last session even interrupted by <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> aircraft in supersonic low-altitude flight. 1971, the four occupying powers agree to not accept Bundestag assemblies in West Berlin anymore. The Bundestag assembled in the Old Waterworks Building in Bonn when the old plenary chamber had to get broken down, and in the new plenary chamber for only a few years after Germany's reunification. </p><p>The most distinctive assembly of the Bundestag outsite its regular chambers was on 4 October 1990, the day after <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>. The Bundestag assembled inside the Reichstag building in Berlin for the first time after 57 years, and remote from its then-regular home in Bonn. Soon after this most memorable assembly, the Bundestag decided to move <a href="/wiki/Decision_on_the_Capital_of_Germany" title="Decision on the Capital of Germany">from Bonn back to Berlin</a> by a law which sets only the city of Berlin to be the home of the Bundestag, not the building. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundestag&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_governing_coalition" title="German governing coalition">German governing coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentwatch" title="Parliamentwatch">Parliamentwatch</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundestag&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Informational notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-vp_afd-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vp_afd_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Rules of Procedure of the Bundestag (German: <i>Geschäftsordnung</i>) allocate one Vice-President to each political group (<i>Fraktion</i>). However, each candidate must still be elected by a parliamentary majority. Due to the candidates put forth by the AfD and their unanimous rejection by all other parties, no AfD candidate has reached such a majority.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though the by-laws of the Bundestag do not mention such a position, the leader of the largest opposition <i>Fraktion</i> is called leader of the opposition by convention.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Articles 38 to 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 38 Section 1 <i>Grundgesetz</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paragraph 1 Section 1 of the Federal Elections Act (<i>Bundeswahlgesetz</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">German Citizens are defined in Article 116 <i>Grundgesetz</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-law_eligibility-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-law_eligibility_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 38 Section 2 <i><a href="/wiki/Grundgesetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Grundgesetz">Grundgesetz</a></i>: Any person who has attained the age of eighteen shall be entitled to vote; any person who has attained the age of majority may be elected.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDU/CSU-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDU/CSU_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDU/CSU_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Christian Democratic Union and the Christian Social Union of Bavaria do not compete against each other in the same states and form one group within the Bundestag.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SSW-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SSW_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As reflected by the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_threshold_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral threshold in Germany">electoral threshold in Germany</a>, parties are usually required to meet a threshold of at least 5% of nationwide votes or win at least 3 constituency seats; the SSW got a seat as a representative of a recognised minority group (in their case, Danes and Frisians), an exception enshrined into German electoral law.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1983 to 1994 The Greens and 1990 to 1994 <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90" title="Alliance 90">Alliance 90</a>, since 1994 <a href="/wiki/Alliance_%2790/The_Greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance '90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1990 to 2005 <a href="/wiki/Partei_des_Demokratischen_Sozialismus" class="mw-redirect" title="Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus">PDS</a> (Party of Democratic Socialism), 2005 to 2007 <a href="/wiki/The_Left_Party.PDS" class="mw-redirect" title="The Left Party.PDS">The Left Party.PDS</a>, since 2007 <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(1947)" title="German Party (1947)">DP</a> 17, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Party" title="Bavaria Party">BP</a> 17, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">KPD</a> 15, <a href="/wiki/Economic_Reconstruction_Union" title="Economic Reconstruction Union">WAV</a> 12, <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a> 10, <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Rechtspartei" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Rechtspartei">DKP-DRP</a> 5, <a href="/wiki/South_Schleswig_Voter_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="South Schleswig Voter Federation">SSW</a> 1, <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(1947)" title="German Party (1947)">DP</a> 15, <a href="/wiki/All-German_Bloc/League_of_Expellees_and_Deprived_of_Rights" title="All-German Bloc/League of Expellees and Deprived of Rights">GB/BHE</a> 27, <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a> 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(1947)" title="German Party (1947)">DP</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The FDP lost a seat in the repeat of a small part of the election in 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/South_Schleswig_Voters%27_Association" title="South Schleswig Voters' Association">SSW</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Resigned for medical reasons</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Died in office</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-politres-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-politres_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-politres_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-politres_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Resigned for political reasons</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">First woman to hold the post</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President of Germany</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundestag.de/mdb">"Deutscher Bundestag - Abgeordnete"</a>. <i>Deutscher Bundestag</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutscher+Bundestag&rft.atitle=Deutscher+Bundestag+-+Abgeordnete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundestag.de%2Fmdb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABundestag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/andreas-scheuer-bundestag-mandat-niederlegung-100.html">"Scheuer legt Mandat nieder: Warum sein Sitz nun leer bleibt"</a>. <i>ZDFheute</i> (in German). 2 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDFheute&rft.atitle=Scheuer+legt+Mandat+nieder%3A+Warum+sein+Sitz+nun+leer+bleibt&rft.date=2024-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdf.de%2Fnachrichten%2Fpolitik%2Fandreas-scheuer-bundestag-mandat-niederlegung-100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABundestag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer2021" class="citation web cs1">Mayer, Tilman (14 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.focus.de/politik/deutschland/bundestagswahl/btw21-frag-mayer-das-groesste-parlament-der-welt-warum-sich-der-bundestag-immer-weiter-aufblaeht_id_13492686.html">"Das größte Parlament der Welt wächst und wächst: Politik bläht Bundestag immer weiter auf"</a>. <i>FOCUS online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002063118/https://www.focus.de/politik/deutschland/bundestagswahl/btw21-frag-mayer-das-groesste-parlament-der-welt-warum-sich-der-bundestag-immer-weiter-aufblaeht_id_13492686.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Verk%C3%BCrzte+Fristen+zur+vorgezogenen+Neuwahl+des+Deutschen+Bundestages&rft.pub=Bundeswahlleiter&rft.date=2005-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundeswahlleiter.de%2Fwahlen%2Fpm-wahl-16-dbt%2Fpd040211.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABundestag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btp/15/15187.pdf">"Stenographischer Bericht der 187. Sitzung des 15. Deutschen Bundestages am 28. September 2005"</a> [Stenographic report of the 187th session of the 15th Deutscher Bundestag on 2005-09-28] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Deutscher Bundestag</i>. 28 September 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btp/15/15187.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutscher+Bundestag&rft.atitle=Stenographischer+Bericht+der+187.+Sitzung+des+15.+Deutschen+Bundestages+am+28.+September+2005&rft.date=2005-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdip21.bundestag.de%2Fdip21%2Fbtp%2F15%2F15187.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABundestag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btp/16/16001.pdf">"Stenographischer Bericht der 1. Sitzung des 16. Deutschen Bundestages am 18. Oktober 2005"</a> [Stenographic report of the 1st session of the 16th Deutscher Bundestag on 2005-10-18] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Deutscher Bundestag</i>. 18 October 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btp/16/16001.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutscher+Bundestag&rft.atitle=Stenographischer+Bericht+der+1.+Sitzung+des+16.+Deutschen+Bundestages+am+18.+Oktober+2005&rft.date=2005-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdip21.bundestag.de%2Fdip21%2Fbtp%2F16%2F16001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABundestag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundestag&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germany_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_topics" title="Template:Germany topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_German_history" title="Timeline of German history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Germany" title="Historiography of Germany">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Germany" title="Military history of Germany">Military history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">List of early Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">History of the Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_warfare_between_the_Romans_and_Germanic_peoples" title="Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples">Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_War" title="Cimbrian War">Cimbrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_campaigns_in_Germania_(12_BC_%E2%80%93_AD_16)" title="Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)">Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Wars">Gothic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">Sack of Rome (410)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Germany in the early modern period">Early modern period, 1500–1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th-century_history_of_Germany" title="18th-century history of Germany">18th-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">German revolutions of 1848–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Constitution" title="Frankfurt Constitution">Frankfurt Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_during_World_War_I" title="History of Germany during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_guilt_question" title="War guilt question">War guilt question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">Revolution of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#World_War_II" title="Nazi Germany">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Flight and expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">Divided Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_since_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germany since 1990">History of Germany since 1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Prussia">History of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brandenburg">History of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_War" title="Cologne War">Cologne War</a>, 1583–1588</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden_Revolution" title="Baden Revolution">Baden Revolution</a>, 1848</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Germany" title="Geography of Germany">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Germany">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Germany" title="List of earthquakes in Germany">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Germany" title="Geology of Germany">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Germany" title="List of islands of Germany">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Germany" title="List of lakes of Germany">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Germany" title="Category:Mountains of Germany">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Germany" title="Category:Rivers of Germany">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bundestag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Bundesrat" title="German Bundesrat">Bundesrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr"><i>Bundeswehr</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(military)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germany" title="Cabinet of Germany">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany" title="Judiciary of Germany">Court system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Germany" title="Human rights in Germany">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Germany" title="Intersex rights in Germany">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Germany">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Germany" title="Transgender rights in Germany">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Germany" title="Law of Germany">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Germany" title="Law enforcement in Germany">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_Germany" title="Lobbying in Germany">Lobbying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Germany" title="Agriculture in Germany">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Germany" title="Automotive industry in Germany">Automobile industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Germany" title="Banking in Germany">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_German_Chemical_Triangle" title="Middle German Chemical Triangle">Chemical Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Germany" title="Economic history of Germany">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Germany" title="Energy in Germany">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Germany" title="List of exports of Germany">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_model" title="German model">German model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German states by GDP">German states by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelstand" title="Mittelstand"><i>Mittelstand</i> companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germany" title="Science and technology in Germany">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Stock_Exchange" title="Frankfurt Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Germany" title="Taxation in Germany">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Germany" title="Telecommunications in Germany">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Germany" title="Tourism in Germany">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Germany" title="Transport in Germany">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare in Germany">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Germany" title="Category:Society of Germany">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Germany" title="Crime in Germany">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Germany" title="Corruption in Germany">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Germany" title="Demographics of Germany">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Germany" title="Drug policy of Germany">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Germany" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Germany">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Germany" title="Healthcare in Germany">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Germany" title="Homelessness in Germany">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Germany" title="Immigration to Germany">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Germany" title="Irreligion in Germany">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of German states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Germany" title="Naturism in Germany">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Germany" title="Pensions in Germany">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Germany" title="Pornography in Germany">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Germany" title="Poverty in Germany">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Germany" title="Prostitution in Germany">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues in Germany">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Germany" title="Architecture of Germany">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_art" title="German art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arts_in_Germany" title="Category:Arts in Germany">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany" title="Cinema of Germany">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_in_Germany" title="Category:Dance in Germany">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_fashion" title="German fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Germany" title="Category:Festivals in Germany">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_folklore" title="German folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Germany" title="List of libraries in Germany">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Germany" title="Internet in Germany">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Germany">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Germany" title="Names of Germany">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Germany" title="Sport in Germany">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Germany" title="Television in Germany">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Germany" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Germany">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Germany" title="Bibliography of Germany">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germany" title="Category:Germany">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_unicameral_legislatures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_unicameral_legislatures" title="Template:National unicameral legislatures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_unicameral_legislatures" title="Template talk:National unicameral 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title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Congress of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis)" title="National Assembly (Saint Kitts and Nevis)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_National_Council" title="Federal National Council">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Venezuela)">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Council_of_Afghanistan" title="Leadership Council of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Albania" title="Parliament of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Council_(Andorra)" title="General Council (Andorra)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Angola)" title="National Assembly (Angola)">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Armenia)" title="National Assembly (Armenia)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Azerbaijan)" title="National Assembly (Azerbaijan)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatiya_Sangsad" title="Jatiya Sangsad">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Benin)" title="National Assembly (Benin)">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Botswana)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Botswana)">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Brunei" title="Legislative Council of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bulgaria)" title="National Assembly (Bulgaria)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Burkina_Faso" title="National Assembly of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Cape_Verde)" title="National Assembly (Cape Verde)">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Central_African_Republic)" title="National Assembly (Central African Republic)">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Chad)" title="National Assembly (Chad)">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Costa_Rica" title="Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Parliament" title="Croatian Parliament">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_People%27s_Power" title="National Assembly of People's Power">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Cyprus)" title="House of Representatives (Cyprus)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folketing" title="Folketing">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Djibouti)" title="National Assembly (Djibouti)">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Dominica" title="House of Assembly of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Parliament_(East_Timor)" title="National Parliament (East Timor)">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Ecuador)" title="National Assembly (Ecuador)">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_El_Salvador" title="Legislative Assembly of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Eritrea)" title="National Assembly (Eritrea)">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riigikogu" title="Riigikogu">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Fiji" title="Parliament of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Gambia" title="National Assembly of the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Parliament of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ghana" title="Parliament of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Guatemala" title="Congress of the Republic of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Guinea)" title="National Assembly (Guinea)">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Assembly_(Guinea-Bissau)" title="National People's Assembly (Guinea-Bissau)">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Guyana)" title="National Assembly (Guyana)">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Honduras" title="National Congress of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="National Assembly (Hungary)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_(Kiribati)" title="House of Assembly (Kiribati)">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Assembly" title="Supreme People's Assembly">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(South_Korea)" title="National Assembly (South Korea)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Kuwait)" title="National Assembly (Kuwait)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_(Kyrgyzstan)" title="Supreme Council (Kyrgyzstan)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Laos" title="National Assembly of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeima" title="Saeima">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Parliament of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Libya)" title="House of Representatives (Libya)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Liechtenstein" title="Landtag of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seimas" title="Seimas">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Luxembourg)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Malawi)" title="National Assembly (Malawi)">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Majlis" title="People's Majlis">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Mali)" title="National Assembly (Mali)">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malta" title="Parliament of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Legislature of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_Parliament" title="Mauritanian Parliament">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Mauritius)" title="National Assembly (Mauritius)">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Moldova" title="Parliament of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Monaco)" title="National Council (Monaco)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Great_Khural" title="State Great Khural">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Montenegro" title="Parliament of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Mozambique)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Mozambique)">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Nauru" title="Parliament of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="New Zealand House of Representatives">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nicaragua)" title="National Assembly (Nicaragua)">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Niger)" title="National Assembly (Niger)">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_North_Macedonia" title="Assembly of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Legislative_Council" title="Palestinian Legislative Council">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Panama)" title="National Assembly (Panama)">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Parliament_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="National Parliament of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru" title="Congress of the Republic of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Portugal)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Qatar" title="Consultative Assembly of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="House of Assembly of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Samoa" title="Legislative Assembly of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_and_General_Council" title="Grand and General Council">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe)" title="National Assembly (São Tomé and Príncipe)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Senegal)" title="National Assembly (Senegal)">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Serbia)" title="National Assembly (Serbia)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Seychelles)" title="National Assembly (Seychelles)">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Parliament of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Parliament of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Slovakia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council (Slovakia)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Parliament_of_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Parliament of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Parliament of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Suriname)" title="National Assembly (Suriname)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Syria" title="People's Assembly of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Tanzania)" title="National Assembly (Tanzania)">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Togo)" title="National Assembly (Togo)">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Tonga" title="Legislative Assembly of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Representatives_of_the_People" title="Assembly of the Representatives of the People">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Tuvalu" title="Parliament of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Uganda" title="Parliament of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Vanuatu" title="Parliament of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" title="Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">Holy See (Vatican City)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Vietnam)">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Yemen)" title="House of Representatives (Yemen)">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Zambia" title="National Assembly of Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent and<br />other territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_%C3%85land" title="Parliament of Åland">Åland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_(Anguilla)" title="House of Assembly (Anguilla)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Aruba" title="Parliament of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Azores" title="Legislative Assembly of the Azores">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="House of Assembly of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Parliament of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Parliament of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Parliament of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Legislative Assembly of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B8gting" title="Løgting">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_French_Polynesia" title="Assembly of French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Parliament" title="Gibraltar Parliament">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inatsisartut" title="Inatsisartut">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_Guam" title="Legislature of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Guernsey" title="States of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_Assembly" title="States Assembly">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Madeira" title="Legislative Assembly of Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Macau" title="Legislative Assembly of Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Montserrat" title="Legislative Assembly of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_New_Caledonia" title="Congress of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue_Assembly" title="Niue Assembly">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_Council_(Pitcairn)" title="Island Council (Pitcairn)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Council_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Territorial Council of Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Saint_Helena" title="Legislative Council of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Politics of the Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Council_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Territorial Council of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Sint_Maarten" title="Parliament of Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobago_House_of_Assembly" title="Tobago House of Assembly">Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Fono" title="General Fono">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_(Turks_and_Caicos_Islands)" title="House of Assembly (Turks and Caicos Islands)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Legislature of the Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Assembly_of_Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Territorial Assembly of Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">Non-UN states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Abkhazia" title="People's Assembly of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo" title="Assembly of the Republic of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Northern_Cyprus)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Northern Cyprus)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_National_Council" title="Sahrawi National Council">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Ossetia" title="Parliament of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_(Transnistria)" title="Supreme Council (Transnistria)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Artsakh)" title="National Assembly (Artsakh)">Artsakh (1991–2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Congress_of_the_Confederate_States" title="Provisional Congress of the Confederate States">Confederate States (1861–1862)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Communist_Czechoslovakia)" title="National Assembly (Communist Czechoslovakia)">Czechoslovakia (1948–1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Republic)" title="Dáil Éireann (Irish Republic)">Irish Republic (1919–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_Legislative_Assembly" title="Norfolk Island Legislative Assembly">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksraad_(Orange_Free_State)" title="Volksraad (Orange Free State)">Orange Free State (1854–1902)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Parliament" title="Sicilian Parliament">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_(Sikkim)" title="State Council (Sikkim)">Sikkim (1953–1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksraad_(South_African_Republic)" title="Volksraad (South African Republic)">South African Republic (1857–1902)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">Bicameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricameralism" title="Tricameralism">Tricameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicameralism" title="Multicameralism">Multicameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislatures_by_country" title="List of legislatures by country">List of legislatures by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_bicameral_legislatures" title="Template:National bicameral legislatures">National bicameral legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_lower_houses" title="Template:National lower houses">National lower houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_upper_houses" title="Template:National upper houses">National upper houses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_legislatures_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parliaments_in_Europe" title="Template:Parliaments in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parliaments_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Parliaments in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parliaments_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parliaments in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_legislatures_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National legislatures in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Albania" title="Parliament of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Council_(Andorra)" title="General Council (Andorra)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Armenia)" title="National Assembly (Armenia)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Parliament" title="Austrian Parliament">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Azerbaijan)" title="National Assembly (Azerbaijan)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Federal_Parliament" title="Belgian Federal Parliament">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bulgaria)" title="National Assembly (Bulgaria)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Parliament" title="Croatian Parliament">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Cyprus)" title="House of Representatives (Cyprus)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Parliament of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folketing" title="Folketing">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riigikogu" title="Riigikogu">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Parliament of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="National Assembly (Hungary)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Kazakhstan" title="Parliament of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeima" title="Saeima">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Liechtenstein" title="Landtag of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seimas" title="Seimas">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Luxembourg)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malta" title="Parliament of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Moldova" title="Parliament of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Monaco)" title="National Council (Monaco)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Montenegro" title="Parliament of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_North_Macedonia" title="Assembly of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Poland" title="Parliament of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Portugal)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Russia)" title="Federal Assembly (Russia)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_and_General_Council" title="Grand and General Council">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Serbia)" title="National Assembly (Serbia)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Slovakia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council (Slovakia)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Parliament" title="Slovenian Parliament">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" title="Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Abkhazia" title="People's Assembly of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo" title="Assembly of the Republic of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Northern_Cyprus)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Northern Cyprus)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Ossetia" title="Parliament of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_(Transnistria)" title="Supreme Council (Transnistria)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_%C3%85land" title="Parliament of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B8gting" title="Løgting">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Parliament" title="Gibraltar Parliament">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Guernsey" title="States of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynwald" title="Tynwald">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_Assembly" title="States Assembly">Jersey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154797#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154797#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154797#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110923632">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/148326211">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/669386/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/2116123-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91075486">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12258183j">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12258183j">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Německo. Bundestag"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2005276056&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261497905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA06015077?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1180357">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02635893X">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bundestag&params=52_31_07_N_13_22_34_E_source:nlwiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°31′07″N</span> <span class="longitude">13°22′34″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.51861°N 13.37611°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.51861; 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