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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Islam in China (1912–present)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal; padding-left:28px;">Part of a <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamism_templates" title="Category:Islamism templates">series</a> on</span><br /><span style="font-size:200%;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam in China</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Xi%27an" title="Great Mosque of Xi'an"><img alt="Top of the Great Mosque of Xi'an" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg/210px-Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg/315px-Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg/420px-Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_China" title="History of Islam in China">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;margin-top:0.3em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> By <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">dynasty</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Islam during the Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Song_dynasty" title="Islam during the Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Islam during the Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Islam during the Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Islam during the Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> Rebellions and revolts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jahriyya_revolt" title="Jahriyya revolt">Jahriyya revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthay_Rebellion" title="Panthay Rebellion">Panthay Rebellion <span style="font-size:85%;">(1856–1873)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">First Dungan Revolt <span style="font-size:85%;">(1862–1877)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1895%E2%80%931896)" title="Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)">Second Dungan Revolt <span style="font-size:85%;">(1895–1896)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afaqi_Khoja_revolts" title="Afaqi Khoja revolts">Afaqi Khoja revolts</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> Post-dynastic China</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1912–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Muslims_in_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_China" title="Islamophobia in China">Islamophobia</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaq_Khoja" title="Afaq Khoja">Afaq Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Wenxiu" title="Du Wenxiu">Du Wenxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Dahai" title="Hu Dahai">Hu Dahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Songshan" title="Hu Songshan">Hu Songshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasim_Tuet" title="Kasim Tuet">Kasim Tuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhi_(scholar)" title="Liu Zhi (scholar)">Liu Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Anliang" title="Ma Anliang">Ma Anliang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Buqing" title="Ma Buqing">Ma Buqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Fuxiang" title="Ma Fuxiang">Ma Fuxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Gui_(general)" title="Ma Gui (general)">Ma Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Hualong" title="Ma Hualong">Ma Hualong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Laichi" title="Ma Laichi">Ma Laichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Mingxin" title="Ma Mingxin">Ma Mingxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Qixi" title="Ma Qixi">Ma Qixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Wanfu" title="Ma Wanfu">Ma Wanfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Yize" title="Ma Yize">Ma Yize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhu" title="Ma Zhu">Ma Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajall_Shams_al-Din_Omar" title="Ajall Shams al-Din Omar">Shams al-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_fei-erh" title="Su fei-erh">Su fei-erh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeheidie%27erding" title="Yeheidie'erding">Yeheidie'erding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Ma_Dexin" title="Yusuf Ma Dexin">Yusuf Ma Dexin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Daiyu" title="Wang Daiyu">Wang Daiyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chengzhi" title="Zhang Chengzhi">Zhang Chengzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Uyghur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Kitab" title="Han Kitab">Han Kitab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_China" title="List of mosques in China">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)" title="Gongbei (Islamic architecture)">Shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhuan" title="Menhuan">Sufi orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Association_of_China" title="Islamic Association of China">Islamic Association of China</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Cities</li><li>Regions</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hong_Kong" title="Islam in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linxia_Hui_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture">Linxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Macau" title="Islam in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sichuan" title="Islam in Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunhua_Salar_Autonomous_County" title="Xunhua Salar Autonomous County">Xunhua</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_China" title="Ahmadiyya in China">Ahmadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonan_people" title="Bonan people">Bonans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongxiang_people" title="Dongxiang people">Dongxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turk_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ili Turk people">Ili Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tajiks" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Tajiks">Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Muslims" title="Tibetan Muslims">Tibetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsul" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsul">Utsul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_China" title="Uzbeks in China">Uzbeks</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #21643d;padding-top:0.2em;border-bottom:1px solid #21643d;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a> • <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_in_China" title="Template:Islam in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_in_China" title="Template talk:Islam in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a> (1911-1912), <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>, who led the new <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> (1912–1949), immediately proclaimed that the country belonged equally to the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> (Muslim), <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Meng</a> (Mongol), and <a href="/wiki/Tibetans" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetans">Tsang</a> (Tibetan) peoples. When the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> was established in 1949, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Chinese Muslims</a> suffered political repression along with all other religious groups in China, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> (1966–1976). </p><p>In modern-day China, there is a series of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights#Violations" title="Human rights">human rights abuses</a> against Chinese Muslims, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">persecution of Uyghurs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China" title="Autonomous regions of China">autonomous region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Republic_of_China">Republic of China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_China_(1912%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Republic of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-Japanese_Muslim_guerillas_in_Northwest_China,_c._1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Anti-Japanese_Muslim_guerillas_in_Northwest_China%2C_c._1939.jpg/220px-Anti-Japanese_Muslim_guerillas_in_Northwest_China%2C_c._1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Anti-Japanese_Muslim_guerillas_in_Northwest_China%2C_c._1939.jpg/330px-Anti-Japanese_Muslim_guerillas_in_Northwest_China%2C_c._1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Anti-Japanese_Muslim_guerillas_in_Northwest_China%2C_c._1939.jpg/440px-Anti-Japanese_Muslim_guerillas_in_Northwest_China%2C_c._1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Chinese Muslim</a> guerrilla fighters gather to oppose the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese invasion of China">Japanese invaders</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_China" title="Northwestern China">Northwestern China</a>, c. 1939<sup id="cite_ref-Lin_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lin._4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lin.-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui Muslim community</a> was divided in its support for the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a> (1911-1912). The Hui Muslims of Shaanxi supported the revolutionaries and the Hui Muslims of Gansu supported the Qing. The native Hui Muslims (Mohammedans) of <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a> (Shaanxi province) joined the Han Chinese revolutionaries in slaughtering the entire 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu population</a> of Xi'an.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The native Hui Muslims of Gansu province led by general <a href="/wiki/Ma_Anliang" title="Ma Anliang">Ma Anliang</a> sided with the Qing and prepared to attack the anti-Qing revolutionaries of Xi'an city. Only some wealthy Manchus who were ransomed and Manchu females survived. Wealthy Han Chinese seized Manchu girls to become their <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">slaves</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and poor Han Chinese troops seized young Manchu women to be their wives.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young pretty Manchu girls were also seized by Hui Muslims of Xi'an during the massacre and brought up as Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Manchu Qing dynasty fell in 1912, and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> (1912–1949) was established by <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>, who immediately proclaimed that the country belonged equally to the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> (Muslim), <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Meng</a> (Mongol), and <a href="/wiki/Tibetans" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetans">Tsang</a> (Tibetan) peoples. This led to some improvement in relations between these different ethnic groups in China. The end of the Qing dynasty also marked an increase in Sino-foreign interaction. This led to increased contact between Muslim minorities in China and the <a href="/wiki/Muslim-majority_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim-majority countries">Muslim-majority countries</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. By 1939, at least 33 Hui Muslims had studied at the <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. In 1912, the Chinese Muslim Federation was formed in the capital <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>. Similar organization formed in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> (1912), <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> (1925), and <a href="/wiki/Jinan" title="Jinan">Jinan</a> (1934).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Academic activities within the Muslim community also flourished. Before the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> (1937–1945), there existed more than a hundred known Muslim periodicals. Thirty journals were published between 1911 and 1937. Although <a href="/wiki/Linxia_Hui_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture">Linxia</a> remained the center for religious activities, many Muslim cultural activities had shifted to Beijing.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> National organizations like the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Muslim_Association" title="Chinese Muslim Association">Chinese Muslim Association</a> were established for Muslims. Muslims served extensively in the <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a> and reached positions of importance, like General <a href="/wiki/Bai_Chongxi" title="Bai Chongxi">Bai Chongxi</a>, who became <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Republic_of_China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (Republic of China)">Defence Minister</a> of the Republic of China. </p><p>In the first decade of the 20th century, it has been estimated that there were 20 million Muslims in <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a> (that is, China excluding the regions of Mongolia and Xinjiang).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these, almost half resided in <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, over a third in <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> (as defined at that time) and the rest in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sino-Japanese war">Second Sino-Japanese war</a> the Japanese followed what has been referred to as a "killing policy" and destroyed many mosques. According to Wan Lei, "Statistics showed that the Japanese destroyed 220 mosques and killed countless Hui people by April 1941." After the <a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Nanking" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape of Nanking">Rape of Nanking</a> mosques in Nanjing were found to be filled with dead bodies. They also followed a policy of economic oppression which involved the destruction of mosques and Hui communities and made many Hui jobless and homeless. Another policy was one of deliberate humiliation. This included soldiers smearing mosques with pork fat, forcing Hui to butcher pigs to feed the soldiers, and forcing girls to supposedly train as geishas and singers but in fact made them serve as sex slaves. Hui cemeteries were destroyed for military reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Hui <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Muslims_in_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese war">fought in the war against Japan</a>. In 1937, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beiping%E2%80%93Tianjin" title="Battle of Beiping–Tianjin">Battle of Beiping–Tianjin</a> the Chinese government was notified by Muslim General <a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ma_clique" title="Ma clique">Ma clique</a> that he was prepared to bring the fight to the Japanese in a telegram message.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediately after the <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo Bridge Incident">Marco Polo Bridge Incident</a>, Ma Bufang arranged for a cavalry division under the Muslim General <a href="/wiki/Ma_Biao_(general)" title="Ma Biao (general)">Ma Biao</a> to be sent east to battle the Japanese. Ethnic Turkic <a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar Muslims</a> made up the majority of the first cavalry division which was sent by Ma Bufang. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dachang_Hui_Autonomous_County" title="Dachang Hui Autonomous County">The Hui Muslim county of Dachang</a> was subjected to slaughter by the Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muslims affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Taiwan" title="Islam in Taiwan">moved to Taiwan</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_Islamic_insurgency" title="Kuomintang Islamic insurgency">Kuomintang Islamic insurgency</a>, Muslim Kuomintang <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a> forces in Northwest China, in Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang, as well as Yunnan, continued an unsuccessful insurgency against the communists from 1950 to 1958, after the general civil war was over. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People's_Republic_of_China"><span id="People.27s_Republic_of_China"></span>People's Republic of China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_China_(1912%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: People's Republic of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Shadian_incident" title="Shadian incident">Shadian incident</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards" title="Red Guards">Red Guards</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_China_(1912%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> was founded in 1949, in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a> (1946−1950). During the <a href="/wiki/Land_Reform_Movement" title="Land Reform Movement">Land Reform Movement</a>, Muslims received preferential policies, as Article 3 of the Agrarian Reform Law of 1950 expressly exempted mosque-owned lands from expropriation and redistribution, unlike ancestral shrines, Buddhist monasteries, and Christian churches.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by 1958, the central leadership had ordered all mosques’ land to be confiscated to prepare for the establishment of <a href="/wiki/People%27s_commune" title="People's commune"> People's Communes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through many of the early years, there were tremendous upheavals which culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> (1966–1976). During the Cultural Revolution, Islam, along with all other religions in the country, including the <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese religion">traditional Chinese religion</a>, were persecuted by the atheist <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards" title="Red Guards">Red Guards</a>, who had attempted to eradicate them through a series of <a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">atheistic and anti-religious campaigns</a>, encouraged by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> to smash the <a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a>. Traditional Chinese, Confucian, and Buddhist temples and monasteries, Christian churches, and Muslim mosques were all attacked.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1975, in what would be known as the <a href="/wiki/Shadian_incident" title="Shadian incident">Shadian incident</a>, there was an uprising among Hui in what was the only large scale ethnic rebellion during the Cultural Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-antidrug_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antidrug-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In crushing the rebellion, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> massacred 1,600 Hui<sup id="cite_ref-antidrug_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antidrug-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Russian_Aircraft_Corporation_MiG" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Aircraft Corporation MiG">MIG fighter jets</a> used to fire rockets onto the village. Following the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a>, apologies and reparations were made.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the advent of <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> in 1979, Muslims enjoyed a period of liberalisation. New legislation gave all minorities the freedom to use their own spoken and written languages, to develop their own culture and education and to practice their religion.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More Chinese Muslims than ever before were allowed to go on the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is an ethnic separatist movement among the Uighur minority, who are a Turkic people with their own language. Uighur separatists are intent on establishing the East Turkestan Republic, which existed for a few years in the 1930s and as a Soviet Communist puppet state, the <a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">Second East Turkestan Republic</a> 1944-1950. The Soviet Union supported Uighur separatists against China during the Sino-Soviet split. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, China feared potential separatist goals of Muslim majority in Xinjiang. An April, 1996 agreement between <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, however, assures China of avoiding a military conflict. Other Muslim states have also asserted that they have no intentions of becoming involved in China's internal affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>China banned a book titled "Xing Fengsu" ("Sexual Customs") which insulted Islam and placed its authors under arrest in 1989 after protests in Lanzhou and Beijing by Chinese <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> Muslims, during which the Chinese police provided protection to the Hui Muslim protestors, and the Chinese government organized public burnings of the book.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese government assisted them and gave in to their demands because Hui do not have a separatist movement, unlike the Uyghurs,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hui Muslim protestors who violently rioted by vandalizing property during the protests against the book were let off by the Chinese government and went unpunished while Uyghur protestors were imprisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1980s, Hui and Uyghur Muslims, like other minority ethnicities, have been subject to affirmative action policies, aiming to narrow the socioeconomic gap between the majority Han and ethnic minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islamic private schools (Sino-Arabic schools (中阿學校)) have been supported and permitted by the Chinese government among Muslim areas, only specifically excluding Xinjiang from allowing these schools because of separatist sentiment there.<sup id="cite_ref-VersteeghEid2005_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VersteeghEid2005-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_China_(1912%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_gate_of_Ximen_Mosque,_Dali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Front_gate_of_Ximen_Mosque%2C_Dali.jpg/220px-Front_gate_of_Ximen_Mosque%2C_Dali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Front_gate_of_Ximen_Mosque%2C_Dali.jpg/330px-Front_gate_of_Ximen_Mosque%2C_Dali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Front_gate_of_Ximen_Mosque%2C_Dali.jpg/440px-Front_gate_of_Ximen_Mosque%2C_Dali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Mosque with dome removed due to <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">Sinicization</a> policy</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 21st century, China has moved to significantly increase its repression of Muslims, particularly Uyghurs in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In doing so, the Chinese government has outlawed traditional gatherings, with police forces increasingly monitoring Muslim religious ceremonies such as weddings and funerals.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Authorities have conducted raids on religious classes, suppressed the printing of "unauthorized" religious texts, razed mosques, and forced imams to undergo political indoctrination.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, <a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">CCTV</a>, the People's Republic of China's state-run television station ordered major advertising agencies not to use pig images, cartoons or slogans "to avoid conflicts with ethnic minorities", a reference to China's Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo_shooting" title="Charlie Hebdo shooting">Charlie Hebdo shooting</a> Chinese state-run media attacked Charlie Hebdo for publishing the cartoons insulting Muhammad, with the state-run <i><a href="/wiki/Xinhua" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhua">Xinhua</a></i> advocated limiting freedom of speech, while another state-run newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Global_Times" title="Global Times">Global Times</a></i> said the attack was "payback" for what it characterised as Western colonialism and accusing Charlie Hebdo of trying to incite a clash of civilizations.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the past, celebrating at religious functions and going on Hajj to Mecca was encouraged by the Chinese government for Uyghur members of the Communist party. From 1979 to 1989, 350 mosques were built in Turpan.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three decades later, the government was building "re-education" camps for interning Muslims without charge in Turpan.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2017, Chinese users discovered the <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a> (Islamic prayer) notification feature in Huawei Mate 10 phone, on the company's website for Mainland China. It was viewed as an unjustified promotion of Islam given that Muslims are a minority religious group in Mainland China that make up only about 1–2% of the population. Significant backlash has formed on the Chinese internet and some have even tried to boycott Huawei phones for including such feature, and make fun of the phone by calling it "the first phone with a Halal prayer feature" and describe the event as the "Islamic conversion of Huawei".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, Huawei published an official statement via <a href="/wiki/Sina_Weibo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sina Weibo">Sina Weibo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stating that the feature was only a personalized notification service designed for "certain overseas regions" that was not available in China. Netizens questioned why promotion of that feature was available on the company's Chinese website in the first place if that was not the intended area but those comments were deleted before getting any response. A Taoist priest commented that the mosque-finding service on the device was also available in mainland China, inconsistent with the official explanation about these religious features. After Huawei published the official statement, many news reports and discussions made on Chinese online media or Chinese discussion platforms were made inaccessible or removed from the internet.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2023, Xi Jinping called the sinicization of Islam in China to be deepened.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2024, Xinjiang's <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary">Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma_Xingrui" title="Ma Xingrui">Ma Xingrui</a>, stated that the sinicization of Islam in Xinjiang is "inevitable."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prohibitions on fasting during <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> are couched in terms of protecting residents' free will.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Xinjiang_internment_camps">Xinjiang internment camps</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_China_(1912%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Xinjiang internment camps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a></div> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a> (1946−1950) that occurred during the 20th century and throughout the first half of the 21st century, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">government and authorities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> have reportedly detained more than a million Chinese Muslims in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">internment camps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-www.ushmm.org_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.ushmm.org-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-china-draconian_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-china-draconian-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-www.cfr.org_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.cfr.org-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fathil_2019_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fathil_2019-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baginda_2020_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baginda_2020-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the people who have been targeted and arbitrarily detained in these internment camps are the <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a>, a predominantly Turkic-speaking Chinese-Muslim ethnic group which inhabits primarily the Northwestern region of <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Baginda_2020_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baginda_2020-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alongside <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> Muslim ethnic minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-www.ushmm.org_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.ushmm.org-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-china-draconian_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-china-draconian-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-www.cfr.org_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.cfr.org-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fathil_2019_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fathil_2019-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Core strategies of the Chinese government’s campaign against the Uyghurs and other Turkic Muslim ethnic minorities include identity-based persecution, systematized mass detention and surveillance, forced abortions and sterilizations, forced birth control, forced labor, forced assimilation, torture, brainwashing, and gang rape.<sup id="cite_ref-www.ushmm.org_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.ushmm.org-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-china-draconian_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-china-draconian-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-www.cfr.org_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.cfr.org-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fathil_2019_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fathil_2019-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2018, the western news media reported that hundreds of thousands of Muslims were being detained in massive extrajudicial internment camps in western Xinjiang.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were called <a href="/wiki/Re-education_through_labor" title="Re-education through labor">"re-education" camps</a> and later, "vocational training centres" by the government, intended for the "rehabilitation and redemption" to combat terrorism and religious extremism.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Creery_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creery-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2018, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> said that credible reports had led it to estimate that up to a million Uighurs and other Muslims were being held in "something that resembles a massive internment camp that is shrouded in secrecy". The U.N.'s <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination" title="International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination">International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination</a> said that some estimates indicated that up to 2 million Uighurs and other Muslims were held in "political camps for indoctrination", in a "no-rights zone".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By that time, conditions in Xinjiang had deteriorated so far that they were described by informed political scientists as "Orwellian"<sup id="cite_ref-HKFP-AFP_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HKFP-AFP-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and observers drew comparisons with Nazi concentration camps.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the UN panel's finding of indefinite detention without due process, the Chinese government delegation officially conceded that it was engaging in widespread "resettlement and re-education" and State media described the controls in Xinjiang as "intense".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 August 2018, the United Nations committee called on the Chinese government to "end the practice of detention without lawful charge, trial and conviction", to release the detained persons, to provide specifics as to the number of interred individuals and the reasons for their detention, and to investigate the allegations of "racial, ethnic and ethno-religious profiling". A <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> report quoted an unnamed Chinese official as saying that "Uighurs enjoyed full rights" but also admitting that "those deceived by religious extremism... shall be assisted by resettlement and re-education".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Different_Treatment_of_Hui_Muslims_and_Uyghur_Muslims">Different Treatment of Hui Muslims and Uyghur Muslims</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_China_(1912%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Different Treatment of Hui Muslims and Uyghur Muslims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different Muslim ethnic groups in different regions are treated differently by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">government of the People's Republic of China</a> in regards to religious freedom. Hui Muslims, who can practice their religion, build Mosques, and have their children attend Mosques, while more controls are placed on Uyghurs in Xinjiang.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hui Muslims who are employed by the state are allowed to fast during Ramadan unlike Uyghurs in the same positions, the amount of Hui going on Hajj is expanding, and Hui women are allowed to wear veils, while Uyghur women are discouraged from wearing them and Uyghurs find it difficult to get passports to go on Hajj.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China does not enforce the law against children attending Mosques on non-Uyghurs in areas outside of Xinjiang.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although religious education for children is officially forbidden by law in China, the Communist party allows Hui Muslims to violate this law and have their children educated in religion and attend Mosques while the law is enforced on Uyghurs. After secondary education is completed, China then allows Hui students who are willing to embark on religious studies under an Imam.<sup id="cite_ref-ALLÈS_&_CHÉRIF-CHEBBI_&_HALFON_2003_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALLÈS_&_CHÉRIF-CHEBBI_&_HALFON_2003-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tibetan-Muslim_sectarian_violence">Tibetan-Muslim sectarian violence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_China_(1912%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tibetan-Muslim sectarian violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Tibet, the majority of Muslims are Hui people. Hatred between Tibetans and Muslims stems from events during the Muslim warlord Ma Bufang's rule in Qinghai such as <a href="/wiki/Ngolok_rebellions_(1917%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngolok rebellions (1917–49)">Ngolok rebellions (1917–49)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan War">Sino-Tibetan War</a>. Violence subsided after 1949 under Communist Party repression but reignited as strictures were relaxed. Riots broke out in March 2008 between Muslims and Tibetans over incidents such as suspected human bones in and deliberate contamination of soups served in Muslim-owned establishments and overpricing of balloons by Muslim vendors. Tibetans attacked Muslim restaurants. Fires set by Tibetans resulted in Muslim deaths and riots. The <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan exile">Tibetan exile</a> community sought to suppress reports reaching the international community, fearing damage to the cause of Tibetan autonomy and fuelling Hui Muslim support of government repression of Tibetans generally.<sup id="cite_ref-Demick_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demick-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Chinese-speaking Hui have problems with Tibetan Hui (the Tibetan speaking <a href="/wiki/Kache" class="mw-redirect" title="Kache">Kache</a> minority of Muslims).<sup id="cite_ref-Mayaram_2009_75_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayaram_2009_75-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main mosque in Lhasa was burned down by Tibetans during the <a href="/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">unrest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of Tibetans viewed the wars against Iraq and Afghanistan after 9/11 positively and it had the effect of galvanizing anti-Muslim attitudes among Tibetans and resulted in an anti-Muslim boycott against Muslim owned businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup> Tibetan Buddhists propagate a false libel that Muslims cremate their Imams and use the ashes to convert Tibetans to Islam by making Tibetans inhale the ashes, even though the Tibetans seem to be aware that Muslims practice burial and not cremation since they frequently clash against proposed Muslim cemeteries in their area.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islamic_education">Islamic education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_China_(1912%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Islamic education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui Muslim</a> Generals like <a href="/wiki/Ma_Fuxiang" title="Ma Fuxiang">Ma Fuxiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma_Hongkui" title="Ma Hongkui">Ma Hongkui</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a> funded schools or sponsored students studying abroad. Imam <a href="/wiki/Hu_Songshan" title="Hu Songshan">Hu Songshan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ma_Linyi" title="Ma Linyi">Ma Linyi</a> were involved in reforming Islamic education inside China.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Muslim <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> officials in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">Republic of China</a> government supported the Chengda Teachers Academy, which helped usher in a new era of Islamic education in China, promoting nationalism and Chinese language among Muslims, and fully incorporating them into the main aspects of Chinese society.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ministry of Education provided funds to the Chinese Islamic National Salvation Federation for Chinese Muslim's education.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The President of the federation was General <a href="/wiki/Bai_Chongxi" title="Bai Chongxi">Bai Chongxi</a> (Pai Chung-hsi) and the vice president was <a href="/wiki/Tang_Kesan" title="Tang Kesan">Tang Kesan</a> (Tang Ko-san).<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 40 Sino-Arabic primary schools were founded in Ningxia by its Governor <a href="/wiki/Ma_Hongkui" title="Ma Hongkui">Ma Hongkui</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Imam <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingzhai" title="Wang Jingzhai">Wang Jingzhai</a> studied at Al-Azhar University in Egypt along with several other Chinese Muslim students, the first Chinese students in modern times to study in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wang recalled his experience teaching at madrassas in the provinces of Henan (Yu), Hebei (Ji), and Shandong (Lu) which were outside of the traditional stronghold of Muslim education in northwest China, and where the living conditions were poorer and the students had a much tougher time than the northwestern students.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1931 China sent five students to study at Al-Azhar in Egypt, among them was <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ma_Jian" title="Muhammad Ma Jian">Muhammad Ma Jian</a> and they were the first Chinese to study at Al-Azhar.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Na Zhong, a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Nasr_al-Din_(Yunnan)" title="Nasr al-Din (Yunnan)">Nasr al-Din (Yunnan)</a> was another one of the students sent to Al-Azhar in 1931, along with Zhang Ziren, Ma Jian, and Lin Zhongming. </p><p>Hui Muslims from the Central Plains (Zhongyuan) differed in their view of women's education than Hui Muslims from the northwestern provinces, with the Hui from the Central Plains provinces like Henan having a history of women's Mosques and religious schooling for women, while Hui women in northwestern provinces were kept in the house. However, in northwestern China reformers started bringing female education in the 1920s. In Linxia, Gansu, a secular school for Hui girls was founded by the Muslim warlord <a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a>, the school was named Shuada Suqin Women's Primary School after his wife Ma Suqin who was also involved in its founding.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hui Muslim refugees fled to northwest China from the central plains after the Japanese invasion of China, where they continued to practice women's education and build women's mosque communities, while women's education was not adopted by the local northwestern Hui Muslims and the two different communities continued to differ in this practice.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After secondary education is completed, Chinese law then allows students who are willing to embark on religious studies under an Imam.<sup id="cite_ref-ALLÈS_&_CHÉRIF-CHEBBI_&_HALFON_2003_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALLÈS_&_CHÉRIF-CHEBBI_&_HALFON_2003-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General <a href="/wiki/Ma_Fuxiang" title="Ma Fuxiang">Ma Fuxiang</a> donated funds to promote education for Hui Muslims and help build a class of intellectuals among the Hui and promote the Hui role in developing the nation's strength.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_China_(1912%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_China" title="History of Islam in China">History of Islam in China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_China_(1912%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMyers2019" class="citation news cs1">Myers, Steven Lee (2019-09-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/21/world/asia/china-islam-crackdown.html">"A Crackdown on Islam Is Spreading Across China"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924010442/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/21/world/asia/china-islam-crackdown.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Crackdown+on+Islam+Is+Spreading+Across+China&rft.date=2019-09-21&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Steven+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F09%2F21%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchina-islam-crackdown.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+China+%281912%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamzyBuckley2019" class="citation news cs1">Ramzy, Austin; Buckley, Chris (2019-11-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/11/16/world/asia/china-xinjiang-documents.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Absolutely No Mercy': Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detentions of Muslims"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222022035/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/11/16/world/asia/china-xinjiang-documents.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Absolutely+No+Mercy%27%3A+Leaked+Files+Expose+How+China+Organized+Mass+Detentions+of+Muslims&rft.date=2019-11-16&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Ramzy&rft.aufirst=Austin&rft.au=Buckley%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2019%2F11%2F16%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchina-xinjiang-documents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+China+%281912%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lin-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lin_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lin_Hsiao-ting" class="mw-redirect" title="Lin Hsiao-ting">Lin, Hsiao-ting</a> (13 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N8YtCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA66">"4 War and new frontier designs"</a>. <i>Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West</i>. Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia. Routledge. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-92393-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-92393-7"><bdi>978-1-136-92393-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4+War+and+new+frontier+designs&rft.btitle=Modern+China%27s+Ethnic+Frontiers%3A+A+Journey+to+the+West&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+in+the+Modern+History+of+Asia&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010-09-13&rft.isbn=978-1-136-92393-7&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Hsiao-ting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN8YtCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+China+%281912%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lin.-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lin._4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin2010" class="citation book cs1">Lin, Hsiao-ting (13 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DBPJBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT137">"4 War and new frontier designs"</a>. <i>Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West</i>. Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia. Routledge. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-92392-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-92392-0"><bdi>978-1-136-92392-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4+War+and+new+frontier+designs&rft.btitle=Modern+China%27s+Ethnic+Frontiers%3A+A+Journey+to+the+West&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+in+the+Modern+History+of+Asia&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010-09-13&rft.isbn=978-1-136-92392-0&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Hsiao-ting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDBPJBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+China+%281912%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackhouseOtwayBland1914" class="citation book cs1">Backhouse, Sir Edmund; Otway, John; Bland, Percy (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/annalsmemoirsoft002081mbp"><i>Annals & Memoirs of the Court of Peking: (from the 16th to the 20th Century)</i></a> (reprint ed.). Houghton Mifflin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/annalsmemoirsoft002081mbp/page/n241">209</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090625193033/http://www.archive.org/details/annalsmemoirsoft002081mbp">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-06-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annals+%26+Memoirs+of+the+Court+of+Peking%3A+%28from+the+16th+to+the+20th+Century%29&rft.pages=209&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Backhouse&rft.aufirst=Sir+Edmund&rft.au=Otway%2C+John&rft.au=Bland%2C+Percy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fannalsmemoirsoft002081mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+China+%281912%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj4wAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA779"><i>The Atlantic, Volume 112</i></a>. Atlantic Monthly Company. 1913. p. 779.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlantic%2C+Volume+112&rft.pages=779&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Company&rft.date=1913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMj4wAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+China+%281912%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SGACAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA779"><i>The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 112</i></a>. Atlantic Monthly Company. 1913. p. 779.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlantic+Monthly%2C+Volume+112&rft.pages=779&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Company&rft.date=1913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSGACAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+China+%281912%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhoads2000" class="citation book cs1">Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QiM2pF5PDR8C&pg=PA192"><i>Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928</i></a> (illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0295980400" title="Special:BookSources/0295980400"><bdi>0295980400</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchus+and+Han%3A+Ethnic+Relations+and+Political+Power+in+Late+Qing+and+Early+Republican+China%2C+1861%E2%80%931928&rft.pages=192&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0295980400&rft.aulast=Rhoads&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQiM2pF5PDR8C%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+China+%281912%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhoads2000" class="citation book cs1">Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QiM2pF5PDR8C&pg=PA193"><i>Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928</i></a> (illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0295980400" title="Special:BookSources/0295980400"><bdi>0295980400</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchus+and+Han%3A+Ethnic+Relations+and+Political+Power+in+Late+Qing+and+Early+Republican+China%2C+1861%E2%80%931928&rft.pages=193&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0295980400&rft.aulast=Rhoads&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQiM2pF5PDR8C%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+China+%281912%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgeraldKotker1969" class="citation book cs1">Fitzgerald, Charles Patrick; Kotker, Norman (1969). Kotker, Norman (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vPRxAAAAMAAJ&q=manchu+girls"><i>The Horizon history of China</i></a> (illustrated ed.). American Heritage Pub. Co. p. 365. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780828100052" title="Special:BookSources/9780828100052"><bdi>9780828100052</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horizon+history+of+China&rft.pages=365&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=American+Heritage+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780828100052&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Charles+Patrick&rft.au=Kotker%2C+Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvPRxAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dmanchu%2Bgirls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+China+%281912%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gladney (1999), pg. 457</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gladney (1999), pg. 458</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Counting up the number of people of traditionally Muslim nationalities who were enumerated in the 1990 census gives a total of 17.6 million, 96% of whom belong to just three nationalities: Hui 8.6 million, Uyghurs 7.2 million, and Kazakhs 1.1 million. Other nationalities that are traditionally Muslim include Kyrghyz, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Tatars, Salar, Bonan, and Dongxiang. See Dru C. Gladney, "Islam in China: Accommodation or Separatism?", Paper presented at Symposium on Islam in Southeast Asia and China, Hong Kong, 2002. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.islamsymposium.cityu.edu.hk">http://www.islamsymposium.cityu.edu.hk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20030208144043/http://www.islamsymposium.cityu.edu.hk/">Archived</a> 2003-02-08 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>. The 2000 census reported a total of 20.3 million members of Muslim nationalities, of which again 96% belonged to just three groups: Hui 9.8 million, Uyghurs 8.4 million, and Kazakhs 1.25 million.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/">"CIA – The World Factbook – China"</a>. Cia.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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ASIN: B006GMID5K</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLEI2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">LEI, Wan (February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4427135">"The Chinese Islamic "Goodwill Mission to the Middle East" During the Anti-Japanese War"</a>. <i>Dîvân Disiplinlerarasi Çalismalar Dergisi</i>. cilt 15 (sayi 29): 139–141. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140318035752/http://www.academia.edu/4427135/The_Chinese_Islamic_Goodwill_Mission_to_the_Middle_East_-_Japonyaya_Karsi_Savasta_Cinli_Muslumanlarin_Orta_Dogu_iyi_Niyet_Heyeti_-_Wan_LEI">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%27s+Islamic+Communities+Generate+Local+Histories+%26%23124%3B+China+Heritage+Quarterly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaheritagequarterly.org%2Fscholarship.php%3Fsearchterm%3D005_dachang.inc%26issue%3D005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+China+%281912%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bannedthought.net/China/MaoEra/Rural/AgrarianReformLawOfPRC-1950.pdf">https://www.bannedthought.net/China/MaoEra/Rural/AgrarianReformLawOfPRC-1950.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wang X. Land Reform in The Southern Yunnan Muslim Community: Growing Divergence Beneath The Socialist Rhetoric of Unity, 1949–1958. Journal of Chinese History. 2023;7(1):157-179. doi:10.1017/jch.2022.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wang X. Land Reform in The Southern Yunnan Muslim Community: Growing Divergence Beneath The Socialist Rhetoric of Unity, 1949–1958. Journal of Chinese History. 2023;7(1):157-179. doi:10.1017/jch.2022.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldman, Merle (1986). Religion in Post-Mao China, <i>The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science.</i> 483.1:145-56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-antidrug-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-antidrug_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-antidrug_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Rv-MsA4UGIC&dq=shadian+incident&pg=PA162"><i>Antidrug crusades in twentieth century China</i></a>. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield. 1999. pp. 137, 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9598-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9598-0"><bdi>978-0-8476-9598-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antidrug+crusades+in+twentieth+century+China&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=137%2C+162&rft.pub=Rowman+and+Littlefield&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-9598-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Rv-MsA4UGIC%26dq%3Dshadian%2Bincident%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+China+%281912%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_hJ9aht6nZQC&dq=shadian+incident&pg=PA137"><i>Muslim Chinese</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=bbc+religion+and+ethics+ISLAM+Integration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fislam%2Fhistory%2Fchina_2.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+China+%281912%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New Encyclopedia of Islam</i>, pg. 622-25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gladney (1999), pg. 471</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qBINAQAAMAAJ&q=sexual+customs+banned+book+Islam">Beijing Review, Volume 32 1989</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912153133/https://books.google.com/books?id=qBINAQAAMAAJ&q=sexual+customs+banned+book+Islam&dq=sexual+customs+banned+book+Islam&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vm7OVJDXOoKigwT9ioOgCw&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBg">Archived</a> 2015-09-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarold_Miles_Tanner2009" class="citation book cs1">Harold Miles Tanner (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VIWC9wCX2c8C&pg=PA581"><i>China: a history</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+a+history&rft.pages=581&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-87220-915-2&rft.au=Harold+Miles+Tanner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVIWC9wCX2c8C%26pg%3DPA581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+China+%281912%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mzxSNM3_vCEC&dq=sexual+customs+banned+book&pg=PA232">Gladney 2004</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150915151706/https://books.google.com/books?id=mzxSNM3_vCEC&pg=PA232&dq=sexual+customs+banned+book&hl=en&sa=X&ei=o23OVLLEGoaxggTAj4TwBw&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=sexual%20customs%20banned%20book&f=false">Archived</a> 2015-09-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lu, X. (2020). Official classification, affirmative action, and self-identification: Hui-Han biethnic college students in China. Identities, 29(2), 186–204. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2020.1757249">https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2020.1757249</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VersteeghEid2005-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VersteeghEid2005_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVersteeghEid2005" class="citation book cs1">Versteegh, Kees; Eid, Mushira (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SuNiAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA383"><i>Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics: A-Ed</i></a>. Brill. pp. 383–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14473-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14473-6"><bdi>978-90-04-14473-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170109043648/https://books.google.com/books?id=SuNiAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA383">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-21</span></span>. <q>The People's Republic, founded in 1949, banned private confessional teaching from the early 1950s to the 1980s, until a more liberal stance allowed religious mosque education to resume and private Muslim schools to open. Moreover, except in Xinjiang for fear of secessionist feelings, the government allowed and sometimes encouraged the founding of private Muslim schools in order to provide education for people who could not attend increasingly expensive state schools or who left them early, for lack of money or lack of satisfactory achievements.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arabic+Language+and+Linguistics%3A+A-Ed&rft.pages=383-&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14473-6&rft.aulast=Versteegh&rft.aufirst=Kees&rft.au=Eid%2C+Mushira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSuNiAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+China+%281912%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Catherwood" title="Christopher Catherwood">Catherwood, Christopher</a>, and Leslie Alan Horvitz. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Top+official+from+China%27s+Xinjiang+says+%27Sinicisation%27+of+Islam+%27inevitable%27&rft.date=2024-03-07&rft.aulast=Laurie&rft.aufirst=Chen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fchina%2Ftop-official-chinas-xinjiang-says-sinicisation-islam-inevitable-2024-03-07%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+China+%281912%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/china/2024/04/11/what-ramadan-is-like-in-xinjiang">"What Ramadan is like in Xinjiang"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 11 April 2024. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%3A+Draconian+repression+of+Muslims+in+Xinjiang+amounts+to+crimes+against+humanity&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=2021-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fnews%2F2021%2F06%2Fchina-draconian-repression-of-muslims-in-xinjiang-amounts-to-crimes-against-humanity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+China+%281912%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.cfr.org-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-www.cfr.org_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.cfr.org_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.cfr.org_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaizland2021" class="citation web cs1">Maizland, Lindsay (1 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-repression-uyghurs-xinjiang">"China's Repression of Uyghurs in Xinjiang"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627010748/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-repression-uyghurs-xinjiang">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%27s+Repression+of+Uyghurs+in+Xinjiang&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=2021-03-01&rft.aulast=Maizland&rft.aufirst=Lindsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fbackgrounder%2Fchinas-repression-uyghurs-xinjiang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+China+%281912%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fathil_2019-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fathil_2019_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fathil_2019_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fathil_2019_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFathil2019" class="citation book cs1">Fathil, Fauziah (2019). 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State Dept (U S ) (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=04dlwzB2SvcC&pg=PA159"><i>Annual Report on International Religious Freedom, 2004</i></a>. Compiled by State Dept (U S ) (illustrated ed.). Government Printing Office. pp. 159–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0160725524" title="Special:BookSources/978-0160725524"><bdi>978-0160725524</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170108235844/https://books.google.com/books?id=04dlwzB2SvcC&pg=PA159">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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TIME magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150613040500/http://time.com/3099950/china-muslim-hui-xinjiang-uighur-islam/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Venn+Institute&rft.atitle=Religious+Repression+of+Uyghurs+in+East+Turkestan&rft.aulast=Szadziewski&rft.aufirst=Henryk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.venninstitute.org%2Funcategorized%2Freligious-repression-of-uyghurs-in-east-turkestan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+China+%281912%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ALLÈS_&_CHÉRIF-CHEBBI_&_HALFON_2003-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ALLÈS_&_CHÉRIF-CHEBBI_&_HALFON_2003_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ALLÈS_&_CHÉRIF-CHEBBI_&_HALFON_2003_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rss/31-1_007.pdf">ALLÈS & CHÉRIF-CHEBBI & HALFON 2003</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429210144/http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rss/31-1_007.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-04-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Demick-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Demick_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemick2008" class="citation news cs1">Demick, Barbara (23 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-jun-23-fg-muslims23-story.html">"Tibetan-Muslim tensions roil China"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100622013126/http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jun/23/world/fg-muslims23">Archived</a> from the original on June 22, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Tibetan-Muslim+tensions+roil+China&rft.date=2008-06-23&rft.aulast=Demick&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2008-jun-23-fg-muslims23-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+China+%281912%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer2005" class="citation journal cs1">Fischer, Andrew Martin (September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060103143112/http://www.crisisstates.com/download/wp/wp68.pdf">"Close encounters of in Inner-Asian kind: Tibetan–Muslim coexistence and conflict in Tibet, past and present"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CSRC Working Paper Series</i> (Working Paper no.68): 1–2. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/28/tibet.china.ap/">the original</a> on April 4, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Police+shut+Muslim+quarter+in+Lhasa&rft.date=2008-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2008%2FWORLD%2Fasiapcf%2F03%2F28%2Ftibet.china.ap%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+China+%281912%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairn.info/resume.php?ID_ARTICLE=EXTRO_033_0143">Mao 2011</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140319014515/http://www.cairn.info/resume.php?ID_ARTICLE=EXTRO_033_0143">Archived</a> 2014-03-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1FE8AQAAIAAJ&q=To+advance+culture+and+education+among+Chinese+Moslem+students,+the+Federation+has+obtained+from+the+Ministry+of+Education+substantial">"The China Monthly, Volumes 3-4" 1941</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809122019/https://books.google.com/books?id=1FE8AQAAIAAJ&q=To+advance+culture+and+education+among+Chinese+Moslem+students,+the+Federation+has+obtained+from+the+Ministry+of+Education+substantial&dq=To+advance+culture+and+education+among+Chinese+Moslem+students,+the+Federation+has+obtained+from+the+Ministry+of+Education+substantial&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DeWXU6K7LcKpyASGzIH4Cg&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA">Archived</a> 2017-08-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk3VAAAAMAAJ&q=To+advance+culture+and+education+among+Chinese+Moslem+students,+the+Federation+has+obtained+from+the+Ministry+of+Education+substantial">O'Toole & Tsʻai 1941</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140727015642/http://books.google.com/books?id=Bk3VAAAAMAAJ&q=To+advance+culture+and+education+among+Chinese+Moslem+students,+the+Federation+has+obtained+from+the+Ministry+of+Education+substantial&dq=To+advance+culture+and+education+among+Chinese+Moslem+students,+the+Federation+has+obtained+from+the+Ministry+of+Education+substantial&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0NT_UrrHD-m0yAH_6IGIAg&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA">Archived</a> 2014-07-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1FE8AQAAIAAJ&q=federation">"The China Monthly, Volumes 3-4" 1941</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170712002424/https://books.google.com/books?ei=DeWXU6K7LcKpyASGzIH4Cg&id=1FE8AQAAIAAJ&dq=To+advance+culture+and+education+among+Chinese+Moslem+students%2C+the+Federation+has+obtained+from+the+Ministry+of+Education+substantial&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=federation">Archived</a> 2017-07-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1FE8AQAAIAAJ&q=education+is+General+Ma+Hung-kwei,+Chairman+of+Ningsia+Province,+who+has+established+in+his+province+40+Sino-+Arabic+primary+schools.">"The China Monthly, Volumes 3-4" 1941</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809122023/https://books.google.com/books?id=1FE8AQAAIAAJ&q=education+is+General+Ma+Hung-kwei,+Chairman+of+Ningsia+Province,+who+has+established+in+his+province+40+Sino-+Arabic+primary+schools.&dq=education+is+General+Ma+Hung-kwei,+Chairman+of+Ningsia+Province,+who+has+established+in+his+province+40+Sino-+Arabic+primary+schools.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_dT_UtepNoXayAH4uoCIBA&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA">Archived</a> 2017-08-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W4OKaz5dzdYC&pg=PA368">ed. Kurzman 2002</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716053127/http://books.google.com/books?id=W4OKaz5dzdYC&pg=PA368">Archived</a> 2014-07-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W4OKaz5dzdYC&pg=PA373">ed. Kurzman 2002</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140724161946/http://books.google.com/books?id=W4OKaz5dzdYC&pg=PA373">Archived</a> 2014-07-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d884AQAAIAAJ&q=Ma,+born+in+Yunnan,+went+to+Egypt+in+1931+in+the+first+group+of+five+ever+sent+to+Egypt+from+China.+During+their+stay+in+th">"China Magazine, Volumes 6-7" 1941</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140729071723/http://books.google.com/books?id=d884AQAAIAAJ&q=Ma,+born+in+Yunnan,+went+to+Egypt+in+1931+in+the+first+group+of+five+ever+sent+to+Egypt+from+China.+During+their+stay+in+th&dq=Ma,+born+in+Yunnan,+went+to+Egypt+in+1931+in+the+first+group+of+five+ever+sent+to+Egypt+from+China.+During+their+stay+in+th&hl=en&sa=X&ei=W9P_Ut3cLIbmyQHZw4GYAQ&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAQ">Archived</a> 2014-07-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=He0MAQAAMAAJ&q=Ma,+born+in+Yunnan,+went+to+Egypt+in+1931+in+the+first+group+of+five+ever+sent+to+Egypt+from+China.+During+their+stay+in+th">"China at War, Volume 6" 1941</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716040714/http://books.google.com/books?id=He0MAQAAMAAJ&q=Ma,+born+in+Yunnan,+went+to+Egypt+in+1931+in+the+first+group+of+five+ever+sent+to+Egypt+from+China.+During+their+stay+in+th&dq=Ma,+born+in+Yunnan,+went+to+Egypt+in+1931+in+the+first+group+of+five+ever+sent+to+Egypt+from+China.+During+their+stay+in+th&hl=en&sa=X&ei=W9P_Ut3cLIbmyQHZw4GYAQ&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA">Archived</a> 2014-07-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tg9ZAAAAYAAJ&q=Ma,+born+in+Yunnan,+went+to+Egypt+in+1931+in+the+first+group+of+five+ever+sent+to+Egypt+from+China.+During+their+stay+in+th">"Asia and the Americas, Volume 42, Issues 1-6" 1942</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716174022/http://books.google.com/books?id=tg9ZAAAAYAAJ&q=Ma,+born+in+Yunnan,+went+to+Egypt+in+1931+in+the+first+group+of+five+ever+sent+to+Egypt+from+China.+During+their+stay+in+th&dq=Ma,+born+in+Yunnan,+went+to+Egypt+in+1931+in+the+first+group+of+five+ever+sent+to+Egypt+from+China.+During+their+stay+in+th&hl=en&sa=X&ei=W9P_Ut3cLIbmyQHZw4GYAQ&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg">Archived</a> 2014-07-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7H0eAAAAMAAJ&q=Ma,+born+in+Yunnan,+went+to+Egypt+in+1931+in+the+first+group+of+five+ever+sent+to+Egypt+from+China.+During+their+stay+in+th">"Asia, Volume 42" 1942</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140715110034/http://books.google.com/books?id=7H0eAAAAMAAJ&q=Ma,+born+in+Yunnan,+went+to+Egypt+in+1931+in+the+first+group+of+five+ever+sent+to+Egypt+from+China.+During+their+stay+in+th&dq=Ma,+born+in+Yunnan,+went+to+Egypt+in+1931+in+the+first+group+of+five+ever+sent+to+Egypt+from+China.+During+their+stay+in+th&hl=en&sa=X&ei=W9P_Ut3cLIbmyQHZw4GYAQ&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAw">Archived</a> 2014-07-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jV9_YvgUmpsC&pg=PA96">Jaschok & Shui 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140728100745/http://books.google.com/books?id=jV9_YvgUmpsC&pg=PA96">Archived</a> 2014-07-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jV9_YvgUmpsC&pg=PA97">Jaschok & Shui 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140719043217/http://books.google.com/books?id=jV9_YvgUmpsC&pg=PA97">Archived</a> 2014-07-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724054724/http://science-islam.net/article.php3?id_article=676&lang=fr">"The completion of the idea of dual loyalty towards China and Islam"</a>. July 24, 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-07-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+completion+of+the+idea+of+dual+loyalty+towards+China+and+Islam&rft.date=2011-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience-islam.net%2Farticle.php3%3Fid_article%3D676%26lang%3Dfr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+China+%281912%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_China_(1912%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Islam in China (1912–present)</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Islam+in+China+%281912%E2%80%93present%29">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Islam+in+China+%281912%E2%80%93present%29&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllèsChérif-ChebbiHalfon2003" class="citation journal cs1">Allès, Élisabeth; Chérif-Chebbi, Leïla; Halfon, Constance-Hélène (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rss/31-1_007.pdf">"Chinese Islam: Unity and Fragmentation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Archives_de_sciences_sociales_des_religions" title="Archives de sciences sociales des religions">Archives de sciences sociales des religions</a></i>. <b>31</b> (1). Translated from the French by Anne Evans: 7–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0963749032000045837">10.1080/0963749032000045837</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0963-7494">0963-7494</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144070358">144070358</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+de+sciences+sociales+des+religions&rft.atitle=Chinese+Islam%3A+Unity+and+Fragmentation&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-35&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144070358%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0963-7494&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0963749032000045837&rft.aulast=All%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=%C3%89lisabeth&rft.au=Ch%C3%A9rif-Chebbi%2C+Le%C3%AFla&rft.au=Halfon%2C+Constance-H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblicalstudies.org.uk%2Fpdf%2Frss%2F31-1_007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+China+%281912%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'TooleTsʻai1941" class="citation book cs1">O'Toole, George Barry; Tsʻai, Jên-yü, eds. (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk3VAAAAMAAJ"><i>The China Monthly, Volumes 3-5</i></a>. China monthly incorporated<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+China+Monthly%2C+Volumes+3-5&rft.pub=China+monthly+incorporated.&rft.date=1941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBk3VAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+China+%281912%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1FE8AQAAIAAJ"><i>The China Monthly, Volumes 3-4</i></a>. China Monthly, Incorporated. 1941<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+China+Monthly%2C+Volumes+3-4&rft.pub=China+Monthly%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=1941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1FE8AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+China+%281912%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarnaut" class="citation web cs1">Garnaut, Anthony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140501212316/http://www.ccsp.ox.ac.uk/sites/sias/files/person/documents/Chinese%20Muslim%20Literature.pdf">"Chinese Muslim literature"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Contemporary China Studies - School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies - University of Oxford</i>. Contemporary China Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccsp.ox.ac.uk/sites/sias/files/person/documents/Chinese%20Muslim%20Literature.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-05-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+China+Studies+-+School+of+Interdisciplinary+Area+Studies+-+University+of+Oxford&rft.atitle=Chinese+Muslim+literature&rft.aulast=Garnaut&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccsp.ox.ac.uk%2Fsites%2Fsias%2Ffiles%2Fperson%2Fdocuments%2FChinese%2520Muslim%2520Literature.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+China+%281912%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000unse_j2c0"><i>The Encyclopaedia of Islam</i></a></span>. Contributor Sir H. A. R. Gibb. Brill Archive. 1954. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004071643" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004071643"><bdi>978-9004071643</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=978-9004071643&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopaediaofi0000unse_j2c0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+China+%281912%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cctv.com/program/zbzg/topic/geography/C13623/20050224/101470.shtml"><bdi lang="zh">玉溪《使者》</bdi></a>. <i>CCTV.com</i> (in Chinese). 编导：韩玲 (Director: Han Ling) 摄像：李斌 (Photography: Li Bin). 央视国际 (CCTV international). 2005-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CCTV.com&rft.atitle=%E7%8E%89%E6%BA%AA%E3%80%8A%E4%BD%BF%E8%80%85%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2005-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cctv.com%2Fprogram%2Fzbzg%2Ftopic%2Fgeography%2FC13623%2F20050224%2F101470.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+China+%281912%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaschokShui2000" class="citation book cs1">Jaschok, Maria; Shui, Jingjun (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jV9_YvgUmpsC"><i>The History of Women's Mosques in Chinese Islam: A Mosque of Their Own</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700713028" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700713028"><bdi>978-0700713028</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Women%27s+Mosques+in+Chinese+Islam%3A+A+Mosque+of+Their+Own&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0700713028&rft.aulast=Jaschok&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft.au=Shui%2C+Jingjun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjV9_YvgUmpsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+China+%281912%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurzman2002" class="citation book cs1">Kurzman, Charles, ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W4OKaz5dzdYC"><i>Modernist Islam, 1840-1940: A Sourcebook</i></a> (illustrated, reprint, annotated ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195154689" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195154689"><bdi>978-0195154689</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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