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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Naamgeving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naamgeving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Omgrenzing_biologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Omgrenzing_biologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Omgrenzing biologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Omgrenzing_biologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geschiedenis_van_de_biologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geschiedenis_van_de_biologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geschiedenis van de biologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geschiedenis_van_de_biologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grondslagen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grondslagen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Grondslagen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grondslagen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deelgebieden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deelgebieden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Deelgebieden</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Deelgebieden-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Deelgebieden-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Deelgebieden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indeling_naar_organisatieniveau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indeling_naar_organisatieniveau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Indeling naar organisatieniveau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indeling_naar_organisatieniveau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bijzondere_biologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bijzondere_biologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Bijzondere biologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bijzondere_biologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bouw_en_ontwikkeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bouw_en_ontwikkeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Bouw en ontwikkeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bouw_en_ontwikkeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indeling_naar_processen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indeling_naar_processen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Indeling naar processen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indeling_naar_processen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indeling_naar_ecologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indeling_naar_ecologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Indeling naar ecologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indeling_naar_ecologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indeling_naar_benadering_en_methodiek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indeling_naar_benadering_en_methodiek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Indeling naar benadering en methodiek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indeling_naar_benadering_en_methodiek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indeling_naar_toepassingsgebied" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indeling_naar_toepassingsgebied"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Indeling naar toepassingsgebied</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indeling_naar_toepassingsgebied-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integratie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integratie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Integratie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integratie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Omstreden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Omstreden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Omstreden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Omstreden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geen_biologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geen_biologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Geen biologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geen_biologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Inhoudsopgave" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Biologie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 248 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-248" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">248 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Абиологиа – Abchazisch" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Абиологиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abchazisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Zwitserduits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Zwitserduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A5%E1%8A%90_%E1%88%95%E1%8B%AD%E1%8B%88%E1%89%B5" title="ሥነ ሕይወት – Amhaars" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሥነ ሕይወት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioloch%C3%ADa" title="Biolochía – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Biolochía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="علم الأحياء – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الأحياء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="لبيولوجيا – Marokkaans Arabisch" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لبيولوجيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Marokkaans Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بيولوجيا – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيولوجيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="জীৱবিজ্ঞান – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জীৱবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolox%C3%ADa" title="Bioloxía – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bioloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология – Avarisch" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Биология" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avarisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bliopa" title="Bliopa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Bliopa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="जीवशास्‍त्र – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जीवशास्‍त्र" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologiya" title="Biologiya – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Biologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C" title="بیولوژی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیولوژی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология – Basjkiers" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Биология" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – Balinees" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Beiers" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Beiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioluog%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Bioluogėjė – Samogitisch" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bioluogėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyolohiya" title="Biyolohiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Biyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Біялогія – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Біялогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Біялёгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Біялёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88lmu_hayat" title="Èlmu hayat – Bataviaans" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Èlmu hayat" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Bataviaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Биология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जीवविज्ञान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जीवविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baeoloji" title="Baeoloji – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Baeoloji" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_hayat" title="Kaji hayat – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kaji hayat" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%87%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9D%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ဇီဝဗေဒ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဇီဝဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="জীববিজ্ঞান – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জীববিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="སྐྱེ་དངོས་རིག་པ། – Tibetaans" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྐྱེ་དངོས་རིག་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevoniezh" title="Bevoniezh – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bevoniezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologija" title="Biologija – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Biologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%85%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%90%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%92%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%81%E1%A8%97" title="ᨅᨗᨐᨚᨒᨚᨁᨗ – Buginees" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨅᨗᨐᨚᨒᨚᨁᨗ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Биологи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Биологи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%95ng-%C5%ADk-h%C5%8Fk" title="Sĕng-ŭk-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sĕng-ŭk-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Биологи – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Биологи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyolohiya" title="Biyolohiya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Biyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioloyia" title="Bioloyia – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Bioloyia" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AC%E1%8F%83%E1%8F%93_%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%8E%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%99%E1%8F%97" title="ᎬᏃᏓ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎬᏃᏓ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ژینناسی – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژینناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolugia" title="Biolugia – Corsicaans" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Biolugia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsicaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayatiyat" title="Ayatiyat – Krim-Tataars" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ayatiyat" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Krim-Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologij%C3%B4" title="Biologijô – Kasjoebisch" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Biologijô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kasjoebisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Биологи – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Биологи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bywydeg" title="Bywydeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bywydeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binni%C9%9Bma_vihigu" title="Binniɛma vihigu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Binniɛma vihigu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%B6c%C3%ABp%C3%AFr" title="Piöcëpïr – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Piöcëpïr" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyolociye" title="Biyolociye – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Biyolociye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8B%DE%A8%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%89%DE%A7%DE%84%DE%AC%DE%80%DE%AD_%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%89%DE%AA" title="ދިރުމާބެހޭ އިލްމު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ދިރުމާބެހޭ އިލްމު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βιολογία – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" title="Biology – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Biology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologio" title="Biologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolog%C3%ADa" title="Biología – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioloogia" title="Bioloogia – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bioloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Extremeens" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="زیست‌شناسی – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زیست‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioloogia" title="Bioloogia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Bioloogia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilanibula" title="Kilanibula – Fijisch" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kilanibula" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADvfr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Lívfrøði – Faeröers" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Lívfrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faeröers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Arpitaans" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologii" title="Biologii – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Biologii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologjie" title="Biologjie – Friulisch" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Biologjie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" title="Biology – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Biology" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitheola%C3%ADocht" title="Bitheolaíocht – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bitheolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byoloji" title="Byoloji – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Byoloji" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bith-e%C3%B2las" title="Bith-eòlas – Schots-Gaelisch" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bith-eòlas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Schots-Gaelisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolox%C3%ADa" title="Bioloxía – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bioloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="زیویشتشناسی – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="زیویشتشناسی" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekovekuaaty" title="Tekovekuaaty – Guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tekovekuaaty" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9E%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="જીવવિજ્ઞાન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જીવવિજ્ઞાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bea-oaylleeaght" title="Bea-oaylleeaght – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Bea-oaylleeaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" title="Biology – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Biology" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2ng-vu%CC%8Dt-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Sâng-vu̍t-ho̍k – Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sâng-vu̍t-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81laimeaola" title="Kālaimeaola – Hawaïaans" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kālaimeaola" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaïaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="ביולוגיה – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जीव विज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जीव विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiu_vigyan" title="Jiu vigyan – Fijisch Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Jiu vigyan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fijisch Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologija" title="Biologija – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Biologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologija" title="Biologija – Oppersorbisch" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Biologija" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Oppersorbisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyoloji" title="Biyoloji – Haïtiaans Creools" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Biyoloji" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans Creools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biol%C3%B3gia" title="Biológia – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Biológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կենսաբանություն – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կենսաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կենսաբանութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կենսաբանութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolohia" title="Biolohia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Biolohia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Биологи – Ingoesjetisch" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Биологи" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingoesjetisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologio" title="Biologio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Biologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADffr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Líffræði – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Líffræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%86%E1%92%AA%E1%94%85%E1%93%B1%E1%93%AF%E1%96%83%E1%95%90%E1%91%90%E1%93%95%E1%95%86%E1%93%82%E1%96%85" title="ᐆᒪᔅᓱᓯᖃᕐᑐᓕᕆᓂᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐆᒪᔅᓱᓯᖃᕐᑐᓕᕆᓂᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="生物学 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生物学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailoji" title="Bailoji – Jamaicaans Creools" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Bailoji" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaicaans Creools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/mivyske" title="mivyske – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="mivyske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბიოლოგია – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბიოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologiya" title="Biologiya – Karakalpaks" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Biologiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Karakalpaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnudert" title="Tasnudert – Kabylisch" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasnudert" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabylisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomna%C9%A3_l%C9%9B%C9%A3t%CA%8B" title="Tomnaɣ lɛɣtʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tomnaɣ lɛɣtʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayoroj%C4%A9" title="Bayorojĩ – Gikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Bayorojĩ" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Gikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Биология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uumassusililerineq" title="Uumassusililerineq – Groenlands" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Uumassusililerineq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Groenlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="ជីវវិទ្យា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ជីវវិទ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಜೀವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೀವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" title="Biology – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Biology" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99" title="생물학 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생물학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%9B%D9%88%D9%97%D8%AF%D9%8F%D8%AA" title="زیٛوٗدُت – Kasjmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="زیٛوٗدُت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kasjmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyoloj%C3%AE" title="Biyolojî – Koerdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Biyolojî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Биология" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bywonieth" title="Bywonieth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bywonieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Биология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolojiya" title="Biolojiya – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Biolojiya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология – Lezgisch" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Биология" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolojia" title="Biolojia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Biolojia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essomabiramu" title="Essomabiramu – Luganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Essomabiramu" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Luganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Ligurisch" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolojia" title="Biolojia – Lombardisch" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Biolojia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamb%C3%AD_ma_bom%C9%94i" title="Mambí ma bomɔi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mambí ma bomɔi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ຊີວະສາດ – Laotiaans" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຊີວະສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laotiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologija" title="Biologija – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Biologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolo%C4%A3ija" title="Bioloģija – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bioloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – Madoerees" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madoerees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%B4l%C3%B4jia" title="Biôlôjia – Malagassisch" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Biôlôjia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagassisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Биологий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Биологий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Биологија – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Биологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ജീവശാസ്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജീവശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Амин судлал – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Амин судлал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%95_%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯊꯋꯥꯢꯄꯥꯟꯕ ꯅꯩꯅꯂꯣꯟ – Meitei" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯊꯋꯥꯢꯄꯥꯟꯕ ꯅꯩꯅꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Meitei" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="जीवशास्त्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जीवशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijolo%C4%A1ija" title="Bijoloġija – Maltees" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Bijoloġija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Mirandees" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%87%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9D%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ဇီဝဗေဒ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဇီဝဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C-%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Биологиясь-эриеньсодамось – Erzja" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Биологиясь-эриеньсодамось" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolizmatiliztli" title="Yolizmatiliztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Yolizmatiliztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologgia" title="Biologgia – Napolitaans" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Biologgia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Napolitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Nedersaksisch" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Nederduits" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जीव विज्ञान – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जीव विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="जीवशास्त्र – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जीवशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A3%DF%8C%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%9E%DF%8A%DF%99%DF%8A%DF%B2" title="ߣߌߡߊߞߊߙߊ߲ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߣߌߡߊߞߊߙߊ߲" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutaphedi" title="Thutaphedi – Noord-Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Thutaphedi" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Noord-Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolougii" title="Biolougii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Biolougii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiinjiree" title="Xiinjiree – Afaan Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Xiinjiree" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Afaan Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%AC_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ଜୀବ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜୀବ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Биологи – Ossetisch" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Биологи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਜੀਵ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੀਵ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Papiaments" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiaments" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Paltsisch" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Paltsisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolog%C3%ACa" title="Biologìa – Piëmontees" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Biologìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piëmontees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%BE%DA%91%DA%BE%D8%AA" title="جیون پڑھت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جیون پڑھت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D9%86%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="ژونپوهنه – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ژونپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawsay_yachay" title="Kawsay yachay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kawsay yachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Reto-Romaans" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Romaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Aroemeens" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aroemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Біолоґія – Roetheens" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Біолоґія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Roetheens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="जीवशास्त्रम् – Sanskriet" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जीवशास्त्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskriet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология – Jakoets" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Биология" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakoets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Sardijns" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardijns" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolugg%C3%ACa" title="Bioluggìa – Siciliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bioluggìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Siciliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" title="Biology – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Biology" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حياتيات – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="حياتيات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologija" title="Biologija – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Biologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnudrt" title="Tasnudrt – Tashelhiyt" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasnudrt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tashelhiyt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ජීව විද්‍යාව – Singalees" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජීව විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" title="Biology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Biology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biol%C3%B3gia" title="Biológia – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Biológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حیاتیات – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="حیاتیات" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologija" title="Biologija – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Biologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiolo" title="Paiolo – Samoaans" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Paiolo" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruambamhenyu" title="Ruambamhenyu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ruambamhenyu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayoloji" title="Bayoloji – Somalisch" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bayoloji" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologjia" title="Biologjia – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Biologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Биологија – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Биологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibhayoloji" title="Ibhayoloji – Swazi" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Ibhayoloji" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swazi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baeloji" title="Baeloji – Zuid-Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Baeloji" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Zuid-Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Saterfries" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterfries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – Soendanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Soendanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="aanbevolen artikel"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolojia" title="Biolojia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Biolojia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologij%C5%8F" title="Biologijŏ – Silezisch" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Biologijŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silezisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="உயிரியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிரியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B5_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಜೀವ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಜೀವ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="జీవ శాస్త్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జీవ శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolojia" title="Biolojia – Tetun" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Biolojia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Зистшиносӣ – Tadzjieks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Зистшиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadzjieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="ชีววิทยา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชีววิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%AE%E1%88%8E%E1%8C%82" title="ባዮሎጂ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ባዮሎጂ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi%C3%BDa" title="Biologiýa – Turkmeens" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Biologiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyolohiya" title="Biyolohiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Biyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologij%C9%99" title="Biologijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Biologijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_long_laip" title="Save long laip – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Save long laip" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyoloji" title="Biyoloji – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Biyoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntivo-Vutomi" title="Ntivo-Vutomi – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ntivo-Vutomi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Биология" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология – Oedmoerts" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Биология" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Oedmoerts" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%89%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="بىئولوگىيە – Oeigoers" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بىئولوگىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Oeigoers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Біологія – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حیاتیات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حیاتیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologiya" title="Biologiya – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Biologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio%C5%82ozia" title="Biołozia – Venetiaans" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Biołozia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologii" title="Biologii – Wepsisch" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Biologii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Wepsisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Sinh học – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sinh học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – West-Vlaams" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West-Vlaams" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolog" title="Biolog – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Biolog" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyolodjeye" title="Biyolodjeye – Waals" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Biyolodjeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Waals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyolohiya" title="Biyolohiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Biyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="生物學" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Биолог – Kalmuks" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Биолог" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmuks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBayoloji" title="IBayoloji – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IBayoloji" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბიოლოგია – Mingreels" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბიოლოგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingreels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="ביאלאגיע – Jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ביאלאגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swnghvuzyoz" title="Swnghvuzyoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Swnghvuzyoz" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/40px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56498100">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Deel van een <a href="/wiki/Categorie:Biologie" title="Categorie:Biologie">serie</a> artikelen over</span><br /><big><big>Biologie</big></big> </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Adult_citrus_root_weevil,_Diaprepes_abbreviatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Een snuitkever (Diaprepes abbreviatus)"><img alt="Een snuitkever (Diaprepes abbreviatus)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Adult_citrus_root_weevil%2C_Diaprepes_abbreviatus.jpg/330px-Adult_citrus_root_weevil%2C_Diaprepes_abbreviatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Adult_citrus_root_weevil%2C_Diaprepes_abbreviatus.jpg/500px-Adult_citrus_root_weevil%2C_Diaprepes_abbreviatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Adult_citrus_root_weevil%2C_Diaprepes_abbreviatus.jpg/960px-Adult_citrus_root_weevil%2C_Diaprepes_abbreviatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1965" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"><small>Een <a href="/wiki/Snuitkevers_(familie)" title="Snuitkevers (familie)">snuitkever</a> (<i>Diaprepes abbreviatus</i>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="3">Biochemie & fysiologie </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"> <p><a href="/wiki/Biochemie" title="Biochemie">Biochemie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Biofysica" title="Biofysica">Biofysica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Celbiologie" title="Celbiologie">Celbiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fysiologie" title="Fysiologie">Fysiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Immunologie" title="Immunologie">Immunologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Moleculaire_biologie" title="Moleculaire biologie">Moleculaire biologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stofwisseling" title="Stofwisseling">Stofwisseling</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="3">Genetica </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"> <p><a href="/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica">Genetica</a> · <a href="/wiki/DNA_(biologie)" title="DNA (biologie)">DNA</a> · <a href="/wiki/Epigenetica" title="Epigenetica">Epigenetica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gen_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gen (hoofdbetekenis)">Gen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Populatiegenetica" title="Populatiegenetica">Populatiegenetica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ribonucle%C3%AFnezuur" title="Ribonucleïnezuur">RNA</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mutatie_(biologie)" title="Mutatie (biologie)">Mutatie</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="3">Morfologie & anatomie </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"> <p><a href="/wiki/Anatomie" title="Anatomie">Anatomie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Embryologie" title="Embryologie">Embryologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Histologie" title="Histologie">Histologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Microbiologie" title="Microbiologie">Microbiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Morfologie_(biologie)" title="Morfologie (biologie)">Morfologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ontwikkelingsbiologie" title="Ontwikkelingsbiologie">Ontwikkelingsbiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plantenanatomie" title="Plantenanatomie">Plantenanatomie</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="3">Ecologie & gedrag </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie">Ecologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ethologie" title="Ethologie">Ethologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hydrobiologie" title="Hydrobiologie">Hydrobiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mariene_biologie" title="Mariene biologie">Mariene biologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Populatiebiologie" title="Populatiebiologie">Populatiebiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vegetatiekunde" title="Vegetatiekunde">Vegetatiekunde</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="3">Systematiek & evolutie </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bio-informatica" title="Bio-informatica">Bio-informatica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Evolutiebiologie" title="Evolutiebiologie">Evolutiebiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fylogenie" title="Fylogenie">Fylogenie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Paleontologie" title="Paleontologie">Paleontologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Systematiek_(biologie)" title="Systematiek (biologie)">Systematiek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Taxonomie" title="Taxonomie">Taxonomie</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="3">Bijzondere biologie </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"> <p><a href="/wiki/Plantkunde" title="Plantkunde">Botanie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bryologie" title="Bryologie">Bryologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Entomologie" title="Entomologie">Entomologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fycologie" title="Fycologie">Fycologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Herpetologie" title="Herpetologie">Herpetologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lichenologie" title="Lichenologie">Lichenologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Malacologie" title="Malacologie">Malacologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Microbiologie" title="Microbiologie">Microbiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mycologie" title="Mycologie">Mycologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ornithologie" title="Ornithologie">Ornithologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pteridologie" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteridologie">Pteridologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Virologie" title="Virologie">Virologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%B6logie" title="Zoölogie">Zoölogie</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop center notheme" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Biologie" title="Portaal:Biologie">Biologie</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Guriezo_Adino_vaca_toro_terneras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Guriezo_Adino_vaca_toro_terneras.jpg/260px-Guriezo_Adino_vaca_toro_terneras.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Guriezo_Adino_vaca_toro_terneras.jpg/390px-Guriezo_Adino_vaca_toro_terneras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Guriezo_Adino_vaca_toro_terneras.jpg/520px-Guriezo_Adino_vaca_toro_terneras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="1550" /></a><figcaption>Animalia - <a href="/wiki/Oeros" title="Oeros">Oeros</a> (<i>Bos primigenius taurus</i>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Zbo%C5%BCe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Zbo%C5%BCe.jpg/330px-Zbo%C5%BCe.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Zbo%C5%BCe.jpg/500px-Zbo%C5%BCe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Zbo%C5%BCe.jpg/960px-Zbo%C5%BCe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2857" data-file-height="4286" /></a><figcaption>Plantae - <a href="/wiki/Tarwe" title="Tarwe">Tarwe</a> (<i>Triticum</i>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Morchella_esculenta_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Morchella_esculenta_08.jpg/260px-Morchella_esculenta_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Morchella_esculenta_08.jpg/390px-Morchella_esculenta_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Morchella_esculenta_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Fungi - <a href="/wiki/Gewone_morielje" title="Gewone morielje">Gewone morielje</a> (<i>Morchella esculenta</i>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Gemmatimonas_aurantiaca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gemmatimonas_aurantiaca.jpg/330px-Gemmatimonas_aurantiaca.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gemmatimonas_aurantiaca.jpg/500px-Gemmatimonas_aurantiaca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gemmatimonas_aurantiaca.jpg/960px-Gemmatimonas_aurantiaca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="909" /></a><figcaption>Bacteria - <i><a href="/wiki/Gemmatimonas_aurantiaca" title="Gemmatimonas aurantiaca">Gemmatimonas aurantiaca</a></i> (< 1 <a href="/wiki/Micrometer_(eenheid)" title="Micrometer (eenheid)">µm</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Gamma_phage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gamma_phage.png/260px-Gamma_phage.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gamma_phage.png/390px-Gamma_phage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gamma_phage.png/520px-Gamma_phage.png 2x" data-file-width="1290" data-file-height="1763" /></a><figcaption>Virus - Gammafaag</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Biologie</b> is de <a href="/wiki/Natuurwetenschap" title="Natuurwetenschap">natuurwetenschap</a> die zich richt op <a href="/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme">organismen</a>, levensprocessen en <a href="/wiki/Leven" title="Leven">levensverschijnselen</a>. De biologie omvat een breed scala aan vakgebieden waarin men onderzoek doet naar <a href="/wiki/Morfologie_(biologie)" title="Morfologie (biologie)">fysieke structuur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biochemie" title="Biochemie">chemische processen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moleculaire_biologie" title="Moleculaire biologie">moleculaire interacties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fysiologie" title="Fysiologie">fysiologische mechanismen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie">ecologische samenhang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontwikkelingsbiologie" title="Ontwikkelingsbiologie">ontwikkeling</a> en <a href="/wiki/Evolutie_(biologie)" title="Evolutie (biologie)">evolutie</a>. Biologie erkent de <a href="/wiki/Cel_(biologie)" title="Cel (biologie)">cel</a> als de fysieke basiseenheid van het leven, <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">genen</a> als de basiseenheid van erfelijke informatie en evolutie als het mechanisme achter het ontstaan en het uitsterven van <a href="/wiki/Soort" title="Soort">soorten</a>. Organismen zijn <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamisch_systeem" title="Thermodynamisch systeem">open systemen</a> die in staat zijn te overleven door bruikbare omzettingen van <a href="/wiki/Energie" title="Energie">energie</a> en door <a href="/wiki/Homeostase_(fysiologie)" title="Homeostase (fysiologie)">handhaving</a> van hun vitale toestand. </p><p>Moderne biologie is een exacte <a href="/wiki/Natuurwetenschap" title="Natuurwetenschap">natuurwetenschap</a>, waardoor experimentele, kwantitatieve benaderingen en causale verklaringen centraal staan. Per vakgebied worden echter verschillende onderzoeksmethoden gehanteerd: <a href="/wiki/Wiskundige_biologie" title="Wiskundige biologie">wiskundige of theoretische biologie</a> omvat de filosofie van de biologie en gebruikt <a href="/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde">wiskundige methoden</a> om kwantitatieve modellen te formuleren. <a href="/wiki/Experimentele_biologie" title="Experimentele biologie">Experimentele biologie</a> en meer beschrijvende onderzoeksgebieden verrichten empirisch onderzoek, waarmee ordening in de natuur wordt aangebracht en de geldigheid van voorgestelde theorieën wordt getest. Veel principes uit de biologie zijn gebaseerd op de toepassing van <a href="/wiki/Scheikunde" title="Scheikunde">scheikundige</a> en <a href="/wiki/Natuurkunde" title="Natuurkunde">natuurkundige</a> wetten op levende systemen. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naamgeving">Naamgeving</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Naamgeving" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Naamgeving"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De term biologie is afgeleid van de twee Oudgriekse woorden <span lang="grc" title="Oudgrieks">βίος</span> (<i>bíos</i>) en <span lang="grc" title="Oudgrieks">λόγος</span> (<i>lógos</i>). <i>Bíos</i> betekent "het leven" of "de bewoonde wereld". <i>Lógos</i> is de "rede", de "ratio" of "wetenschap". Het woord "biologie" zou voor het eerst gebruikt zijn door de Duitser <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Burdach" title="Karl Friedrich Burdach">Karl Friedrich Burdach</a>, fysioloog en anatoom<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1800, de Duitser <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Reinhold_Treviranus" title="Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus">Gottfried Treviranus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arts" title="Arts">arts</a> en <a href="/wiki/Wetenschapper" title="Wetenschapper">wetenschapper</a> in 1802 en, eveneens in 1802, de Fransman <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck</a> in zijn werk <i>Hydrogéologie</i>. Lamarck is van de drie het bekendst gebleven, aangezien hij beschouwd wordt als de eerste evolutiebioloog en naar hem het <a href="/wiki/Lamarckisme" title="Lamarckisme">lamarckisme</a> is genoemd.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Omgrenzing_biologie">Omgrenzing biologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Omgrenzing biologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Omgrenzing biologie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biologie is een <a href="/wiki/Natuurwetenschap" title="Natuurwetenschap">natuurwetenschap</a> die zich bezighoudt met de studie van het <a href="/wiki/Leven" title="Leven">leven</a> en <a href="/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme">organismen</a>, met inbegrip van hun (moleculaire) <a href="/wiki/Morfologie_(biologie)" title="Morfologie (biologie)">structuur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanisme_(biologie)" title="Mechanisme (biologie)">mechanisme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Functie_(biologie)" title="Functie (biologie)">functie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groei_(fysiologie)" title="Groei (fysiologie)">groei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abiogenese" title="Abiogenese">oorsprong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evolutie_(biologie)" title="Evolutie (biologie)">evolutie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie">ecologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verspreidingsgebied" title="Verspreidingsgebied">verspreidingsgebied</a> en <a href="/wiki/Systematiek_(biologie)" title="Systematiek (biologie)">biosystematiek</a> (inclusief <a href="/wiki/Taxonomie_(biologie)" title="Taxonomie (biologie)">taxonomie</a>). </p><p>Biologie omvat veel onderverdelingen, onderwerpen en disciplines. Er zijn vijf fundamentele axioma's in de moderne biologie, die de basale kenmerken van levende systemen behelzen:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cel_(biologie)" title="Cel (biologie)">Cellen</a> zijn de fysieke, zelfstandig levende bouwstenen van organismen</i>.<br />Volgens de <a href="/wiki/Celtheorie" title="Celtheorie">celtheorie</a> bestaan alle levende systemen uit een of meer cellen, en alle cellen komen voort uit reeds bestaande cellen door <a href="/wiki/Celdeling" title="Celdeling">celdeling</a>. <a href="/wiki/Meercellig_organisme" title="Meercellig organisme">Meercellige organismen</a> zijn opgebouwd uit cellen die uiteindelijk afkomstig zijn van een <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">bevruchte eicel</a>. Een cel is middels een <a href="/wiki/Celmembraan" title="Celmembraan">membraan</a> van de buitenwereld afgesloten en is zelfstandig of als onderdeel van een meercellig systeem <a href="/wiki/Stofwisseling" title="Stofwisseling">metabool</a> actief.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">Genen</a> zijn de fundamentele eenheid van <a href="/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica">erfelijkheid</a>.</i> <br />Een gen correspondeert met een stukje <a href="/wiki/Desoxyribonucle%C3%AFnezuur" class="mw-redirect" title="Desoxyribonucleïnezuur">DNA</a> dat de vorm of functie van een organisme beïnvloedt. Alle organismen, van bacteriën tot dieren, delen hetzelfde basismechanisme waarin een <a href="/wiki/Genetische_code" title="Genetische code">code</a> in het DNA wordt vertaald naar <a href="/wiki/Prote%C3%AFne" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteïne">eiwitten</a>. <a href="/wiki/Voortplanting_(biologie)" title="Voortplanting (biologie)">Voortplanting</a> is het proces waarbij een organisme zorgt voor nakomelingen met geheel of gedeeltelijk overeenkomstige eigenschappen en voor het voortbestaan van de soort. Voor geslachtelijke voortplanting zijn vaak twee individuen nodig. De nakomelingen hebben kenmerken van beide ouders in nieuwe combinaties.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soort" title="Soort">Soorten</a> en erfelijke eigenschappen zijn het product van de <a href="/wiki/Evolutie_(biologie)" title="Evolutie (biologie)">evolutie</a>.</i><br />De <a href="/wiki/Evolutietheorie" title="Evolutietheorie">evolutietheorie</a>, een centrale theorie in de biologie, stelt dat het leven over de generaties verandert en zich ontwikkelt door evolutie. <a href="/wiki/Adaptatie_(biologie)" title="Adaptatie (biologie)">Aanpassingen</a> in structuren of gedrag stellen organismen in staat beter te overleven en voor nageslacht te zorgen. Dit principe van aanpassing aan het <a href="/wiki/Milieu" title="Milieu">milieu</a> is fundamenteel voor de evolutie van populaties. Volgens de evolutietheorie stammen alle organismen op aarde, zowel levend als uitgestorven, af van een gemeenschappelijke voorouder of een voorouderlijke <a href="/wiki/Genenpoel" title="Genenpoel">genenpoel</a>. Deze universele gemeenschappelijke voorouder van alle organismen wordt verondersteld ongeveer 3,5 miljard jaar geleden te zijn verschenen.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Een organisme heeft het vermogen om zijn <a href="/wiki/Inwendig_milieu" title="Inwendig milieu">inwendig milieu</a> constant te houden.</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Homeostase_(fysiologie)" title="Homeostase (fysiologie)">Homeostase</a> is het vermogen van een <a href="/wiki/Open_systeem" title="Open systeem">open systeem</a> het interne milieu te reguleren om stabiliteit te handhaven door middel van dynamische evenwichtsaanpassingen. Homeostase vindt plaats door onderling samenhangende <a href="/wiki/Terugkoppeling" title="Terugkoppeling">regelkringen</a>. Het zorgt voor <a href="/wiki/Fysische_chemie" title="Fysische chemie">fysiochemische</a> omstandigheden waarin stofwisselingsprocessen goed kunnen verlopen. Alle organismen, zowel eencelligen als meercelligen, vertonen homeostatisch evenwicht.</li> <li><i>Organismen transformeren <a href="/wiki/Energie" title="Energie">energie</a> en dragen energie over.</i><br />Het overleven van een organisme hangt af van de voortdurende uitwisseling van energie. Stofwisseling is het geheel van biochemische processen die plaatsvinden in cellen ten behoeve van de activiteit, groei, voortplanting en instandhouding. Energie wordt daarbij van de ene vorm in de andere vorm getransformeerd. Energierijke <a href="/wiki/Biomolecuul" title="Biomolecuul">biomoleculen</a> uit voedsel kunnen worden omgezet in chemische energie (<a href="/wiki/Katabolisme" title="Katabolisme">katabolisme</a>) en kunnen worden omgezet in nieuwe moleculaire structuren die het organisme nodig heeft (<a href="/wiki/Anabolisme" title="Anabolisme">anabolisme</a>).</li></ol> <p>Verdere belangrijke eigenschappen van het leven zijn: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme">Organisatie</a>: leven vertoont organisatie en <a href="/wiki/Structuur" title="Structuur">structuur</a>. Er is een verband tussen vorm (<a href="/wiki/Anatomie" title="Anatomie">anatomie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morfologie_(biologie)" title="Morfologie (biologie)">morfologie</a>) en <a href="/wiki/Functie_(biologie)" title="Functie (biologie)">functie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fysiologie" title="Fysiologie">fysiologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gedrag" title="Gedrag">gedrag</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groei_(fysiologie)" title="Groei (fysiologie)">Groei</a>: het proces van toename van grootte en complexiteit.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulus" title="Stimulus">Prikkelbaarheid</a>: het kunnen reageren op stimuli, op veranderingen in het uitwendige of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inwendige_milieu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inwendige milieu (de pagina bestaat niet)">inwendige milieu</a> van het organisme.</li></ul> <p>Hoewel volgens deze omschrijvingen de <a href="/wiki/Virus_(biologie)" title="Virus (biologie)">virussen</a> niet tot het leven gerekend worden, wordt de <a href="/wiki/Virologie" title="Virologie">virologie</a> toch als onderdeel van de biologie beschouwd omdat virussen in hun erfelijke materiaal overeenkomsten vertonen met dat van levende organismen en omdat zij evolutie vertonen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschiedenis_van_de_biologie">Geschiedenis van de biologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geschiedenis van de biologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Geschiedenis van de biologie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/20px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/40px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_de_biologie" title="Geschiedenis van de biologie">Geschiedenis van de biologie</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>De <a href="/wiki/Wetenschap" title="Wetenschap">wetenschap</a> van de biologie begint met de <a href="/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_de_geneeskunde" title="Geschiedenis van de geneeskunde">geneeskunde</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Natuurlijke_historie" title="Natuurlijke historie">natuurlijke historie</a>, zoals die werden ontwikkeld in het <a href="/wiki/Oude_Griekenland" title="Oude Griekenland">oude Griekenland</a> en het <a href="/wiki/Oude_Rome" title="Oude Rome">oude Rome</a>, met <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a> en de arts <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Galenus" title="Claudius Galenus">Claudius Galenus</a> als belangrijke namen. </p><p>De biologie werd in de <a href="/wiki/Middeleeuwen" title="Middeleeuwen">middeleeuwen</a> verder ontwikkeld door moslimgeneeskundigen en geleerden als <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jahiz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Jahiz (de pagina bestaat niet)">al-Jahiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Zuhr" title="Ibn Zuhr">Avenzoar</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_al-Nafis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn al-Nafis (de pagina bestaat niet)">Ibn al-Nafis</a>. </p><p>In de periode van de Europese <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">renaissance</a> tot de <a href="/wiki/Vroegmoderne_tijd" title="Vroegmoderne tijd">vroegmoderne tijd</a> raakte men beïnvloed door het <a href="/wiki/Empirisme" title="Empirisme">empirisme</a>, dat stelt dat kennis uit de ervaring voortkomt. <a href="/wiki/Natuurlijke_historie" title="Natuurlijke historie">Natuuronderzoekers</a> gingen zich toeleggen op waarnemingen in het veld, experimenten op en ontleding van organismen, met geleerden en geneeskundigen als <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Vesalius" title="Andreas Vesalius">Andreas Vesalius</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Harvey" title="William Harvey">William Harvey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> en <a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon">Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon</a>, waardoor de biologische kennis snel toenam. </p><p>In de vroege <a href="/wiki/17e_eeuw" title="17e eeuw">17e eeuw</a> werden de resultaten van de voortschrijdende technische kennis in de <a href="/wiki/Microscoop" title="Microscoop">microscopie</a> zichtbaar, met onderzoekers als <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoni_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antoni van Leeuwenhoek">Antoni van Leeuwenhoek</a> en <a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Jan Swammerdam</a>. </p><p>In de <a href="/wiki/18e_eeuw" title="18e eeuw">18e</a> en <a href="/wiki/19e_eeuw" title="19e eeuw">19e eeuw</a> specialiseerde het biologisch onderzoek zich in <a href="/wiki/Vakgebied" title="Vakgebied">vakgebieden</a> als de <a href="/wiki/Plantkunde" title="Plantkunde">botanie</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%B6logie" title="Zoölogie">zoölogie</a>. Bekende wetenschappers uit deze periode zijn <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a>. Zij legden mede de basis voor <a href="/wiki/Biogeografie" title="Biogeografie">biogeografie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evolutiebiologie" title="Evolutiebiologie">evolutiebiologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie">ecologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica">genetica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celbiologie" title="Celbiologie">celbiologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microbiologie" title="Microbiologie">bacteriologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morfologie_(biologie)" title="Morfologie (biologie)">morfologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatomie" title="Anatomie">anatomie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embryologie" title="Embryologie">embryologie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Ethologie" title="Ethologie">ethologie</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grondslagen">Grondslagen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Grondslagen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Grondslagen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In de 19e eeuw zijn de grondslagen van de biologie geformuleerd: </p> <ul><li>De <i><a href="/wiki/Celbiologie" title="Celbiologie">celtheorie</a></i> volgens welke alle levende wezens gemeenschappelijk hebben dat ze uit één of meer cellen bestaan en dat nieuw leven uitsluitend kan ontstaan uit bestaand leven: <i>omnis cellula ex cellula</i>. In die tijd waren <a href="/wiki/Virus_(biologie)" title="Virus (biologie)">virussen</a> nog niet bekend. Virussen worden in het algemeen niet beschouwd als levend, maar de studie van virussen valt wel onder biologie.</li> <li>De <i><a href="/wiki/Evolutietheorie" title="Evolutietheorie">evolutietheorie</a></i> – volgens welke alle (op aarde) levende organismen ontstaan zijn uit dezelfde oorsprong. De <a href="/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica">erfelijkheidsleer</a> voegde een mechanisme toe waarmee erfelijke eigenschappen van generatie op generatie kunnen worden overgedragen.</li> <li>De <i>materialistische verklaring van leven</i>. Voor die tijd werd leven als iets gezien dat niet materialistisch verklaard kon worden (<a href="/wiki/Vitalisme_(filosofie)" title="Vitalisme (filosofie)">vitalisme</a>). Door ontwikkelingen in de <a href="/wiki/Biochemie" title="Biochemie">biochemie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Microbiologie" title="Microbiologie">microbiologie</a> werd een aannemelijke verklaring van leven mogelijk zonder de vooronderstelling van een geheimzinnige levenskracht, de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vis_vitalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vis vitalis (de pagina bestaat niet)">vis vitalis</a></i>.</li></ul> <p>Tot ver in de 19e eeuw was biologie voornamelijk bekend als natuurlijke historie, botanie en zoölogie, alle overwegend beschrijvende wetenschappen, die zich vooral bezighielden met de <a href="/wiki/Systematiek_(biologie)" title="Systematiek (biologie)">(bio)systematiek</a>, inclusief de vorm (<a href="/wiki/Morfologie_(biologie)" title="Morfologie (biologie)">morfologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatomie" title="Anatomie">anatomie</a>) en de classificatie en evolutie van <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taxonomie_(biologie)" title="Taxonomie (biologie)">taxonomie</a>). Daarna kwam er steeds meer aandacht voor het functioneren van organismen, de <a href="/wiki/Fysiologie" title="Fysiologie">fysiologie</a>, en voor experimentele methoden. </p><p>In de vroege <a href="/wiki/20e_eeuw" title="20e eeuw">20e eeuw</a> is de herontdekking van het werk van <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a>, later volgt het baanbrekende werk aan de structuur van het <a href="/wiki/Desoxyribonucle%C3%AFnezuur" class="mw-redirect" title="Desoxyribonucleïnezuur">DNA</a> door <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin">Rosalind Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> en <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a>. Het werd duidelijk dat DNA-moleculen de belangrijkste drager van erfelijke informatie zijn in alle bekende organismen en dat de <a href="/wiki/Genetische_code" title="Genetische code">genetische code</a> voor alle organismen vrijwel identiek is. </p><p>Biologie is in de twintigste eeuw een zelfstandige wetenschap geworden, met eigen instituten en opleidingen. De grenzen met aanpalende vakgebieden vervagen echter in de loop van de tijd. Veel onderzoeks- en onderwijsprogramma's omvatten <a href="/wiki/Biochemie" title="Biochemie">biochemie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biofysica" title="Biofysica">biofysica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiskundige_biologie" title="Wiskundige biologie">biomathematica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bio-informatica" title="Bio-informatica">bio-informatica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biomedische_wetenschappen" title="Biomedische wetenschappen">biomedische wetenschappen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Milieuwetenschappen" title="Milieuwetenschappen">milieuwetenschappen</a>. Er zijn dus grensgebieden met andere vakken zoals <a href="/wiki/Scheikunde" title="Scheikunde">scheikunde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natuurkunde" title="Natuurkunde">natuurkunde of fysica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geologie" title="Geologie">geologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aardrijkskunde" title="Aardrijkskunde">geografie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geneeskunde" title="Geneeskunde">medicijnen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde">wiskunde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Informatica" title="Informatica">informatica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociologie" title="Sociologie">sociologie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Psychologie" title="Psychologie">psychologie</a>. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <th>Enkele biologen </th></tr> <tr> <td><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 1012px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px; height: 290px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Charles_Darwin_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles Darwin (evolutietheorie)"><img alt="Charles Darwin (evolutietheorie)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Charles_Darwin_01.jpg/202px-Charles_Darwin_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Charles_Darwin_01.jpg/303px-Charles_Darwin_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Charles_Darwin_01.jpg/405px-Charles_Darwin_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3256" data-file-height="4183" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Evolutietheorie" title="Evolutietheorie">evolutietheorie</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px; height: 290px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Stieler,_Joseph_Karl_-_Alexander_von_Humboldt_-_1843.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexander von Humboldt (natuurvorser en ontdekkingsreiziger)"><img alt="Alexander von Humboldt (natuurvorser en ontdekkingsreiziger)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Stieler%2C_Joseph_Karl_-_Alexander_von_Humboldt_-_1843.jpg/210px-Stieler%2C_Joseph_Karl_-_Alexander_von_Humboldt_-_1843.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Stieler%2C_Joseph_Karl_-_Alexander_von_Humboldt_-_1843.jpg/315px-Stieler%2C_Joseph_Karl_-_Alexander_von_Humboldt_-_1843.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Stieler%2C_Joseph_Karl_-_Alexander_von_Humboldt_-_1843.jpg/420px-Stieler%2C_Joseph_Karl_-_Alexander_von_Humboldt_-_1843.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="986" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Natuurlijke_historie" title="Natuurlijke historie">natuurvorser</a> en<br /><a href="/wiki/Ontdekkingsreiziger" title="Ontdekkingsreiziger">ontdekkingsreiziger</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px; height: 290px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (evolutie)"><img alt="Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (evolutie)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck.jpg/206px-Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck.jpg/309px-Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck.jpg/412px-Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="843" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Evolutie_(biologie)" title="Evolutie (biologie)">evolutie</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px; height: 290px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_Martin_Hoffman_-_Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_(Linnaeus)_in_his_Lapland_costume_-_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carl Linnaeus (systematiek en taxonomie)"><img alt="Carl Linnaeus (systematiek en taxonomie)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_Martin_Hoffman_-_Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_%28Linnaeus%29_in_his_Lapland_costume_-_painting.jpg/148px-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_Martin_Hoffman_-_Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_%28Linnaeus%29_in_his_Lapland_costume_-_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_Martin_Hoffman_-_Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_%28Linnaeus%29_in_his_Lapland_costume_-_painting.jpg/222px-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_Martin_Hoffman_-_Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_%28Linnaeus%29_in_his_Lapland_costume_-_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_Martin_Hoffman_-_Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_%28Linnaeus%29_in_his_Lapland_costume_-_painting.jpg/296px-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_Martin_Hoffman_-_Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_%28Linnaeus%29_in_his_Lapland_costume_-_painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3327" data-file-height="5846" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Systematiek_(biologie)" title="Systematiek (biologie)">systematiek</a> en <a href="/wiki/Taxonomie_(biologie)" title="Taxonomie (biologie)">taxonomie</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px; height: 290px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Gregor_Mendel_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gregor Mendel (erfelijkheid)"><img alt="Gregor Mendel (erfelijkheid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gregor_Mendel_portrait.jpg/250px-Gregor_Mendel_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gregor_Mendel_portrait.jpg/330px-Gregor_Mendel_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gregor_Mendel_portrait.jpg/420px-Gregor_Mendel_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="569" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Erfelijkheid" title="Erfelijkheid">erfelijkheid</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px; height: 290px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Lorenz_and_Tinbergen1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Niko Tinbergen en Konrad Lorenz (ethologie)"><img alt="Niko Tinbergen en Konrad Lorenz (ethologie)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lorenz_and_Tinbergen1.jpg/210px-Lorenz_and_Tinbergen1.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lorenz_and_Tinbergen1.jpg/315px-Lorenz_and_Tinbergen1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lorenz_and_Tinbergen1.jpg/420px-Lorenz_and_Tinbergen1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2087" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Niko_Tinbergen" title="Niko Tinbergen">Niko Tinbergen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Ethologie" title="Ethologie">ethologie</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px; height: 290px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Francis_Crick.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Francis Crick (DNA)"><img alt="Francis Crick (DNA)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Francis_Crick.png/210px-Francis_Crick.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Francis_Crick.png/315px-Francis_Crick.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Francis_Crick.png/420px-Francis_Crick.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2236" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Desoxyribonucle%C3%AFnezuur" class="mw-redirect" title="Desoxyribonucleïnezuur">DNA</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px; height: 290px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Dobzhansky_no_Brasil_em_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Theodosius Dobzhansky in 1943"><img alt="Theodosius Dobzhansky in 1943" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Dobzhansky_no_Brasil_em_1943.jpg/196px-Dobzhansky_no_Brasil_em_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Dobzhansky_no_Brasil_em_1943.jpg/294px-Dobzhansky_no_Brasil_em_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Dobzhansky_no_Brasil_em_1943.jpg/392px-Dobzhansky_no_Brasil_em_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Dobzhansky" title="Theodosius Dobzhansky">Theodosius Dobzhansky</a> in 1943</div> </li> </ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deelgebieden">Deelgebieden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Deelgebieden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Deelgebieden"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De biologie kan op verschillende manieren in deelgebieden worden onderverdeeld. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indeling_naar_organisatieniveau">Indeling naar organisatieniveau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Indeling naar organisatieniveau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Indeling naar organisatieniveau"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Een veelgebruikte onderverdeling is op <a href="/wiki/Organisatieniveau_(biologie)" title="Organisatieniveau (biologie)">organisatieniveau</a>, waarbij sommige specialisaties zich op meerdere niveaus kunnen richten: </p> <ul><li>op <a href="/wiki/Biomolecuul" title="Biomolecuul">moleculair</a> niveau (submicroscopisch): <a href="/wiki/Biochemie" title="Biochemie">biochemie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bio-informatica" title="Bio-informatica">bio-informatica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moleculaire_biologie" title="Moleculaire biologie">moleculaire biologie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Moleculaire_genetica" title="Moleculaire genetica">moleculaire genetica</a></li> <li>op <a href="/wiki/Cel_(biologie)" title="Cel (biologie)">celniveau</a> (microscopisch): <a href="/wiki/Celbiologie" title="Celbiologie">celbiologie</a> (celleer, cytologie)</li> <li>op het niveau van <a href="/wiki/Weefsel_(biologie)" title="Weefsel (biologie)">weefsels</a>: <a href="/wiki/Histologie" title="Histologie">histologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurobiologie" title="Neurobiologie">neurobiologie</a></li> <li>op het niveau van <a href="/wiki/Orgaan" title="Orgaan">organen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orgaansysteem" title="Orgaansysteem">orgaanstelsels</a> en <a href="/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme">individuen</a> (macroscopisch): <a href="/wiki/Fysiologie" title="Fysiologie">fysiologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endocrinologie" title="Endocrinologie">endocrinologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morfologie_(biologie)" title="Morfologie (biologie)">morfologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatomie" title="Anatomie">anatomie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biofysica" title="Biofysica">biofysica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embryologie" title="Embryologie">embryologie</a></li> <li>op het niveau van <a href="/wiki/Soort" title="Soort">soorten</a>: <a href="/wiki/Systematiek_(biologie)" title="Systematiek (biologie)">systematiek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxonomie_(biologie)" title="Taxonomie (biologie)">taxonomie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evolutietheorie" title="Evolutietheorie">evolutiebiologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morfologie_(biologie)" title="Morfologie (biologie)">morfologie</a>, aut<a href="/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie">ecologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biogeografie" title="Biogeografie">biogeografie</a></li> <li>op het niveau van <a href="/wiki/Populatie_(biologie)" title="Populatie (biologie)">populaties</a>: <a href="/wiki/Populatiebiologie" title="Populatiebiologie">populatiebiologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethologie" title="Ethologie">gedragsbiologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie">populatie-ecologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Populatiegenetica" title="Populatiegenetica">populatiegenetica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evolutiebiologie" title="Evolutiebiologie">evolutiebiologie</a></li> <li>op het niveau van <a href="/wiki/Ecosysteem" title="Ecosysteem">ecosystemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levensgemeenschap" title="Levensgemeenschap">levensgemeenschappen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Landschap" title="Landschap">landschappen</a>: <a href="/wiki/Landschapsecologie" title="Landschapsecologie">landschapsecologie</a>, syn<a href="/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie">ecologie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Synsystematiek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synsystematiek (de pagina bestaat niet)">synsystematiek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syntaxonomie" title="Syntaxonomie">syntaxonomie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetatiekunde" title="Vegetatiekunde">vegetatiekunde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milieubiologie" title="Milieubiologie">milieubiologie</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bijzondere_biologie">Bijzondere biologie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Bijzondere biologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Bijzondere biologie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bijzondere_biologie" title="Bijzondere biologie">Bijzondere biologie</a> is een wat oudere term voor de biologische vakgebieden die betrekking hebben op de <a href="/wiki/Systematiek_(biologie)" title="Systematiek (biologie)">systematiek</a> van de <a href="/wiki/Soort" title="Soort">soorten</a> van bepaalde <a href="/wiki/Taxonomie_(biologie)" title="Taxonomie (biologie)">taxonomische</a> groepen. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microbiologie" title="Microbiologie">Microbiologie</a> is de wetenschap van de <a href="/wiki/Micro-organisme" title="Micro-organisme">micro-organismen</a>, zoals <a href="/wiki/Bacteri%C3%ABn" title="Bacteriën">bacteriën</a>, eencellige schimmels (<a href="/wiki/Gist" title="Gist">gisten</a>), en soms ook <a href="/wiki/Virus_(biologie)" title="Virus (biologie)">virussen</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriologie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteriologie">Bacteriologie</a> is de wetenschap van de <a href="/wiki/Bacteri%C3%ABn" title="Bacteriën">bacteriën</a>. Daarbij ligt het accent vooral op de studie van de biochemie en de ecologie.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virologie" title="Virologie">Virologie</a> is de wetenschap van de <a href="/wiki/Virus_(biologie)" title="Virus (biologie)">virussen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viro%C3%AFde" title="Viroïde">viroïden</a> en <a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">prionen</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantkunde" title="Plantkunde">Plantkunde</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plantkunde" title="Plantkunde">botanie</a> is de wetenschap van de <a href="/wiki/Planten" title="Planten">planten</a>. Traditioneel was dit zeer wijd omgrensd. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mossen" title="Mossen">Bryologie</a> is de wetenschap van de <a href="/wiki/Mossen" title="Mossen">mossen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levermossen" title="Levermossen">levermossen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Hauwmossen" title="Hauwmossen">hauwmossen</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varens" title="Varens">Pteridologie</a> is de wetenschap van de <a href="/wiki/Varens" title="Varens">varens</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrologie" title="Dendrologie">Dendrologie</a> is de wetenschap van de <a href="/wiki/Houtige_plant" title="Houtige plant">houtige planten</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fycologie" title="Fycologie">Fycologie</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fycologie" title="Fycologie">algologie</a> is de wetenschap van de <a href="/wiki/Algen" title="Algen">algen</a> (traditioneel <a href="/wiki/Groenwieren" title="Groenwieren">groenwieren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roodwieren" title="Roodwieren">roodwieren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruinwieren" title="Bruinwieren">bruinwieren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blauwalgen" title="Blauwalgen">blauwwieren</a> en andere kleinere groepen). Studie van de <a href="/wiki/Blauwalgen" title="Blauwalgen">blauwwieren</a> wordt tegenwoordig niet meer hiertoe gerekend, maar tot de <a href="/wiki/Microbiologie" title="Microbiologie">bacteriologie</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycologie" title="Mycologie">Mycologie</a> is de wetenschap van de <a href="/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels">schimmels</a>. Het wordt tegenwoordig niet meer tot de <a href="/wiki/Plantkunde" title="Plantkunde">plantkunde</a> gerekend. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lichenologie" title="Lichenologie">Lichenologie</a> is de wetenschap van de <a href="/wiki/Korstmos" title="Korstmos">korstmossen</a>. Het wordt tegenwoordig tot de <a href="/wiki/Mycologie" title="Mycologie">mycologie</a> gerekend.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%B6logie" title="Zoölogie">Zoölogie</a> is de wetenschap van de <a href="/wiki/Dieren_(biologie)" title="Dieren (biologie)">dieren</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entomologie" title="Entomologie">Entomologie</a> is de wetenschap van de <a href="/wiki/Insecten" title="Insecten">insecten</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetologie" title="Herpetologie">Herpetologie</a> is de wetenschap van de <a href="/wiki/Amfibie%C3%ABn" title="Amfibieën">amfibieën</a> en <a href="/wiki/Reptielen" title="Reptielen">reptielen</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichtyologie" title="Ichtyologie">Ichtyologie</a> is de wetenschap van de <a href="/wiki/Vissen_(dieren)" title="Vissen (dieren)">vissen</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malacologie" title="Malacologie">Malacologie</a> is de wetenschap van de <a href="/wiki/Weekdieren" title="Weekdieren">weekdieren</a> (met <a href="/wiki/Schelp" title="Schelp">schelpen</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithologie" title="Ornithologie">Ornithologie</a> is de wetenschap van de <a href="/wiki/Vogels" title="Vogels">vogels</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammalogie" title="Mammalogie">Mammalogie</a> is de wetenschap van de <a href="/wiki/Zoogdieren" title="Zoogdieren">zoogdieren</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menselijke_biologie" title="Menselijke biologie">Menselijke biologie</a> omvat specialisaties die zich bezighouden met de <a href="/wiki/Mens" title="Mens">mens</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnologie" title="Biotechnologie">Biotechnologie</a> is de technologische toepassing van biologische kennis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milieubiologie" title="Milieubiologie">Milieubiologie</a> is de tak die zich bezighoudt met de invloed van de mens op het milieu, inclusief ecologische systemen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milieuwetenschappen" title="Milieuwetenschappen">Milieuwetenschappen</a> (milieukunde of milieustudie) is een vakgebied waarbinnen de aarde, de effecten van de mens op de omgeving en milieuproblemen bestudeerd worden.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medische_biologie" title="Medische biologie">Medische biologie</a> is een combinatie van biologie en geneeskunde.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bouw_en_ontwikkeling">Bouw en ontwikkeling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Bouw en ontwikkeling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Bouw en ontwikkeling"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Een indeling naar de studie van bouw en ontwikkeling: </p> <ul><li>cellen, weefsels en organen: <a href="/wiki/Anatomie" title="Anatomie">anatomie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Histologie" title="Histologie">histologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%B6tomie" title="Zoötomie">zoötomie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plantenmorfologie" title="Plantenmorfologie">plantenmorfologie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Plantenanatomie" title="Plantenanatomie">-anatomie</a></li> <li>organen en organismen: <a href="/wiki/Morfologie_(biologie)" title="Morfologie (biologie)">morfologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beschrijvende_plantkunde" title="Beschrijvende plantkunde">fytografie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groei_(fysiologie)" title="Groei (fysiologie)">groei en ontwikkeling</a>: <a href="/wiki/Embryologie" title="Embryologie">embryologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morfogenese" title="Morfogenese">morfogenese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontwikkelingsbiologie" title="Ontwikkelingsbiologie">ontwikkelingsbiologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontwikkelingsfysiologie" title="Ontwikkelingsfysiologie">ontwikkelingsfysiologie</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indeling_naar_processen">Indeling naar processen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Indeling naar processen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=9" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Indeling naar processen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Een indeling op <a href="/wiki/Natuurlijk_proces" title="Natuurlijk proces">natuurlijke processen</a>: </p> <ul><li>overerving: <a href="/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica">genetica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levensverrichting" title="Levensverrichting">levensverrichtingen</a> van organismen: <a href="/wiki/Fysiologie" title="Fysiologie">fysiologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endocrinologie" title="Endocrinologie">endocrinologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethologie" title="Ethologie">ethologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plantenfysiologie" title="Plantenfysiologie">plantenfysiologie</a></li> <li>evolutionair historisch: <a href="/wiki/Paleontologie" title="Paleontologie">paleontologie</a></li> <li>ziekte en gezondheid: <a href="/wiki/Immunologie" title="Immunologie">immunologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epidemiologie" title="Epidemiologie">epidemiologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fytopathologie" title="Fytopathologie">fytopathologie</a> (plantenziektenkunde), <a href="/wiki/Toxicologie" title="Toxicologie">toxicologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milieuwetenschappen" title="Milieuwetenschappen">milieukunde</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indeling_naar_ecologie">Indeling naar ecologie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Indeling naar ecologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=10" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Indeling naar ecologie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Een <a href="/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie">ecologische</a> indeling: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrobiologie" title="Hydrobiologie">hydrobiologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limnologie" title="Limnologie">limnologie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Mariene_biologie" title="Mariene biologie">mariene biologie</a> zijn de vakgebieden van organismen in het water.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geobotanie" title="Geobotanie">geobotanie of terrestrische plantkunde</a> zijn de onderdelen van de <a href="/wiki/Plantkunde" title="Plantkunde">plantkunde</a> die zich bezig houden met de studie van de <a href="/wiki/Terrestrische_plant" title="Terrestrische plant">terrestrische planten</a> in de vrije natuur, dus als onderdeel van de <a href="/wiki/Biosfeer" title="Biosfeer">biosfeer</a>. Geobotanie omvat onder andere <a href="/wiki/Plantengeografie" title="Plantengeografie">plantengeografie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Floristiek" title="Floristiek">floristiek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paleobotanie" title="Paleobotanie">paleobotanie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetatiekunde" title="Vegetatiekunde">vegetatiekunde</a> en <a href="/wiki/Syntaxonomie" title="Syntaxonomie">syntaxonomie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie">plantenoecologie</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indeling_naar_benadering_en_methodiek">Indeling naar benadering en methodiek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Indeling naar benadering en methodiek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=11" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Indeling naar benadering en methodiek"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Een indeling naar <a href="/wiki/Hulpwetenschap" title="Hulpwetenschap">hulpwetenschap</a> en <a href="/wiki/Wetenschappelijke_methode" title="Wetenschappelijke methode">wetenschappelijke methode</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aardrijkskunde" title="Aardrijkskunde">aardrijkskunde</a>: <a href="/wiki/Biogeografie" title="Biogeografie">biogeografie</a> (inclusief <a href="/wiki/Floristiek" title="Floristiek">floristiek</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informatica" title="Informatica">informatica</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bio-informatica" title="Bio-informatica">bio-informatica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natuurkunde" title="Natuurkunde">natuurkunde</a>: <a href="/wiki/Biofysica" title="Biofysica">biofysica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheikunde" title="Scheikunde">scheikunde</a>: <a href="/wiki/Biochemie" title="Biochemie">biochemie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moleculaire_biologie" title="Moleculaire biologie">moleculaire biologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde">wiskunde</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wiskundige_biologie" title="Wiskundige biologie">wiskundige biologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biomathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomathematica">biomathematica</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indeling_naar_toepassingsgebied">Indeling naar toepassingsgebied</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Indeling naar toepassingsgebied" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=12" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Indeling naar toepassingsgebied"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Een indeling naar toepassingsgebied: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnologie" title="Biotechnologie">biotechnologie</a> houdt zich bezig met de technieken om biologie te gebruiken voor praktische doeleinden.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medische_biologie" title="Medische biologie">medische biologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biomedische_wetenschappen" title="Biomedische wetenschappen">biomedische wetenschappen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerobiologie" title="Aerobiologie">Aerobiologie</a> is de wetenschap van het passieve transport van zich in de lucht begevende micro-organismen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitologie" title="Parasitologie">Parasitologie</a> is de wetenschap van <a href="/wiki/Parasiet" title="Parasiet">parasieten</a>: organismen met een parasitaire levenswijze.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integratie">Integratie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Integratie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=13" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Integratie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Integratie van grote deelgebieden </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systeembiologie" title="Systeembiologie">systeembiologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematiek_(biologie)" title="Systematiek (biologie)">systematiek</a> (biosystematiek)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiskundige_biologie" title="Wiskundige biologie">theoretische biologie</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Omstreden">Omstreden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Omstreden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=14" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Omstreden"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiologie" title="Astrobiologie">astrobiologie</a>, de studie van (<a href="/wiki/Hypothese" title="Hypothese">hypothetisch</a>) buitenaards leven.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geen_biologie">Geen biologie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geen biologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=15" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Geen biologie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptozo%C3%B6logie" title="Cryptozoölogie">cryptozoölogie</a>, de studie van nog niet beschreven diersoorten waarvan het bestaan niet is aangetoond.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">intelligent design</a>, een vorm van <a href="/wiki/Creationisme" title="Creationisme">creationisme</a> die het werk van een 'intelligente schepper' veronderstelt, omdat er op cel- en moleculair niveau zoveel ingewikkelde en perfect op elkaar afgestemde mechanismen zijn, dat die niet door evolutie ontstaan zouden kunnen zijn. Aangezien onderzoek naar deze intelligente schepper onmogelijk is, wordt <i>intelligent design</i> niet gezien als wetenschappelijke theorie. Daarnaast wordt het ontbreken van detailkennis over het mechanisme van de evolutie verward met die over het feitelijk bestaan van het verschijnsel evolutie.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=16" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biologie_van_A_tot_Z" title="Biologie van A tot Z">Biologie van A tot Z</a></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><b>Noten</b></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">→ <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Burdach" class="extiw" title="de:Friedrich Burdach">Friedrich Burdach</a> in de Duitstalige Wikipedia, voetnoot 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Fascinerend Leven</i> (21 auteurs), uitg. Academia Press, (Gent 2013), 613 p. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9789038220376" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9789038220376">ISBN 9789038220376</a></span>, p.211 (voetnoot 3, in het hoofdstuk "Het soortbegrip in Buffons Histoire naturelle", p. 209-225). Ook vermeld in Thomas Junker: <i>Geschichte der Biologie</i>. Beck, München 2004, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Avila, V.L.</span> (1995). <i>Biology: Investigating life on earth.</i> Boston: Jones and Bartlett. pp. 11–18. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0-86720-942-9" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0-86720-942-9">ISBN 0-86720-942-9</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">De Duve, C. (2002)</span>. <cite><i>Life Evolving: Molecules, Mind, and Meaning</i></cite>. Oxford University Press, New York, p. 44. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0-19-515605-6" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0-19-515605-6">ISBN 0-19-515605-6</a></span>.</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{right:2px}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-groot{float:right;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:#ddeef8;padding:2px 5.5em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud{padding:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud p:first-child{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background-color"],.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background"]{color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}</style> <div class="navigatie mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Biologie" data-expandtext="Uitklappen" data-collapsetext="Inklappen"> <div class="navigatie-afb-links noviewer"><div class="navigatie-bewerken show-autoconfirmed nomobile"><span class="nowrap skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Navigatie_biologie" title="Sjabloon:Navigatie 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> · <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Navigatie_biologie&action=edit" title="Sjabloon bewerken"><img alt="Sjabloon bewerken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Biologie" class="navigatie-titel"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biologie</a></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud mw-collapsible-content"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67785531">.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel{margin:0 auto 0 auto;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding-left:0.5em}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;width:100%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:unset}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding:unset}}</style><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="links" style="width:17em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Biochemie" title="Biochemie">Biochemie</a> & <a href="/wiki/Fysiologie" title="Fysiologie">fysiologie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Bioanorganische_chemie" title="Bioanorganische chemie">Bioanorganische chemie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Biofysica" title="Biofysica">Biofysica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Celfysiologie" title="Celfysiologie">Celfysiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Elektrofysiologie" title="Elektrofysiologie">Elektrofysiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Endocrinologie" title="Endocrinologie">Endocrinologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Glycobiologie" title="Glycobiologie">Glycobiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Immunologie" title="Immunologie">Immunologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Immuunhistochemie" title="Immuunhistochemie">Immuunhistochemie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Klinische_biologie" title="Klinische biologie">Klinische biologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Moleculaire_biologie" title="Moleculaire biologie">Moleculaire biologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Neurobiologie" title="Neurobiologie">Neurobiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Neurofysiologie" title="Neurofysiologie">Neurofysiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ontwikkelingsfysiologie" title="Ontwikkelingsfysiologie">Ontwikkelingsfysiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plantenfysiologie" title="Plantenfysiologie">Plantenfysiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Radiobiologie" title="Radiobiologie">Radiobiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Spierfysiologie" title="Spierfysiologie">Spierfysiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Toxicologie" title="Toxicologie">Toxicologie</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica">Genetica</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Cytogenetica" title="Cytogenetica">Cytogenetica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Epigenetica" title="Epigenetica">Epigenetica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Farmacogenetica" title="Farmacogenetica">Farmacogenetica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gedragsgenetica" title="Gedragsgenetica">Gedragsgenetica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Genomica" title="Genomica">Genomica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Optogenetica" title="Optogenetica">Optogenetica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Paleogenetica" title="Paleogenetica">Paleogenetica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Populatiegenetica" title="Populatiegenetica">Populatiegenetica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Synthetische_biologie" title="Synthetische biologie">Synthetische biologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Toxicogenomica" title="Toxicogenomica">Toxicogenomica</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Morfologie_(biologie)" title="Morfologie (biologie)">Morfologie</a> & <a href="/wiki/Anatomie" title="Anatomie">anatomie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Celbiologie" title="Celbiologie">Celbiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Embryologie" title="Embryologie">Embryologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Histologie" title="Histologie">Histologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Morfologie_(biologie)" title="Morfologie (biologie)">Morfologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ontwikkelingsbiologie" title="Ontwikkelingsbiologie">Ontwikkelingsbiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plantenanatomie" title="Plantenanatomie">Plantenanatomie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plantenmorfologie" title="Plantenmorfologie">Plantenmorfologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%B6tomie" title="Zoötomie">Zoötomie</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie">Ecologie</a> & <a href="/wiki/Gedrag" title="Gedrag">gedrag</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Aerobiologie" title="Aerobiologie">Aerobiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Astrobiologie" title="Astrobiologie">Astrobiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Epidemiologie" title="Epidemiologie">Epidemiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ecosysteem" title="Ecosysteem">Ecosysteem</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ethologie" title="Ethologie">Ethologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fenologie" title="Fenologie">Fenologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hydrobiologie" title="Hydrobiologie">Hydrobiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Histologie" title="Histologie">Histologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Levensgemeenschap" title="Levensgemeenschap">Levensgemeenschap</a> · <a href="/wiki/Limnologie" title="Limnologie">Limnologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mariene_biologie" title="Mariene biologie">Mariene biologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Populatie_(biologie)" title="Populatie (biologie)">populatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vegetatiezonering_in_gebergten" title="Vegetatiezonering in gebergten">Montane ecologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Parasitologie" title="Parasitologie">Parasitologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Populatiebiologie" title="Populatiebiologie">Populatiebiologie · Populatiedynamica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Syntaxonomie" title="Syntaxonomie">Syntaxonomie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vegetatiekunde" title="Vegetatiekunde">Vegetatiekunde</a> · <a href="/wiki/Voedselketen" title="Voedselketen">Voedselketen</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Systematiek_(biologie)" title="Systematiek (biologie)">Systematiek</a> & <a href="/wiki/Evolutietheorie" title="Evolutietheorie">evolutietheorie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Bio-informatica" title="Bio-informatica">Bio-informatica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Chemotaxonomie" title="Chemotaxonomie">Chemotaxonomie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cladistiek" title="Cladistiek">Cladistiek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fylogenie" title="Fylogenie">Fylogenie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Generatiewisseling" title="Generatiewisseling">Generatiewisseling</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kernfasewisseling" title="Kernfasewisseling">Kernfasewisseling</a> · <a href="/wiki/Levenscyclus" title="Levenscyclus">Levenscyclus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Metamorfose_(biologie)" title="Metamorfose (biologie)">Metamorfose</a> · <a href="/wiki/Paleontologie" title="Paleontologie">Paleontologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fylogenetische_stamboom" title="Fylogenetische stamboom">Stamboom</a> · <a href="/wiki/Synthetische_biologie" title="Synthetische biologie">Synthetische biologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Systeembiologie" title="Systeembiologie">Systeembiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Taxonomie_(biologie)" title="Taxonomie (biologie)">Taxonomie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Voortplanting_(biologie)" title="Voortplanting (biologie)">Voortplanting</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Bijzondere_biologie" title="Bijzondere biologie">Bijzondere biologie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Arachnologie" title="Arachnologie">Arachnologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Acarologie" title="Acarologie">Acarologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bryologie" title="Bryologie">Bryologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Entomologie" title="Entomologie">Entomologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fycologie" title="Fycologie">Fycologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Herpetologie" title="Herpetologie">Herpetologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ichtyologie" title="Ichtyologie">Ichtyologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lichenologie" title="Lichenologie">Lichenologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Malacologie" title="Malacologie">Malacologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mammalogie" title="Mammalogie">Mammalogie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Microbiologie" title="Microbiologie">Microbiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mycologie" title="Mycologie">Mycologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ornithologie" title="Ornithologie">Ornithologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plantkunde" title="Plantkunde">Plantkunde</a> · <a href="/wiki/Varens" title="Varens">Pteridologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Virologie" title="Virologie">Virologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%B6logie" title="Zoölogie">Zoölogie</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Biogeografie" title="Biogeografie">Biogeografie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Biogeologie" title="Biogeologie">Biogeologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eilandbiogeografie" title="Eilandbiogeografie">Eilandbiogeografie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Endemie_(biogeografie)" title="Endemie (biogeografie)">Endemisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Floristiek" title="Floristiek">Floristiek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kolonisatie_(biologie)" title="Kolonisatie (biologie)">Kolonisatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kosmopolitische_verspreiding" title="Kosmopolitische verspreiding">Kosmopolitische verspreiding</a> · <a href="/wiki/Migratie_(dieren)" title="Migratie (dieren)">Migratie</a> · <a 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