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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antireligious_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kong_Yanjin_-_looking_north_-_P1060200.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kong_Yanjin_-_looking_north_-_P1060200.JPG/300px-Kong_Yanjin_-_looking_north_-_P1060200.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kong_Yanjin_-_looking_north_-_P1060200.JPG/450px-Kong_Yanjin_-_looking_north_-_P1060200.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kong_Yanjin_-_looking_north_-_P1060200.JPG/600px-Kong_Yanjin_-_looking_north_-_P1060200.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_of_Confucius" title="Cemetery of Confucius">Cemetery of Confucius</a> was attacked by <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards" title="Red Guards">Red Guards</a> in November 1966.<a href="#cite_note-Asiaweek,_Volume_10-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jeni_Hung-2">[2]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destruction_d%27ouvrages_du_Falun_Gong_lors_de_la_r%C3%A9pression_de_1999_en_Chine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Destruction_d%27ouvrages_du_Falun_Gong_lors_de_la_r%C3%A9pression_de_1999_en_Chine.jpg/220px-Destruction_d%27ouvrages_du_Falun_Gong_lors_de_la_r%C3%A9pression_de_1999_en_Chine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Destruction_d%27ouvrages_du_Falun_Gong_lors_de_la_r%C3%A9pression_de_1999_en_Chine.jpg/330px-Destruction_d%27ouvrages_du_Falun_Gong_lors_de_la_r%C3%A9pression_de_1999_en_Chine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Destruction_d%27ouvrages_du_Falun_Gong_lors_de_la_r%C3%A9pression_de_1999_en_Chine.jpg/440px-Destruction_d%27ouvrages_du_Falun_Gong_lors_de_la_r%C3%A9pression_de_1999_en_Chine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a> books are destroyed following announcement of the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong#Official_documents_and_circulars" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">ban in 1999</a>.</figcaption></figure> Antireligious campaigns in China are a series of policies and practices taken as part of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>'s official promotion of <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</a>, coupled with its persecution of people with spiritual or religious beliefs, in the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BlondeauBuffetrille2008-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Antireligious campaigns were launched in 1949, after the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a>, and they continue to be waged against <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China#Demographics" title="Buddhism in China">Buddhists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China#Demographics_and_geography" title="Christianity in China">Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China#People" title="Islam in China">Muslims</a>, and members of other religious communities in China.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> State campaigns against <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">religion</a> have escalated since <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> became <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party general secretary</a> in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> For Christians, government decrees have mandated the widespread removal of crosses from churches, and in some cases, they have also mandated the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">houses of worship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In Tibet, similar decrees have mandated the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Yarchen_Gar" title="Yarchen Gar">monastic centers</a>, sacred sites, and monastic residences; the denial of the Tibetans' right to freely access their cultural heritage; and the ongoing persecution of <a href="/wiki/Gedhun_Choekyi_Nyima" title="Gedhun Choekyi Nyima">high Buddhist lamas</a> as well as Buddhist nuns and monks. The <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">persecution</a> initiated in 1999 by <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> against <a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a> continues unabated with widespread surveillance, arbitrary detention, imprisonment, and torture. In Xinjiang, the CCP has arbitrarily detained more than a million Muslims in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">internment camps</a>. In addition, the CCP's policies have included <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labor</a>, suppression of <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Uyghur</a> religious practices, and <a href="/wiki/Political_indoctrination" class="mw-redirect" title="Political indoctrination">political indoctrination</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_PRC">Early PRC</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antireligious_campaigns_in_China&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early PRC">edit</a>]</div> CCP's antireligious campaigns dated back to 1949, when the CCP denounced religions as being associated with "foreign cultural imperialism," "feudalism," and "superstition."<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, the United States froze all Chinese assets in the United States and banned the transfer of funds from the United States to within the PRC.<a href="#cite_note-:Li-11">[11]</a>: 50  Among the effects of these policies was cutting off funding for American-affiliated cultural institutions in China, including Christian colleges and religious institutions.<a href="#cite_note-:Li-11">[11]</a>: 50  The PRC responded by nationalizing American-affiliated cultural institutions, including religious ones.<a href="#cite_note-:Li-11">[11]</a>: 50  As a result of antireligious campaigns which were waged between 1950 and 1979, all churches, <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a>, and temples were closed and <a href="/wiki/Re-education_through_labor" title="Re-education through labor">re-education</a> was imposed upon clergy.<a href="#cite_note-BuangChew2014-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_Revolution">Cultural Revolution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antireligious_campaigns_in_China&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cultural Revolution">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> (1966–1976), the CCP "imprisoned thousands of monks and nuns, destroyed all but 11 of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>'s 6,200 monasteries, and burned sacred texts."<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The possession of religious texts was also criminalized.<a href="#cite_note-GrimFinke2010-14">[14]</a> Monks were beaten or killed, and many Tibetans escaped with sacred texts and <a href="/wiki/Palden_Sherab" class="mw-redirect" title="Palden Sherab">compiled teachings</a> in exile communities in India.<a href="#cite_note-Pittman2001-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1989–2002:_Jiang_Zemin_administration">1989–2002: Jiang Zemin administration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antireligious_campaigns_in_China&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1989–2002: Jiang Zemin administration">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Falun_Gong">Falun Gong</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antireligious_campaigns_in_China&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Falun Gong">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Falun_Gong" title="History of Falun Gong">History of Falun Gong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kilgour%E2%80%93Matas_report" title="Kilgour–Matas report">Kilgour–Matas report</a></div> On July 20, 1999, the Chinese government, led by <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> from 1989 to 2002, commenced the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">persecution of Falun Gong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> It called for the "education of Marxist materialism and atheism" to counter Falun Gong.<a href="#cite_note-Xiao2012-18">[18]</a> People practicing in public or disseminating Falun Gong books would be jailed, according to state media.<a href="#cite_note-:4-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">Washington Post</a> reported that Jiang Zemin alone decided that Falun Gong must be eliminated.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> observed that the persecution against Falun Gong reflects the Communist Party's belief that “religion is inherently subversive, a vehicle for foreign and domestic anti-China forces.”<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In December 1999, four high-profile Falun Gong practitioners were sentenced to between 16 and 18 years in prison.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> On October 1, 2000, foreign media correspondents witnessed police beating and arresting thousands of Falun Gong practitioners on the Tiananmen Square in Beijing who were protesting against the persecution.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> An April 2000 Wall Street article described how the Chinese government tortured a 58-year-old woman who refused to renounce her faith in Falun Gong and died in police custody.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> According to reports, Falun Gong practitioners have been subjected to medical testing and had their organs forcibly removed since 1999.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Another report highlighted that the rapid expansion of the organ transplant industry in China coincided with Jiang's launch of the persecution against Falun Gong in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-:8-29">[29]</a> It referenced accounts from Falun Gong practitioners who underwent medical testing consistent with the requirements for organ transplants.<a href="#cite_note-:8-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tibetan_Buddhists">Tibetan Buddhists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antireligious_campaigns_in_China&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tibetan Buddhists">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibetan_Buddhism" title="History of Tibetan Buddhism">History of Tibetan Buddhism</a></div> In 1989, violent repression spread in Tibet after <a href="/wiki/1987-1989_Tibetan_unrest" class="mw-redirect" title="1987-1989 Tibetan unrest">prolonged rebellions</a> against Chinese rule. Under the local authority of <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a>, then CCP Secretary of Tibet, possibly hundreds of Tibetans were killed. Martial Law was declared for a year, until 30 April 1990, during which, hundreds more were killed and thousands imprisoned<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> under Jiang's Beijing authority and Hu's local authority. Hu was later promoted to top leadership posts for his work.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In 1991, while crafting policy towards Tibetan Buddhists, Jiang's preliminary decree stated reincarnated lamas must be approved by China's central government.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The decree was later revised and termed <a href="/wiki/State_Religious_Affairs_Bureau_Order_No._5" title="State Religious Affairs Bureau Order No. 5">State Religious Affairs Bureau Order No. 5</a> in 2007, during the administration of Hu Jintao.<a href="#cite_note-:11-33">[33]</a> In 1992, Jiang's government formally accepted the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a>'s official recognition and the enthronement of <a href="/wiki/Orgyen_Trinley_Dorje" class="mw-redirect" title="Orgyen Trinley Dorje">Orgyen Trinley Dorje</a> as the reincarnated 17th Gyalwang Karmapa, spiritual leader of the <a href="/wiki/Karma_Kagyu" title="Karma Kagyu">Karma Kagyu</a> school. The recognition process was led by the 3rd <a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Kongtrul" title="Jamgon Kongtrul">Jamgon Kongtrul</a>, who died in a mysterious car crash earlier in 1992. The <a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a>, are highly respected by Tibetans and considered to be living Buddhas. By 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Orgyen_Trinley_Dorje#Escape_from_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Orgyen Trinley Dorje">Karmapa escaped</a> to India, afterwards pointing to interference by the Chinese government in his spiritual leadership and studies as his motive.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Also in 1992, 13 monks from <a href="/wiki/Drepung_Monastery" title="Drepung Monastery">Drepung Monastery</a> were arrested on 12 May for protesting peacefully. Samdup was jailed for seven years, and in 2020, became the fourth former political prisoner to die from medical complications within the previous six months.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In 1994, a Chinese policy called "grasping with both hands" was implemented in Tibet, targeting Tibetan Buddhism and culture. It was credited with leading to the <a href="/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">2008 Tibetan unrest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> On May 17, 1995, Jiang's government officially reversed its acceptance policy of recognized re-incarnated lamas and of Tibetan Buddhist spiritual leaders, and abducted <a href="/wiki/Gedhun_Choekyi_Nyima" title="Gedhun Choekyi Nyima">Gedhun Choekyi Nyima</a>, the 11th Panchen Lama, three days after his official recognition by the Dalai Lama. <a href="/wiki/Chadrel_Rinpoche" title="Chadrel Rinpoche">Chadrel Rinpoche</a> and two others involved in the recognition process were also disappeared, then imprisoned. Months later, in November, Jiang's government installed its proxy Panchen Lama, <a href="/wiki/Gyaltsen_Norbu" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyaltsen Norbu">Gyaltsen Norbu</a>. The recognized 11th Panchen Lama, Gedhun Choekyi Nyima, continues to be forcibly detained in an unknown location.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In 1996, Jiang's administration officially banned all photographs of Tibet's spiritual leader, the 14th Dalai Lama.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> By March 1998, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">Central Tibetan Administration</a> reported the Dalai Lama statement that Chinese campaigns of repression had spread beyond monasteries and nunneries, and that Jiang was undertaking "a deliberate policy of cultural genocide in Tibet".<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In 2001, the Chinese government began persecuting and forcibly evicting nuns and monks studying at <a href="/wiki/Larung_Gar_Buddhist_Academy" title="Larung Gar Buddhist Academy">Larung Gar Buddhist Academy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yarchen_Gar" title="Yarchen Gar">Yarchen Gar</a> in Tibet.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christians">Christians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antireligious_campaigns_in_China&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Christians">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">Christianity in China</a></div> According to Human Rights Watch, Christians who met in private homes, including those involved in underground churches and house churches, and did not register with the authorities, were repeatedly detained, fined, or harassed by the police. On January 27, 1994, Huang Fangxin was arrested and labeled a “ringleader of an illegal religious organization” due to his involvement in “illegal religious” activities, which included organizing a gospel team.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Harsher punishments, including lengthy imprisonment terms, were imposed on those identified by the authorities as leaders of “illegal” religious groups. In 1996, it was reported that some Christians in Zhoukou, Henan Province, were so frightened that they dared not stay in their homes. Instead, they had to sleep and worship in the fields.<a href="#cite_note-:9-44">[44]</a> In August 2000, the authorities arrested 130 members of an underground Christian church in central China. According to reports, the family church group had 500,000 members and refused to register with the authorities. The founder of the church, Zhang Rongliang, was charged of leading a "cult" and sentenced to two years in forced labor camp in December 2000.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In November–December 2000, the authorities destroyed, closed, or confiscated about 400 unregistered Protestant and Catholic church buildings in Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, alone, as a part of the most destructive campaign since the late 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslims">Muslims</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antireligious_campaigns_in_China&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Muslims">edit</a>]</div> On May 18, 1996, state media <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Daily" title="Xinjiang Daily">Xinjiang Daily</a> under Jiang's administration, published a commentary on the government policy, stating “Freedom of religious belief is not freedom for religion.”<a href="#cite_note-:9-44">[44]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Ethan_Gutmann" title="Ethan Gutmann">Ethan Gutmann</a>, a China analyst and human-rights investigator, the Chinese government began harvesting organs from members of the predominantly Muslim Uyghur ethnic minority group in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-:10-47">[47]</a> "Each year, about 25,000-50,000 captive Uyghurs go missing," wrote Gutmann.<a href="#cite_note-:10-47">[47]</a> Other reports also concluded the targeted populations of state-sanctioned organ harvest include Uyghurs in Xinjiang in addition to Falun Gong.<a href="#cite_note-:8-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2002–2012:_Hu_Jintao_administration">2002–2012: Hu Jintao administration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antireligious_campaigns_in_China&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2002–2012: Hu Jintao administration">edit</a>]</div> Under the <a href="/wiki/Hu%E2%80%93Wen_Administration" title="Hu–Wen Administration">Hu–Wen Administration</a> from 2002 to 2012, land redevelopment was used as a form of religious persecution, while the demolition of spiritually sacred buildings and sites was undertaken.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Falun_Gong_2">Falun Gong</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antireligious_campaigns_in_China&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Falun Gong">edit</a>]</div> In June 2005, Gao Rongrong, a 37-year-old accountant from Liaoning Province, died in custody after two years at the Longshan <a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Forced Labor Camp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-50">[50]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, she had been tortured with electric shocks to her face and neck, resulting in severe burns.<a href="#cite_note-:12-50">[50]</a> In January 2008, police detained musician Yu Zhou and his wife after finding CDs and printed materials about Falun Gong in their car. Zhou was taken into custody and died 10 days later.<a href="#cite_note-:13-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> His wife was sentenced to three years in a forced labor camp.<a href="#cite_note-:13-51">[51]</a> Human Rights Watch reported in 2005 that Falun Gong practitioners constituted the majority of detainees in the camps examined and endured the "longest sentences and worst treatment."<a href="#cite_note-:14-53">[53]</a> "The government's campaign against the group has been so thorough that even long-time Chinese activists are afraid to say the group's name aloud," according to the report.<a href="#cite_note-:14-53">[53]</a>   <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tibetan_Buddhists_2">Tibetan Buddhists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antireligious_campaigns_in_China&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tibetan Buddhists">edit</a>]</div> In 2006, Tibetans were arrested after responding to calls from the Dalai Lama to burn animal skin clothing. Bonfires spread throughout Tibet as a form of defiance.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> On 13 July 2007, the State Religious Affairs Bureau Order No. 5 was passed, requiring reincarnated lamas and religious institutions in Tibet to apply for permission with state bureaus so as to be considered legal.<a href="#cite_note-:11-33">[33]</a> The persecution of Tibetan Buddhists escalated under Hu Jintao, leading to the <a href="/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">2008 Tibetan unrest</a>. The uprising is described as the biggest challenge to China's invasion since 1959.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> As unrest over Chinese persecution grew, waves of protests began, including street demonstrations, which were met with excessive force.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> A mass arrest of 280 monks at the <a href="/wiki/Labrang_Monastery" title="Labrang Monastery">Labrang Monastery</a> was reported during this time, as was torture during confinement.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A farming boycott began in 2009 in protest for those people detained or "disappeared" into the CCP's custody. Civil disobedience became widespread, as all the monks in a Jomda, Chamdo province monastery deserted in June 2009 instead of participating in "patriotic education".<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Acts of self-immolation began in 2009 at <a href="/wiki/Kirti_Gompa#Recent_events" title="Kirti Gompa">Kirti Monastery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In 2010, two Tibetan laypeople were killed while trying to stop a mass arrest of approximately 300 monks at Kirti Monastery.<a href="#cite_note-:1-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-60">[60]</a> In 2011, China's foreign ministry announced only Beijing could appoint the 15th Dalai Lama.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> A monk at Nyitso monastery, Tsewang Norbu, self-immolated after chanting "Long live the Dalai Lama" and "Tibetan people want freedom". The non-profit organization <a href="/wiki/Free_Tibet" title="Free Tibet">Free Tibet</a> said telephone and internet services were subsequently cut to keep the news from spreading, and the monastery's utilities had been repeatedly cut. Author <a href="/wiki/Tsering_Woeser" title="Tsering Woeser">Tsering Woeser</a> said that Chinese security forces surrounded the monastery on the same night of Tsewang Norbu's death.<a href="#cite_note-:2-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2012–present:_Xi_Jinping_administration">2012–present: Xi Jinping administration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antireligious_campaigns_in_China&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2012–present: Xi Jinping administration">edit</a>]</div> The Chinese government and the Chinese Communist Party, led by Xi Jinping from 2012 to the present, intensified antireligious campaigns in the country.<a href="#cite_note-:3-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In 2016, Xi called for "improved religious work" by uniting religious and non-religious people, and emphasizing that members of the Chinese Communist Party must act as "unyielding <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_atheism" title="Marxist–Leninist atheism">Marxist atheists</a>".<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In September 2019, the <a href="/wiki/UN_Human_Rights_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Human Rights Council">UN Human Rights Council</a> was told by the <a href="/wiki/China_Tribunal" title="China Tribunal">China Tribunal</a> that the Government of China "is harvesting and selling organs from persecuted religious and ethnic minorities on an industrial scale".<a href="#cite_note-Withnall2019-65">[65]</a> The tribunal concluded that religious and ethnic minorities are being "killed to order... cut open while still alive for their kidneys, livers, hearts, lungs, cornea, and skin to be removed and turned into commodities for sale".<a href="#cite_note-Withnall2019-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Falun_Gong_3">Falun Gong</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antireligious_campaigns_in_China&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Falun Gong">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Organ_harvesting_from_Falun_Gong_practitioners_in_China" title="Organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners in China">Organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners in China</a></div> Although Xi Jinping abolished the "<a href="/wiki/Re-education_through_labor" title="Re-education through labor">reeducation through labor</a>" system in 2013,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> reported that Falun Gong practitioners are among those particularly at risk of torture.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Scholar André Laliberté argues that the CCP continues to target Falun Gong for repression because it perceives the movement as a challenge to its authority.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Reports express concerns that the CCP subjects Falun Gong practitioners and ethnic Uyghurs to organ harvesting.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tibetan_Buddhists_3">Tibetan Buddhists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antireligious_campaigns_in_China&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tibetan Buddhists">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">Human rights in Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinicization_of_Tibet" title="Sinicization of Tibet">Sinicization of Tibet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Labour_camps_in_Tibet" title="Labour camps in Tibet">Labour camps in Tibet</a></div> According to a report by the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Centre_for_Human_Rights_and_Democracy" title="Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy">Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy</a>, under Xi Jinping, the widespread targeting of Tibetans and Tibetan Buddhist monasteries, together with the persecution of ordained <a href="/wiki/Khenpo" title="Khenpo">Khenpos</a>, nuns, and monks, escalated.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Han Chinese settling in Tibet also continues.<a href="#cite_note-:0-72">[72]</a> Massive redevelopment projects, including railways, mines, roadways, dams, and shopping centers forcibly displace Tibetans and erode the environment.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> From 2015 to the present, farmlands and ancestral nomadic grazing lands are also being confiscated from Tibetans.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Reports state that administrators of monasteries have been replaced by police or by people considered government infiltrators, while military surveillance units have been installed at Kirti Monastery, Yarchen Gar, Shak Rongpo Gaden Dargyeling Monastery, and at other monasteries, along with <a href="/wiki/CCTV_cameras" class="mw-redirect" title="CCTV cameras">CCTV cameras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Drongna Monastery was forcibly closed in 2013, and its chant master Thardhod Gyaltsen received an 18-year prison sentence in 2014 for possession of a picture and recording of the 14th Dalai Lama.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Some also express concerns that construction and tourism are eroding Tibetan culture.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> By 2020, after Chinese state-sponsored tourist agencies funneled people from inner China to <a href="/wiki/Lhasa_(city)" title="Lhasa (city)">Lhasa</a>, reports stated that the tourists disrupted ceremonies, were disrespectful to Tibetan customs, and threw trash around sacred sites. Police support the tourists confronted by complaints.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Reports also indicate tourism is used to disrupt monastic life within Buddhist monasteries.<a href="#cite_note-:1-59">[59]</a> Monastic residences of nuns and monks were demolished before mass evictions began in 2016 at <a href="/wiki/Larung_Gar" title="Larung Gar">Larung Gar</a>, in 2019 at Yarchen Gar, in 2013 at Jhada Gon Palden Khachoe Nunnery, and elsewhere. For Yarchen Gar alone, almost six thousand monks and nuns were evicted from their homes.<a href="#cite_note-:5-81">[81]</a> Between 2017 and 2018, at least 4,820 Tibetan and Han Chinese monks and nuns were removed from Larung Gar, and over 7,000 dwellings and other structures were demolished, which began in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-:5-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Reports indicate that nuns and nunneries are targeted for demolition more often than those of monks.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Tourist accommodations and roads replaced the residences, or are planned for the sites where residences were demolished. Other monasteries are partially renovated for tourist accommodations, whose proximity disrupts daily life.<a href="#cite_note-:1-59">[59]</a> After the mass evictions, nuns and monks were bused away, and reportedly detained in re-education centers.<a href="#cite_note-:0-72">[72]</a> Among others, an identified re-education center is named Ningtri.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Reports include beatings and the torture of monastics and laypeople at re-education centers, and in jails after arrests.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In 2016, the CCP commenced a campaign to <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">sinicize</a> religion, which intensified after 2018.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sinicization_of_Tibet" title="Sinicization of Tibet">sinicization of Tibet</a> was condemned by the Dalai Lama as cultural cleansing.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The ethnic cleansing policies in Tibet were managed by hardliner <a href="/wiki/Chen_Quanguo" title="Chen Quanguo">Chen Quanguo</a>, before his 2016 transfer to govern Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> A United States Department of State report in 2019 documented incidents of sexual abuse, rape, and gender-based violence at the Chinese detention centers.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In April 2019, the Chinese police-enforced ban against photographs of the Dalai Lama spread to remote areas of Tibet.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Under Xi Jinping's authority, the CCP's cultural and political "Sinicization" policies have been implemented in schools to indoctrinate Tibetan children with the CCP's ideology.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Rapporteurs" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Special Rapporteurs">United Nations Special Rapporteurs</a> in 2023, Tibetan children are forced to complete a <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Compulsory education in the People's Republic of China">compulsory education</a> curriculum in Mandarin Chinese as part of the CCP's policy of <a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">forced assimilation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a> reported that, in early 2024, the CCP intensified efforts to enforce a ban by going door-to-door to prevent Tibetan children from taking private classes and participating in religious activities during school breaks.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christians_2">Christians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antireligious_campaigns_in_China&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Christians">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Underground_church" title="Underground church">Underground church</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_church_(China)" title="House church (China)">House church (China)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">Christianity in China</a></div> The persecution of members of other spiritual organizations is also continuing under Xi Jinping. Journalist <a href="/wiki/Ian_Johnson_(writer)" title="Ian Johnson (writer)">Ian Johnson</a> noted that officials have targeted Christianity, and Islam, with particular intensity because of their perceived foreign ties.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In the Chinese province of <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> alone, over 1200 <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">Christian crosses</a> have been removed from their <a href="/wiki/Steeple" title="Steeple">steeples</a> since 2013.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In August 2017, in <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> province, a number of Catholic priests and supporters were injured while preventing a government-owned bulldozer from demolishing a church-owned property—an old factory building allocated to the Church as restitution for a church-owned property destroyed in 1992. Local authorities unanimously decided the condition of the property met the criteria for demolition, as required by the city's planned <a href="/wiki/Shanxi%E2%80%93Henan%E2%80%93Shandong_railway" title="Shanxi–Henan–Shandong railway">transportation network project</a>. However, the diocese complained they were denied an opportunity to negotiate, and were given no assurance of fair compensation.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In February 2018, government authorities in <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>, "launched an anti-religion propaganda drive through local police stations", which included policemen erecting a banner proclaiming, “We Must Solemnly Reject Religion, Must Not Believe in Religion”.<a href="#cite_note-Hoshur2018-99">[99]</a> In December 2018, Chinese officials raided Christian <a href="/wiki/House_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="House churches">house churches</a> just prior to Christmas and coerced their owners to close them down. Christmas trees and Santa Clauses were also forcibly removed.<a href="#cite_note-BBC2018-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department" title="United Front Work Department">United Front Work Department</a> initiated a crackdown on large outdoor religious statues.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The government of China continued to <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">persecute Christians</a> during the 2019 <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, demolishing the Xiangbaishu Church in <a href="/wiki/Yixing" title="Yixing">Yixing</a> and removing a Christian Cross from the steeple of a church in <a href="/wiki/Guiyang_County" title="Guiyang County">Guiyang County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Parke2020-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Klett2020-105">[105]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Shandong_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Shandong Province">Shandong Province</a>, "officials issued guidance forbidding online preaching, a vital way for churches to reach congregants amid both persecution and the spread of the virus".<a href="#cite_note-Parke2020-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Klett2020-105">[105]</a> In 2020, the Chinese government put additional regulations in place to restrict religious education and proselytizing.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslims_2">Muslims</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antireligious_campaigns_in_China&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Muslims">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam in China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_China" title="Islamophobia in China">Islamophobia in China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_gate_of_Ximen_Mosque,_Dali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Front_gate_of_Ximen_Mosque%2C_Dali.jpg/220px-Front_gate_of_Ximen_Mosque%2C_Dali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Front_gate_of_Ximen_Mosque%2C_Dali.jpg/330px-Front_gate_of_Ximen_Mosque%2C_Dali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Front_gate_of_Ximen_Mosque%2C_Dali.jpg/440px-Front_gate_of_Ximen_Mosque%2C_Dali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Mosque with dome removed due to <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">Sinicization</a> policy</figcaption></figure> By November 2018, the Chinese government had detained over one million Uyghurs in what it refers to as "<a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_re-education_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinjiang re-education camps">training centers</a>" as part of a <a href="/wiki/Thought_reform_in_China" title="Thought reform in China">thought reform</a> campaign, "where Uyghur Muslims are remade into atheist Chinese subjects"<a href="#cite_note-NYT-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beydoun2018-108">[108]</a> and subjected to forced labor.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> For children forcibly taken away from their parents, the Chinese government has established kindergartens with the aim of combating 'three evil forces' (separatism, extremism, and terrorism), and "converting future generations of Uyghur Muslim children into loyal subjects who embrace atheism".<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beydoun2018-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> According to estimates from the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Strategic_Policy_Institute" title="Australian Strategic Policy Institute">Australian Strategic Policy Institute</a>, under Xi Jinping, thousands of mosques and Muslim religious sites were damaged or destroyed in China.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The Chinese government has intensified its repression by using artificial intelligence facial recognition cameras against the Uyghurs, both outside and inside places of worship.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Government campaigns against Islam have extended to the <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utsul" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsul">Utsul</a> community in Hainan.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Chinese officials did not acknowledge the existence of any sort of internment camps. The Chinese government states that Uyghurs are being sent to vocational training centers in order to prevent the spread of extremism and to increase their employability.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Muslim prisoners in detention centers and internment camps have faced practices such as being <a href="/wiki/Force-feeding" title="Force-feeding">force-fed</a> pork.<a href="#cite_note-:42-123">[123]</a> Prohibitions on fasting during <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> are couched in terms of protecting residents' free will.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> In November 2019, the internment centers were described in the leaked <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_papers" title="Xinjiang papers">Xinjiang papers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jews">Jews</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antireligious_campaigns_in_China&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Jews">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">History of the Jews in China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_China" title="Antisemitism in China">Antisemitism in China</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jewish community</a> has reported increasing suppression by the authorities since 2015, reversing the modest revival it experienced in the 1990s. The observance of public religious services and the celebration of religious festivals like <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a> have been prohibited, and Jewish community groups have been shut down.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Signs have been removed from the Kaifeng Synagogue, a historical site located on Teaching the Torah Lane that is now under strict surveillance.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Responses_in_the_United_States">Responses in the United States</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antireligious_campaigns_in_China&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Responses in the United States">edit</a>]</div> On September 4, 2000, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Commission_on_International_Religious_Freedom" title="United States Commission on International Religious Freedom">U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom</a> issued a release stating the "already deplorable" China's record on religious freedom had "further deteriorated," citing "reliable press reports" of religious repression against Falun Gong, Zhong Gong, Uighur Muslims, Protestant and Roman Catholic Christians and Tibet Buddhists.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> On July 24, 2002, <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> passed a unanimous resolution (<a href="/wiki/Concurrent_resolution" title="Concurrent resolution">House Concurrent Resolution</a> 188) condemning the persecution of Falun Gong in China.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> In June 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Human_Rights_Policy_Act" title="Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act">Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act</a> was signed into law in the United States in response to the internment camps in Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In December 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Forced_Labor_Prevention_Act" title="Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act">Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act</a> became law to ensure that American entities do not fund <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor">forced labor</a> in Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-:6-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-132">[132]</a> The law presumes that all goods originating from Xinjiang, where Beijing has established internment camps, are produced using forced labor.<a href="#cite_note-:6-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-132">[132]</a> In December 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Policy_and_Support_Act" title="Tibet Policy and Support Act">Tibet Policy and Support Act</a> became law in the United States in support of Tibetan Buddhists' right to determine Dalai Lama succession.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> In March 2023, the U.S. House of Representatives passed the Stop Forced Organ Harvesting Act of 2023, which would impose sanctions and penalties on individuals involved in state-sanctioned forced organ harvesting, particularly targeting the Falun Gong and Uyghur communities.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In May 2023, U.S. Senators Marco Rubio and Jeff Merkley introduced the Uyghur Genocide Accountability and Sanctions Act (UGSA) to hold the CCP accountable for human rights abuses against Uyghurs and other Turkic minorities in Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> In April 2024, the U.S. Congressional Uyghur Caucus introduced the House's version of the UGASA.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> In June 2024, the U.S. House of Representatives passed the Falun Gong Protection Act, which seeks to impose sanctions on anyone involved in involuntary organ harvesting, with an emphasis on those targeting Falun Gong members.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antireligious_campaigns_in_China&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">Freedom of religion in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Persecution of Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_repression_by_China" title="Transnational repression by China">Transnational repression by China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antireligious_campaigns_in_China&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Asiaweek,_Volume_10-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Asiaweek,_Volume_10_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dIMMAQAAMAAJ&q=cemetery+Tan+Houlan">Asiaweek, Volume 10</a>. 1984. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427051328/https://books.google.com/books?id=dIMMAQAAMAAJ&q=cemetery+Tan+Houlan">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-27. Retrieved 2017-09-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asiaweek%2C+Volume+10&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdIMMAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dcemetery%2BTan%2BHoulan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jeni_Hung-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Jeni_Hung_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeni_Hung2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Jeni Hung (April 5, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060321075615/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_200304/ai_n9228762">"Children of confucius"</a>. The Spectator. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_200304/ai_n9228762">the original</a> on March 21, 2006. Retrieved 2007-03-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Children+of+confucius&rft.date=2003-04-05&rft.au=Jeni+Hung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.findarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_qa3724%2Fis_200304%2Fai_n9228762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlondeauBuffetrille2008-3"><a href="#cite_ref-BlondeauBuffetrille2008_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlondeauBuffetrille2008" class="citation book cs1">Blondeau, Anne-Marie; Buffetrille, Katia (8 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/authenticatingti00anne">Authenticating Tibet</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/authenticatingti00anne/page/165">165</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520249288" title="Special:BookSources/9780520249288"><bdi>9780520249288</bdi></a>. <q>This virulent anti-religion campaign seems to be officially linked to the development plan for western Tibet, for which social stability is necessary (see Part VIII, "Economic Development," below). But the hardening of this policy in Tibet is probably another consequence of the spread of <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a> which was launched in China, in response to the religious problems which are mentioned above, including problems inside the Party.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Authenticating+Tibet&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008-04-08&rft.isbn=9780520249288&rft.aulast=Blondeau&rft.aufirst=Anne-Marie&rft.au=Buffetrille%2C+Katia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fauthenticatingti00anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDark2000" class="citation cs2">Dark, K. R. (2000), "Large-Scale Religious Change and World Politics", Religion and International Relations, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 50–82, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781403916594_3">10.1057/9781403916594_3</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-27846-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-27846-6"><bdi>978-1-349-27846-6</bdi></a>, <q>Interestingly, atheist campaigns were most effective against <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">traditional Chinese religions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, whereas <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">Christian</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">Jewish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Muslim</a> communities not only survived these campaigns, but they were some of the most vocal centers of political opposition to the government as a consequence of them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+and+International+Relations&rft.atitle=Large-Scale+Religious+Change+and+World+Politics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781403916594_3&rft.isbn=978-1-349-27846-6&rft.aulast=Dark&rft.aufirst=K.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/monitoring/253345.stm">"China announces "civilizing" atheism drive in Tibet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Online" title="BBC Online">BBC Online</a>. 12 January 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170904074233/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/monitoring/253345.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017. <q>The Chinese Communist Party has launched a three-year drive to promote atheism in the Buddhist region of Tibet, saying it is the key to economic progress and a weapon against separatism as typified by the exiled Tibetan leader, the Dalai Lama. The move comes amid fresh foreign reports of religious persecution in the region, which was invaded by China in 1950.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Online&rft.atitle=China+announces+%22civilizing%22+atheism+drive+in+Tibet&rft.date=1999-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmonitoring%2F253345.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2017" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Ian (April 23, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/04/china-unregistered-churches-driving-religious-revolution/521544/">"In China, Unregistered Churches Are Driving a Religious Revolution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170904062848/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/04/china-unregistered-churches-driving-religious-revolution/521544/">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2020. <q>It's hardly celebrated here at all," he said. "We had this break in our history—you know, the missionaries being expelled in 1949 and then the anti-religious campaigns—so a lot has been lost. A lot of people don't really know too much about Lent. We had a service trying to reintroduce the idea and explain it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=In+China%2C+Unregistered+Churches+Are+Driving+a+Religious+Revolution&rft.date=2017-04-23&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2017%2F04%2Fchina-unregistered-churches-driving-religious-revolution%2F521544%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theweek.com/articles/932538/chinas-war-religion">"China's war on religion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Week" title="The Week">The Week</a>. August 23, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210207033119/https://theweek.com/articles/932538/chinas-war-religion">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=China%27s+war+on+religion&rft.date=2020-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheweek.com%2Farticles%2F932538%2Fchinas-war-religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/chinas-anti-christian-crusade/2015/09/05/13ab482e-527d-11e5-9812-92d5948a40f8_story.html">"China's anti-Christian crusade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. 5 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170907170329/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/chinas-anti-christian-crusade/2015/09/05/13ab482e-527d-11e5-9812-92d5948a40f8_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017. <q>The profusion of churches seems to have unnerved some Chinese authorities, who have undertaken a campaign to tear down hundreds of crosses, and in some instances entire churches, in Zhejiang, a coastal province where a prosperous Christian community and large numbers of churches have taken root.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=China%27s+anti-Christian+crusade&rft.date=2015-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2Fchinas-anti-christian-crusade%2F2015%2F09%2F05%2F13ab482e-527d-11e5-9812-92d5948a40f8_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Makinen, Julie (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-china-church-20140506-story.html">"China demolition of church in Wenzhou leaves Christians uneasy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211127184215/https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-china-church-20140506-story.html">Archived</a> 2021-11-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> L.A. Times. Local government authorities claim that the building was built vastly larger than the permit allowed, and church leaders refused to follow orders not to build an additional annex, and they refused to lower the church cross—instead building it higher. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/10/23/10-things-to-know-about-chinas-policies-on-religion/">"10 things to know about China's policies on religion"</a>. Pew Research Center. October 23, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240324185728/https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/10/23/10-things-to-know-about-chinas-policies-on-religion/">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2024. Retrieved March 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=10+things+to+know+about+China%27s+policies+on+religion&rft.date=2023-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fshort-reads%2F2023%2F10%2F23%2F10-things-to-know-about-chinas-policies-on-religion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Li-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Li_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Li_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Li_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2024" class="citation book cs1">Li, Hongshan (2024). Fighting on the Cultural Front: U.S.-China Relations in the Cold War. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7312%2Fli--20704">10.7312/li--20704</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231207058" title="Special:BookSources/9780231207058"><bdi>9780231207058</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/li--20704">10.7312/li--20704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+on+the+Cultural+Front%3A+U.S.-China+Relations+in+the+Cold+War&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7312%2Fli--20704%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7312%2Fli--20704&rft.isbn=9780231207058&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Hongshan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BuangChew2014-12"><a href="#cite_ref-BuangChew2014_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuangChew2014" class="citation book cs1">Buang, Sa'eda; Chew, Phyllis Ghim-Lian (9 May 2014). Muslim Education in the 21st Century: Asian Perspectives. Routledge. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317815006" title="Special:BookSources/9781317815006"><bdi>9781317815006</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/880235482">880235482</a>. <q>Subsequently, a new China was found on the basis of Communist ideology, i.e. atheism. Within the framework of this <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a>, religion was treated as a 'contorted' world-view and people were taught to believe that it would eventually disappear, an inevitable result of the development of human societies. A series of anti-religious campaigns was implemented by the Chinese Communist Party from the early 1950s to the late 1970s. As a result, in nearly 30 years between the beginning of the 1950s and the end of the 1970s, mosques (as well as churches and Chinese temples) were shut down and <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imams</a> were subjected to forced 're-education'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Education+in+the+21st+Century%3A+Asian+Perspectives&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-05-09&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F880235482&rft.isbn=9781317815006&rft.aulast=Buang&rft.aufirst=Sa%27eda&rft.au=Chew%2C+Phyllis+Ghim-Lian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2020-02/Freedom_in_the_World_1998-1999_complete_book.pdf">"Freedom in the World – The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties 1998-1999"</a> (PDF). Freedom House. Retrieved April 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+House&rft.atitle=Freedom+in+the+World+%E2%80%93+The+Annual+Survey+of+Political+Rights+and+Civil+Liberties+1998-1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2020-02%2FFreedom_in_the_World_1998-1999_complete_book.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GrimFinke2010-14"><a href="#cite_ref-GrimFinke2010_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimFinke2010" class="citation book cs1">Grim, Brian J.; Finke, Roger (2010). The Price of Freedom Denied: Religious Persecution and Conflict in the Twenty-First Century. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511762345">10.1017/CBO9780511762345</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139492416" title="Special:BookSources/9781139492416"><bdi>9781139492416</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1104455711">1104455711</a>. <q>Seeking a complete annihilation of religion, places of worship were shut down; temples, churches, and mosques were destroyed; artifacts were smashed; sacred texts were burnt; and it was a criminal offence even to possess a religious artifact or sacred text. Atheism had long been the official doctrine of the Chinese Communist Party, but this new form of militant atheism made every effort to eradicate religion completely.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Price+of+Freedom+Denied%3A+Religious+Persecution+and+Conflict+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1104455711&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511762345&rft.isbn=9781139492416&rft.aulast=Grim&rft.aufirst=Brian+J.&rft.au=Finke%2C+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pittman2001-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Pittman2001_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittman2001" class="citation book cs1">Pittman, Don Alvin (2001). Toward a Modern Chinese Buddhism: Taixu's Reforms. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824822316" title="Special:BookSources/9780824822316"><bdi>9780824822316</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt6wqt85">j.ctt6wqt85</a>. <q>Yet in the first years after Liberation there were places in China where monasteries were destroyed, monks were beaten or killed, copies of the Buddhist canon were burned, and sacred images were melted down for their metal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+a+Modern+Chinese+Buddhism%3A+Taixu%27s+Reforms&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt6wqt85%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780824822316&rft.aulast=Pittman&rft.aufirst=Don+Alvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9907/23/china.protests.01/">"CNN - Falun Gong members defy China's crackdown - July 23, 1999"</a>. www.cnn.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323204533/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9907/23/china.protests.01/">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-23. Retrieved 2024-03-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cnn.com&rft.atitle=CNN+-+Falun+Gong+members+defy+China%27s+crackdown+-+July+23%2C+1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FWORLD%2Fasiapcf%2F9907%2F23%2Fchina.protests.01%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrauchli1999" class="citation news cs1">Brauchli, Marcus W. (July 29, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB933181750946153268">"Falun Dafa Feels Effects Of Chinese Crackdown"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240327014009/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB933181750946153268">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Falun+Dafa+Feels+Effects+Of+Chinese+Crackdown&rft.date=1999-07-29&rft.aulast=Brauchli&rft.aufirst=Marcus+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB933181750946153268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xiao2012-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Xiao2012_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiao2012" class="citation book cs1">Xiao, Ming (2012). The Cultural Economy of Falun Gong in China: A Rhetorical Perspective. <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina_Press" title="University of South Carolina Press">University of South Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv6wgmf9">10.2307/j.ctv6wgmf9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611172072" title="Special:BookSources/9781611172072"><bdi>9781611172072</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv6wgmf9">j.ctv6wgmf9</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/826659831">826659831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cultural+Economy+of+Falun+Gong+in+China%3A+A+Rhetorical+Perspective&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F826659831&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv6wgmf9%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv6wgmf9&rft.isbn=9781611172072&rft.aulast=Xiao&rft.aufirst=Ming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9908/17/china.group/">"CNN - Chinese sect goes underground to stay alive - August 17, 1999"</a>. www.cnn.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323204451/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9908/17/china.group/">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-23. Retrieved 2024-03-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cnn.com&rft.atitle=CNN+-+Chinese+sect+goes+underground+to+stay+alive+-+August+17%2C+1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FWORLD%2Fasiapcf%2F9908%2F17%2Fchina.group%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPomfret1999" class="citation news cs1">Pomfret, John (November 12, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPcap/1999-11/12/062r-111299-idx.html">"Cracks in China's Crackdown - Falun Gong Campaign Exposes Leadership Woes"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171214030203/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPcap/1999-11/12/062r-111299-idx.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 14, 2017. Retrieved March 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Cracks+in+China%27s+Crackdown+-+Falun+Gong+Campaign+Exposes+Leadership+Woes&rft.date=1999-11-12&rft.aulast=Pomfret&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2FWPcap%2F1999-11%2F12%2F062r-111299-idx.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2002/02/07/dangerous-meditation/chinas-campaign-against-falungong?gad_source=1">"Dangerous Meditation - China's Campaign Against Falungong"</a>. Human Rights Watch. February 7, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328170044/https://www.hrw.org/report/2002/02/07/dangerous-meditation/chinas-campaign-against-falungong?gad_source=1">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Dangerous+Meditation+-+China%27s+Campaign+Against+Falungong&rft.date=2002-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freport%2F2002%2F02%2F07%2Fdangerous-meditation%2Fchinas-campaign-against-falungong%3Fgad_source%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa17/011/2000/en/">"China: The crackdown on Falun Gong and other so-called "heretical organizations""</a>. Amnesty International. March 23, 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190425072846/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa17/011/2000/en/">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2019. 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The Pulitzer Prizes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227202142/https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/ian-johnson">Archived</a> from the original on February 27, 2023. Retrieved March 26, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Pulitzer+Prizes&rft.atitle=Ian+Johnson+of+The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pulitzer.org%2Fwinners%2Fian-johnson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2000" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Ian (April 20, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB956186343489597132">"Practicing Falun Gong Was a Right, Ms. Chen Said, up to Her Last Day"</a>. 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Retrieved March 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Organ+Harvest+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Transplant+Abuse+Continues+Despite+Claims+of+Reform&rft.date=2018-07&rft.aulast=Caplan&rft.aufirst=Arthur+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaorganharvest.org%2Fapp%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F06%2FCOHRC-2018-Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_29-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/organs-03122020163712.html">"Uyghur, Falun Gong Detainees Likely Source For China's Organ Market: Report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a>. 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Retrieved March 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Asia&rft.atitle=Uyghur%2C+Falun+Gong+Detainees+Likely+Source+For+China%27s+Organ+Market%3A+Report&rft.date=2020-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfa.org%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Fuyghur%2Forgans-03122020163712.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Exile Tibetans Commemorate 1989 Martial Law, (09.03.2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.voatibetanenglish.com/a/3755465.html">https://www.voatibetanenglish.com/a/3755465.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031183329/https://www.voatibetanenglish.com/a/3755465.html">Archived</a> 2020-10-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYardley2008" class="citation news cs1">Yardley, Jim (2008-03-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/15/world/asia/15tibet.html">"Violence in Tibet as Monks Clash With the Police"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413202732/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/15/world/asia/15tibet.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-13. Retrieved 2020-11-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Violence+in+Tibet+as+Monks+Clash+With+the+Police&rft.date=2008-03-15&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Yardley&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F03%2F15%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F15tibet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xgcs.org/content/?132.html">"中共中央、国务院关于进一步做好宗教工作若干问题的通知-宗教政策-兴国禅寺"</a>. xgcs.org (in Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200912161628/http://xgcs.org/content/?132.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-09-12. Retrieved 2020-09-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=xgcs.org&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E3%80%81%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E8%BF%9B%E4%B8%80%E6%AD%A5%E5%81%9A%E5%A5%BD%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%8B%A5%E5%B9%B2%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E9%80%9A%E7%9F%A5-%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96-%E5%85%B4%E5%9B%BD%E7%A6%85%E5%AF%BA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxgcs.org%2Fcontent%2F%3F132.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan2016" class="citation web cs1">Jonathan, Kaiman (2016-03-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-china-reincarnation-law-20160307-story.html">"In China, the state decides who can come back from the dead"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240508025850/https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-china-reincarnation-law-20160307-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-08. Retrieved 2024-05-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=In+China%2C+the+state+decides+who+can+come+back+from+the+dead&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft.aulast=Jonathan&rft.aufirst=Kaiman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fla-fg-china-reincarnation-law-20160307-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding2001" class="citation news cs1">Harding, Luke (2001-04-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/apr/28/lukeharding">"Daring escape of the Karmapa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180624142629/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/apr/28/lukeharding">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-06-24. Retrieved 2020-09-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Daring+escape+of+the+Karmapa&rft.date=2001-04-28&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2001%2Fapr%2F28%2Flukeharding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> The Karmapa: A short biography of the early years of the 17th Karmapa, Ogyen Trinley Dorje, and the lineage of Karmapas that came before him., Kagyu Office, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://kagyuoffice.org/karmapa/">https://kagyuoffice.org/karmapa/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200815070238/https://kagyuoffice.org/karmapa/">Archived</a> 2020-08-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinney2020" class="citation news cs1">Finney, Richard (July 17, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/health-07172020160125.html">"Tibetan Former Political Prisoner Dies After Years of Ill Health Following Release"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200911184526/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/health-07172020160125.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Asia&rft.atitle=Tibetan+Former+Political+Prisoner+Dies+After+Years+of+Ill+Health+Following+Release&rft.date=2020-07-17&rft.aulast=Finney&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfa.org%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Ftibet%2Fhealth-07172020160125.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-16759913">"The Tibet issue: Tibetan view"</a>. BBC News. 2012-01-27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201213122001/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-16759913">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-12-13. Retrieved 2020-11-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+Tibet+issue%3A+Tibetan+view&rft.date=2012-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-pacific-16759913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuman2015" class="citation news cs1">Neuman, Scott (May 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/05/17/407483765/20-years-after-china-seized-boy-monk-tibetans-call-for-his-release">"20 Years After China Seized Boy Monk, Tibetans Call For His Release"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200424102543/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/05/17/407483765/20-years-after-china-seized-boy-monk-tibetans-call-for-his-release">Archived</a> from the original on April 24, 2020. Retrieved September 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=20+Years+After+China+Seized+Boy+Monk%2C+Tibetans+Call+For+His+Release&rft.date=2015-05-17&rft.aulast=Neuman&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthetwo-way%2F2015%2F05%2F17%2F407483765%2F20-years-after-china-seized-boy-monk-tibetans-call-for-his-release&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4551425.stm">"Tibet's missing spiritual guide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 2005-05-16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110923100119/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4551425.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-09-23. Retrieved 2020-09-18. <q>Gedhun Choekyi Nyima was nominated as the reincarnation of the Panchen Lama the second most important figure in Tibetan religion, culture and politics after the Dalai Lama himself. But China disagreed with the choice and arrested the boy a few days later. Mystery surrounds his fate and outside China he is known as one of the world's youngest political prisoners.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Tibet%27s+missing+spiritual+guide&rft.date=2005-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F4551425.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1996" class="citation news cs1">Sharma, Yojana (April 30, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipsnews.net/1996/04/china-tibet-dalai-lama-photos-banned-from-monasteries-hotels/">"CHINA-TIBET: Dalai Lama Photos Banned From Monasteries, Hotels"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Inter_Press_Service" title="Inter Press Service">Inter Press Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022175244/http://www.ipsnews.net/1996/04/china-tibet-dalai-lama-photos-banned-from-monasteries-hotels/">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CHINA-TIBET%3A+Dalai+Lama+Photos+Banned+From+Monasteries%2C+Hotels&rft.date=1996-04-30&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Yojana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipsnews.net%2F1996%2F04%2Fchina-tibet-dalai-lama-photos-banned-from-monasteries-hotels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> His Holiness the Dalai Lama, 1998 Statement, 39th Anniversary of Tibetan Uprising Day, (10 March 1998), Central Tibetan Administration, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://tibet.net/statement-of-his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-on-the-thirty-ninth-anniversary-of-the-tibetan-national-uprising-day-10-march-1998/">https://tibet.net/statement-of-his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-on-the-thirty-ninth-anniversary-of-the-tibetan-national-uprising-day-10-march-1998/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704105402/https://tibet.net/statement-of-his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-on-the-thirty-ninth-anniversary-of-the-tibetan-national-uprising-day-10-march-1998/">Archived</a> 2021-07-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> , In Stark contrast to these positive aspects of the development in China proper, the situation in Tibet has sadly worsened in recent years. Of late, it has become apparent that Beijing is carrying out what amounts to a deliberate policy of cultural genocide in Tibet. The infamous “strike hard” campaign against Tibetan religion and nationalism has intensified with each passing year. This campaign of repression initially confined to monasteries and nunneries has now been extended to cover all parts of the Tibetan society. In some spheres of life in Tibet, we are witnessing the return of an atmosphere of intimidation, coercion and fear, reminiscent of the days of the Cultural Revolution. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckholm2001" class="citation news cs1">Eckholm, Erik (2001-06-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/22/world/monitors-say-china-pushes-tibet-monks-from-study-site.html">"Monitors Say China Pushes Tibet Monks From Study Site"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200507110922/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/22/world/monitors-say-china-pushes-tibet-monks-from-study-site.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-05-07. Retrieved 2020-09-18. <q>Chinese authorities are skittish about any organization or movement outside party control. In recent years, they have repeatedly tried, without success up to now, to scale back the Serthar settlement and limit study there to nearby residents. This time, according to the International Campaign for Tibet, officials from Beijing as well as the provincial capital, Chengdu, have gone to the site to expel most of the students. The officials have burned down abandoned cabins to limit visitors and declared that the total number of residents should be held to 1,400, according to accounts received by the international campaign.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Monitors+Say+China+Pushes+Tibet+Monks+From+Study+Site&rft.date=2001-06-22&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Eckholm&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F06%2F22%2Fworld%2Fmonitors-say-china-pushes-tibet-monks-from-study-site.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/legacy/summaries/s.china9512.html">"China: Religious Persecution Persists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. December 1995. Retrieved March 30, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=China%3A+Religious+Persecution+Persists&rft.date=1995-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Flegacy%2Fsummaries%2Fs.china9512.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa17/069/1996/en">"People's Republic of China: Religious repression in China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>. June 30, 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200429102055/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa17/069/1996/en/">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2020. 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Retrieved 2020-09-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamestown+Foundation&rft.atitle=Chen+Quanguo%3A+The+Strongman+Behind+Beijing%27s+Securitization+Strategy+in+Tibet+and+Xinjiang&rft.date=2017-09-21&rft.aulast=Zenz&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft.au=Leibold%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2Fchen-quanguo-the-strongman-behind-beijings-securitization-strategy-in-tibet-and-xinjiang%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/china/tibet/">"2019 Report on International Religious Freedom"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200904151834/https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/china/tibet/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-09-04. Retrieved 2020-09-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=2019+Report+on+International+Religious+Freedom&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Fchina%2Ftibet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinney2019" class="citation news cs1">Finney, Richard (May 29, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/drive-05292019162435.html">"China Launches New Drive Against Dalai Lama Photos in Kardze"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200902063238/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/drive-05292019162435.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 2, 2020. Retrieved September 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Asia&rft.atitle=China+Launches+New+Drive+Against+Dalai+Lama+Photos+in+Kardze&rft.date=2019-05-29&rft.aulast=Finney&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfa.org%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Ftibet%2Fdrive-05292019162435.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeng2023" class="citation web cs1">Feng, John (March 14, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/china-tibet-human-rights-culture-language-1786558">"China's Plan to Assimilate Tibet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240906021104/https://www.newsweek.com/china-tibet-human-rights-culture-language-1786558">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2024. Retrieved April 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=China%27s+Plan+to+Assimilate+Tibet&rft.date=2023-03-14&rft.aulast=Feng&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fchina-tibet-human-rights-culture-language-1786558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/02/china-un-experts-alarmed-separation-1-million-tibetan-children-families-and#:~:text=Children%20of%20the%20Tibetan%20minority%20are%20forced%20to%20complete%20a,minority's%20language%2C%20history%20and%20culture.">"China: UN experts alarmed by separation of 1 million Tibetan children from families and forced assimilation at residential schools"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_the_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights">United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights</a>. February 6, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240122080627/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/02/china-un-experts-alarmed-separation-1-million-tibetan-children-families-and#:~:text=Children%20of%20the%20Tibetan%20minority%20are%20forced%20to%20complete%20a,minority's%20language%2C%20history%20and%20culture.">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2024. Retrieved April 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Office+of+the+High+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=China%3A+UN+experts+alarmed+by+separation+of+1+million+Tibetan+children+from+families+and+forced+assimilation+at+residential+schools&rft.date=2023-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fen%2Fpress-releases%2F2023%2F02%2Fchina-un-experts-alarmed-separation-1-million-tibetan-children-families-and%23%3A~%3Atext%3DChildren%2520of%2520the%2520Tibetan%2520minority%2520are%2520forced%2520to%2520complete%2520a%2Cminority%27s%2520language%252C%2520history%2520and%2520culture.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelbar2024" class="citation web cs1">Pelbar (January 9, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/outside-classes-01092024140335.html">"Authorities enforce ban on Tibetan students taking outside classes - Investigations night and day to find offenders"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240201155345/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/outside-classes-01092024140335.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2024. Retrieved April 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Asia&rft.atitle=Authorities+enforce+ban+on+Tibetan+students+taking+outside+classes+-+Investigations+night+and+day+to+find+offenders.&rft.date=2024-01-09&rft.au=Pelbar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfa.org%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Ftibet%2Foutside-classes-01092024140335.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2019" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Ian (2019-12-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/21/opinion/sunday/chinas-religion-xi.html">"China's New Civil Religion"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222000441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/21/opinion/sunday/chinas-religion-xi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-22. Retrieved 2019-12-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=China%27s+New+Civil+Religion&rft.date=2019-12-21&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F12%2F21%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fchinas-religion-xi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2016" class="citation news cs1">Wong, Edward (2016-02-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/27/world/asia/china-zhejiang-christians-pastor-crosses.html">"Pastor in China Who Resisted Cross Removal Gets 14 Years in Prison"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518164713/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/27/world/asia/china-zhejiang-christians-pastor-crosses.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-18. Retrieved 2020-09-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pastor+in+China+Who+Resisted+Cross+Removal+Gets+14+Years+in+Prison&rft.date=2016-02-26&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F02%2F27%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchina-zhejiang-christians-pastor-crosses.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuxmoore2015" class="citation news cs1">Luxmoore, Jonathan (4 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncronline.org/news/world/chinas-catholics-fear-new-anti-christian-campaign">"China's Catholics fear new anti-Christian campaign"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Catholic_Reporter" title="National Catholic Reporter">National Catholic Reporter</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170904065222/https://www.ncronline.org/news/world/chinas-catholics-fear-new-anti-christian-campaign">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017. <q>Police began tearing down crosses in the coastal city of Wenzhou in late 2013, citing building regulations, and have since removed more than 1,200 crosses throughout Zhejiang. The campaign was protested by China's state-approved Catholic and Protestant associations, as well as by Cardinal John Tong Hon of Hong Kong, who appealed to Communist Party chiefs in August to "return to the right path." However, Catholic sources say up to 4,000 crosses may have been targeted for removal from spires and towers, while churches have also been bulldozed and numerous Christians arrested for protesting.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Catholic+Reporter&rft.atitle=China%27s+Catholics+fear+new+anti-Christian+campaign&rft.date=2015-12-04&rft.aulast=Luxmoore&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncronline.org%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fchinas-catholics-fear-new-anti-christian-campaign&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaimov2017" class="citation news cs1">Zaimov, Stoyan (31 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianpost.com/news/jesus-save-me-chinese-christians-shout-try-save-church-bulldozers-197478/">"'Jesus Save Me!' Chinese Christians Shout as They Try to Save Church From Bulldozers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Post" title="The Christian Post">The Christian Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170912102730/http://www.christianpost.com/news/jesus-save-me-chinese-christians-shout-try-save-church-bulldozers-197478/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Post&rft.atitle=%27Jesus+Save+Me%21%27+Chinese+Christians+Shout+as+They+Try+to+Save+Church+From+Bulldozers&rft.date=2017-08-31&rft.aulast=Zaimov&rft.aufirst=Stoyan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianpost.com%2Fnews%2Fjesus-save-me-chinese-christians-shout-try-save-church-bulldozers-197478%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Chinese-Catholics-try-to-stop-the-demolition-of-their-church-in-Changzhi,-Shanxi-(VIDEO)-41637.html">"Chinese Catholics try to stop the demolition of their church in Changzhi, Shanxi (VIDEO)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AsiaNews" title="AsiaNews">AsiaNews</a>. 29 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170912102204/http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Chinese-Catholics-try-to-stop-the-demolition-of-their-church-in-Changzhi,-Shanxi-(VIDEO)-41637.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinese+Catholics+try+to+stop+the+demolition+of+their+church+in+Changzhi%2C+Shanxi+%28VIDEO%29&rft.pub=AsiaNews&rft.date=2017-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianews.it%2Fnews-en%2FChinese-Catholics-try-to-stop-the-demolition-of-their-church-in-Changzhi%2C-Shanxi-%28VIDEO%29-41637.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoshur2018-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Hoshur2018_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShohret_Hoshur2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shohret_Hoshur" title="Shohret Hoshur">Shohret Hoshur</a> (12 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/campaign-02122018154124.html">"Xinjiang Authorities Launch Anti-Religion Campaign Through Local Police Stations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180308041743/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/campaign-02122018154124.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Xinjiang+Authorities+Launch+Anti-Religion+Campaign+Through+Local+Police+Stations&rft.pub=Radio+Free+Asia&rft.date=2018-02-12&rft.au=Shohret+Hoshur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfa.org%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Fuyghur%2Fcampaign-02122018154124.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC2018-100"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC2018_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-46588650">"Alarm over China's Church crackdown"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 18 December 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190105171647/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-46588650">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2018. <q>Among those arrested are a prominent pastor and his wife, of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Rain_Covenant_Church" title="Early Rain Covenant Church">Early Rain Covenant Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>. Both have been charged with state subversion. And on Saturday morning, dozens of police raided a children's Bible class at Rongguili Church in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>. One Christian in Chengdu told the BBC: "I'm lucky they haven't found me yet." China is officially atheist, though says it allows religious freedom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alarm+over+China%27s+Church+crackdown&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2018-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-46588650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2178532/santa-claus-wont-be-coming-town-chinese-officials-ban-christmas">"Santa Claus won't be coming to this town, as Chinese officials ban Christmas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a>. 18 December 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190112085857/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2178532/santa-claus-wont-be-coming-town-chinese-officials-ban-christmas">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2018. <q>Christmas is not a recognised holiday in mainland China – where the ruling party is officially atheist – and for many years authorities have taken a tough stance on anyone who celebrates it in public. ... The statement by Langfang officials said that anyone who was caught selling Christmas trees, wreaths, stockings or Santa Claus figures in the city would be punished. ... While the ban on the sale of Christmas goods might appear to be directed at retailers, it also comes amid a crackdown on Christians who are practising their religion across the country. On Saturday morning, more than 60 police officers and officials stormed a children's Bible class in Guangzhou, the capital of southern China's Guangdong province. The incident came after authorities shut down the 1,500-member Zion Church in Beijing in September and Chengdu's 500-member Early Rain Covenant Church last week. In the case of the latter, about 100 worshippers were snatched from their homes or from the streets in coordinated raids.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Santa+Claus+won%27t+be+coming+to+this+town%2C+as+Chinese+officials+ban+Christmas&rft.date=2018-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fsociety%2Farticle%2F2178532%2Fsanta-claus-wont-be-coming-town-chinese-officials-ban-christmas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/5a9c70110c524804856897a091e79036">"China orders crackdown on large outdoor religious statues"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 2018-05-26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924012257/https://apnews.com/5a9c70110c524804856897a091e79036">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-09-24. Retrieved 2019-09-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=China+orders+crackdown+on+large+outdoor+religious+statues&rft.date=2018-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2F5a9c70110c524804856897a091e79036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2018/05/26/china-orders-crackdown-on-outdoor-religious-statues.html">"China orders crackdown on outdoor religious statues"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Week_(Indian_magazine)" title="The Week (Indian magazine)">The Week</a>. May 26, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924012258/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2018/05/26/china-orders-crackdown-on-outdoor-religious-statues.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2019. Retrieved 2019-09-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=China+orders+crackdown+on+outdoor+religious+statues&rft.date=2018-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweek.in%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2018%2F05%2F26%2Fchina-orders-crackdown-on-outdoor-religious-statues.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parke2020-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parke2020_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parke2020_104-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParke2020" class="citation web cs1">Parke, Caleb (23 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/coronavirus-china-update-christian-persecution-vom">"In coronavirus fight, China hasn't stopped persecuting Christians: watchdog"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200327162510/https://www.foxnews.com/world/coronavirus-china-update-christian-persecution-vom">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+coronavirus+fight%2C+China+hasn%27t+stopped+persecuting+Christians%3A+watchdog&rft.pub=Fox+News&rft.date=2020-03-23&rft.aulast=Parke&rft.aufirst=Caleb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2Fcoronavirus-china-update-christian-persecution-vom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klett2020-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klett2020_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klett2020_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlett2020" class="citation web cs1">Klett, Leah MarieAnn (21 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianpost.com/news/china-demolishes-church-removes-crosses-as-christians-worship-at-home.html">"China demolishes church, removes crosses as Christians worship at home"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Post" title="The Christian Post">The Christian Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200322131223/https://www.christianpost.com/news/china-demolishes-church-removes-crosses-as-christians-worship-at-home.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+demolishes+church%2C+removes+crosses+as+Christians+worship+at+home&rft.pub=The+Christian+Post&rft.date=2020-03-21&rft.aulast=Klett&rft.aufirst=Leah+MarieAnn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianpost.com%2Fnews%2Fchina-demolishes-church-removes-crosses-as-christians-worship-at-home.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLau2020" class="citation news cs1">Lau, Mimi (September 6, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3100406/china-doubles-down-against-foreign-teachers-spreading">"China doubles down against foreign teachers spreading Christianity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200906130443/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3100406/china-doubles-down-against-foreign-teachers-spreading">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2020. 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Retrieved March 23, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Uyghur+Forced+Labor+Prevention+Act+Goes+into+Effect&rft.date=2022-06-27&rft.aulast=Flacks&rft.aufirst=Marti&rft.au=Songy%2C+Madeleine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csis.org%2Fanalysis%2Fuyghur-forced-labor-prevention-act-goes-effect&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-china-idUSKBN2920JZ">"U.S. bolsters support for Taiwan and Tibet, angering China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 2020-12-28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228134801/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-china-idUSKBN2920JZ">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-12-28. 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Retrieved December 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=Trump+signs+Tibet+policy+to+preempt+Chinese+move+on+Dalai+Lama%27s+succession&rft.date=2020-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Ftrump-signs-tibet-policy-to-preempt-chinese-move-on-dalai-lamas-succession-190543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncregister.com/cna/us-house-passes-bill-to-combat-forced-organ-harvesting">"US House Passes Bill to Combat Forced Organ Harvesting"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Catholic_Register" title="National Catholic Register">National Catholic Register</a>. 28 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328180057/https://www.ncregister.com/cna/us-house-passes-bill-to-combat-forced-organ-harvesting">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2024. 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June 2, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240804183343/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/senate-sanctions-france-06022023145810.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2024. 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The Telegraph. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240818194620/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/08/09/organ-harvesting-survivor-cheng-pei-ming-china/">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-08-18. Retrieved 2024-08-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Chinese+organ+harvesting+victim+woke+up+chained+to+bed+with+parts+of+liver+and+lung+missing&rft.date=2024-08-09&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Cleave&rft.aufirst=Iona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fworld-news%2F2024%2F08%2F09%2Forgan-harvesting-survivor-cheng-pei-ming-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntireligious+campaigns+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antireligious_campaigns_in_China&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscirf.gov/countries/china">United States Commission on International Religious Freedom - China reports</a></li></ul> <div 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id="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination212" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li>Campaigns in China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_violence" title="Communal violence">Communal violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">Deprogramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration" title="Desecration">Desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">Extrajudicial killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment" title="Extrajudicial punishment">Extrajudicial punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_cleansing" title="Population cleansing">Population cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persecution_of_Canaanite_Pagans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persecution of Canaanite Pagans (page does not exist)">Persecution of Canaanite Pagans</a> (1210 BC-1200 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire</a> (64–313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire</a> (c. 324–c. 491)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent</a> (c.550–c. 1200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Turban_Rebellion" title="Yellow Turban Rebellion">Yellow Turban Rebellion</a> (c.184–c. 205)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a> (732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a> (1096)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">Jerusalem massacre</a> (1099)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a> (643–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> (1184–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Ayyadieh" title="Massacre at Ayyadieh">Massacre at Ayyadieh</a> (1191)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a> (12th–16th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusades#Crusades_against_Christians" title="List of Crusades">Crusades against Christians</a> (13th–15th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversions_of_Muslims_in_Spain" title="Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain">Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain</a> (1500–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a> (1522–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a> (1526–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a> (1561–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> (1562–1598)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a> (1609–1614)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_Acts_1673_%26_1678" title="Test Acts 1673 & 1678">Test Acts</a> (1673–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> (1683–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_S%C3%A1mi_people" title="Christianization of the Sámi people">Christianization of the Sámi people</a> (1700s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolutionary dechristianisation</a> (1789–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a> (1857–1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 Mount Lebanon civil war</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a> (1913–1922) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a> (1914–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> (1915–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc">Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc</a> (1917–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Soviet persecution</a> (1922–1991) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War">1917–1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">1921–1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1928%E2%80%931941)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)">1928–1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1958%E2%80%931964)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1958–1964)">1958–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1970s%E2%80%931987)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1970s–1987)">1970–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-religious_legislation" title="Soviet anti-religious legislation">legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ahovi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Šahovići massacre">Šahovići massacre</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror (Spain)</a> (1936–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_boycott_of_Jewish_businesses" title="Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses">Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_anti-religious_campaign" title="Polish anti-religious campaign">Communist Polish persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Religious_Campaign_in_communist_Romania" title="Anti-Religious Campaign in communist Romania">Communist Romanian persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Bihar_riots" title="1946 Bihar riots">1946 Bihar riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Rawalpindi_massacres" title="1947 Rawalpindi massacres">Rawalpindi massacres</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan#Religious_persecution" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" title="Violence against Muslims in independent India">Violence against Muslims in India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#India" title="Persecution of Hindus">Violence against Hindus in independent India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Jewish exodus from the Muslim world</a> (1948–1980)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antireligious campaigns in China</a> (1949–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Persecution of Tibetans</a> (1950–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950%E2%80%931951)" title="Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950–1951)">Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence in Nigeria</a> (1953–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a> (1963) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3n_shootings" title="Huế Phật Đản shootings">Huế Phật Đản shootings</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức">Thích Quảng Đức</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda_raids" title="Xá Lợi Pagoda raids">Xá Lợi Pagoda raids</a> (1963)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> (1966–1976) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famen_Temple#People's_Republic_of_China" title="Famen Temple">Famen Temple</a> (1966)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#Bangladesh" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh</a> (1971–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> (1975–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_Process" title="Revival Process">Revival Process</a> (1984–1989) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Excursion" title="Big Excursion">Big Excursion</a> (1989)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991–2001) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War">Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War</a> (1992–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian genocide</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">War crimes in the Kosovo War</a> (1999)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walisongo_school_massacre" title="Walisongo school massacre">Walisongo school massacre</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh massacres</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat riots</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a> (2004–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maspero_demonstrations" title="Maspero demonstrations">Maspero demonstrations</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_by_Islamic_extremists_in_Bangladesh" title="Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh">Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh</a> (2013–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidi genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Genocide of Christians by ISIL</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a> (2016–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sri_Lanka_Easter_bombings" title="2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings">2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Delhi_riots" title="2020 Delhi riots">2020 Delhi riots</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Istanbul_church_shooting" title="2024 Istanbul church shooting">2024 Istanbul church shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocus_City_Hall_attack" title="Crocus City Hall attack">Crocus City Hall attack</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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