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<span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habitat_and_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat_and_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Habitat and distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitat_and_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Behaviour</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behaviour subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Longevity_and_mortality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longevity_and_mortality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Longevity and mortality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Longevity_and_mortality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Vocalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rough-legged buzzard</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%89%D1%85%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%8D%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8D" title="Бгъащхъуэлъэбыцэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Бгъащхъуэлъэбыцэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84" title="حميمق مسرول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حميمق مسرول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buteo_lagopus" title="Buteo lagopus – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Buteo lagopus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCkl%C3%BCayaq_sar" title="Tüklüayaq sar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tüklüayaq sar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Йомағара – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йомағара" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8E%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Канюк касматаногі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Канюк касматаногі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8E%D0%BA" title="Касматаногі канюк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Касматаногі канюк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Северен мишелов – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Северен мишелов" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baou_an_toundra" title="Baou an toundra – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Baou an toundra" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aligot_cal%C3%A7at" title="Aligot calçat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aligot calçat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buteo_lagopus" title="Buteo lagopus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Buteo lagopus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1n%C4%9B_rousn%C3%A1" title="Káně rousná – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Káně rousná" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boda_bacsiog" title="Boda bacsiog – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Boda bacsiog" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjeldv%C3%A5ge" title="Fjeldvåge – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fjeldvåge" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biehkan" title="Biehkan – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Biehkan" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raufu%C3%9Fbussard" title="Raufußbussard – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Raufußbussard" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ats%C3%A1%C5%82gaii" title="Atsáłgaii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Atsáłgaii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karvasjalg-viu" title="Karvasjalg-viu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Karvasjalg-viu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Χιονογερακίνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χιονογερακίνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buteo_lagopus" title="Buteo lagopus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Buteo lagopus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilkrura_buteo" title="Vilkrura buteo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vilkrura buteo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapelatz_galtzadun" title="Zapelatz galtzadun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zapelatz galtzadun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%BE%D9%87_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="سارگپه پرپا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سارگپه پرپا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjallv%C3%A1kur" title="Fjallvákur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fjallvákur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buse_pattue" title="Buse pattue – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Buse pattue" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clamh%C3%A1n_l%C3%B3pach" title="Clamhán lópach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Clamhán lópach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxato_calzado" title="Buxato calzado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Buxato calzado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%84%B8%EB%B0%9C%EB%A7%90%EB%98%A5%EA%B0%80%EB%A6%AC" title="털발말똥가리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="털발말똥가리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%B8%D5%BF_%D5%B3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Թավշաոտ ճուռակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թավշաոտ ճուռակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buteo_lagopus" title="Buteo lagopus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Buteo lagopus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%91_%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="עקב מכנסיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עקב מכנסיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86" title="ಒರಟುಕಾಲು ಡೇಗೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಒರಟುಕಾಲು ಡೇಗೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Барак шыйрак – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Барак шыйрак" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buteo_lagopus" title="Buteo lagopus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Buteo lagopus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bik%C5%A1ainais_klij%C4%81ns" title="Bikšainais klijāns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bikšainais klijāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%ABbuotasis_suopis" title="Tūbuotasis suopis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tūbuotasis suopis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agugia_di_c%C3%A2%C3%A7otti" title="Agugia di câçotti – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Agugia di câçotti" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaty%C3%A1s_%C3%B6lyv" title="Gatyás ölyv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gatyás ölyv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Гаќест глувчар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гаќест глувчар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84" title="حوام مسرول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حوام مسرول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Тарлан сар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тарлан сар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruigpootbuizerd" title="Ruigpootbuizerd – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ruigpootbuizerd" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B7%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AA" title="ケアシノスリ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケアシノスリ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCchfutet_M%C3%BCsensiif" title="Rüchfutet Müsensiif – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Rüchfutet Müsensiif" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjellv%C3%A5k" title="Fjellvåk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fjellvåk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjellv%C3%A5k" title="Fjellvåk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fjellvåk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buteo_lagopus" title="Buteo lagopus – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Buteo lagopus" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myszo%C5%82%C3%B3w_w%C5%82ochaty" title="Myszołów włochaty – 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%C5%A1iak_seversk%C3%BD" title="Myšiak severský – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Myšiak severský" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koconoga_kanja" title="Koconoga kanja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Koconoga kanja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piekana" title="Piekana – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Piekana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%A4llvr%C3%A5k" title="Fjällvråk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fjällvråk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Төкле аяклы елак карчыга – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Төкле аяклы елак карчыга" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%A7al%C4%B1_%C5%9Fahin" title="Paçalı şahin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paçalı şahin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BA" title="Зимняк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зимняк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buteo_lagopus" title="Buteo lagopus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Buteo lagopus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buteo_lagopus" title="Buteo lagopus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Buteo lagopus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E8%84%9A%E9%B5%9F" title="毛脚鵟 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="毛脚鵟" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E8%84%9A%E9%B5%9F" title="毛脚鵟 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="毛脚鵟" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q26407#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rough-legged_hawk&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Rough-legged hawk">Rough-legged hawk</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of bird</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Rough-legged buzzard </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fjellv%C3%A5k_(Buteo_lagopus)_(Rough-legged_Buzzard)_(Fj%C3%A4llvr%C3%A5k).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fjellv%C3%A5k_%28Buteo_lagopus%29_%28Rough-legged_Buzzard%29_%28Fj%C3%A4llvr%C3%A5k%29.jpg/220px-Fjellv%C3%A5k_%28Buteo_lagopus%29_%28Rough-legged_Buzzard%29_%28Fj%C3%A4llvr%C3%A5k%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fjellv%C3%A5k_%28Buteo_lagopus%29_%28Rough-legged_Buzzard%29_%28Fj%C3%A4llvr%C3%A5k%29.jpg/330px-Fjellv%C3%A5k_%28Buteo_lagopus%29_%28Rough-legged_Buzzard%29_%28Fj%C3%A4llvr%C3%A5k%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fjellv%C3%A5k_%28Buteo_lagopus%29_%28Rough-legged_Buzzard%29_%28Fj%C3%A4llvr%C3%A5k%29.jpg/440px-Fjellv%C3%A5k_%28Buteo_lagopus%29_%28Rough-legged_Buzzard%29_%28Fj%C3%A4llvr%C3%A5k%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="713" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i>Buteo lagopus lagopus</i>, Sweden </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Buteo_lagopus_29283.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Buteo_lagopus_29283.JPG/220px-Buteo_lagopus_29283.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Buteo_lagopus_29283.JPG/330px-Buteo_lagopus_29283.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Buteo_lagopus_29283.JPG/440px-Buteo_lagopus_29283.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="1424" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i>Buteo lagopus sanctijohannis</i>, Washington State </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_19_November_2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Buteo" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Accipitriformes" title="Accipitriformes">Accipitriformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Accipitridae" title="Accipitridae">Accipitridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buteo" title="Buteo"><i>Buteo</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>B. lagopus</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Buteo lagopus</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Erik_Pontoppidan" title="Erik Pontoppidan">Pontoppidan</a>, 1763)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subspecies<sup id="cite_ref-IOC_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>B. l. lagopus</i> - (Pontoppidan, 1763)</li> <li><i>B. l. menzbieri</i> - Dementiev, 1951</li> <li><i>B. l. kamtschatkensis</i> - Dementiev, 1931</li> <li><i>B. l. sanctijohannis</i> - (Gmelin, JF, 1788)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Buteo_lagopus_distribution_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Buteo_lagopus_distribution_map.png/220px-Buteo_lagopus_distribution_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Buteo_lagopus_distribution_map.png/330px-Buteo_lagopus_distribution_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Buteo_lagopus_distribution_map.png/440px-Buteo_lagopus_distribution_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Range of <i>B. lagopus</i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color:#2BFF2B; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Summer</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color:#007EFE; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Winter</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buteo_lagopus_29289.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Buteo_lagopus_29289.JPG/220px-Buteo_lagopus_29289.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Buteo_lagopus_29289.JPG/330px-Buteo_lagopus_29289.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Buteo_lagopus_29289.JPG/440px-Buteo_lagopus_29289.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The tail is white with a dark terminal band.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stupende_fjellv%C3%A5k.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Stupende_fjellv%C3%A5k.jpg/220px-Stupende_fjellv%C3%A5k.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Stupende_fjellv%C3%A5k.jpg/330px-Stupende_fjellv%C3%A5k.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Stupende_fjellv%C3%A5k.jpg/440px-Stupende_fjellv%C3%A5k.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3822" data-file-height="2766" /></a><figcaption>The legs, but not the toes, are feathered.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>rough-legged buzzard</b> (Europe) or <b>rough-legged hawk</b> (North America) (<i><b>Buteo lagopus</b></i>) is a medium-large <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">bird of prey</a>. It is found in <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">arctic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subarctic" title="Subarctic">subarctic</a> regions of North America, Europe, and Asia during the breeding season, and migrates south for the winter.<sup id="cite_ref-BNA_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, it was also known as "rough-legged falcon"<sup id="cite_ref-Richardson1831_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardson1831-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in such works as <a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_of_America" title="The Birds of America">The Birds of America</a></i>. </p><p>Nests are typically located on cliffs, bluffs or in trees. The <a href="/wiki/Avian_clutch_size" title="Avian clutch size">clutch sizes</a> are variable with food availability, but usually three to five eggs are laid.<sup id="cite_ref-virtualwildlife_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-virtualwildlife-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They hunt over open land, feeding primarily on small <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a>, mainly <a href="/wiki/Lemming" title="Lemming">lemmings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vole" title="Vole">voles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BNA_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the <a href="/wiki/Kestrels" class="mw-redirect" title="Kestrels">kestrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kite_(bird)" title="Kite (bird)">kites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Osprey" title="Osprey">osprey</a>, this is one of the few birds of prey to hover regularly.<sup id="cite_ref-BOPT_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOPT-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rough-legged_Buzzard_near_Crested_Butte,_Colorado.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Rough-legged_Buzzard_near_Crested_Butte%2C_Colorado.png/220px-Rough-legged_Buzzard_near_Crested_Butte%2C_Colorado.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Rough-legged_Buzzard_near_Crested_Butte%2C_Colorado.png/330px-Rough-legged_Buzzard_near_Crested_Butte%2C_Colorado.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Rough-legged_Buzzard_near_Crested_Butte%2C_Colorado.png/440px-Rough-legged_Buzzard_near_Crested_Butte%2C_Colorado.png 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="929" /></a><figcaption>The characteristic dark carpal patches ("dark windows"), belly patch, and tail pattern are clearly visible.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rough-legged_buzzard&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This fairly large raptorial species is 46–68 cm (18–27 in) with wingspan ranging from 120 to 153 cm (47 to 60 in).<sup id="cite_ref-BNA_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Porter1990_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porter1990-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals can weigh from 600 to 1,660 g (1.32 to 3.66 lb) with females typically being larger and heavier than males.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HBW_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weights appear to increase from summer to winter in adults, going from an average of 822 to 1,027 g (1.812 to 2.264 lb) in males and from 1,080 to 1,278 g (2.381 to 2.818 lb) in females.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown1968_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown1968-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Snyder1976_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snyder1976-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the members of the genus <i>Buteo</i>, it is sixth heaviest, the fifth longest, and the fourth longest winged.<sup id="cite_ref-RaptorsWorld_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RaptorsWorld-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among standard measurements in adults, the <a href="/wiki/Wing_chord_(biology)" title="Wing chord (biology)">wing chord</a> is 37.2–48.3 cm (14.6–19.0 in), the tail is 18.6–25.5 cm (7.3–10.0 in), <a href="/wiki/Culmen_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Culmen (bird)">culmen</a> is 3.2–4.5 cm (1.3–1.8 in) and the <a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)" title="Tarsus (skeleton)">tarsus</a> is 5.8–7.8 cm (2.3–3.1 in).<sup id="cite_ref-RaptorsWorld_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RaptorsWorld-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cade1955_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cade1955-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Friedmann1950_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedmann1950-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plumage is predominantly brown and white, and often shows a high degree of speckling.<sup id="cite_ref-BNA_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A broad brown chest-band is present in most plumages and a square dark carpal patch contrasting with the white under-wing is an easily identifiable characteristic in light morph individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-BNA_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A wide variety of plumage patterns are exhibited in light vs. dark morphs, males vs. females, and adults vs. juveniles. Extensive field experience is required to distinguish between certain plumage variations.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown1968_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown1968-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to its more common <a href="/wiki/Palearctic_realm" title="Palearctic realm">Palearctic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nearctic_realm" title="Nearctic realm">Nearctic</a> cousins, the <a href="/wiki/Common_buzzard" title="Common buzzard">common buzzard</a> (<i>Buteo buteo</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Red-tailed_hawk" title="Red-tailed hawk">red-tailed hawk</a> (<i>Buteo jamaicensis</i>), it is slightly larger, though may be outweighed by the latter. </p><p>Its legs are feathered, though not the toes, as an adaptation to cold in its Arctic home range. Its scientific name reflects this feature; the genus name <i>Buteo</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> name of the <a href="/wiki/Common_buzzard" title="Common buzzard">common buzzard</a>, and <i>lagopus</i>, is derived from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <i>lago</i> (<i>λαγως</i>), meaning "<a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">hare</a>", and <i>pous</i> (<i>πους</i>), "foot".<sup id="cite_ref-science.smith.edu_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science.smith.edu-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-job90_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-job90-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its talons are relatively small, reflecting their preferred choice of prey. </p><p>Distinguishing characteristics in all plumages include long white tail feathers with one or more dark subterminal bands. The wing tips are long enough to reach or extend past the tail when it is perched.<sup id="cite_ref-BNA_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Common_buzzard" title="Common buzzard">common buzzard</a> can be similar-looking, with a similar long-tailed shape and can be notoriously variable in plumage; rough-legged is longer-winged and more <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagle-like</a> in appearance. The <a href="/wiki/Red-tailed_hawk" title="Red-tailed hawk">red-tailed hawk</a> is chunkier-looking and differs in its darker head, broader, shorter wings, barring on the wings and the tail, dark leading edge to the wings (rather than black wrist patch) and has no white base to the tail. The <a href="/wiki/Ferruginous_hawk" title="Ferruginous hawk">ferruginous hawk</a> is larger, with a bigger, more prominent bill and has a whitish comma at the wrist and all-pale tail.<sup id="cite_ref-AAB_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is the only raptor of its size (other than the very different-looking <a href="/wiki/Osprey" title="Osprey">osprey</a>) to regularly hover over one spot, by beating its wings quickly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rough-legged_buzzard&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rough-legged buzzard is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Buteo" title="Buteo">Buteo</a></i>, a group of moderately large raptors exhibiting broad wings, short tails and wide robust bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-BNA_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gB_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gB-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This genus is known as buzzards in Europe but referred to as hawks in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-BNA_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four subspecies of <i>Buteo lagopus</i> are accepted:<sup id="cite_ref-IOC_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>B. l. lagopus</i> is the nominate subspecies. It breeds in northern Europe and Asia and has relatively dark plumage. The dorsal feathers are a homogeneous brown colour, contrasting well with the paler head.<sup id="cite_ref-BNA_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>B. l. menzbieri</i> breeds in northeastern Asia.</li> <li><i>B. l. kamtchatkensis</i> breeds in Kamchatka. It has paler plumage when compared with <i>B. l. sanctijohannis</i> and it is, on average, the largest of the subspecies.<sup id="cite_ref-BNA_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RaptorsWorld_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RaptorsWorld-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>B. l. sanctijohannis</i> breeds in North America. It has pale, speckled dorsal plumage and is slightly smaller than <i>B. l. lagopus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-BNA_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Habitat_and_distribution">Habitat and distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rough-legged_buzzard&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Habitat and distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rough-legged buzzard breeds in <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a> habitats of North America and Eurasia between the latitudes of 61° (locally south to 48° in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> and 58° N in southern Norway) and 76° N. Those occurring in North America migrate to southern Canada and into the central United States for the winter, while Eurasian birds migrate to central Europe and Asia, with small numbers west to eastern parts of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>; most winter between latitudes of 43° and 58° N. It is the only member of its diverse genus found in all three of the northern continents, having a complete <a href="/wiki/Subarctic" title="Subarctic">circumpolar</a> distribution. During the winter months, from October to April, preferred habitats include <a href="/wiki/Marshes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshes">marshes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moorland" title="Moorland">moorland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prairies" class="mw-redirect" title="Prairies">prairies</a> and agricultural regions where <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodent</a> prey is most abundant.<sup id="cite_ref-BNA_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BWP_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BWP-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breeding sites are usually located in areas with plenty of unforested, open ground.<sup id="cite_ref-virtualwildlife_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-virtualwildlife-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on snow conditions, migrants arrive at breeding grounds during April and May.<sup id="cite_ref-BNA_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BWP_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BWP-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Home ranges vary with food supply but are commonly reported to be 10–15 km<sup>2</sup> (3.9–5.8 sq mi) during the winter, but little is known about home ranges during the breeding season.<sup id="cite_ref-virtualwildlife_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-virtualwildlife-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although frequently attacked in skirmishes by other highly territorial birds such as <a href="/wiki/Gyrfalcon" title="Gyrfalcon">gyrfalcons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skua" title="Skua">skuas</a>, the rough-legged buzzard is not strongly territorial.<sup id="cite_ref-BNA_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, wintering rough-legged buzzards may behave aggressively towards <a href="/wiki/Common_buzzard" title="Common buzzard">common buzzards</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, and both species will try to keep the other off a fixed hunting range.<sup id="cite_ref-Sylven1978_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sylven1978-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour">Behaviour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rough-legged_buzzard&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rough-legged_buzzard&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This species is carnivorous, typically feeding on small mammals, which make up 62–98% of its diet. <a href="/wiki/Lemming" title="Lemming">Lemmings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voles" class="mw-redirect" title="Voles">voles</a> are the major prey items of this species, seasonally comprising up to 80–90% of their prey but this varies with seasonal availability.<sup id="cite_ref-BNA_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RaptorsWorld_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RaptorsWorld-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Condor_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Condor-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some evidence suggests that they may be able to see vole scent marks which are only visible in the <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> range, allowing them to cue in on prey.<sup id="cite_ref-AvianBio_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvianBio-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite generally preying on rodents, a 2015 paper reported the species breeding on rodent-free Kolguev Island in Arctic Russia with goslings as a main prey.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In northwest Russia, rough-legged buzzards may feed on small rodents in the years when rodent density is high, and shift to alternative prey (ptarmigans and hares) in the years when small rodents are scarce.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rough-legged buzzard will also supplement its diet with <a href="/wiki/Mice" class="mw-redirect" title="Mice">mice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerbillinae" title="Gerbillinae">gerbils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pikas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pikas">pikas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrew" title="Shrew">shrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squirrel" title="Squirrel">squirrels</a> of the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Spermophilus" title="Spermophilus">Spermophilus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tamias" title="Tamias">Tamias</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BNA_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Condor_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Condor-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides mammals, birds are the second-most favoured type of prey for rough-legged buzzards. Most avian prey species are small <a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">passerines</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Snow_bunting" title="Snow bunting">snow bunting</a> (<i>Plectrophenax nivalis</i>), <a href="/wiki/Lapland_longspur" title="Lapland longspur">Lapland longspur</a> (<i>Calcarius lapponicus</i>), <a href="/wiki/American_tree_sparrow" title="American tree sparrow">American tree sparrow</a> (<i>Spizelloides arborea</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Thrush_(bird)" title="Thrush (bird)">thrushes</a> (<i>Turdus</i> spp.). However, they will also prey on birds slightly larger than the passerines typically targeted, especially <a href="/wiki/Lagopus" title="Lagopus">ptarmigan</a> (<i>Lagopus</i> spp.) as well as <a href="/wiki/Waterfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfowl">waterfowl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wader" title="Wader">waders</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Dunlin" title="Dunlin">dunlin</a> (<i>Calidris alpina</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Ruff_(bird)" title="Ruff (bird)">ruff</a> (<i>Calidris pugnax</i>) and even <a href="/wiki/Short-eared_owl" title="Short-eared owl">short-eared owl</a> (<i>Asio flammeus</i>). They usually target young and inexperienced individuals, with relatively large avian prey often being fledglings.<sup id="cite_ref-RaptorsWorld_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RaptorsWorld-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BWP_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BWP-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When small mammals are scarce, the rough-legged buzzard will also feed on larger, medium-sized mammals, including <a href="/wiki/Prairie_dog" title="Prairie dog">prairie dogs</a> (<i>Cynomys</i> spp.), <a href="/wiki/Ground_squirrel" title="Ground squirrel">ground squirrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muskrat" title="Muskrat">muskrats</a> (<i>Ondatra zibethicus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Weasel" title="Weasel">weasels</a> (<i>Mustela</i> spp.), and up to the size of <a href="/wiki/Black-tailed_jackrabbit" title="Black-tailed jackrabbit">black-tailed jackrabbits</a> (<i>Lepus californicus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Weller1964_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weller1964-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Korpimaki1989_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korpimaki1989-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During winter, shrub-steppe habitats seem to encourage a strong dependence on <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbit</a> prey.<sup id="cite_ref-BNA_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In developed areas of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, wintering rough-legged buzzards have been recorded preying most regularly on relatively large prey such as <a href="/wiki/Common_wood_pigeon" title="Common wood pigeon">common woodpigeon</a> (<i>Columba palumbus</i>) and invasive <a href="/wiki/European_rabbit" title="European rabbit">European rabbits</a> (<i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-RaptorsWorld_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RaptorsWorld-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This avian predator hunts opportunistically, occasionally supplementing its diet with <a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">carrion</a> but focusing primarily on the most locally abundant small vertebrates. Rough-legged hawks will steal prey from other individuals of the same species as well as other species such as the <a href="/wiki/Red-tailed_hawk" title="Red-tailed hawk">red-tailed hawk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hen_harrier" title="Hen harrier">hen harrier</a> (<i>Circus cyaenus</i>), <a href="/wiki/American_kestrel" title="American kestrel">American kestrel</a> (<i>Falco sparverius</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Common_raven" title="Common raven">common raven</a> (<i>Corvus corax</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Temeles1992_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Temeles1992-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prey sizes typically range from 6.5–2,587 g (0.23–91.25 oz) and adults require 80–120 g (2.8–4.2 oz) of food daily, around the body mass of the largest species of vole or lemming although most species weigh a bit less.<sup id="cite_ref-RaptorsWorld_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RaptorsWorld-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These raptors hunt during the daytime.<sup id="cite_ref-RaptorsWorld_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RaptorsWorld-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like most <i><a href="/wiki/Buteo" title="Buteo">Buteo</a></i> species, rough-legged buzzards have been reported both still-hunting (watching for prey from a perch and then stooping) and watching for prey while in flight. Unlike most other large raptors, they may engage in hovering flight above the ground while searching for prey.<sup id="cite_ref-BNA_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rough-legged_buzzard&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buteo_lagopus_MWNH_0776.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Buteo_lagopus_MWNH_0776.JPG/220px-Buteo_lagopus_MWNH_0776.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Buteo_lagopus_MWNH_0776.JPG/330px-Buteo_lagopus_MWNH_0776.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Buteo_lagopus_MWNH_0776.JPG/440px-Buteo_lagopus_MWNH_0776.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2359" data-file-height="2255" /></a><figcaption>Egg from the <a href="/wiki/Museum_Wiesbaden" title="Museum Wiesbaden">Museum Wiesbaden</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Sexual maturity is reached at about two years old. Breeding generally occurs during May but is variable depending upon dates of arrival at breeding grounds. The rough-legged buzzard is thought to be monogamous, mating with a single individual for multiple years.<sup id="cite_ref-BNA_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No evidence currently suggest otherwise. </p><p>Rough-legged buzzards look for suitable nesting territory not in spring, like most migratory birds, but in advance - in autumn. After the breeding season, they make long-distance prospecting flights, look for a suitable habitat with high rodent numbers, and return to that place the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nests are built soon after arrival to breeding grounds and require 3–4 weeks to complete. Twigs, <a href="/wiki/Sedges" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedges">sedges</a>, and old feathers are used as building materials. Nests are 60–90 cm (24–35 in) in diameter and 25–60 cm (9.8–23.6 in) in height.<sup id="cite_ref-BNA_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cliff ledges and rocky outcroppings are preferred nesting sites. Females can lay 1–7 eggs but will typically lay 3–5.<sup id="cite_ref-BNA_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-virtualwildlife_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-virtualwildlife-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Average egg size is 56.4 mm (2.22 in) in length by 44.7 mm (1.76 in) in width. Minimum incubation period is 31 days, provided almost exclusively by the female. The male feeds the female during this incubation period. After hatching, young require 4–6 weeks before fledging the nest. Fledglings depend on parents to provide food for 2–4 weeks after leaving the nest.<sup id="cite_ref-BNA_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rough-legged buzzards may nest in association with <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" title="Peregrine falcon">peregrine falcons</a> (<i>Falco peregrinus</i>). Peregrines chase away small rodent predators from their nesting territory and rough-legged buzzards could use these hot spots as a nesting territory.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longevity_and_mortality">Longevity and mortality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rough-legged_buzzard&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Longevity and mortality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rough-legged buzzards that survive to adulthood can live to an age of 19 years in the wild; however, perhaps a majority of individuals in the wild do not survive past their first two years of life. The threats faced by young rough-legs can include starvation when prey is not numerous, freezing when Northern conditions are particularly harsh during brooding, destruction by humans, and predation by various animals. The chances of survival increase incrementally both when they reach the fledging stage and when they can start hunting for themselves. Death of flying immatures and adults are often the result of human activity, including collisions with power lines, buildings, and vehicles, incidental ingestion of poison or lead from prey, or illegal hunting and trapping.<sup id="cite_ref-ADW_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADW-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most predation recorded on this species is on the young at the nest. <a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic foxes</a> (<i>Vulpes lagopus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bears</a> (<i>Ursus arctos</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Wolverine" title="Wolverine">wolverines</a> (<i>Gulo gulo</i>) will all eat eggs and young of this species if they are capable of accessing nests on foot.<sup id="cite_ref-Swem1996_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swem1996-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avian scavengers, especially groups of <a href="/wiki/Common_raven" title="Common raven">common ravens</a>, will also readily prey on eggs and nestlings, as will <a href="/wiki/Skua" title="Skua">skuas</a> (<i>Stercorarius</i> spp.). <a href="/wiki/Snowy_owl" title="Snowy owl">Snowy owls</a> (<i>Bubo scandiacus</i>) are a potential predator at the nest as well.<sup id="cite_ref-DementEv1951_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DementEv1951-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adults, being a large raptorial bird, have fewer natural predators but may die in conflicts, especially if they are defending their own nests, and are occasionally preyed on by other large raptorial birds. Raptors which prey on rough-legged buzzards of most ages at varied times of year may include numerous <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagles</a> (especially the <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagle</a> (<i>Aquila chrysaetos</i>), though also sometimes other <i><a href="/wiki/Aquila_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquila (genus)">Aquila</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, but only rarely <i><a href="/wiki/Haliaeetus" title="Haliaeetus">Haliaeetus</a></i> eagles) as well as large <a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">falcons</a>. While wintering, rough-legged buzzards or hawks may be vulnerable to predation by night to <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_eagle-owl" title="Eurasian eagle-owl">Eurasian eagle-owls</a> (<i>Bubo bubo</i>) or <a href="/wiki/Great_horned_owl" title="Great horned owl">great horned owls</a> (<i>Bubo virginianus</i>) and rarely, during day, other large buzzards, including those of their own species.<sup id="cite_ref-BNA_3-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ADW_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADW-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-White1971_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White1971-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides predation, it could be other reasons for nestling mortality among rough-legged buzzards. Nestlings in their first two weeks have a lousy temperature regulation. In the tundra landscape, they nest on the ground and during hot weather, they could go out of the nest seeking shelter from the sun. If weather then rapidly changes to the thunderstorm (which is common in the Arctic) nestlings could die without parent protection in a short time in 3–5 m from the nest.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other reasons for nestling mortality are earth-slides of the river-banks, where rough-legged buzzards often build their nests, and chilling.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocalization">Vocalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rough-legged_buzzard&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vocalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adult rough-legged buzzards will give alarm calls when intruders approach a nesting site. It is described as a downward slurring whistle, sounding like <i>kiu wiyuk</i> or a lengthy descending <i>kee-eer</i> similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Red-tailed_hawk" title="Red-tailed hawk">red-tailed hawk</a>. This cry is given in flight or from a perch every 15–30 seconds. During courtship, both sexes have been recorded to give a whistling sound that changes to a hiss. Following copulation, females will give a cluck-like sound and males give a whistling noise. Fledglings will give begging calls while waiting for parents to provide food.<sup id="cite_ref-BNA_3-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rough-legged_buzzard&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_19_November_2021_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBirdLife_International2016" class="citation journal cs1">BirdLife International (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22695973/93536293">"<i>Buteo lagopus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2016</b>: e.T22695973A93536293. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695973A93536293.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695973A93536293.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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IOC World Bird List (v10.2). doi : 10.14344/IOC.ML.10.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BNA-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BNA_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNA_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNA_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNA_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNA_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNA_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNA_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNA_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNA_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNA_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNA_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNA_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNA_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNA_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNA_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNA_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNA_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNA_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNA_3-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNA_3-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNA_3-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNA_3-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNA_3-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNA_3-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBechardSwem2002" class="citation book cs1">Bechard, M.J.; Swem, T.R. 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Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology: <span class="nowrap">107–</span>150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Living+Bird&rft.atitle=Cliff-nesting+raptors+and+ravens+along+the+Colville+River+in+arctic+Alaska&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E150&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=C.M.&rft.au=Cade%2C+T.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARough-legged+buzzard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPokrovskyEhrichImsKulikova2012" class="citation journal cs1">Pokrovsky, Ivan; Ehrich, Dorothee; Ims, Rolf A.; Kulikova, Olga; Lecomte, Nicolas; Yoccoz, Nigel G. (2012-03-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3402%2Fpolar.v31i0.17294">"Assessing the causes of breeding failure among the rough-legged hawk (<i>Buteo lagopus</i>) during the nestling period"</a>. <i>Polar Research</i>. <b>31</b>: 17294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3402%2Fpolar.v31i0.17294">10.3402/polar.v31i0.17294</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10037%2F4682">10037/4682</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1751-8369">1751-8369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polar+Research&rft.atitle=Assessing+the+causes+of+breeding+failure+among+the+rough-legged+hawk+%28Buteo+lagopus%29+during+the+nestling+period&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=17294&rft.date=2012-03-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10037%2F4682&rft.issn=1751-8369&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3402%2Fpolar.v31i0.17294&rft.aulast=Pokrovsky&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft.au=Ehrich%2C+Dorothee&rft.au=Ims%2C+Rolf+A.&rft.au=Kulikova%2C+Olga&rft.au=Lecomte%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Yoccoz%2C+Nigel+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3402%252Fpolar.v31i0.17294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARough-legged+buzzard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotapov1997" class="citation journal cs1">Potapov, Eugene R. (1997). "What Determines the Population Density and Reproductive Success of Rough-Legged Hawks, <i>Buteo lagopus</i>, in the Siberian Tundra?". <i>Oikos</i>. <b>78</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">362–</span>376. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3546304">10.2307/3546304</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-1299">0030-1299</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3546304">3546304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oikos&rft.atitle=What+Determines+the+Population+Density+and+Reproductive+Success+of+Rough-Legged+Hawks%2C+Buteo+lagopus%2C+in+the+Siberian+Tundra%3F&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E362-%3C%2Fspan%3E376&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=0030-1299&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3546304%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3546304&rft.aulast=Potapov&rft.aufirst=Eugene+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARough-legged+buzzard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rough-legged_buzzard&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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Bird Identification InfoCenter</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Rough-legged_Hawk.html">Rough-legged hawk Species Account</a> – Cornell Lab of Ornithology</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001011165834/http://www.bird-stamps.org/cspecies/3019500.htm">Stamps: rough-legged hawk</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990428065259/http://www.bird-stamps.org/">bird-stamps.org</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PFzYncpwDbY:">How to ID a rough-legged hawk video</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YputW8296TE">Rough-legged Hawk video</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hbw.com/ibc/species/rough-legged-hawk-buteo-lagopus">"Rough-legged buzzard media"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Bird_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Bird Collection">Internet Bird Collection</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Bird+Collection&rft.atitle=Rough-legged+buzzard+media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbw.com%2Fibc%2Fspecies%2Frough-legged-hawk-buteo-lagopus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARough-legged+buzzard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Subfamily:_Buteoninae71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">Subfamily</a>: <a href="/wiki/Buteoninae" title="Buteoninae">Buteoninae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">Genus</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#eef;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></b> (extinctions: † indicates a species confirmed to be extinct)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Geranoaetus" title="Geranoaetus">Geranoaetus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-chested_buzzard-eagle" title="Black-chested buzzard-eagle">Black-chested buzzard-eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_hawk" title="Variable hawk">Variable hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_hawk" title="White-tailed hawk">White-tailed hawk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Buteo" title="Buteo">Buteo</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_buzzard" title="Common buzzard">Common buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_buzzard" title="Eastern buzzard">Eastern buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_buzzard" title="Himalayan buzzard">Himalayan buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde_buzzard" title="Cape Verde buzzard">Cape Verde buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socotra_buzzard" title="Socotra buzzard">Socotra buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-tailed_hawk" title="Red-tailed hawk">Red-tailed hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-legged_buzzard" title="Long-legged buzzard">Long-legged buzzard</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rough-legged buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruginous_hawk" title="Ferruginous hawk">Ferruginous hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-shouldered_hawk" title="Red-shouldered hawk">Red-shouldered hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad-winged_hawk" title="Broad-winged hawk">Broad-winged hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swainson%27s_hawk" title="Swainson's hawk">Swainson's hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridgway%27s_hawk" title="Ridgway's hawk">Ridgway's hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-rumped_hawk" title="White-rumped hawk">White-rumped hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-tailed_hawk" title="Short-tailed hawk">Short-tailed hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-throated_hawk" title="White-throated hawk">White-throated hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galapagos_hawk" title="Galapagos hawk">Galapagos hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_hawk" title="Gray hawk">Gray hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone-tailed_hawk" title="Zone-tailed hawk">Zone-tailed hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_hawk" title="Hawaiian hawk">Hawaiian hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufous-tailed_hawk" title="Rufous-tailed hawk">Rufous-tailed hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_buzzard" title="Forest buzzard">Forest buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_buzzard" title="Mountain buzzard">Mountain buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_buzzard" title="Madagascar buzzard">Madagascar buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_buzzard" title="Upland buzzard">Upland buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-necked_buzzard" title="Red-necked buzzard">Red-necked buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackal_buzzard" title="Jackal buzzard">Jackal buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archer%27s_buzzard" title="Archer's buzzard">Archer's buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augur_buzzard" title="Augur buzzard">Augur buzzard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Rupornis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roadside_hawk" title="Roadside hawk">Roadside hawk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Parabuteo" title="Parabuteo">Parabuteo</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harris%27s_hawk" title="Harris's hawk">Harris's hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-rumped_hawk" title="White-rumped hawk">White-rumped hawk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Buteogallus" title="Buteogallus">Buteogallus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rufous_crab_hawk" title="Rufous crab hawk">Rufous crab hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_black_hawk" title="Common black hawk">Common black hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_black_hawk" title="Cuban black hawk">Cuban black hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_black_hawk" title="Great black hawk">Great black hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savanna_hawk" title="Savanna hawk">Savanna hawk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Busarellus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-collared_hawk" title="Black-collared hawk">Black-collared hawk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Leucopternis" title="Leucopternis">Leucopternis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-browed_hawk" title="White-browed hawk">White-browed hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-necked_hawk" title="White-necked hawk">White-necked hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-faced_hawk" title="Black-faced hawk">Black-faced hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbeous_hawk" title="Plumbeous hawk">Plumbeous hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barred_hawk" title="Barred hawk">Barred hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate-colored_hawk" title="Slate-colored hawk">Slate-colored hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiplumbeous_hawk" title="Semiplumbeous hawk">Semiplumbeous hawk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudastur" title="Pseudastur">Pseudastur</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey-backed_hawk" title="Grey-backed hawk">Grey-backed hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hawk" title="White hawk">White hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantled_hawk" title="Mantled hawk">Mantled hawk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Kaupifalco</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lizard_buzzard" title="Lizard buzzard">Lizard buzzard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Butastur" title="Butastur">Butastur</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rufous-winged_buzzard" title="Rufous-winged buzzard">Rufous-winged buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grasshopper_buzzard" title="Grasshopper buzzard">Grasshopper buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-eyed_buzzard" title="White-eyed buzzard">White-eyed buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-faced_buzzard" title="Grey-faced buzzard">Grey-faced buzzard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Harpyhaliaetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpyhaliaetus">Harpyhaliaetus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_eagle" title="Chaco eagle">Chaco eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_eagle" title="Solitary eagle">Solitary eagle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buzzard" title="Buzzard">Buzzard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers5682" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers5682" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Buteo lagopus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26407" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q26407">Q26407</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Buteo_lagopus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Buteo lagopus">Buteo lagopus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/American_Birding_Association" title="American Birding Association">ABA</a>: <span class="uid">roleha</span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Buteo_lagopus/">Buteo_lagopus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Avibase" title="Avibase">Avibase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=90B13ACF984D0DDF">90B13ACF984D0DDF</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id8528">8528</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22695973">22695973</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_the_World" title="Birds of the World">BOW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/rolhaw">rolhaw</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/British_Trust_for_Ornithology" title="British Trust for Ornithology">BTO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://app.bto.org/birdfacts/results/bob2900.htm">bob2900</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/NYVC">NYVC</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Conservation_of_Migratory_Species_of_Wild_Animals" title="Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals">CMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cms.int/en/species/buteo-lagopus">buteo-lagopus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EBird" title="EBird">eBird</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebird.org/species/rolhaw">rolhaw</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/927">927</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_for_Bird_Ringing" title="European Union for Bird Ringing">EURING</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euring.org/edb/species-maps/sp2900.htm">2900</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:96724">96724</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/be6ffd41-3e99-4468-af19-734422402fc4">be6ffd41-3e99-4468-af19-734422402fc4</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">FEIS: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/animals/bird/bula/all.html">bula</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2480524">2480524</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">GNAB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/rough-legged-hawk">rough-legged-hawk</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Birds_of_the_World" title="Handbook of the Birds of the World">IBC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/rough-legged-buzzard-buteo-lagopus">rough-legged-buzzard-buteo-lagopus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/5200">5200</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10195175">10195175</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=175373">175373</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22695973">22695973</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105206/">2.105206</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000530226">NHMSYS0000530226</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=115229">115229</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_Birds_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotropical Birds Online">Neotropical</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/rolhaw">rolhaw</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/321/">321</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=188484">188484</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=369152">369152</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">Species+</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/9200">9200</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=159110">159110</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Xeno-canto" title="Xeno-canto">Xeno-canto</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xeno-canto.org/species/Buteo-lagopus">Buteo-lagopus</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox790" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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