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id="toc-Paganism_and_Roman_settlement_(1000_BC–300_AD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paganism_and_Roman_settlement_(1000_BC–300_AD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Paganism and Roman settlement (1000 BC–300 AD)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paganism_and_Roman_settlement_(1000_BC–300_AD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Roman_and_Carolingian_eras_(300–1000)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Roman_and_Carolingian_eras_(300–1000)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Late Roman and Carolingian eras (300–1000)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Roman_and_Carolingian_eras_(300–1000)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Reformation_period_(1000–1517)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Reformation_period_(1000–1517)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Pre-Reformation period (1000–1517)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Reformation_period_(1000–1517)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformation,_Counter-Reformation_and_the_Thirty_Years'_War_(1517–1648)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformation,_Counter-Reformation_and_the_Thirty_Years'_War_(1517–1648)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Reformation, Counter-Reformation and the Thirty Years' War (1517–1648)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformation,_Counter-Reformation_and_the_Thirty_Years'_War_(1517–1648)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Thirty_Years'_War_period_and_Protestant_church_unions_(1648–1871)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Thirty_Years'_War_period_and_Protestant_church_unions_(1648–1871)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Post-Thirty Years' War period and Protestant church unions (1648–1871)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Thirty_Years'_War_period_and_Protestant_church_unions_(1648–1871)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kulturkampf_and_the_German_Empire_(1871–1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kulturkampf_and_the_German_Empire_(1871–1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Kulturkampf and the German Empire (1871–1918)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kulturkampf_and_the_German_Empire_(1871–1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weimar_Republic_and_Nazi_Germany_(1918–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weimar_Republic_and_Nazi_Germany_(1918–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany (1918–1945)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weimar_Republic_and_Nazi_Germany_(1918–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War_and_contemporary_period_(1945–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War_and_contemporary_period_(1945–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Cold War and contemporary period (1945–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War_and_contemporary_period_(1945–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Censuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Censuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Censuses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Censuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_figures_and_other_estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_figures_and_other_estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Church figures and other estimates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_figures_and_other_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Survey_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survey_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Survey data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survey_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_by_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_by_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Religion by state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_by_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Personal beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Christianity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protestantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Protestantism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Eastern Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-No_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#No_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>No religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-No_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Other religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yazidism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yazidism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Yazidism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yazidism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Druze_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Druze_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Druze Faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Druze_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Baháʼí Faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neopaganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neopaganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Neopaganism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neopaganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sekten_and_new_religious_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sekten_and_new_religious_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span><i>Sekten</i> and new religious movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sekten_and_new_religious_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Freedom of religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Religion in Germany</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الدين في ألمانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدين في ألمانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Вероизповедания в Германия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вероизповедания в Германия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religionen_in_Deutschland" title="Religionen in Deutschland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Religionen in Deutschland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Θρησκεία στη Γερμανία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θρησκεία στη Γερμανία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%B3n_en_Alemania" title="Religión en Alemania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Religión en Alemania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دین در آلمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دین در آلمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_en_Allemagne" title="Religion en Allemagne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Religion en Allemagne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC%EC%9D%98_%EC%A2%85%EA%B5%90" title="독일의 종교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일의 종교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religija_u_Njema%C4%8Dkoj" title="Religija u Njemačkoj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Religija u Njemačkoj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_di_Jerman" title="Agama di Jerman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Agama di Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religioni_in_Germania" title="Religioni in Germania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Religioni in Germania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Религија во Германија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Религија во Германија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="ドイツの宗教 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツの宗教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religia_w_Niemczech" title="Religia w Niemczech – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Religia w Niemczech" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%A3o_na_Alemanha" title="Religião na Alemanha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Religião na Alemanha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Религия в Германии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Религия в Германии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feja_n%C3%AB_Gjermani" 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class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:DeepPink; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 5304.5364363156px; border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; 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border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1987.7609902728px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 283.33388210251px; border-left-color:Beige"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Beige"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Beige"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 991.36510217696px 100px 0; border-right-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in Germany (2023 estimate)<sup id="cite_ref-FOWID2023A_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOWID2023A-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (48.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Beige; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Germany" title="Irreligion in Germany">No religion</a> (46.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Germany" title="Islam in Germany">Islam</a> (4.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Buddhism</a> (0.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Navy; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Judaism</a> (0.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orange; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Germany" title="Hinduism in Germany">Hinduism</a> (0.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Yazidis_in_Germany" title="Yazidis in Germany">Yazidism</a> (0.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DeepPink; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> other religions (0.3%)</div> </div> </div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968_b.jpg/207px-K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968_b.jpg/310px-K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968_b.jpg/414px-K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3062" data-file-height="4969" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a> is a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is the largest <b>religion in Germany</b>. It was introduced to the area of modern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> by 300 AD, while parts of that area belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, and later, when <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> and other Germanic tribes converted to Christianity from the fifth century onwards. The area became fully <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of Germany">Christianized</a> by the time of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> in the eighth and ninth century. After the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> started by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> in the early 16th century, many people left the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and became <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>, mainly <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a>. In the 17th and 18th centuries, German cities also became hubs of heretical and sometimes anti-religious <a href="/wiki/Freethinking" class="mw-redirect" title="Freethinking">freethinking</a>, challenging the influence of religion and contributing to the spread of <a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">secular thinking about morality</a> across Germany and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, around 48% of the population were Christians, among them 46% members of the two large Christian churches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOWID2023A_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOWID2023A-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOWID2023B_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOWID2023B-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About half of Christians in Germany are Catholics, mostly <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholics</a>; Catholicism is stronger in the southern and the western part of the country. About half belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church in Germany</a> (EKD) predominant in the northern regions, and the rest to several small Christian denominations such as the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Evangelical_Free_Churches_in_Germany" title="Union of Evangelical Free Churches in Germany">Union of Evangelical Free Churches in Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2011zensus_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011zensus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOWID2021_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOWID2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimations for the percentage of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> vary between 4.6%<sup id="cite_ref-FOWID2023B_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOWID2023B-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 6.7%,<sup id="cite_ref-BAMF_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAMF-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while much smaller religions include <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOWID2021_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOWID2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rest of the population is not affiliated with any church, and many are <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostic">agnostic</a>, or otherwise <a href="/wiki/Irreligious" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreligious">irreligious</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2011zensus_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011zensus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 60% of German residents say that they believe there is a <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, 9% say that they believe there is a higher power or spiritual force and 27% say that they do not believe there is a God, higher power or spiritual force.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another survey, 44% said that they believe there is a God, 25% said that they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force and 27% said that they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 35% of residents identify with their religion or belief.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:DeepPink; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 5304.5364363156px; border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3978.035783976px; border-left-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3182.0515953774px; border-left-color:Navy"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Navy"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Navy"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 2651.3256287233px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1987.7609902728px; border-left-color:LimeGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:LimeGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:LimeGreen"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 991.36510217697px; border-left-color:DarkGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkGreen"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 283.33388210251px; border-left-color:Turquoise"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Turquoise"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Turquoise"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 235.12870827578px; border-left-color:Orchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Orchid"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 184.63791930554px; border-left-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:95.486454474664px 29.704158157703px 0 0; border-top-color:DarkOrchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrchid"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 410.83968437177px 100px 0; border-right-color:Beige"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:Beige"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in Germany (2023 Estimate)<sup id="cite_ref-FOWID2023A_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOWID2023A-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Beige; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Germany" title="Irreligion in Germany">Unaffiliated</a> (46.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkOrchid; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Germany" title="Catholic Church in Germany">Catholicism</a> (24.0%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestantism</a> (21.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orchid; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> (1.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Turquoise; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">other Christians</a> (1.0%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkGreen; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, excluding Alevism (3.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:LimeGreen; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> (0.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Buddhism</a> (0.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Navy; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Judaism</a> (0.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orange; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Germany" title="Hinduism in Germany">Hinduism</a> (0.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Yazidis_in_Germany" title="Yazidis in Germany">Yazidism</a> (0.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DeepPink; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> other religions (0.3%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>Nearly half of Germans <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Germany" title="Irreligion in Germany">have no religion</a>. Demographics of religion in Germany vary greatly by region and age, with sharp divides that reflect both the country's history as an <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> hub and its later experiences with post-war <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>. Non-religious people typically represent the majority in Germany's major cities, including <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/New_states_of_Germany" title="New states of Germany">the eastern states</a> which used to be <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> between 1949 and 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-Goddyn2014_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddyn2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, rural areas of <a href="/wiki/Old_states_of_Germany" title="Old states of Germany">the western states</a> of what in the same period used to be <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> are more religious, and some rural areas are highly religious.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paganism_and_Roman_settlement_(1000_BC–300_AD)"><span id="Paganism_and_Roman_settlement_.281000_BC.E2.80.93300_AD.29"></span>Paganism and Roman settlement (1000 BC–300 AD)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Paganism and Roman settlement (1000 BC–300 AD)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pommern_martberg.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Pommern_martberg.JPG/207px-Pommern_martberg.JPG" decoding="async" width="207" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Pommern_martberg.JPG/311px-Pommern_martberg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Pommern_martberg.JPG/414px-Pommern_martberg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3552" data-file-height="1953" /></a><figcaption>Martberg <a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Gallo-Roman temple</a> dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Lenus" title="Lenus">Lenus</a>, rebuilt in <a href="/wiki/Pommern,_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Pommern, Rhineland-Palatinate">Pommern, Rhineland-Palatinate</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic paganism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Common_Germanic_deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Germanic deities">Common Germanic deities</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">List of Germanic deities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Germanic mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic mythology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a></div> <p>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheistic">polytheistic</a> religion practised in <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Germany">prehistoric Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Scandinavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Roman</a> territories of <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> by the first century AD. It had a <a href="/wiki/Common_Germanic_deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Germanic deities">pantheon of deities</a> that included <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Donar/Thunar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Wuotan/Wodan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freya" class="mw-redirect" title="Freya">Frouwa/Frua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baldr" title="Baldr">Balder/Phol/Baldag</a>, and others shared with <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">northern Germanic paganism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic paganism</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman syntheses</a> were instead practised in western and southern parts of modern Germany, while <a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic paganism</a> was practised in the east. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Roman_and_Carolingian_eras_(300–1000)"><span id="Late_Roman_and_Carolingian_eras_.28300.E2.80.931000.29"></span>Late Roman and Carolingian eras (300–1000)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Late Roman and Carolingian eras (300–1000)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_architecture" title="Carolingian architecture">Carolingian architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">State church of the Roman Empire</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:310px;max-width:310px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aula_Palatina_(Basilica_of_Constantine),_Augusta_Treverorum,_Trier_(8749080929).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Aula_Palatina_%28Basilica_of_Constantine%29%2C_Augusta_Treverorum%2C_Trier_%288749080929%29.jpg/160px-Aula_Palatina_%28Basilica_of_Constantine%29%2C_Augusta_Treverorum%2C_Trier_%288749080929%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Aula_Palatina_%28Basilica_of_Constantine%29%2C_Augusta_Treverorum%2C_Trier_%288749080929%29.jpg/240px-Aula_Palatina_%28Basilica_of_Constantine%29%2C_Augusta_Treverorum%2C_Trier_%288749080929%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Aula_Palatina_%28Basilica_of_Constantine%29%2C_Augusta_Treverorum%2C_Trier_%288749080929%29.jpg/320px-Aula_Palatina_%28Basilica_of_Constantine%29%2C_Augusta_Treverorum%2C_Trier_%288749080929%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="4288" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Aula_Palatina" title="Aula Palatina">Aula Palatina</a> of <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> constructed during 306–337 AD</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pfalzkapelle_vom_Katschhof_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pfalzkapelle_vom_Katschhof_2014.jpg/142px-Pfalzkapelle_vom_Katschhof_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pfalzkapelle_vom_Katschhof_2014.jpg/213px-Pfalzkapelle_vom_Katschhof_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pfalzkapelle_vom_Katschhof_2014.jpg/284px-Pfalzkapelle_vom_Katschhof_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3632" data-file-height="5456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Chapel,_Aachen" title="Palatine Chapel, Aachen">Palatine Chapel, Aachen</a>, built <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span></div></div></div></div></div> <p>In the territories of Germany under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (the provinces <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a>), early Christianity was introduced and began to flourish after the fourth century. Although pagan <a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Roman temples</a> existed beforehand, Christian religious structures were soon built, such as the <a href="/wiki/Aula_Palatina" title="Aula Palatina">Aula Palatina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a> (then the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a>), completed during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> (306–337).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian period">Carolingian period</a>, Christianity spread throughout Germany, particularly during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> (r. 768–814). Religious structures built during the Carolingian period include the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Chapel,_Aachen" title="Palatine Chapel, Aachen">Palatine Chapel, Aachen</a>, a surviving component of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Aachen" title="Palace of Aachen">Palace of Aachen</a> built by architect <a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Metz" title="Odo of Metz">Odo of Metz</a> during the reign of Charlemagne.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Reformation_period_(1000–1517)"><span id="Pre-Reformation_period_.281000.E2.80.931517.29"></span>Pre-Reformation period (1000–1517)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-Reformation period (1000–1517)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Territories of the present-day Germany, like much of Europe, were entirely <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> with religious break-offs being suppressed by both the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformation,_Counter-Reformation_and_the_Thirty_Years'_War_(1517–1648)"><span id="Reformation.2C_Counter-Reformation_and_the_Thirty_Years.27_War_.281517.E2.80.931648.29"></span>Reformation, Counter-Reformation and the Thirty Years' War (1517–1648)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reformation, Counter-Reformation and the Thirty Years' War (1517–1648)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Counter_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter Reformation">Counter Reformation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1529MartinLuther.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/1529MartinLuther.jpg/189px-1529MartinLuther.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/1529MartinLuther.jpg/283px-1529MartinLuther.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/1529MartinLuther.jpg/378px-1529MartinLuther.jpg 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="977" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> (1483–1546) was responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Roman Catholicism was the sole established religion in the Holy Roman Empire until the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> changed this drastically. In the early 16th century abuses (such as selling <a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">indulgences</a> in the Catholic Church) occasioned much discontent, and a general desire for reform emerged. In 1517 the Reformation began with the publication of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>'s <a href="/wiki/95_Theses" class="mw-redirect" title="95 Theses">95 Theses</a> detailing 95 assertions which Luther believed showed corruption and misguidance within the Catholic Church. The Reformation demonstrated Luther's disagreement both with the way in which the higher clergy used and abused power, and with the very idea of a papacy. In 1521 the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a> outlawed Luther, but the Reformation spread rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luther translated the Bible from Latin to German, establishing the basis of the modern German language. A curious fact is that Luther spoke a dialect which had minor importance in the German language of that time. After the publication of his Bible translation, his dialect evolved into what is now standard modern German. </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Protestation_at_Speyer" title="Protestation at Speyer">protestation</a> of the Lutheran princes at the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial Diet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Second_Diet_of_Speyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Diet of Speyer">Speyer</a> (1529) and rejection of the Lutheran "Augsburg Confession" at the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Augsburg" title="Diet of Augsburg">Diet of Augsburg</a> (1530), a separate Lutheran church emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HolyRomanEmpire_1618.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/HolyRomanEmpire_1618.png/270px-HolyRomanEmpire_1618.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/HolyRomanEmpire_1618.png/405px-HolyRomanEmpire_1618.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/HolyRomanEmpire_1618.png/540px-HolyRomanEmpire_1618.png 2x" data-file-width="4005" data-file-height="3964" /></a><figcaption>Religious fragmentation at the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> in 1618</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1545 the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> began in Germany. Much of its impetus came from the newly founded (in 1540) <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit order</a>. It restored Catholicism to many areas, including Bavaria.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Holy Roman Empire became religiously diverse; for the most part, the states of northern and central Germany became Protestant (chiefly Lutheran, but also Calvinist/Reformed) while the states of southern Germany and the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> largely remained Catholic. In 1547 the <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor Charles V</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_League" title="Schmalkaldic League">Schmalkaldic League</a>, an alliance of Protestant rulers. The <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg" title="Peace of Augsburg">Peace of Augsburg</a> in 1555 brought recognition of the Lutheran faith. But the treaty also stipulated that the religion of a state was to be that of its ruler (<i><a href="/wiki/Cuius_regio,_eius_religio" title="Cuius regio, eius religio">cuius regio, eius religio</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1608/1609 the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Union" title="Protestant Union">Protestant Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(German)" title="Catholic League (German)">Catholic League</a> formed. The <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> (1618–1648), one of the most destructive conflicts in European history, played out primarily in German lands, but involved most of the countries of Europe. It was to some extent a religious conflict, involving both Protestants and Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Thirty_Years'_War_period_and_Protestant_church_unions_(1648–1871)"><span id="Post-Thirty_Years.27_War_period_and_Protestant_church_unions_.281648.E2.80.931871.29"></span>Post-Thirty Years' War period and Protestant church unions (1648–1871)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-Thirty Years' War period and Protestant church unions (1648–1871)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Union_of_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian Union of churches">Prussian Union of churches</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Lutheran_immigration_of_1838%E2%80%9339" title="Saxon Lutheran immigration of 1838–39">Saxon Lutheran immigration of 1838–39</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_luthercalvin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Union_luthercalvin.jpg/269px-Union_luthercalvin.jpg" decoding="async" width="269" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Union_luthercalvin.jpg/404px-Union_luthercalvin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Union_luthercalvin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption>Glass window in the town church of <a href="/wiki/Wiesloch" title="Wiesloch">Wiesloch</a> with <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> commemorating the 1821 union of Lutheran and Reformed churches in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Grand Duchy of Baden</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Two main developments reshaped religion in Germany after 1814. There was a movement to unite the larger Lutheran and the smaller Reformed Protestant churches. The churches themselves brought this about in Baden, Nassau, and Bavaria. However, in Prussia King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick William III">Frederick William III</a> was determined to handle unification entirely on his own terms, without consultation. His goal was to <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism#Church_fellowship" title="Lutheranism">unify</a> the Protestant churches, and to impose a single standardised liturgy, organisation, and even architecture. The long-term goal was to have fully centralised royal control of all the Protestant churches. In a series of proclamations over several decades the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Union_of_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian Union of churches">Evangelical Church of the Prussian Union</a> was formed, bringing together the more numerous Lutherans and the less numerous Reformed Protestants. The government of Prussia now had full control over church affairs, with the king himself recognised as the leading bishop. Opposition to unification came from the "<a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a>" in Prussia and Silesia who followed the theological and liturgical forms they had followed since the days of Luther. The government attempted to crack down on them, so they went underground. Tens of thousands migrated <a href="/wiki/German_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="German Australian">to South Australia</a> and the United States, where they formed the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod">Missouri Synod</a>. Finally, in 1845 the new king, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick William IV">Frederick William IV</a>, offered a general amnesty and allowed the Old Lutherans to form separate <a href="/wiki/Free_church#Germany" title="Free church">free church</a> associations with only nominal government control.<sup id="cite_ref-clark_2006_iron_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark_2006_iron-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 412–419">: 412–419 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holborn_1964_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holborn_1964-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 485–491">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderng0000unse_o6x4/page/484/mode/2up">485–491</a> </span></sup> </p><p>From the religious point of view of the typical Catholic or Protestant, major changes were underway in terms of a much more personalised religiosity that focused on the individual more than the church or the ceremony. Opposing the rationalism of the late 18th century, there was a new emphasis on the psychology and feeling of the individual, especially in terms of contemplating sinfulness, redemption, and the mysteries and the revelations of Christianity. <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietistic revivals</a> were common among Protestants. Among Catholics there was a sharp increase in popular pilgrimages. In 1844 alone, half a million pilgrims made a pilgrimage to the city of Trier in the Rhineland to view the <a href="/wiki/Seamless_robe_of_Jesus" title="Seamless robe of Jesus">Seamless robe of Jesus</a>, said to be the robe that Jesus wore on the way to his crucifixion. Catholic bishops in Germany had historically been largely independent of Rome, but now the Vatican exerted increasing control, a new "<a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">ultramontanism</a>" of Catholics highly loyal to Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-clark_2006_iron_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark_2006_iron-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 419–421">: 419–421 </span></sup> A sharp controversy broke out in 1837–38 in the largely Catholic Rhineland over the religious education of children of mixed marriages, where the mother was Catholic and the father Protestant. The government passed laws to require that these children always be raised as Protestants, contrary to Napoleonic law that had previously prevailed and allowed the parents to make the decision. It put the Catholic Archbishop under house arrest. In 1840, the new King Frederick William IV sought reconciliation and ended the controversy by agreeing to most of the Catholic demands. <sup id="cite_ref-Holborn_1964_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holborn_1964-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 498–509">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderng0000unse_o6x4/page/498/mode/2up">498–509</a> </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kulturkampf_and_the_German_Empire_(1871–1918)"><span id="Kulturkampf_and_the_German_Empire_.281871.E2.80.931918.29"></span>Kulturkampf and the German Empire (1871–1918)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kulturkampf and the German Empire (1871–1918)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png/270px-Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png/405px-Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png/540px-Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png 2x" data-file-width="1334" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption><i>Between Berlin and Rome</i>, Bismarck (left) confronts Pope Pius IX, 1875.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verbreitung_der_Konfessionen_im_deutschen_Reich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Verbreitung_der_Konfessionen_im_deutschen_Reich.jpg/275px-Verbreitung_der_Konfessionen_im_deutschen_Reich.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Verbreitung_der_Konfessionen_im_deutschen_Reich.jpg/413px-Verbreitung_der_Konfessionen_im_deutschen_Reich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Verbreitung_der_Konfessionen_im_deutschen_Reich.jpg/550px-Verbreitung_der_Konfessionen_im_deutschen_Reich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3160" data-file-height="2547" /></a><figcaption>The religious situation in the German Empire about 1895. Tan, purple, and pink areas are predominantly Protestant, lilac and blue areas predominantly Catholic.</figcaption></figure> <p>Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> would not tolerate any base of power outside Germany and launched the <a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a> ("culture war") against the power of the pope and the Catholic Church. This gained strong support from German liberals, who saw the Catholic Church as the bastion of reaction and their greatest enemy. The Catholic element, in turn, saw the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Germany)" title="National Liberal Party (Germany)">National Liberals</a> as its worst enemy and formed the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Center Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catholics, although about a third of the national population, were seldom allowed to hold major positions in the Imperial government or the Prussian government. After 1871, there was a systematic purge of Catholics; in the powerful interior ministry, which handled all police affairs, the only Catholic was a messenger boy.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German Empire passed the <a href="/wiki/Pulpit_Law" title="Pulpit Law">Pulpit Law</a> (1871), which made it a crime for any cleric to discuss political issues, and the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits_Law_(1872)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuits Law (1872)">Jesuits Law (1872)</a> drove this order out of German territory. In 1873, Bismarck, as prime minister of Prussia, launched further anti-church measures: Public schools and the registration of births, marriages and deaths were transferred from religious authorities (including the Protestant state church) to the state. Germans could now change their religious affiliation through the civil registry. Other German states followed through with similar measures. Nearly all Catholic bishops, clergy, and laymen rejected the legality of the new laws, and were defiant facing the increasingly heavy penalties and imprisonments imposed by Bismarck's government. Historian Anthony Steinhoff reports the casualty totals: </p> <blockquote><p>As of 1878, only three of eight Prussian dioceses still had bishops, some 1,125 of 4,600 parishes were vacant, and nearly 1,800 priests ended up in jail or in exile. ...Finally, between 1872 and 1878, numerous Catholic newspapers were confiscated, Catholic associations and assemblies were dissolved, and Catholic civil servants were dismissed merely on the pretence of having Ultramontane sympathies.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The British ambassador <a href="/wiki/Odo_Russell,_1st_Baron_Ampthill" title="Odo Russell, 1st Baron Ampthill">Odo Russell</a> reported to London in October 1872 how Bismarck's plans were backfiring by strengthening the <a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">ultramontane</a> (pro-papal) position inside German Catholicism: </p> <blockquote><p>The German Bishops who were politically powerless in Germany and theologically in opposition to the Pope in Rome – have now become powerful political leaders in Germany and enthusiastic defenders of the now infallible Faith of Rome, united, disciplined, and thirsting for martyrdom, thanks to Bismarck's uncalled for antiliberal declaration of War on the freedom they had hitherto peacefully enjoyed.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Bismarck underestimated the resolve of the Catholic Church and did not foresee the extremes that this struggle would entail.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic Church denounced the harsh new laws as anti-catholic and mustered the support of its rank and file voters across Germany. In the following elections, the Center Party won a quarter of the seats in the Imperial Diet.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conflict ended after 1879 for two reasons: Pope Pius IX died in 1878 and was succeeded by the more conciliatory <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>. Bismarck was also looking for greater parliamentary support after his alliance with the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Germany)" title="National Liberal Party (Germany)">National Liberals</a> ended over Bismarck's tariff changes and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Socialist_Laws" title="Anti-Socialist Laws">Social-Democrats emerged as new threat</a>. Following negotiations with Leo XIII,<sup id="cite_ref-clark_2006_iron_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark_2006_iron-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 568–576">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ironkingdomrised00chri/page/568">568–576</a> </span></sup> peace was restored: the bishops returned, and the jailed clerics were released. Laws were toned down or taken back (Mitigation Laws 1880–1883 and Peace Laws 1886/87), but the Jesuits Law and the Pulpit Law were not repealed until 1917 and 1953, respectively. The changes concerning schools, civil registry, marriage and religious disaffiliation remain in place today. The Center Party gained strength and became an ally of Bismarck, especially when he attacked socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weimar_Republic_and_Nazi_Germany_(1918–1945)"><span id="Weimar_Republic_and_Nazi_Germany_.281918.E2.80.931945.29"></span>Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany (1918–1945)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany (1918–1945)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Germany" title="Freedom of religion in Germany">Freedom of religion in Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirchenkampf" title="Kirchenkampf">Kirchenkampf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Religion in Nazi Germany">Religion in Nazi Germany</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Religion_in_Germany_by_district,_1925.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Religion_in_Germany_by_district%2C_1925.svg/269px-Religion_in_Germany_by_district%2C_1925.svg.png" decoding="async" width="269" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Religion_in_Germany_by_district%2C_1925.svg/404px-Religion_in_Germany_by_district%2C_1925.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Religion_in_Germany_by_district%2C_1925.svg/538px-Religion_in_Germany_by_district%2C_1925.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6021" data-file-height="4735" /></a><figcaption>Religion in the 1925 census</figcaption></figure> <p>The national constitution of 1919 determined that the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> had no state church, and guaranteed <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>. Earlier, these freedoms were mentioned only in state constitutions. Protestants and Catholics were equal before the law, and <a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">freethought</a> flourished. The <a href="/wiki/German_Freethinkers_League" title="German Freethinkers League">German Freethinkers League</a> attained about 500,000 members, many of whom were <a href="/wiki/Atheists" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheists">atheists</a>, before the organisation was shut down by the Nazis in May 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_seizure_of_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi seizure of power">seized power in January 1933</a>, it sought to assert state supremacy over all sectors of life. The <a href="/wiki/Reichskonkordat" title="Reichskonkordat">Reichskonkordat</a> neutralized the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> as a political force. Through the pro-<a href="/wiki/National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialism">Nazi</a> <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Christenbewegung" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Christenbewegung">Deutsche Christenbewegung</a> ("German Christians movement") and the forced merger of the <a href="/wiki/German_Evangelical_Church_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="German Evangelical Church Confederation">German Evangelical Church Confederation</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reich_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reich Church">Protestant Reich Church</a>, Protestantism was brought under state control. Following a "gradual worsening of relations" in late 1936, the Nazis supported <i>Kirchenaustrittsbewegung</i> ("movement to leave the church").<sup id="cite_ref-Steigmann_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steigmann-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there was no top-down official directive to revoke church membership, some Nazi Party members started doing so voluntarily and put other members under pressure to follow their example.<sup id="cite_ref-Steigmann_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steigmann-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who left the churches were designated as <i><a href="/wiki/Gottgl%C3%A4ubig" title="Gottgläubig">Gottgläubig</a></i>: they believed in a higher power, often a creator-God with a special interest in the German nation, but did not belong to any church, nor were they atheists. Many were <a href="/wiki/Germanic_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic neopaganism">Germanic neopagans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Steigmann_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steigmann-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This movement, especially promoted by <a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, remained relatively small and by 1939, 3.5% of Germans identified as <i>Gottgläubig</i>; the overwhelming majority of 94.5% remained Protestant or Catholic, and only 1.5% did not profess any faith.<sup id="cite_ref-Ziegler_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ziegler-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1933, <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Germany">Jews in Germany</a> were increasingly marginalised, expelled and persecuted for a combination of religious, racial and economic reasons. From 1941 to the fall of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in 1945, they were actively massacred during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War_and_contemporary_period_(1945–present)"><span id="Cold_War_and_contemporary_period_.281945.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Cold War and contemporary period (1945–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cold War and contemporary period (1945–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gottesdienstschilder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gottesdienstschilder.jpg/189px-Gottesdienstschilder.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gottesdienstschilder.jpg/283px-Gottesdienstschilder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gottesdienstschilder.jpg/378px-Gottesdienstschilder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Road signs inform visitors about the usual timing of church services.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_East_Germany" title="Christianity in East Germany">Christianity in East Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc">Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc</a></div> <p>In the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, two states emerged in Germany in 1949: <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> under the aegis of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Allies" title="Western Allies">Western Allies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet bloc">Soviet bloc</a>. West Germany, officially known as the Federal Republic of Germany, adopted a constitution in 1949 which protected <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> and adopted the regulations of the Weimar Constitution;<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consequently,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Secularisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularisation">secularisation</a> in West Germany proceeded slowly. East Germany, officially known as the German Democratic Republic, had a <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> system which actively tried to reduce the influence of religion in society; the government restricted Christian churches and discriminated against Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-georgetown1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-georgetown1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 21st century, eastern German states, including the area of the former eastern capital, <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a>, are less religious than western German states.<sup id="cite_ref-Goddyn2014_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddyn2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religious communities which are of sufficient size and stability and which are loyal to the constitution can be recognised as <i>Körperschaften öffentlichen Rechtes</i> (statutory corporations). This gives them certain privileges – for example, being able to give religious instruction in state schools (as enshrined in the German constitution, though some states are exempt from this) and having membership fees collected (for a fee) by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Central_Tax_Office" title="Federal Central Tax Office">German revenue department</a> as "<a href="/wiki/Church_tax" title="Church tax">church tax</a>" (<i>Kirchensteuer</i>): a surcharge of between 8 and 9% of the income tax. The status mainly applies to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">mainline</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church in Germany</a>, a number of <a href="/wiki/Free_church" title="Free church">free churches</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> communities. There has been much discussion about allowing other religious groups (such as <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>) into this system as well.<sup id="cite_ref-georgetown1_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-georgetown1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Soure does not mention discussion around including new groups (December 2019)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2018 the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> made <a href="/wiki/Reformation_Day" title="Reformation Day">Reformation Day</a> (31 October) a permanent official holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This initiative began after the day had been held as a nationwide holiday in 2017, due to the 500th Reformation anniversary of the Reformation, and also due to the fact that the northern German states have significantly fewer holidays than the southern ones. </p><p>In 2019 the Catholic News Agency reported that the Catholic church in Germany had a net loss of 216,078 members the previous year. The Protestant churches in Germany had a similar net loss of membership of about 220,000 members. While the total of Catholic and Protestant church membership as of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> stands at 45 million or 53%, demographers predict that based on current trends it will fall to 23 million by 2060.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020 it was reported that the Catholic church in Germany had a 402,000 loss in membership, the largest ever single year decrease up to that point. The Protestant churches in Germany also had a large drop in membership of about 440,000.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konfessionen_Deutschland_Zensus_2022.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Konfessionen_Deutschland_Zensus_2022.png/290px-Konfessionen_Deutschland_Zensus_2022.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="414" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Konfessionen_Deutschland_Zensus_2022.png/435px-Konfessionen_Deutschland_Zensus_2022.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Konfessionen_Deutschland_Zensus_2022.png/580px-Konfessionen_Deutschland_Zensus_2022.png 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3543" /></a><figcaption> Predominant denominations in Germany as revealed by the 2022 Census: yellow: roman-catholic majority, violet: protestant majority, green: non-religious / unaffiliated plurality; dark: absolute majority</figcaption></figure> <p>As per the most recent census (May 2022) <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholics</a> are predominant in the south and west, while unaffiliated people are concentrated in the east, where they make up the majority of the population, and are also significant in the north and west of the country, were they make up the majority of the population in metropolitan areas.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the decline of Christianity in the late 20th and early 21st century, accentuated in the east by the official atheism of the former <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a>, the northeastern states of Germany are now mostly not religious (70%), with many of the people living there being <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnostics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goddyn2014_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddyn2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immigrations in the late 20th and early 21st century have brought new religions into Germany, including <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. Eastern Orthodoxy is practised among immigrant <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Germany" title="Greeks in Germany">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Germany" title="Serbs in Germany">Serbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Germany" title="Russians in Germany">Russians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanians_in_Germany" title="Romanians in Germany">Romanians</a> and other communities.<sup id="cite_ref-REMID2017_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID2017-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> are <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnis</a>, but there are a small number of <a href="/wiki/Alevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alevi">Alevis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'a</a> and members of other minority sects.<sup id="cite_ref-MLD_2.1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MLD_2.1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, Germany has Europe's third-largest <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Jewish population</a> (after France and the United Kingdom).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Censuses">Censuses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Censuses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In modern Germany, several censuses have been carried out. From the reformation until the 1960s, the majority of the German population was Protestant (mainly Lutherans belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church in Germany</a>) while approximatively one-third of the population was <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DGDB_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGDB-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>, the religious landscape was significantly changed, as found by the 2011 Census, the first one since the 1960s. </p><p>The census in 2011 found that Christianity was the religion of 53,257,550 people or 66.8% of the total population, among whom 24,869,380 or 31.2% were Catholics, 24,552,110 or 30.8% were Protestants of the Protestant Church in Germany, 714,360 or 0.9% were members of Protestant <a href="/wiki/Free_church" title="Free church">free churches</a>, and 1,050,740 or 1.3% were members of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a> churches. A further 2.6% was affiliated to any other Christian denomination. Jews were 83,430 people or 0.1%, and 4,137,140 or 5.2% were members of other religions. The remaining 22,223,010 people, or 27.9% of the total German population, were not believers in or not members of any religion (including atheists, agnostics and believers in unrecognised religions).<sup id="cite_ref-2011zensus_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011zensus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Religion in Germany according to the censuses 1910–2011<sup id="cite_ref-DGDB_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGDB-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The source for the years in <i>italics</i> is the church membership count.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Religion </th> <th colspan="2">1910<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>α<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1925<sup id="cite_ref-Weimar_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weimar-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>β<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1933<sup id="cite_ref-Weimar_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weimar-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>β<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1939<sup id="cite_ref-Weimar_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weimar-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>β<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1946<sup id="cite_ref-aggregated_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aggregated-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>γ<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1950<sup id="cite_ref-aggregated_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aggregated-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>γ<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1960s<sup id="cite_ref-aggregated_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aggregated-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>γ<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>δ<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2"><i>1990</i> </th> <th colspan="2"><i>2001</i> </th> <th colspan="2">2011<sup id="cite_ref-2011zensus_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011zensus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0E0FF;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td> <td align="right">63,812,000</td> <td align="right">98.3</td> <td align="right">60,208,000</td> <td align="right">96.5</td> <td align="right">62,037,000</td> <td align="right">95.2</td> <td align="right">65,127,000</td> <td align="right">94.0</td> <td align="right">59,973,519</td> <td align="right">94.9</td> <td align="right">65,514,677</td> <td align="right">94.7</td> <td align="right">65,455,144</td> <td align="right">89.4 </td> <td><i>57,947,000</i> </td> <td><i>73.2</i> </td> <td><i>52,742,000</i> </td> <td><i>64.1</i></td> <td align="right">53,257,550</td> <td align="right">66.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0E0FF;"><small>–<a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">EKD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Free_Church_(Germany)" title="Evangelical Lutheran Free Church (Germany)">Free Churches</a></small></td> <td align="right">39,991,000</td> <td align="right">61.6</td> <td align="right">40,015,000</td> <td align="right">64.1</td> <td align="right">40,865,000</td> <td align="right">62.7</td> <td align="right">42,103,000</td> <td align="right">60.8</td> <td align="right">37,240,625</td> <td align="right">59.0</td> <td align="right">40,974,217</td> <td align="right">59.2</td> <td align="right">39,293,907</td> <td align="right">53.7 </td> <td><i>29,422,000</i> </td> <td><i>37.2</i> </td> <td><i>26,454,000</i> </td> <td><i>32.2</i></td> <td align="right">25,266,470</td> <td align="right">31.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0E0FF;"><small>–<i><a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a></i></small></td> <td align="right">23,821,000</td> <td align="right">36.7</td> <td align="right">20,193,000</td> <td align="right">32.4</td> <td align="right">21,172,000</td> <td align="right">32.5</td> <td align="right">23,024,000</td> <td align="right">33.2</td> <td align="right">22,732,894</td> <td align="right">35.9</td> <td align="right">24,540,460</td> <td align="right">35.5</td> <td align="right">26,161,237</td> <td align="right">35.7 </td> <td><i>28,525,000</i> </td> <td><i>36.1</i> </td> <td><i>26,288,000</i> </td> <td><i>32.0</i></td> <td align="right">24,869,380</td> <td align="right">31.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0E0FF;"><small>–<i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a></i></small></td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">- </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>-</td> <td align="right">1,050,740</td> <td align="right">1.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0E0FF;"><small>–<i>Other Christians</i></small> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td align="right">2,070,960 </td> <td align="right">2.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Judaism</td> <td align="right">615,000</td> <td align="right">1.0</td> <td align="right">564,000</td> <td align="right">0.9</td> <td align="right">500,000</td> <td align="right">0.8</td> <td align="right">222,000</td> <td align="right">0.3</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">- </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>-</td> <td align="right">84,430</td> <td align="right">0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0E0F0;">Other<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ε<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td align="right">498,000</td> <td align="right">0.7</td> <td align="right">1,639,000</td> <td align="right">2.6</td> <td align="right">2,681,000</td> <td align="right">4.0</td> <td align="right">3,966,000</td> <td align="right">5.7</td> <td align="right">623,956</td> <td align="right">1.0<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ζ<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td align="right">752,575</td> <td align="right">1.1</td> <td align="right">1,089,673</td> <td align="right">1.5 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>-</td> <td align="right">4,137,140</td> <td align="right">5.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F5F5F5;">No religion</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">1,190,629</td> <td align="right">1.5</td> <td align="right">2,572,369</td> <td align="right">4.1<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>η<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td align="right">3,438,020</td> <td align="right">4.9</td> <td align="right">7,459,914</td> <td align="right">10.2 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>-</td> <td align="right">22,223,010</td> <td align="right">27.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total population</th> <th align="right">64,926,000</th> <th align="right">100</th> <th align="right">62,411,000</th> <th align="right">100</th> <th align="right">65,218,000</th> <th align="right">100</th> <th align="right">69,314,000</th> <th align="right">100</th> <th align="right">63,169,844</th> <th align="right">100</th> <th align="right">69,187,072</th> <th align="right">100</th> <th align="right">73,178,431</th> <th align="right">100 </th> <th>79,112,831 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>82,259,540 </th> <th>100</th> <th align="right">79,652,360</th> <th align="right">100 </th></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-greek"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> borders.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weimar-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weimar_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weimar_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weimar_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> borders, i.e. German state borders of 31 December 1937.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aggregated-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aggregated_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aggregated_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aggregated_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aggregated data from the <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> and from the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Germany">Democratic Republic of Germany</a>, excluding the <a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar Protectorate</a> until 1956.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The censuses were carried out in different years; that of West Germany was done on 6 June 1961 while that of East Germany was done on 31 December 1964.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Data from 1910 to 1939 included non-religious Germans, non-religious Jews, and people of non-Christian religions, while religious Jews were counted separately. From 1939 onwards non-religious people were counted separately. Data from 1946 to the 1960s included Jews, who otherwise did not have a separate category.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Excluded members of any non-Christian religion living in East Germany.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Included members of any non-Christian religion living in East Germany.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_figures_and_other_estimates">Church figures and other estimates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Church figures and other estimates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>German major religious bodies publish yearly updated records of their membership.<sup id="cite_ref-EKD2021_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EKD2021-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only certain religious group publish updated figures on their official membership, and this kind of data is collected in order to levy taxes on the registered membership of those churches, which corresponds to 9% of the total income tax (8% in <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a study, nearly 29% of the persons who unregistered from their church in 2022 did so in order to avoid paying the church tax.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2017 study by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, around 20% of people who are not registered to any church nonetheless consider themselves Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to these church stats, Christianity is the largest religious group in Germany, with around 44.9 million adherents (52.7%) in 2021 of whom 21.6 million are Catholics (26.0%) and 19.7 million are Protestants (23.7%).<sup id="cite_ref-FOWID2021_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOWID2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EKD2021_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EKD2021-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to other estimates, Eastern Orthodox Christianity has 1.6 million members or 1.9% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOWID2021_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOWID2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-REMID2017_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID2017-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EKD2021_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EKD2021-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other minor Christian religions counted together have approximately 0.8 million members, forming 1.1% of the total population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOWID2021_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOWID2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-REMID2017_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID2017-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EKD2021_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EKD2021-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second largest religion in Germany is <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, with around 3.0–4.7 million adherents (3.6–5.7% of the population), almost all of whom have full or partial foreign background.<sup id="cite_ref-bamf-muslime_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bamf-muslime-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOWID2021_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOWID2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-REMID2017_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID2017-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smaller religious groups include <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (0.2–0.3%), <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> (0.1%), <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (0.1%), <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a> (0.1%) and others (0.4%).<sup id="cite_ref-FOWID2021_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOWID2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-REMID2017_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID2017-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of 2021, 34.9 million or 41.9% of the country's population <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Germany" title="Irreligion in Germany">were not affiliated with any church or religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOWID2021_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOWID2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Demographers estimate that in Germany there are around 100,000 religious Jews (<a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>), and a further 90,000 ethnic <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> with no religion, around 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Yazidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazidi">Yazidis</a>, 130,000 <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindus</a>, and 270,000 <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-REMID2017_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID2017-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Survey_data">Survey data</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Survey data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Percentage of the population (right) <p>Source (left) </p> </th> <th rowspan="2">Total <p>Christianity </p> </th> <th colspan="4">Christian denominations </th> <th rowspan="2">No religion </th> <th colspan="4">Other religions </th></tr> <tr> <td><small>Catholicism</small> </td> <td><small>Protestants</small> </td> <td><small>Eastern Orthodox</small> </td> <td><small>Other denominations</small> </td> <td><small>Islam</small> </td> <td><small>Judaism</small> </td> <td><small>Buddhism</small> </td> <td><small>Other religions</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a> (September 2019)<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>61 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a> (December 2018)<sup id="cite_ref-EB2018_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB2018-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>66.1 </td> <td>29.5 </td> <td>26.6 </td> <td>2.2 </td> <td>7.8 </td> <td>27.6 </td> <td>3.7 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>0.7 </td> <td>1.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/German_General_Social_Survey" title="German General Social Survey">German General Social Survey</a> (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-GGSS_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GGSS-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>63.2 </td> <td>29.1 </td> <td>31.9 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>0.7 </td> <td>33.3 </td> <td>2.9 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Social_Survey_Programme" title="International Social Survey Programme">International Social Survey Programme</a> (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>63.5 </td> <td>30.1 </td> <td>31.1 </td> <td>1.7 </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td>33.4 </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Politbarometer" title="Politbarometer">Politbarometer</a> (2017) entitled to vote only<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>66.1 </td> <td>32.4 </td> <td>33.7 </td> <td colspan="2">included in "others" </td> <td>29.9 </td> <td>2.2 </td> <td>0.04 </td> <td colspan="2">1.6 (incl. other Christians) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:LightCyan; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3182.0515953774px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 506.89393637885px; border-left-color:White"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:White"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:White"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:79.015501237569px 61.290705365298px 0 0; border-top-color:LightCoral"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:LightCoral"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:73.751311735817px 67.533280812102px 0 0; border-top-color:DarkRed"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkRed"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:67.533280812102px 73.751311735817px 0 0; border-top-color:Crimson"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Crimson"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:59.285682016106px 80.530788571112px 0 0; border-top-color:Firebrick"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Firebrick"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 36.002215309576px 100px 0; border-right-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in Germany 2016 by the <a href="/wiki/German_General_Social_Survey" title="German General Social Survey">German General Social Survey</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-GGSS_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GGSS-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Germany" title="Catholic Church in Germany">Catholic Church</a> (30.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Firebrick; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church</a> (29.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Crimson; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Free_Church_(Germany)" title="Evangelical Lutheran Free Church (Germany)">Evangelical Free Church</a> (1.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkRed; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a> (1.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:LightCoral; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Other Christians (1.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:White; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> No affiliation (32.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (2.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:LightCyan; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Other religions (0.5%)</div> </div> </div></div> <ul><li>The 2023-2024 European Social Survey found that 23% of Germans identified as Protestant and 22% as Catholic.<sup id="cite_ref-i870_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i870-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A 2023 IPSOS religion survey found that 24% of Germans identified as Protestant/Evangelical or other christian while 20% identified as Catholic.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2018, according to a study jointly conducted by <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>'s <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_University,_Twickenham" title="St Mary's University, Twickenham">St Mary's University</a>'s Benedict XVI Centre for Religion and Society and the <a href="/wiki/Institut_Catholique_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut Catholique de Paris">Institut Catholique de Paris</a>, and based on data from the European Social Survey 2014–2016, among 16 to 29 years-old Germans 47% were Christians (24% Protestant, 20% Catholic, 2% Eastern Orthodox and 1% other Christian), 7% were Muslims, 1% were of other religions, and 45% were not religious.<sup id="cite_ref-StMary_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StMary-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The data was obtained from two questions, one asking "do you consider yourself as belonging to any particular religion or denomination?" to the full sample of 900 people, and the other one asking "which one?" to the sample who answered "yes".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2017, a survey conducted by <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> found that 71% of German adult population consider themselves Christians when asking about their current religion (irrespective of whether they are officially members of a particular Christian church). The same survey shows that most of Christians in Germany are non-practicing (defined as people who identify as Christians, but attend church services no more than a few times per year). 5% of people questioned state they have a non-Christian religion and 24% are of no religion.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2016, the German <a href="/wiki/Politbarometer" title="Politbarometer">Politbarometer</a>, found that 34.2% of the adult population entitled to vote were Protestants, 31.9% were Catholics, 28.8% were unaffiliated, 2.5% were Muslims, 0.02% were Jews and 1.8% were affiliated with another religion. A further 0.9% did not answer to the question.<sup id="cite_ref-Politbarometer_2016_Bundesland_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Politbarometer_2016_Bundesland-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/German_General_Social_Survey" title="German General Social Survey">German General Social Survey</a> found that 64.5% of Germans declared themselves to be affiliated to a Christian denomination, 30.5% were Catholics, 29.6% were members of the Evangelical Church, 1.7% were members of the Evangelical Free Church, 1.4% were Eastern Orthodox and 1.3% were other Christians. Non religious people comprised the 32.4% of the population, Muslims were the 2.6% and 0.5% were members of other religions.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a> found that 72.6% of the adult population were Christians, the largest Christian denomination being Protestantism, comprising 33.1% of the population, followed by Catholicism with 31.1%, and Eastern Orthodoxy with 0.9%, and unspecified other forms of Christianity with 7.5%. A further 2.2% were Muslims, 0.4% were Buddhists, 0.1% were Jews and 1.3 belonged to other religions. A further 23.5% of the population were not religious, comprising 12.8% who were atheists and 10.7% who were agnostics.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer Poll</a> 2010 found that 44% of German citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", 25% responded that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 27% responded that "they don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force". 4% gave no response.<sup id="cite_ref-Special_Eurobarometer_393_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Special_Eurobarometer_393-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>According to a 2015 <a href="/wiki/WIN/GIA" title="WIN/GIA">Worldwide Independent Network/Gallup International Association</a> (WIN/GIA) poll,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 34% of adult citizens said that they are religious, 42% said that they are not religious and 17% said that they are convinced atheists. 7% gave no response.<sup id="cite_ref-wingia2_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wingia2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_by_state">Religion by state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religion by state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2016, the survey Politbarometer provided data regarding religion in each of the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">states of Germany</a> for adults who are entitled to vote (18+), as reported in the table below.<sup id="cite_ref-Politbarometer_2016_Bundesland_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Politbarometer_2016_Bundesland-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christianity is the dominant religion of <a href="/wiki/Western_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Germany">Western Germany</a>, excluding <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, which has a non-religious plurality. <a href="/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany">Northern Germany</a> has traditionally been dominated by <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>. The two northernmost provinces of <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niedersachsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Niedersachsen">Lower Saxony</a> have the largest percentage of self-reported Lutherans in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Germany" title="Southern Germany">Southern Germany</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholic</a> majority, but also a significant <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> population (especially in Northern <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württemberg</a> and some parts of <a href="/wiki/Baden" title="Baden">Baden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</a> (Northern Bavaria)), in contrast to the almost entirely Protestant <a href="/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany">Northern Germany</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a> is predominant in <a href="/wiki/New_states_of_Germany" title="New states of Germany">Eastern Germany</a>, which was the least religious region amongst 30 countries surveyed in a study in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-godless_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-godless-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atheistic_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atheistic-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Distribution of religious and irreligious populations in Germany (2011 Church data)<sup id="cite_ref-2011zensus_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011zensus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:212px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Evangelisch_Zensus_2011.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Evangelisch_Zensus_2011.png/160px-Evangelisch_Zensus_2011.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Evangelisch_Zensus_2011.png/240px-Evangelisch_Zensus_2011.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Evangelisch_Zensus_2011.png/320px-Evangelisch_Zensus_2011.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2655" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Protestants</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:212px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Katholisch_Zensus_2011.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Katholisch_Zensus_2011.png/160px-Katholisch_Zensus_2011.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Katholisch_Zensus_2011.png/240px-Katholisch_Zensus_2011.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Katholisch_Zensus_2011.png/320px-Katholisch_Zensus_2011.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2655" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Catholics</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:212px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Konfessionslos_Zensus_2011.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Konfessionslos_Zensus_2011.png/160px-Konfessionslos_Zensus_2011.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Konfessionslos_Zensus_2011.png/240px-Konfessionslos_Zensus_2011.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Konfessionslos_Zensus_2011.png/320px-Konfessionslos_Zensus_2011.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2655" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Non-religious and unaffiliated</div></div></div></div></div> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="margin:auto"> <tbody><tr> <th>Religion by state, 2016<sup id="cite_ref-Politbarometer_2016_Bundesland_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Politbarometer_2016_Bundesland-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Protestants </th> <th>Catholics </th> <th>Not religious </th> <th>Muslims </th> <th>Others </th></tr> <tr style="background:#eee"> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg"><img alt="Baden-Württemberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> </td> <td>37.6% </td> <td><b>40.6%</b> </td> <td>16.4% </td> <td>2.5% </td> <td>3.0% </td></tr> <tr style="background: #eee"> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria"><img alt="Bavaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> </td> <td>23.4% </td> <td><b>58.6%</b> </td> <td>15.6% </td> <td>1.1% </td> <td>1.3% </td></tr> <tr style="background: #eee"> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg"><img alt="Brandenburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> </td> <td>24.9% </td> <td>3.5% </td> <td><b>69.9%</b> </td> <td>0.0% </td> <td>1.5% </td></tr> <tr style="background: #eee"> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)"><img alt="Bremen (state)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a> </td> <td><b>51.8%</b> </td> <td>7.8% </td> <td>39.1% </td> <td>0.0% </td> <td>1.3% </td></tr> <tr style="background: #eee"> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin"><img alt="Berlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/46px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> former <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a> </td> <td>14.3% </td> <td>7.5% </td> <td><b>74.3%</b> </td> <td>1.5% </td> <td>2.4% </td></tr> <tr style="background: #eee"> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin"><img alt="Berlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/46px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> former <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> </td> <td>32.0% </td> <td>12.4% </td> <td><b>43.5%</b> </td> <td>8.5% </td> <td>3.5% </td></tr> <tr style="background: #eee"> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg"><img alt="Hamburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> </td> <td>34.3% </td> <td>9.0% </td> <td><b>44.1%</b> </td> <td>10.9% </td> <td>1.7% </td></tr> <tr style="background: #eee"> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse"><img alt="Hesse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> </td> <td><b>50.2%</b> </td> <td>21.7% </td> <td>22.2% </td> <td>3.8% </td> <td>2.1% </td></tr> <tr style="background: #eee"> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony"><img alt="Lower Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> </td> <td><b>53.8%</b> </td> <td>18.7% </td> <td>24.1% </td> <td>2.5% </td> <td>0.9% </td></tr> <tr style="background: #eee"> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern"><img alt="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a> </td> <td>24.9% </td> <td>3.9% </td> <td><b>70.0%</b> </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>0.9% </td></tr> <tr style="background: #eee"> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia"><img alt="North Rhine-Westphalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> </td> <td>30.9% </td> <td><b>44.6%</b> </td> <td>18.1% </td> <td>4.4% </td> <td>2.0% </td></tr> <tr style="background: #eee"> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate"><img alt="Rhineland-Palatinate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> </td> <td>34.8% </td> <td><b>42.4%</b> </td> <td>19.6% </td> <td>1.0% </td> <td>2.1% </td></tr> <tr style="background: #eee"> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland"><img alt="Saarland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> </td> <td>22.3% </td> <td><b>68.1%</b> </td> <td>8.2% </td> <td>1.4% </td> <td>0.0% </td></tr> <tr style="background: #eee"> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony"><img alt="Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> </td> <td>27.6% </td> <td>4.0% </td> <td><b>66.9%</b> </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> <tr style="background: #eee"> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt"><img alt="Saxony-Anhalt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a> </td> <td>18.8% </td> <td>5.1% </td> <td><b>74.7%</b> </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>1.2% </td></tr> <tr style="background: #eee"> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein"><img alt="Schleswig-Holstein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> </td> <td><b>61.5%</b> </td> <td>3.2% </td> <td>31.3% </td> <td>2.2% </td> <td>1.7% </td></tr> <tr style="background: #eee"> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia"><img alt="Thuringia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> </td> <td>27.8% </td> <td>9.5% </td> <td><b>61.2%</b> </td> <td>0.0% </td> <td>1.5% </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ddd" class="sortbottom"> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Germany</b> </td> <td>34.5% </td> <td>32.2% </td> <td>29.0% </td> <td>2.5% </td> <td>1.8% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_beliefs">Personal beliefs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Personal beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a survey by Pew Research Center in 2017, 60% of German adult population believe in God, while 36% do not believe in God (9% don't believe in God but in a higher power, 27% do not believe in God or any higher power):<sup id="cite_ref-Beliefs_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beliefs-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable float" style="font-size: 90%"> <caption style="font-size:100%">Personal Beliefs in Germany (2017) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Belief </th> <th colspan="2">% of population </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Believe in God (<a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a>)</b> </td> <td align="right">60 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">60</span><div style="width:180px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#2243B6"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><i>Believe in God, absolutely certain</i> </td> <td align="right">10 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">10</span><div style="width:30px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#4997D0"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><i>Believe in God, fairly certain</i> </td> <td align="right">37 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">37</span><div style="width:111px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#4997D0"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><i>Believe in God, not too certain</i> </td> <td align="right">12 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">12</span><div style="width:36px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#4997D0"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><i>Believe in God, not at all certain</i> </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">1</span><div style="width:3px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#4997D0"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Believe in a higher power or spiritual force (<a href="/wiki/Ietsism" title="Ietsism">Ietsism</a>)</b> </td> <td align="right">9 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">9</span><div style="width:27px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#006B3C"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Do not believe in God or any higher power or spiritual force (<a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a>)</b> </td> <td align="right">27 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">27</span><div style="width:81px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:LightGrey"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Don't know (<a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a>) or refused to answer</b> </td> <td align="right">4 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">4</span><div style="width:12px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:Black"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"German Christians" redirects here. For the Nazi movement, see <a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians (movement)</a>.</div> <p>At its foundation in 1871, about two-thirds of the population of the German Empire belonged to a state <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> church;<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2021 the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church in Germany</a> was the faith of 23.7%. In 1871, one-third of the population was <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>; in 2021 its membership was 26.0%. Other faiths have existed in the state, but never achieved the demographic significance and cultural impact of these denominations. </p><p>As of 2021, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, with around 44.9 million members, was the largest religion in Germany (52.7% of the population) <sup id="cite_ref-FOWID2021_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOWID2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-REMID2017_44-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID2017-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EKD2021_61-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EKD2021-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, a majority of the German people belong to a Christian community, although many of them take no active part in church life. About 1.9% of the population was Eastern Orthodox Christian in 2021, and about 1.1% followed other forms of Christianity (including other Protestant churches, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>, and others).<sup id="cite_ref-FOWID2021_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOWID2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-REMID2017_44-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID2017-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EKD2021_61-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EKD2021-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Protestantism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Germany" title="Protestantism in Germany">Protestantism in Germany</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulmer_M%C3%BCnster-Westfassade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ulmer_M%C3%BCnster-Westfassade.jpg/199px-Ulmer_M%C3%BCnster-Westfassade.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ulmer_M%C3%BCnster-Westfassade.jpg/299px-Ulmer_M%C3%BCnster-Westfassade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ulmer_M%C3%BCnster-Westfassade.jpg/399px-Ulmer_M%C3%BCnster-Westfassade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ulm_Minster" title="Ulm Minster">Ulm Minster</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church in Germany</a> — 18,560,000 (2023) — 21.9% of the German population<sup id="cite_ref-:6_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Free <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonite</a> Groups — 290,000 (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> (mostly <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Evangelical_Free_Churches_in_Germany" title="Union of Evangelical Free Churches in Germany">Union of Evangelical Free Churches in Germany</a>; see <a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_Germany" title="Baptists in Germany">Baptists in Germany</a>) — 80,195 (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodists</a> — 52,031 (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostals">Pentecostals</a> (Bund Freikirchlicher Pfingstgemeinden) — 51,896 (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonites</a> — 51,771 (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bund Freier evangelischer Gemeinden — 41,203 (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a> — 34,811 (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Evangelical-Lutheran_Church" title="Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church">Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church</a> — 33,175 (2014)</li> <li>Independent <a href="/wiki/African_initiated_church" class="mw-redirect" title="African initiated church">African Churches</a> — 30,000 (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Free_Church_(Germany)" title="Evangelical Lutheran Free Church (Germany)">Evangelical Lutheran Free Church</a> — 1,300 (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholicism">Catholicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Germany">Roman Catholicism in Germany</a></div> <p>Catholic churches in full communion: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Germany">Roman Catholic Church in Germany</a> — 20,346,000 (2023) — 24% of the German population<sup id="cite_ref-:6_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a> Catholics — 6,000<sup id="cite_ref-REMID2017_44-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID2017-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Church not in communion: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Diocese_of_the_Old_Catholics_in_Germany" title="Catholic Diocese of the Old Catholics in Germany">Old Catholic Church</a> — 15,715<sup id="cite_ref-REMID2017_44-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID2017-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Christianity">Eastern Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Eastern Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Germany">Eastern Orthodoxy in Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Germany" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Germany">Oriental Orthodoxy in Germany</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sankt_Sava_(D%C3%BCsseldorf).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sankt_Sava_%28D%C3%BCsseldorf%29.jpg/199px-Sankt_Sava_%28D%C3%BCsseldorf%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sankt_Sava_%28D%C3%BCsseldorf%29.jpg/299px-Sankt_Sava_%28D%C3%BCsseldorf%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sankt_Sava_%28D%C3%BCsseldorf%29.jpg/398px-Sankt_Sava_%28D%C3%BCsseldorf%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Orthodox">Serbian Orthodox</a> diocesan Cathedral of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sava" title="Saint Sava">Saint Sava</a> in Düsseldorf</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kroeffelbach_Koptisches_Kloster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kroeffelbach_Koptisches_Kloster.jpg/200px-Kroeffelbach_Koptisches_Kloster.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kroeffelbach_Koptisches_Kloster.jpg/300px-Kroeffelbach_Koptisches_Kloster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kroeffelbach_Koptisches_Kloster.jpg/400px-Kroeffelbach_Koptisches_Kloster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Coptic_monasticism" title="Coptic monasticism">Monastery</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_the_Great" title="Anthony the Great">St. Antonious</a> in Waldsolms-Kröffelbach</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Orthodox Christians — around 1.6 million (1.9%)<sup id="cite_ref-REMID-Orthodox_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID-Orthodox-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Eastern Orthodox Churches <ul><li>Churches of the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a> — 570,000<sup id="cite_ref-REMID-Orthodox_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID-Orthodox-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a> — 410,000<sup id="cite_ref-REMID-Orthodox_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID-Orthodox-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ukrainian Orthodox Eparchy of Western Europe — 10,000<sup id="cite_ref-REMID-Orthodox_92-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID-Orthodox-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Russian_Orthodox_churches_in_Western_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox churches in Western Europe">Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of the Russian Tradition in Western Europe</a> — 200<sup id="cite_ref-REMID-Orthodox_92-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID-Orthodox-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a> — 337,000<sup id="cite_ref-REMID-Orthodox_92-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID-Orthodox-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> — 270,000<sup id="cite_ref-REMID-Orthodox_92-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID-Orthodox-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodox Church</a> — 150,000<sup id="cite_ref-REMID-Orthodox_92-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID-Orthodox-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ukrainian Orthodox — 143,000<sup id="cite_ref-REMID-Orthodox_92-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID-Orthodox-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_-_Kyiv_Patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kyiv Patriarchate">Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kyiv Patriarchate</a> — 110,000<sup id="cite_ref-REMID-Orthodox_92-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID-Orthodox-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_-_Moscow_Patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Moscow Patriarchate">Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Moscow Patriarchate</a> — 33,000<sup id="cite_ref-REMID-Orthodox_92-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID-Orthodox-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgarian Orthodox Church</a> — 130,000<sup id="cite_ref-REMID-Orthodox_92-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID-Orthodox-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Oriental Orthodox Churches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch</a> — 100,000<sup id="cite_ref-REMID-Orthodox_92-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID-Orthodox-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a> — 35,000<sup id="cite_ref-REMID-Orthodox_92-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID-Orthodox-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Church</a> — 22,000<sup id="cite_ref-REMID-Orthodox_92-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID-Orthodox-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> — 20,000<sup id="cite_ref-REMID-Orthodox_92-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID-Orthodox-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> — 15,000<sup id="cite_ref-REMID-Orthodox_92-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID-Orthodox-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Church of the East <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> — 10,000<sup id="cite_ref-REMID-Orthodox_92-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID-Orthodox-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">New Apostolic Church</a> — 341,202 (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> — 168,763<sup id="cite_ref-REMID2017_44-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID2017-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Germany" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Germany">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> — 38,739<sup id="cite_ref-REMID2017_44-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID2017-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a> — 20,000 (2010)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="No_religion">No religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: No religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Germany" title="Irreligion in Germany">Irreligion in Germany</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Humanistischer_Verband_Deutschlands" title="Humanistischer Verband Deutschlands">Humanistischer Verband Deutschlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Humanists" title="Party of Humanists">Party of Humanists</a></div> <p>As of 2021, 34.9 million or 41.9% of the Germans are <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligious</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOWID2021_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOWID2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-REMID2017_44-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID2017-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before World War II, about two-thirds of the German population was Protestant and one-third was Roman Catholic. In the north and northeast of Germany especially, Protestants dominated.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the former <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> between 1945 and 1990, which contained nearly all of Germany's historically Catholic areas, Catholics have had a small majority since the 1980s. Due to a generation behind the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>, Protestant areas of the former states of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> were much more affected by secularism than predominantly Catholic areas. The predominantly secularised states, such as <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> or the East German states, used to be Lutheran or <a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United Protestant</a> strongholds. Because of this, Protestantism is now strongest in two strips of territory in the former West Germany, one extending from the Danish border to Hesse, and the other extending northeast–southwest across southern Germany. </p><p>There is a non-religious majority in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a>. In the eastern state of <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>, only 19.7% belong to the two main denominations of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the state where Martin Luther was born and lived most of his life. </p><p>In what used to be East Germany both religious observance and affiliation are much lower than in the rest of the country, after forty years of Communist rule. The government of the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> encouraged a state atheist worldview through institutions such as <a href="/wiki/Jugendweihe" title="Jugendweihe">Jugendweihen</a> (youth consecrations) — <a href="/wiki/Secular_coming-of-age_ceremony" title="Secular coming-of-age ceremony">secular coming-of-age ceremonies</a> akin to Christian confirmation which all young people were encouraged to attend. The number of christenings, religious weddings, and funerals is also lower than in the West. </p><p>According to a survey among German youths (aged 12 to 24) in the year 2006, most German youths are non-religious (51%). 30% of German youths stated belief in a personal god, 19% believe in some kind of supernatural power, 23% share agnostic views and 28% are atheists.<sup id="cite_ref-Gensicke_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gensicke-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam">Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Germany" title="Islam in Germany">Islam in Germany</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DITIB-Zentralmoschee_K%C3%B6ln_-_April_2015-7489.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/DITIB-Zentralmoschee_K%C3%B6ln_-_April_2015-7489.jpg/199px-DITIB-Zentralmoschee_K%C3%B6ln_-_April_2015-7489.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/DITIB-Zentralmoschee_K%C3%B6ln_-_April_2015-7489.jpg/299px-DITIB-Zentralmoschee_K%C3%B6ln_-_April_2015-7489.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/DITIB-Zentralmoschee_K%C3%B6ln_-_April_2015-7489.jpg/398px-DITIB-Zentralmoschee_K%C3%B6ln_-_April_2015-7489.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4988" data-file-height="2806" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Central_Mosque" title="Cologne Central Mosque">Cologne Central Mosque</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imam-Ali-Moschee_Hamburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Imam-Ali-Moschee_Hamburg.jpg/199px-Imam-Ali-Moschee_Hamburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Imam-Ali-Moschee_Hamburg.jpg/299px-Imam-Ali-Moschee_Hamburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Imam-Ali-Moschee_Hamburg.jpg/398px-Imam-Ali-Moschee_Hamburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Centre_Hamburg" title="Islamic Centre Hamburg">Islamic Centre Hamburg</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Islam is the largest non-Christian religion in the country. There are between 3.0 and 4.7 million Muslims, around 3.6% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOWID2021_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOWID2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-REMID-Islam_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID-Islam-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of Muslims in Germany are of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> origin, followed by those from Pakistan, countries of the <a href="/wiki/Former_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Yugoslavia">former Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab countries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. This figure includes the different denominations of Islam, such as <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevi</a>. Muslims first came to Germany as part of the diplomatic, military, and economic relations between Germany and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 2010 and 2016, the number of Muslims living in Germany increased from 3.3 million (4.1% of the population) to nearly 5 million (6.1%). The most important factor in the growth of Germany's Muslim population is immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> — 3.0–4.7 million (3.6%):<sup id="cite_ref-FOWID2021_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOWID2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-REMID-Islam_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID-Islam-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnis</a> — 2,640,000<sup id="cite_ref-REMID-Islam_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID-Islam-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevis</a> — 500,000<sup id="cite_ref-REMID-Islam_97-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID-Islam-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver Shi'as</a> — 225,500<sup id="cite_ref-REMID-Islam_97-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID-Islam-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a> — 70,000<sup id="cite_ref-REMID-Islam_97-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID-Islam-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Muslim_Jama%27at" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at">Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat Deutschland K.d.ö.R.</a> — 35,000<sup id="cite_ref-REMID-Islam_97-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID-Islam-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a> — 10,000<sup id="cite_ref-REMID-Islam_97-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID-Islam-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafis</a> — 9,700<sup id="cite_ref-REMID-Islam_97-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID-Islam-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismailis</a> — 1,900<sup id="cite_ref-REMID-Islam_97-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID-Islam-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaidiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaidiyyah">Zaydis</a> — 800<sup id="cite_ref-REMID-Islam_97-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID-Islam-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadis</a> — 270<sup id="cite_ref-REMID-Islam_97-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID-Islam-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement</a> — 60<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Buddhism in Germany</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%BCsseldorf_-_Br%C3%BCggener_Weg_-_EKO-Haus_-_Japanischer_Garten_%2B_Glockenturm_%2B_Tempel_01_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/D%C3%BCsseldorf_-_Br%C3%BCggener_Weg_-_EKO-Haus_-_Japanischer_Garten_%2B_Glockenturm_%2B_Tempel_01_ies.jpg/199px-D%C3%BCsseldorf_-_Br%C3%BCggener_Weg_-_EKO-Haus_-_Japanischer_Garten_%2B_Glockenturm_%2B_Tempel_01_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/D%C3%BCsseldorf_-_Br%C3%BCggener_Weg_-_EKO-Haus_-_Japanischer_Garten_%2B_Glockenturm_%2B_Tempel_01_ies.jpg/299px-D%C3%BCsseldorf_-_Br%C3%BCggener_Weg_-_EKO-Haus_-_Japanischer_Garten_%2B_Glockenturm_%2B_Tempel_01_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/D%C3%BCsseldorf_-_Br%C3%BCggener_Weg_-_EKO-Haus_-_Japanischer_Garten_%2B_Glockenturm_%2B_Tempel_01_ies.jpg/398px-D%C3%BCsseldorf_-_Br%C3%BCggener_Weg_-_EKO-Haus_-_Japanischer_Garten_%2B_Glockenturm_%2B_Tempel_01_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Buddhist">Japanese Buddhist</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a> are the third largest group of believers in Germany after different <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">religious denominations of Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islam</a>. There are around 270,000 Buddhists who are living in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-REMID2017_44-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID2017-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of them are followers of the <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Buddhist school</a> of <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> especially from <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. Furthermore, there are followers of <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a>, also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> as well as followers of <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren Buddhism</a> mainly from Japan and <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen Buddhism</a> from Japan, as well. Around 59,000 Buddhists are from <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> who follow the school of <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> and keep 48 temples in Germany and form one of the largest Buddhist community of Buddhists of Asian origin in Germany. A large portion of Buddhists in Eastern Germany are part of the Vietnamese community. Most of the different <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Buddhist schools</a> and organisation in Germany are members of the non-profit association <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Buddhistische_Union" title="Deutsche Buddhistische Union">Deutsche Buddhistische Union e.V. (DBU)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judaism">Judaism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">History of the Jews in Germany</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Worms-Synagoge-Gartenansicht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Worms-Synagoge-Gartenansicht.jpg/199px-Worms-Synagoge-Gartenansicht.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Worms-Synagoge-Gartenansicht.jpg/299px-Worms-Synagoge-Gartenansicht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Worms-Synagoge-Gartenansicht.jpg/398px-Worms-Synagoge-Gartenansicht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Worms_Synagogue" title="Worms Synagogue">Worms Synagogue</a> (originally built 1034) is the oldest extant synagogue in Germany.</figcaption></figure> <p>Jewish communities in German speaking regions go back to the fourth century.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1910, about 600,000 Jews lived in Germany. After <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> assumed power in 1933, he began systematically persecuting Jews in Germany. <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Systematic mass murder</a> of Jews in <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a> began with the 1941 <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of the Soviet Union">invasion of the Soviet Union</a>. By the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, four years later, around 6 million Jews had been killed by the National Socialist government.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About ninety thousand <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> from the former Eastern Bloc, mostly from ex-Soviet Union countries, have settled in Germany since the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>. This is mainly due to a German government policy which effectively grants an immigration opportunity to anyone from the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> and the Baltic states with Jewish heritage, and the fact that today's Germans are seen as more significantly accepting of Jews than many people in ex-Soviet regions. </p><p>Recently, antisemitic abuse against Jews in Germany has increased. The Central Council of Jews has urged Jewish Germans to avoid wearing their <a href="/wiki/Kippah" title="Kippah">kippahs</a> in public.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Total religious Jews — 100,000 (0.1%)<sup id="cite_ref-FOWID2021_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOWID2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-REMID2017_44-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID2017-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Jews whose religious status is not ascertained — 90,000.<sup id="cite_ref-REMID2017_44-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID2017-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They come from Eastern Europe and have no membership in any Jewish community.<sup id="cite_ref-REMID2017_44-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID2017-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Progressive_Jews_in_Germany" title="Union of Progressive Jews in Germany">Union of Progressive Jews in Germany</a> — 5,000 members<sup id="cite_ref-REMID2017_44-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID2017-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Council_of_Jews_in_Germany" title="Central Council of Jews in Germany">Central Council of Jews in Germany</a> — 23 national associations of 108 communities comprising approximately 100,500 members in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Germany" title="Hinduism in Germany">Hinduism in Germany</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Kamadchi_Ampal_temple_6039530.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sri_Kamadchi_Ampal_temple_6039530.jpg/200px-Sri_Kamadchi_Ampal_temple_6039530.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sri_Kamadchi_Ampal_temple_6039530.jpg/299px-Sri_Kamadchi_Ampal_temple_6039530.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sri_Kamadchi_Ampal_temple_6039530.jpg/399px-Sri_Kamadchi_Ampal_temple_6039530.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Sri Kamadchi Ampal <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Hamm,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia">Hamm</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are approximately 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a> living in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-REMID2017_44-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID2017-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of them are <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamil</a> Hindus from <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> (around 42,000 to 45,000); from India are around 35,000 to 40,000; of German or European origin are around 7,500 and around 5,000 Hindus are originally from <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. There are also Hindus from <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> in Germany however this number is very low. </p><p>In addition, there are <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Germany" title="Hinduism in Germany">Hindus in Germany</a> who are followers of <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movements</a> such as <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">Hare Krishna movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a>. However, the total number of these followers in Germany is comparatively low. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_religions">Other religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Other religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yazidism">Yazidism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Yazidism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yazidis_in_Germany" title="Yazidis in Germany">Yazidis in Germany</a></div> <p>There is a large <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidi</a> community in Germany, estimated to be numbering around 100,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-REMID2017_44-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID2017-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This makes the German Yazidi community one of the largest Yazidi communities in the Yazidi diaspora. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sikhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Germany" title="Sikhism in Germany">Sikhism in Germany</a></div> <p>Between 10,000 and 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a> are living in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-REMID2017_44-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMID2017-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Germany" title="Sikhism in Germany">Sikhs in Germany</a> have their roots from <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (region)">Punjab region</a> in the north of India, as well as from Pakistan and Afghanistan. Germany has the third highest Sikh population in Europe after United Kingdom and Italy. The city <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> is also known to the Sikhs, as Mini Punjab, because of a great Sikh Population, residing there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Druze_Faith">Druze Faith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Druze Faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2020, there were more than 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> living in Germany, with the largest concentration in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of Druze has increased in recent years with thousands of <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of the Syrian Civil War">Syrian refugees of the Syrian Civil War</a> entered Germany to seek refugee status.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Druze in Germany are mostly of <a href="/wiki/Syrian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian people">Syrian</a> descent, and they practice Druzism, a <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a> religion encompasses aspects of Islam, Hinduism, Christianity, Judaism and Greek philosophy, among influences.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baháʼí_Faith"><span id="Bah.C3.A1.CA.BC.C3.AD_Faith"></span>Baháʼí Faith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Baháʼí Faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Germany" title="Baháʼí Faith in Germany">Baháʼí Faith in Germany</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_Bahai_House_of_Worship_Langenhain_1_ks01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/2016_Bahai_House_of_Worship_Langenhain_1_ks01.jpg/199px-2016_Bahai_House_of_Worship_Langenhain_1_ks01.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/2016_Bahai_House_of_Worship_Langenhain_1_ks01.jpg/299px-2016_Bahai_House_of_Worship_Langenhain_1_ks01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/2016_Bahai_House_of_Worship_Langenhain_1_ks01.jpg/398px-2016_Bahai_House_of_Worship_Langenhain_1_ks01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5929" data-file-height="3287" /></a><figcaption> Bahá'í House of Worship in Langenhain near Frankfurt</figcaption></figure> <p>A 1997–8 estimate is of 4000 Bahá'ís in Germany. In 2002 there were 106 Local Spiritual Assemblies. The 2007-8 <a href="/wiki/Census#Germany" title="Census">German Census</a> using <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(statistics)" title="Sampling (statistics)">sampling</a> estimated 5–6,000 Bahá'ís in Germany. The <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Religion_Data_Archives" title="Association of Religion Data Archives">Association of Religion Data Archives</a> (relying on <a href="/wiki/World_Christian_Encyclopedia" title="World Christian Encyclopedia">World Christian Encyclopedia</a>) estimated some 11,743 Bahá'ís.Following the <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> in 1989–91 the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Constitutional Court of Germany">Federal Constitutional Court of Germany</a> handed down a judgment affirming the status of the Bahá'í Faith as a religion in Germany. Continued development of youth oriented programs included the Diversity Dance Theater (see <a href="/wiki/Oscar_DeGruy" title="Oscar DeGruy">Oscar DeGruy</a>) which traveled to <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> in February 1997. <a href="/wiki/Udo_Schaefer" title="Udo Schaefer">Udo Schaefer</a> et al.'s 2001 <i>Making the Crooked Straight</i> was written to refute a <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemic</a> supported by the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany#Institutes_and_important_offices_of_the_EKD" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church in Germany</a> written in 1981. Since its publication the Protestant Church in Germany has revised its own relationship to the German Bahá'í Community. Former member of the federal parliament <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ulrich_von_Weizsaecker" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernst Ulrich von Weizsaecker">Ernst Ulrich von Weizsaecker</a> commended the ideas of the German Bahá'í community on social integration, which were published in a statement in 1998, and Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> sent a congratulatory message to the 1992 ceremony marking the 100th Anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascension of Bahá'u'lláh">Ascension of Bahá'u'lláh</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neopaganism">Neopaganism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Neopaganism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_German-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism in German-speaking Europe">Neopaganism in German-speaking Europe</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matronenheiligtum_G%C3%B6rresburg-2799.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Matronenheiligtum_G%C3%B6rresburg-2799.jpg/199px-Matronenheiligtum_G%C3%B6rresburg-2799.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Matronenheiligtum_G%C3%B6rresburg-2799.jpg/298px-Matronenheiligtum_G%C3%B6rresburg-2799.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Matronenheiligtum_G%C3%B6rresburg-2799.jpg/398px-Matronenheiligtum_G%C3%B6rresburg-2799.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3038" data-file-height="3756" /></a><figcaption><i>Matronen</i> altar with offerings in <a href="/wiki/Nettersheim" title="Nettersheim">Nettersheim</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Paganism_(contemporary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paganism (contemporary)">Neopagan</a> religions have been public in Germany at least since the 19th century. Nowadays <a href="/wiki/Germanic_Heathenism" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Heathenism">Germanic Heathenism</a> (<i>Germanisches Heidentum</i>, or <i>Deutschglaube</i> for its peculiar German forms) has many organisations in the country, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Germanische_Glaubens-Gemeinschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft">Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft</a></i> (Communion of Germanic Faith), the <i><a href="/wiki/Heidnische_Gemeinschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidnische Gemeinschaft">Heidnische Gemeinschaft</a></i> (Heathen Communion), the <i><a href="/wiki/Verein_f%C3%BCr_germanisches_Heidentum" title="Verein für germanisches Heidentum">Verein für germanisches Heidentum</a></i> (Association for Germanic Heathenry), the <a href="/wiki/Nornirs_%C3%86tt" class="mw-redirect" title="Nornirs Ætt">Nornirs Ætt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eldaring" title="Eldaring">Eldaring</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Artgemeinschaft" title="Artgemeinschaft">Artgemeinschaft</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Armanen-Orden" title="Armanen-Orden">Armanen-Orden</a>, and Thuringian Firne Sitte. </p><p>Other Pagan religions include the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic peoples">Celto</a>-<a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Matres_and_Matrones" class="mw-redirect" title="Matres and Matrones"><i>Matronenkult</i></a> grassroots worship practiced in <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>, Celtoi (a <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Neopaganism">Celtic religious</a> association), and <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wiccan</a> groups. As of 2006, 1% of the population of <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> adheres to new religions or esoteric groups. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sekten_and_new_religious_movements"><i>Sekten</i> and new religious movements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sekten and new religious movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_Scientology_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Berlin_Scientology_Church.jpg/200px-Berlin_Scientology_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Berlin_Scientology_Church.jpg/300px-Berlin_Scientology_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Berlin_Scientology_Church.jpg/400px-Berlin_Scientology_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2788" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a> in Berlin</figcaption></figure> <p>The German government provides information and warnings about <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cults</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">sects</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movements</a>. In 1997, the parliament set up a commission for <i>Sogenannte Sekten und Psychogruppen</i> (literally "so-called sects and psychic groups"), which in 1998 delivered an extensive report on the situation in Germany regarding NRMs.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, the Federal Constitutional Court upheld the governmental right to provide critical information on religious organisations being referred to as <i>Sekte</i>, but stated that "defamatory, discriminating, or falsifying accounts" were illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When classifying religious groups, the Roman Catholic Church and the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church in Germany</a> (EKD) use a three-level hierarchy of "churches", "free churches" and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sekten</i></span>: </p> <ol><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kirchen</i></span> (churches) is the term generally applied to the Roman Catholic Church, the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church in Germany</a>'s member churches (<a href="/wiki/Landeskirche" title="Landeskirche">Landeskirchen</a>), and the Orthodox Churches. The churches are not only granted the status of a <a href="/wiki/Non-profit_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit organisation">non-profit organisation</a>, but they have additional rights as <i>statutory corporations</i> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6rperschaft_des_%C3%B6ffentlichen_Rechts" class="extiw" title="de:Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts">Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts</a></i>), which means they have the right to employ civil servants (<a href="/wiki/Beamter" title="Beamter">Beamter</a>), do official duties, or issue official documents.</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freikirchen</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Free_church" title="Free church">free churches</a>) is the term generally applied to Protestant organisations outside of the EKD, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a>, independent Lutherans, <a href="/wiki/Pentecostals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostals">Pentecostals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventists</a> and others. However, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Catholics">Old Catholics</a> can be referred to as a free church as well.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The free churches are not only granted the tax-free status of a non-profit organisation, but many of them have additional rights as <i>statutory corporations</i>.</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sekten</i></span> is the term for religious groups which do not see themselves as part of a major religion (but perhaps as the only real believers of a major religion).<sup id="cite_ref-Definition_Sekte_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Definition_Sekte-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Every Protestant <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Landeskirche</i></span> (church whose canonical jurisdiction extends over one or several states, or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Länder</i></span>) and Catholic episcopacy has a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sektenbeauftragter</i></span> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sekten</i></span> delegate) from whom information about religious movements may be obtained. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freedom_of_religion">Freedom of religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Freedom of religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2023, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> scored Germany 4 out of 4 for religious freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" 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title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> (especially the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Germany" title="Catholic Church in Germany">Catholic Church in Germany</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Germany" title="Protestantism in Germany">Protestantism in Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church in Germany</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United and uniting churches</a> (especially the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Union_of_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian Union of churches">Prussian Union of churches</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landeskirche" title="Landeskirche">Landeskirche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_church" title="Free church">Freikirche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a> in the former <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">German Protestantism has been overwhelmingly a mixture of Lutheran, Reformed (i.e. Calvinist), and United (Lutheran & Reformed/Calvinist) churches, with Baptists, Pentecostals, Methodists, and various other Protestants being only a recent development.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Germany" title="Category:Germany">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Culture of Germany</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/100px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/150px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/200px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germany" title="Science and technology in Germany">Science and Technology</a> <sub>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_German_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of German inventions and discoveries">List of German inventions and discoveries</a>)</sub></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Germany">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Germany" title="Demographics of Germany">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Germany" title="Poles in Germany">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Germany" title="Russians in Germany">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Germany" title="Turks in Germany">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asians_in_Germany" title="Asians in Germany">Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Germans" title="Afro-Germans">Afro-Germans</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Germany" title="Languages of Germany">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Traditions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_humour" title="German humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Germany">Mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Germany">folklore</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Germanic mythology</a> <sub>(<a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a>)</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_folklore" title="German folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="German legend">German legend</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">Cuisine</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden_cuisine" title="Baden cuisine">Baden cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_cuisine" title="Bavarian cuisine">Bavarian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hamburg" title="Cuisine of Hamburg">Hamburg cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_cuisine" title="Hessian cuisine">Hessian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxon_cuisine" title="Lower Saxon cuisine">Lower Saxon cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore_Mountain_cuisine" title="Ore Mountain cuisine">Ore Mountain cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_cuisine" title="Palatine cuisine">Palatine cuisine</a></li> <li><a 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title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Germany">Eastern Orthodox Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Germany" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Germany">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Germany" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Germany">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Germany" title="Irreligion in Germany">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_German-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism in German-speaking Europe">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Germany" title="Islam in Germany">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">History of the Jews in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Germany" title="Hinduism in Germany">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Germany" title="Sikhism in Germany">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Germany" title="Baháʼí Faith in Germany">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Germany">Art</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Germany" title="Architecture of Germany">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_art" title="German art">Art</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_German_artists" title="List of German 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Germany">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">Deutschlandlied</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/16px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> 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href="#cite_ref-FOWID2023A_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOWID2023A_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fowid.de/meldung/religionszugehoerigkeiten-2023">"Religionszugehörigkeiten 2023"</a> [Religious denominations 2023]. <i>fowid.de</i> (in German). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fowid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fowid (page does not exist)">fowid</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forschungsgruppe_Weltanschauungen_in_Deutschland" class="extiw" title="de:Forschungsgruppe Weltanschauungen in Deutschland">de</a>]</span> ('Worldviews in Germany Research Group'). 28 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fowid.de&rft.atitle=Religionszugeh%C3%B6rigkeiten+2023&rft.date=2024-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffowid.de%2Fmeldung%2Freligionszugehoerigkeiten-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Kolb, <i>Confessing the faith: reformers define the Church, 1530–1580</i> (Concordia Publishing House, 1991)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOWID2023B-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOWID2023B_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOWID2023B_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fowid.de/meldung/kirchenmitglieder-1953-2023">"Kirchenmitglieder 1953-2023"</a> [Membership of churches 1953-2023]. <i>fowid.de</i> (in German). Forschungsgruppe Weltanschauungen in Deutschland (fowid). 4 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fowid.de&rft.atitle=Kirchenmitglieder+1953-2023&rft.date=2024-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffowid.de%2Fmeldung%2Fkirchenmitglieder-1953-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011zensus-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2011zensus_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011zensus_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011zensus_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011zensus_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011zensus_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605031517/https://ergebnisse.zensus2011.de/#dynTable:statUnit=PERSON;absRel=ANZAHL;ags=00;agsAxis=X;yAxis=RELIGION_AUSF">"Zensusdatenbank – Ergebnisse des Zensus 2011 –Personen nach Religion (ausführlich) für Deutschland"</a>. Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder. 9 May 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ergebnisse.zensus2011.de/#dynTable:statUnit=PERSON;absRel=ANZAHL;ags=00;agsAxis=X;yAxis=RELIGION_AUSF">the original</a> on 5 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Accessed 15 May 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Lotherington, <i>The German Reformation</i> (2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marvin R. O'Connell, <i>Counter-reformation, 1559–1610</i> (1974)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis W. Spitz, "Particularism and Peace Augsburg: 1555," <i>Church History</i> (1956) 25#2 pp. 110–126 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3161196">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2009" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Peter Hamish (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XgtpAl8HzjcC"><i>The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674036345" title="Special:BookSources/9780674036345"><bdi>9780674036345</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2017</span>. <q>[...] it was not primarily a religious war. [...] Religion certainly provided a powerful focus for identity, but it had to compete with political, social, linguistic, gender and other distinctions. most contemporary observers spoke of imperial, Bavarian, Swedish, or Bohemian troops, not Catholic or Protestant, which are anachronistic labels used for convenience since the nineteenth century to simplify accounts. The war was religious only to the extent that faith guided all early modern public policy and private behaviour.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirty+Years+War%3A+Europe%27s+Tragedy&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780674036345&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Peter+Hamish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXgtpAl8HzjcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clark_2006_iron-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clark_2006_iron_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clark_2006_iron_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clark_2006_iron_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2006" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Christopher M. 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(US): Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02385-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02385-7"><bdi>978-0-674-02385-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Kingdom%3A+The+rise+and+downfall+of+Prussia%2C+1600%E2%80%931947&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.+%28US%29&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02385-7&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Christopher+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fironkingdomrised00chri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Clark, "Confessional policy and the limits of state action: Frederick William III and the Prussian Church Union 1817–40." <i>Historical Journal</i> 39.04 (1996) pp. 985–1004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2639865">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holborn_1964-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holborn_1964_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holborn_1964_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolborn1964" class="citation book cs1">Holborn, Hajo (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderng0000unse_o6x4/page/472/mode/2up">"Schools and Churches in the Early Nineteenth Century"</a>. <i>A History of Modern Germany</i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. <span class="nowrap">472–</span>509.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schools+and+Churches+in+the+Early+Nineteenth+Century&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Germany&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E472-%3C%2Fspan%3E509&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Holborn&rft.aufirst=Hajo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmoderng0000unse_o6x4%2Fpage%2F472%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas W. Hatfield, "Kulturkampf: The Relationship of Church and State and the Failure of German Political Reform," <i>Journal of Church and State</i> (1981) 23#3 pp. 465–484 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23916757">in JSTOR</a>(1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John C.G. Roehl, "Higher civil servants in Germany, 1890–1900" in James J. Sheehan, ed., <i>Imperial Germany</i> (1976) pp. 128–151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret Lavinia Anderson, and Kenneth Barkin. "The myth of the Puttkamer purge and the reality of the Kulturkampf: Some reflections on the historiography of Imperial Germany." <i>Journal of Modern History</i> (1982): 647–686. esp. pp. 657–662 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1906016">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony J. Steinhoff, "Christianity and the creation of Germany," in Sheridan Gilley and Brian Stanley, eds., <i>Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 8: 1814–1914</i> (2008) p. 295</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Edward Crankshaw, <i>Bismarck</i> (1981) pp. 308–309</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John K. Zeender in <i>The Catholic Historical Review,</i> Vol. 43, No. 3 (Oct., 1957), pp. 328–330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rebecca Ayako Bennette, <i>Fighting for the Soul of Germany: The Catholic Struggle for Inclusion after Unification</i> (Harvard U.P. 2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackbourn1975" class="citation journal cs1">Blackbourn, David (December 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/3629315/blackbourn_polalignment.pdf?sequence=1">"The Political Alignment of the Centre Party in Wilhelmine Germany: A Study of the Party's Emergence in Nineteenth-Century Württemberg"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Historical Journal</i>. <b>18</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">821–</span>850. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0018246x00008906">10.1017/s0018246x00008906</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638516">2638516</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39447688">39447688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Political+Alignment+of+the+Centre+Party+in+Wilhelmine+Germany%3A+A+Study+of+the+Party%27s+Emergence+in+Nineteenth-Century+W%C3%BCrttemberg&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E821-%3C%2Fspan%3E850&rft.date=1975-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39447688%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2638516%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0018246x00008906&rft.aulast=Blackbourn&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdash.harvard.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1%2F3629315%2Fblackbourn_polalignment.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald J. Ross, <i>The failure of Bismarck's Kulturkampf: Catholicism and state power in imperial Germany, 1871–1887</i> (1998).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1933/05/14/archives/atheist-hall-converted-berlin-churches-establish-bureau-to-win-back.html">"Atheist Hall Converted: Berlin Churches Establish Bureau to Win Back Worshipers"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 14 May 1933. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Atheist+Hall+Converted%3A+Berlin+Churches+Establish+Bureau+to+Win+Back+Worshipers&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1933-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1933%2F05%2F14%2Farchives%2Fatheist-hall-converted-berlin-churches-establish-bureau-to-win-back.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steigmann-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steigmann_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steigmann_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steigmann_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteigmann-Gall2003" class="citation book cs1">Steigmann-Gall, Richard (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RreXLeUG_AIC&pg=PA219"><i>The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521823715" title="Special:BookSources/9780521823715"><bdi>9780521823715</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Reich%3A+Nazi+Conceptions+of+Christianity%2C+1919%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780521823715&rft.aulast=Steigmann-Gall&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRreXLeUG_AIC%26pg%3DPA219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ziegler-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ziegler_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiegler2014" class="citation book cs1">Ziegler, Herbert F. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kBgABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA86"><i>Nazi Germany's New Aristocracy: The SS Leadership, 1925–1939</i></a>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">85–</span>87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400860364" title="Special:BookSources/9781400860364"><bdi>9781400860364</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Germany%27s+New+Aristocracy%3A+The+SS+Leadership%2C+1925%E2%80%931939&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781400860364&rft.aulast=Ziegler&rft.aufirst=Herbert+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkBgABAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "antisemitisme §2. Oorzaken"; "holocaust". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apd.info/2008/10/20/gottesdienstschilder-jetzt-fuer-alle-religionsgemeinschaften/">"Gottesdienstschilder jetzt für alle Religionsgemeinschaften"</a> [Worship signs now for all religious communities] (in German). Apd.info. 20 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gottesdienstschilder+jetzt+f%C3%BCr+alle+Religionsgemeinschaften&rft.pub=Apd.info&rft.date=2008-10-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apd.info%2F2008%2F10%2F20%2Fgottesdienstschilder-jetzt-fuer-alle-religionsgemeinschaften%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Basic Law Art. 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllinson2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Allinson" title="Mark Allinson">Allinson, Mark</a> (2000). "The churches' basis challenged". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xrAsDT_ffbIC"><i>Politics and Popular Opinion in East Germany, 1945–68</i></a>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719055546" title="Special:BookSources/9780719055546"><bdi>9780719055546</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2019</span>. <q>[...] the SED's basic outlook towards the churches remained constant, even though the New Course had forced a premature end to the first phase of the party's efforts to restrict religious influence over youth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+churches%27+basis+challenged&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Popular+Opinion+in+East+Germany%2C+1945%E2%80%9368&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780719055546&rft.aulast=Allinson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxrAsDT_ffbIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-georgetown1-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-georgetown1_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-georgetown1_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012004817/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/germany">"Resources on Faith, Ethics, and Public Life: Germany"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Berkley_Center_for_Religion,_Peace,_and_World_Affairs" title="Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs">Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs</a></i>. 11 October 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/germany">the original</a> on 12 October 2013. <q>The Basic Law of Germany guarantees religious freedom and lays out the general structure of church-state relations. Religious communities may organize into 'statutory corporations' in order to receive tax privileges and give religious instruction in public schools. There is a growing Muslim community as a result of decades of immigration, mainly from Turkey, which still lacks full state recognition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Berkley+Center+for+Religion%2C+Peace%2C+and+World+Affairs&rft.atitle=Resources+on+Faith%2C+Ethics%2C+and+Public+Life%3A+Germany&rft.date=2013-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberkleycenter.georgetown.edu%2Fresources%2Fcountries%2Fgermany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSPIEGEL2018" class="citation news cs1">SPIEGEL, DER (February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/karriere/reformationstag-norddeutschland-soll-einen-neuen-feiertag-bekommen-a-1190993.html">"Reformationstag: Norddeutschland soll einen neuen Feiertag bekommen - DER SPIEGEL - Job & Karriere"</a>. <i>Der Spiegel</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Reformationstag%3A+Norddeutschland+soll+einen+neuen+Feiertag+bekommen+-+DER+SPIEGEL+-+Job+%26+Karriere&rft.date=2018-02&rft.aulast=SPIEGEL&rft.aufirst=DER&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fkarriere%2Freformationstag-norddeutschland-soll-einen-neuen-feiertag-bekommen-a-1190993.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/41841/catholic-church-in-germany-lost-200000-members-last-year">"Catholic Church in Germany lost 200,000 members last year"</a>. <i>CNA News</i>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_News_Agency" title="Catholic News Agency">Catholic News Agency</a>. 22 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2019</span>. <q>According to the German Bishops' Conference, the Catholic Church in the country declined by 216,078 members last year. Protestant churches saw a similar drop, with 220,000 members leaving during that time period.<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>Some 53% of the country's population remains either Catholic or Protestant, according to DW. Both churches currently have more than 20 million members.<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>However, the University of Freiburg predicted that membership in both churches will be cut in half by 2060, dropping from a combined total of 45 million currently to below 23 million in the next 40 years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNA+News&rft.atitle=Catholic+Church+in+Germany+lost+200%2C000+members+last+year&rft.date=2019-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F41841%2Fcatholic-church-in-germany-lost-200000-members-last-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/44983/catholic-church-in-germany-lost-a-record-number-of-members-last-year">"Catholic Church in Germany lost a record number of members last year"</a>. <i>CNA News</i>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_News_Agency" title="Catholic News Agency">Catholic News Agency</a>. 26 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNA+News&rft.atitle=Catholic+Church+in+Germany+lost+a+record+number+of+members+last+year&rft.date=2020-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F44983%2Fcatholic-church-in-germany-lost-a-record-number-of-members-last-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Ergebnisse des Zensus 2022: Religionszugehörigkeit</i> (in German), Statistischen Ämter des Bundes und der Länder, 2 July 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ergebnisse+des+Zensus+2022%3A+Religionszugeh%C3%B6rigkeit&rft.pub=Statistischen+%C3%84mter+des+Bundes+und+der+L%C3%A4nder&rft.date=2024-07-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zensus2022.de/DE/Ergebnisse-des-Zensus/Sonderauswertung_Religionszugehoerigkeit.xlsx?__blob=publicationFile&v=6">(Spreadsheet file direct download</a>: 83kB)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-REMID2017-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-REMID2017_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REMID2017_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REMID2017_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REMID2017_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REMID2017_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REMID2017_44-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REMID2017_44-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REMID2017_44-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REMID2017_44-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REMID2017_44-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REMID2017_44-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REMID2017_44-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REMID2017_44-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REMID2017_44-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REMID2017_44-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REMID2017_44-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REMID2017_44-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REMID2017_44-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REMID2017_44-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REMID2017_44-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REMID2017_44-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225174559/https://www.remid.de/info_zahlen/">"REMID — Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst"</a> (in German). 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.remid.de/remid_info_zahlen.htm">the original</a> on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=REMID+%E2%80%94+Religionswissenschaftlicher+Medien-+und+Informationsdienst&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.remid.de%2Fremid_info_zahlen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MLD_2.1-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MLD_2.1_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430195028/http://www.bmi.bund.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/566008/publicationFile/31710/vollversion_studie_muslim_leben_deutschland_.pdf;jsessionid=6B8CD26E2AC179111AF4F75650B84B1A"><i>Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland</i></a> [<i>Muslim Life in Germany</i>] (in German). <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>: Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (German: Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge), an agency of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Germany)" title="Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)">Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)</a>. June 2009. pp. <span class="nowrap">97–</span>80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783981211511" title="Special:BookSources/9783981211511"><bdi>9783981211511</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmi.bund.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/566008/publicationFile/31710/vollversion_studie_muslim_leben_deutschland_.pdf;jsessionid=6B8CD26E2AC179111AF4F75650B84B1A">the original</a> on 30 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Die Weimarer Republik 1918/19–1933</i>. Deutsche Geschichte in Dokumenten und Bildern (in German). Washington, DC: Deutschen Historischen Instituts.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Band+6.+Die+Weimarer+Republik+1918%2F19%E2%80%931933&rft.atitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerung+nach+Religionszugeh%C3%B6rigkeit+%281910%E2%80%931939%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgermanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org%2Fpdf%2Fdeu%2FJEW_RELIGIONZUGEHTABELLE_GER.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fowid.de/meldung/deutschland-konfessionen">"Deutschland: Die Konfessionen"</a> (in German). FOWID. 15 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Deutschland%3A+Die+Konfessionen&rft.date=2018-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffowid.de%2Fmeldung%2Fdeutschland-konfessionen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBischofskonferenz" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bischofskonferenz, Deutsche. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbk.de/kirche-in-zahlen/kirchliche-statistik/">"Kirchliche Statistik"</a>. <i>dbk.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dbk.de&rft.atitle=Kirchliche+Statistik&rft.aulast=Bischofskonferenz&rft.aufirst=Deutsche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdbk.de%2Fkirche-in-zahlen%2Fkirchliche-statistik%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ekd.de/statistik-kirchenmitglieder-17279.htm">"Zahlen und Daten zu Kirchenmitgliedern"</a>. <i>www.ekd.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nesstar.ess.nsd.uib.no&rft.atitle=European+Social+Survey%2C+Online+Analysis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnesstar.ess.nsd.uib.no%2Fwebview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2018/05/29/being-christian-in-western-europe/">"Being Christian in Western Europe (survey among 24,599 adults (age 18+) across 15 countries in Western Europe)"</a>. Pew Research Center. 29 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Being+Christian+in+Western+Europe+%28survey+among+24%2C599+adults+%28age+18%2B%29+across+15+countries+in+Western+Europe%29&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2018-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2018%2F05%2F29%2Fbeing-christian-in-western-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Politbarometer_2016_Bundesland-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Politbarometer_2016_Bundesland_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Politbarometer_2016_Bundesland_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Politbarometer_2016_Bundesland_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200414203750/https://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6888_V313&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6888_V7&previousmode=table&sort=column&byc=2&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6888&charttype=null&by=1&mode=table&v=2&V313slice=1&V7slice=12&order=asc&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6888_V319&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6888_V320&analysismode=table&gs=5&tabcontenttype=row&top=yes">"Konfession, Bundesland – weighted (Kumulierter Datensatz)"</a>. <i>Politbarometer 2016</i>. Question V312. 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6888_V313&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6888_V7&previousmode=table&sort=column&byc=2&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6888&charttype=null&by=1&mode=table&v=2&V313slice=1&V7slice=12&order=asc&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6888_V319&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6888_V320&analysismode=table&gs=5&tabcontenttype=row&top=yes">the original</a> on 14 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2017</span> – via <a href="/wiki/GESIS_%E2%80%93_Leibniz_Institute_for_the_Social_Sciences" title="GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences">GESIS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politbarometer+2016&rft.atitle=Konfession%2C+Bundesland+%E2%80%93+weighted+%28Kumulierter+Datensatz%29&rft.pages=Question+V312&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzacat.gesis.org%2Fwebview%2Findex.jsp%3Fheaders%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F193.175.238.79%253A80%252Fobj%252FfVariable%252FZA6888_V313%26stubs%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F193.175.238.79%253A80%252Fobj%252FfVariable%252FZA6888_V7%26previousmode%3Dtable%26sort%3Dcolumn%26byc%3D2%26study%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F193.175.238.79%253A80%252Fobj%252FfStudy%252FZA6888%26charttype%3Dnull%26by%3D1%26mode%3Dtable%26v%3D2%26V313slice%3D1%26V7slice%3D12%26order%3Dasc%26weights%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F193.175.238.79%253A80%252Fobj%252FfVariable%252FZA6888_V319%26weights%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F193.175.238.79%253A80%252Fobj%252FfVariable%252FZA6888_V320%26analysismode%3Dtable%26gs%3D5%26tabcontenttype%3Drow%26top%3Dyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.gesis.org/research_data/ZA6888">Description of study's sample</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200526031242/https://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?previousmode=table&stubs=V49&charttype=null&study=http://193.175.238.79:80/obj/fStudy/ZA5250&mode=table&v=2&V49subset=1+-+6&weights=http://193.175.238.79:80/obj/fVariable/ZA5250_V790&weights=http://193.175.238.79:80/obj/fVariable/ZA5250_V791&V49slice=1&analysismode=table&gs=8&tabcontenttype=row&top=yes">"Allgemeine Bevölkerungsumfrage der Sozialwissenschaften ALLBUS 2016"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GESIS_%E2%80%93_Leibniz_Institute_for_the_Social_Sciences" title="GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences">GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences</a></i> (in German). 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?previousmode=table&stubs=V49&charttype=null&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA5250&mode=table&v=2&V49subset=1+-+6&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA5250_V790&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA5250_V791&V49slice=1&analysismode=table&gs=8&tabcontenttype=row&top=yes">the original</a> on 26 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GESIS+%E2%80%93+Leibniz+Institute+for+the+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Allgemeine+Bev%C3%B6lkerungsumfrage+der+Sozialwissenschaften+ALLBUS+2016&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzacat.gesis.org%2Fwebview%2Findex.jsp%3Fpreviousmode%3Dtable%26stubs%3DV49%26charttype%3Dnull%26study%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F193.175.238.79%253A80%252Fobj%252FfStudy%252FZA5250%26mode%3Dtable%26v%3D2%26V49subset%3D1%2B-%2B6%26weights%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F193.175.238.79%253A80%252Fobj%252FfVariable%252FZA5250_V790%26weights%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F193.175.238.79%253A80%252Fobj%252FfVariable%252FZA5250_V791%26V49slice%3D1%26analysismode%3Dtable%26gs%3D8%26tabcontenttype%3Drow%26top%3Dyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">European Commission (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V11&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V294&previousmode=table&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6595&V294slice=1&V11subset=DEd%2345%3BE+-+DEd%2345%3BW&mode=table&v=2&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V483&analysismode=table&V294subset=1+-+12&gs=7&tabcontenttype=col&V11slice=DE-E&top=yes">Special Eurobarometer 84.3, Discrimination in the EU in 2015</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171025022144/http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V11&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V294&previousmode=table&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6595&V294slice=1&V11subset=DEd%2345%3BE+-+DEd%2345%3BW&mode=table&v=2&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V483&analysismode=table&V294subset=1+-+12&gs=7&tabcontenttype=col&V11slice=DE-E&top=yes">Archived</a> 25 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Question sd3.F1, via <a href="/wiki/GESIS_%E2%80%93_Leibniz_Institute_for_the_Social_Sciences" title="GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences">GESIS</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Special_Eurobarometer_393-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Special_Eurobarometer_393_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf">Eurobarometer Biotechnology report 2010</a></i> p. 381</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120812210929/http://redcresearch.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/RED-C-press-release-Religion-and-Atheism-25-7-12.pdf">"Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism – 2012"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://redcresearch.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/RED-C-press-release-Religion-and-Atheism-25-7-12.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Index+of+Religiosity+and+Atheism+%E2%80%93+2012&rft.pub=RED+C+Research+%26+Marketing+Ltd&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fredcresearch.ie%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F08%2FRED-C-press-release-Religion-and-Atheism-25-7-12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wingia2-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wingia2_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150430232945/http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/290/file/290.pdf">"Losing our religion? Two thirds of people still claim to be religious"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. WIN Gallup International. 13 April 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/290/file/290.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Losing+our+religion%3F+Two+thirds+of+people+still+claim+to+be+religious&rft.pub=WIN+Gallup+International&rft.date=2015-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wingia.com%2Fweb%2Ffiles%2Fnews%2F290%2Ffile%2F290.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvangelische_Kirche_Deutschlands" class="citation web cs1">Evangelische Kirche Deutschlands. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ekd.de/download/Ber_Kirchenmitglieder_2010.pdf">"Kirchenmitgliederzahlen am 31.12.2010"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Smith, University of Chicago, 2012"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belief+about+God+across+Time+and+Countries%2C+Tom+W.+Smith%2C+University+of+Chicago%2C+2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norc.org%2FPDFs%2FBeliefs_about_God_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-godless-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-godless_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120826093254/http://www.worldcrunch.com/why-eastern-germany-most-godless-place-planet/culture-society/why-eastern-germany-is-the-most-godless-place-on-earth/c3s5177/#.UHNiqk3Ex_0">"Why Eastern Germany is the Most Godless Place on Earth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a></i>. 13 May 2012. 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Dialog International. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forschungsgruppe+Weltanschauungen+in+Deutschland+%28fowid.de%29&rft.atitle=Religionszugeh%C3%B6rigkeiten+2023&rft.date=2024-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffowid.de%2Fmeldung%2Freligionszugehoerigkeiten-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221022170120/https://baptistworld.org/union-of-evangelical-free-churches-baptists-in-germany/">"Union of Evangelical Free Churches (Baptists) in Germany"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Baptist_World_Alliance" title="Baptist World Alliance">Baptist World Alliance</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://baptistworld.org/union-of-evangelical-free-churches-baptists-in-germany/">the original</a> on 22 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baptist+World+Alliance&rft.atitle=Union+of+Evangelical+Free+Churches+%28Baptists%29+in+Germany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbaptistworld.org%2Funion-of-evangelical-free-churches-baptists-in-germany%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mwc-cmm.org/sites/default/files/resource-uploads/mwc_world_map_2022.pdf">"MWC World Map 2022"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>MWC-CMM</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fowid%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bde%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.atitle=Kirchenmitglieder%3A+49%2C7+Prozent&rft.date=2022-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffowid.de%2Fmeldung%2Fkirchenmitglieder-49-7-prozent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEricksenHeschel1999" class="citation book cs1">Ericksen, Robert P.; Heschel, Susannah (1999). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/betrayalgermanch00eric/page/n1/mode/2up"><i>Betrayal: German Churches and the Holocaust</i></a></span>. Minneapolis (US): Fortress Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2931-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2931-1"><bdi>978-0-8006-2931-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Betrayal%3A+German+Churches+and+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Minneapolis+%28US%29&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-2931-1&rft.aulast=Ericksen&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rft.au=Heschel%2C+Susannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbetrayalgermanch00eric%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ekd.de/download/kimi_2004.pdf">"Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland: Kirchenmitgliederzahlen am 31.12.2004"</a> [Protestant Church in Germany: Membership on 31.12.2004] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). Protestant Church in Germany. December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evangelische+Kirche+in+Deutschland%3A+Kirchenmitgliederzahlen+am+31.12.2004&rft.pub=Protestant+Church+in+Germany&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekd.de%2Fdownload%2Fkimi_2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gensicke-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gensicke_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Gensicke: Jugend und Religiosität. In: Deutsche Shell Jugend 2006. Die 15. Shell Jugendstudie. Frankfurt a.M. 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-REMID-Islam-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-REMID-Islam_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REMID-Islam_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REMID-Islam_97-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REMID-Islam_97-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REMID-Islam_97-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REMID-Islam_97-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REMID-Islam_97-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REMID-Islam_97-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REMID-Islam_97-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REMID-Islam_97-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REMID-Islam_97-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REMID-Islam_97-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.remid.de/info_zahlen/islam/">"REMID — Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst – Mitgliederzahlen: Islam"</a> (in German). 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=REMID+%E2%80%94+Religionswissenschaftlicher+Medien-+und+Informationsdienst+%E2%80%93+Mitgliederzahlen%3A+Islam&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.remid.de%2Finfo_zahlen%2Fislam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnwarBlaschkeSander2004" class="citation book cs1">Anwar, Muhammad; Blaschke, Jochen; Sander, Åke (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041228214456/http://www.emz-berlin.de/projekte/pdf/MusPol_Buch.pdf">"Islam and Muslims in Germany: Muslims in German History until 1945"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>State Policies Towards Muslim Minorities: Sweden, Great Britain and Germany</i>. editionParabolis. pp. <span class="nowrap">65–</span>67. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emz-berlin.de/projekte/pdf/MusPol_Buch.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 December 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islam+and+Muslims+in+Germany%3A+Muslims+in+German+History+until+1945&rft.btitle=State+Policies+Towards+Muslim+Minorities%3A+Sweden%2C+Great+Britain+and+Germany&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.pub=editionParabolis&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Anwar&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft.au=Blaschke%2C+Jochen&rft.au=Sander%2C+%C3%85ke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emz-berlin.de%2Fprojekte%2Fpdf%2FMusPol_Buch.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2017" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell, Travis (29 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2017/11/29/the-growth-of-germanys-muslim-population-2/">"The Growth of Germany's Muslim Population"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=The+Growth+of+Germany%27s+Muslim+Population&rft.date=2017-11-29&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Travis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2017%2F11%2F29%2Fthe-growth-of-germanys-muslim-population-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel" title="Der Tagesspiegel">Der Tagesspiegel</a>: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/moschee-in-wilmersdorf-mit-kuppel-komplett/252118.html">Moschee in Wilmersdorf: Mit Kuppel komplett</a></i>, 29 August 2001, Retrieved 27 January 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/germany.html">"Germany: Virtual Jewish History Tour"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Council+of+Jews+in+Germany&rft.atitle=Zentralrat+%E2%80%93+Mitglieder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zentralratdjuden.de%2Fde%2Ftopic%2F5.mitglieder.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/drusentum-die-geheime-religion.886.de.html?dram:article_id=480342">"Drusentum - Die geheime Religion (2020)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutschlandfunk" title="Deutschlandfunk">Deutschlandfunk</a>. 14 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Drusentum+-+Die+geheime+Religion+%282020%29&rft.pub=Deutschlandfunk&rft.date=2020-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutschlandfunk.de%2Fdrusentum-die-geheime-religion.886.de.html%3Fdram%3Aarticle_id%3D480342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/drusentum-die-geheime-religion.886.de.html?dram:article_id=480342">"Drusentum - Die geheime Religion (2020)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutschlandfunk" title="Deutschlandfunk">Deutschlandfunk</a>. 14 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Drusentum+-+Die+geheime+Religion+%282020%29&rft.pub=Deutschlandfunk&rft.date=2020-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutschlandfunk.de%2Fdrusentum-die-geheime-religion.886.de.html%3Fdram%3Aarticle_id%3D480342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/druze-dating-diaspora-toronto-exclusion-1.4904888">"Dating Druze: The struggle to find love in a dwindling diaspora"</a>. <i>www.cbc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbc.ca&rft.atitle=Dating+Druze%3A+The+struggle+to+find+love+in+a+dwindling+diaspora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fdruze-dating-diaspora-toronto-exclusion-1.4904888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051215042729/http://www.agpf.de/Bundestag-Enquete-english.pdf"><i>Final Report of the Enquete Commission on 'So-called Sects and Psychogroups': New Religious and Idealogical Communities and Psychogroups in the Federal Reputblic of Germany</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bonner Universitäts-Buchdruckerei. 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agpf.de/Bundestag-Enquete-english.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Report+of+the+Enquete+Commission+on+%27So-called+Sects+and+Psychogroups%27%3A+New+Religious+and+Idealogical+Communities+and+Psychogroups+in+the+Federal+Reputblic+of+Germany&rft.pub=Bonner+Universit%C3%A4ts-Buchdruckerei&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agpf.de%2FBundestag-Enquete-english.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Decision of the German Federal Constitutional Court: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telemedicus.info/urteile/443-1-BvR-67091.html">BVerfG, Urteil v. 26.06.2002, Az. 1 BvR 670/91</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uni-protokolle.de/Lexikon/Freikirchen.html">"Freikirche: Altkatholische Kirche"</a> [Free Church: Old Catholic Church]. uni-protokolle.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freikirche%3A+Altkatholische+Kirche&rft.pub=uni-protokolle.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funi-protokolle.de%2FLexikon%2FFreikirchen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Definition_Sekte-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Definition_Sekte_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hilfe24.de/sekten_definition.htm">"Sekten: Definitionen"</a> [Sects: Definitions] (in German). hilfe24.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sekten%3A+Definitionen&rft.pub=hilfe24.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hilfe24.de%2Fsekten_definition.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/country/germany/freedom-world/2022">"Germany: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report"</a>. <i>Freedom House</i>. 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+House&rft.atitle=Germany%3A+Freedom+in+the+World+2022+Country+Report&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fcountry%2Fgermany%2Ffreedom-world%2F2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Germany&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Büttner, Manfred (1980). "On the history and philosophy of the geography of religion in Germany." <i>Religion</i> 10 (1): 86–119.</li> <li>Drummond, Andrew Landale (1951). <i>German Protestantism since Luther</i>.</li> <li>Eberle, Edward J. (2003). "Free Exercise of Religion in Germany and the United States." <i>Tulane Law Review</i> <b>78</b> (2003): 1023 onwards.</li> <li>Elon, Amos (2002). <i>The Pity of It All: A History of Jews in Germany, 1743–1933</i>.</li> <li>Evans, Ellen Lovell (1981). <i>The German Center Party, 1870–1933: A Study in Political Catholicism</i>. Southern Illinois UP</li> <li>Evans, Richard J. (1982). "Religion and society in modern Germany". <i>European History Quarterly</i> 12 (3): 249–288.</li> <li>Fetzer, Joel S.; Soper, J. Christopher (2005). <i>Muslims and the state in Britain, France, and Germany</i>. Cambridge University Press. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bilder.buecher.de/zusatz/21/21188/21188802_inha_1.pdf">Excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150707040504/http://bilder.buecher.de/zusatz/21/21188/21188802_inha_1.pdf">Archived</a> 7 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</li> <li>Gay, Ruth (1992). <i>The Jews of Germany: A Historical Portrait</i>.</li> <li>Harrington, Joel F.; Smith, Helmut Walser (1997). "Confessionalization, community, and state building in Germany, 1555–1870". <i>Journal of Modern History</i> (1997): 77–101. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.u.arizona.edu/~smlandry/History_495C__Religion_and_Society_in_German_History/History_495C_files/Confessionalization,%20Community,%20and%20State%20Building%20in%20Germany%201997%20Harrington%20and%20Smith.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230522173004/http://www.u.arizona.edu/~smlandry/History_495C__Religion_and_Society_in_German_History/History_495C_files/Confessionalization,%20Community,%20and%20State%20Building%20in%20Germany%201997%20Harrington%20and%20Smith.pdf">Archived</a> 22 May 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2953433">JSTOR</a>.</li> <li>Kastoryano, Riva (2004). "Religion and incorporation: Islam in France and Germany". <i>International Migration Review</i> 38 (3): 1234–1255.</li> <li>Latourette, Kenneth Scott. <i>Christianity in a Revolutionary Age, I: The Nineteenth Century in Europe: Background and the Roman Catholic Phase</i> (1959); <i>Christianity in a Revolutionary Age, II: The Nineteenth Century in Europe: The Protestant and Eastern Churches</i> (1959); <i>Christianity in a Revolutionary Age, IV: The Twentieth Century in Europe: The Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Churches</i> (1959) – multiple chapters on Germany.</li> <li>Roper, Lyndal; Scribner, Robert W. (2001). <i>Religion and Culture in Germany: (1400–1800)</i>. Brill. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/109262274/religion-and-culture-in-germany-1400-1800">Online</a>).</li> <li>Scribner, Robert W.; Dixon, C. Scott (2003).<i>German Reformation</i>. Palgrave Macmillan.</li> <li>Smith, Helmut Walser, ed. (2001). <i>Protestants, Catholics and Jews in Germany, 1800–1914</i>. Bloomsbury Academic.</li> <li>Spohn, Willfried (1991). "Religion and Working-Class Formation in Imperial Germany 1871–1914". <i>Politics & Society</i> 19 (1): 109–132.</li> <li>Tal, Uriel (1975). <i>Christians and Jews in Germany: Religion, politics, and ideology in the Second Reich, 1870–1914</i>. Cornell University Press</li> <li>Thériault, Barbara (2004). <i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>Conservative Revolutionaries': Protestant and Catholic Churches in Germany after Radical Political Change in the 1990s</i> – focus on merger of GDR after 1990.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_topics" title="Template:Germany topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germany_topics" title="Template talk:Germany topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germany topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germany_articles683" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General <br /> History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_German_history" title="Timeline of German history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Germany" title="Historiography of Germany">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Germany" title="Military history of Germany">Military history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">List of early Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">History of the Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_warfare_between_the_Romans_and_Germanic_peoples" title="Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples">Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_War" title="Cimbrian War">Cimbrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_campaigns_in_Germania_(12_BC_%E2%80%93_AD_16)" title="Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)">Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Wars">Gothic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">Sack of Rome (410)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Germany in the early modern period">Early modern period, 1500–1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th-century_history_of_Germany" title="18th-century history of Germany">18th-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">German revolutions of 1848–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Constitution" title="Frankfurt Constitution">Frankfurt Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_during_World_War_I" title="History of Germany during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_guilt_question" title="War guilt question">War guilt question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">Revolution of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#World_War_II" title="Nazi Germany">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Flight and expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">Divided Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_since_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germany since 1990">History of Germany since 1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Prussia">History of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brandenburg">History of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_War" title="Cologne War">Cologne War</a>, 1583–1588</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden_Revolution" title="Baden Revolution">Baden Revolution</a>, 1848</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Germany" title="Geography of Germany">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Germany">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Germany" title="List of earthquakes in Germany">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Germany" title="Geology of Germany">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Germany" title="List of islands of Germany">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Germany" title="List of lakes of Germany">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Germany" title="Category:Mountains of Germany">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Germany" title="Category:Rivers of Germany">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Bundesrat" title="German Bundesrat">Bundesrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr"><i>Bundeswehr</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(military)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany" title="Judiciary of Germany">Court system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Germany" title="Federal Government of Germany">Federal Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Germany" title="Human rights in Germany">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Germany" title="Intersex rights in Germany">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Germany">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Germany" title="Transgender rights in Germany">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Germany" title="Law of Germany">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Germany" title="Law enforcement in Germany">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_Germany" title="Lobbying in Germany">Lobbying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Germany" title="Agriculture in Germany">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Germany" title="Automotive industry in Germany">Automobile industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Germany" title="Banking in Germany">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_German_Chemical_Triangle" title="Middle German Chemical Triangle">Chemical Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Germany" title="Economic history of Germany">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Germany" title="Energy in Germany">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Germany" title="List of exports of Germany">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_model" title="German model">German model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German states by GDP">German states by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelstand" title="Mittelstand"><i>Mittelstand</i> companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germany" title="Science and technology in Germany">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Stock_Exchange" title="Frankfurt Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Germany" title="Taxation in Germany">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Germany" title="Telecommunications in Germany">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Germany" title="Tourism in Germany">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Germany" title="Transport in Germany">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Germany" title="Rail transport in Germany">Rail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare in Germany">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Germany" title="Category:Society of Germany">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Germany" title="Crime in Germany">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Germany" title="Corruption in Germany">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Germany" title="Demographics of Germany">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Germany" title="Drug policy of Germany">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Germany" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Germany">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Germany" title="Healthcare in Germany">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Germany" title="Homelessness in Germany">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Germany" title="Immigration to Germany">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Germany" title="Irreligion in Germany">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of German states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Germany" title="Naturism in Germany">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Germany" title="Pensions in Germany">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Germany" title="Pornography in Germany">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Germany" title="Poverty in Germany">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Germany" title="Prostitution in Germany">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Racism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues in Germany">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Germany" title="Architecture of Germany">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_art" title="German art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arts_in_Germany" title="Category:Arts in Germany">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany" title="Cinema of Germany">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_in_Germany" title="Category:Dance in Germany">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_fashion" title="German fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Germany" title="Category:Festivals in Germany">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_folklore" title="German folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Germany" title="List of libraries in Germany">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Germany" title="Internet in Germany">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Germany">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Germany" title="Names of Germany">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Germany" title="Sport in Germany">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Germany" title="Television in Germany">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Germany" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Germany">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Germany" title="Bibliography of Germany">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germany" title="Category:Germany">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_Europe123" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_in_Europe" title="Template:Religion in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Religion in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_Europe123" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Religion in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a 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