CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Christopher Columbus - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"17a99f68-70e4-4fbf-854d-0fe75295bfdb","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Christopher_Columbus","wgTitle":"Christopher Columbus","wgCurRevisionId":1275908184,"wgRevisionId":1275908184,"wgArticleId":5635,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Italian-language text","Pages with Italian IPA","Articles containing Ligurian-language text","Pages with Ligurian IPA","Articles containing Spanish-language text","Pages with Spanish IPA","Articles containing Portuguese-language text","Pages with Portuguese IPA","Articles containing Catalan-language text","Pages with Catalan IPA","Articles containing Latin-language text","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)", "Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia","Articles with Portuguese-language sources (pt)","All pages needing factual verification","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2020","CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2020","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia pages semi-protected due to dispute","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism","Use dmy dates from September 2024","Articles containing Taino-language text","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Commons link is locally defined","Articles with Project Gutenberg links","Articles with Internet Archive links","Articles with LibriVox links", "Christopher Columbus","1451 births","1506 deaths","1490s in Cuba","1490s in the Caribbean","1492 in North America","15th-century apocalypticists","15th-century Genoese people","15th-century Italian explorers","15th-century Roman Catholics","16th-century diarists","16th-century Genoese people","Burials at Seville Cathedral","Colonial governors of Santo Domingo","Columbus family","Explorers from the Republic of Genoa","Explorers of Central America","Italian expatriates in Spain","Italian explorers of North America","Italian explorers of South America","Italian people imprisoned abroad","Italian Roman Catholics","Palmarian saints","Foreign nationals imprisoned in Spain","Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Christopher_Columbus","wgRelevantArticleId":5635,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"], "wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7322","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init", "ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Portrait_of_a_Man%2C_Said_to_be_Christopher_Columbus.jpg/1200px-Portrait_of_a_Man%2C_Said_to_be_Christopher_Columbus.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1452"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Portrait_of_a_Man%2C_Said_to_be_Christopher_Columbus.jpg/800px-Portrait_of_a_Man%2C_Said_to_be_Christopher_Columbus.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="968"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Portrait_of_a_Man%2C_Said_to_be_Christopher_Columbus.jpg/640px-Portrait_of_a_Man%2C_Said_to_be_Christopher_Columbus.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="774"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Christopher Columbus - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Christopher_Columbus rootpage-Christopher_Columbus skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Christopher+Columbus" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Christopher+Columbus" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Christopher+Columbus" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Christopher+Columbus" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Early life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quest_for_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quest_for_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Quest for Asia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Quest_for_Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Quest for Asia subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Quest_for_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Geographical considerations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nautical_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nautical_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Nautical considerations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nautical_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quest_for_financial_support_for_a_voyage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quest_for_financial_support_for_a_voyage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Quest for financial support for a voyage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quest_for_financial_support_for_a_voyage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agreement_with_the_Spanish_Crown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agreement_with_the_Spanish_Crown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Agreement with the Spanish Crown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agreement_with_the_Spanish_Crown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voyages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voyages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Voyages </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voyages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Voyages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Voyages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_voyage_(1492–1493)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_voyage_(1492–1493)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 First voyage (1492–1493) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_voyage_(1492–1493)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_voyage_(1493–1496)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_voyage_(1493–1496)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Second voyage (1493–1496) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_voyage_(1493–1496)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_voyage_(1498–1500)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_voyage_(1498–1500)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Third voyage (1498–1500) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_voyage_(1498–1500)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_voyage_(1502–1504)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_voyage_(1502–1504)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Fourth voyage (1502–1504) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_voyage_(1502–1504)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life,_illness,_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life,_illness,_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Later life, illness, and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life,_illness,_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location_of_remains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location_of_remains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Location of remains </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location_of_remains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Commemoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Originality_of_discovery_of_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Originality_of_discovery_of_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Originality of discovery of America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Originality_of_discovery_of_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-America_as_a_distinct_land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#America_as_a_distinct_land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 America as a distinct land </div> </a> <ul id="toc-America_as_a_distinct_land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shape_of_the_Earth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shape_of_the_Earth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Shape of the Earth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shape_of_the_Earth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_and_defense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_and_defense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Criticism and defense </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_and_defense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brutality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brutality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.1 Brutality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brutality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depopulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depopulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.2 Depopulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depopulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navigational_expertise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigational_expertise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.3 Navigational expertise </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navigational_expertise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Physical appearance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Christopher Columbus</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 206 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-206" aria-hidden="true" > 206 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophorus_Columbus" title="Christophorus Columbus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Christophorus Columbus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Kolumbus" title="Christoph Kolumbus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Christoph Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AA%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B6%E1%8D%8E%E1%88%AD_%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%8E%E1%88%9D%E1%89%A0%E1%88%B5" title="ክሪስቶፎር ኮሎምበስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ክሪስቶፎር ኮሎምበስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8" title="क्रिस्टोफ़र कोलम्बस – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="क्रिस्टोफ़र कोलम्बस" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3" title="كريستوفر كولومبوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كريستوفر كولومبوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristofo_Colombo" title="Cristofo Colombo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cristofo Colombo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%86%D5%A8%D6%80_%D5%94%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Քրիսթոֆըր Քոլոմպոս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քրիսթոֆըր Քոլոմպոս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B" title="ক্ৰিষ্টোফাৰ কলম্বাছ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ক্ৰিষ্টোফাৰ কলম্বাছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Col%C3%B3n" title="Cristóbal Colón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cristóbal Colón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8" title="क्रिस्टोफर कोलम्बस – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="क्रिस्टोफर कोलम्बस" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirit%C3%B3val_Kol%C3%B5" title="Kiritóval Kolõ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kiritóval Kolõ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoforo_Colombo" title="Cristoforo Colombo – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Cristoforo Colombo" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xristofor_Kolumb" title="Xristofor Kolumb – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xristofor Kolumb" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8" title="کریستوفور‌کولومب – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کریستوفور‌کولومب" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="ক্রিস্টোফার কলম্বাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্রিস্টোফার কলম্বাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophorus_Columbus" title="Christophorus Columbus – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Christophorus Columbus" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristoforus_Kolumbus" title="Kristoforus Kolumbus – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Kristoforus Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1" title="Христофор Колумб – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Христофор Колумб" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1" title="Хрыстафор Калумб – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хрыстафор Калумб" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B1" title="Хрыстафор Калюмб – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хрыстафор Калюмб" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8" title="क्रिस्टोफर कोलंबस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="क्रिस्टोफर कोलंबस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1" title="Христофор Колумб – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Христофор Колумб" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Kolumbus" title="Christoph Kolumbus – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Christoph Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%A5%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཁ་རི་སི་ཐོའོ་ཧྥུ་ཀོ་ལུན་སྤུ་སི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁ་རི་སི་ཐོའོ་ཧྥུ་ཀོ་ལུན་སྤུ་སི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristofor_Kolumbo" title="Kristofor Kolumbo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kristofor Kolumbo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristol_Goulm" title="Kristol Goulm – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kristol Goulm" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1" title="Христофор Колумб – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Христофор Колумб" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B2for_Colom" title="Cristòfor Colom – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cristòfor Colom" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1" title="Христофор Колумб – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Христофор Колумб" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristobal_Colon" title="Cristobal Colon – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Cristobal Colon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kry%C5%A1tof_Kolumbus" title="Kryštof Kolumbus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kryštof Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristofaru_Colombu" title="Cristofaru Colombu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Cristofaru Colombu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoffer_Columbus" title="Christoffer Columbus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Christoffer Columbus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%81_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3" title="كريسطوف كولومبوس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كريسطوف كولومبوس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Kolumbus" title="Christoph Kolumbus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Christoph Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8" title="क्रिस्टोफर कोलम्बस – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="क्रिस्टोफर कोलम्बस" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Kolumbus" title="Christoph Kolumbus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Christoph Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Χριστόφορος Κολόμβος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χριστόφορος Κολόμβος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Col%C3%B3n" title="Cristóbal Colón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cristóbal Colón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristoforo_Kolumbo" title="Kristoforo Kolumbo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kristoforo Kolumbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Col%C3%B3n" title="Cristóbal Colón – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Cristóbal Colón" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristobal_Kolon" title="Kristobal Kolon – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kristobal Kolon" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81_%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8" title="کریستف کلمب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کریستف کلمب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristoffur_Kolumbus" title="Kristoffur Kolumbus – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kristoffur Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_Colomb" title="Christophe Colomb – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Christophe Colomb" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristoffel_Kolumbus" title="Kristoffel Kolumbus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kristoffel Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoful_Colomp" title="Cristoful Colomp – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cristoful Colomp" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%ADost%C3%B3ir_Colambas" title="Críostóir Colambas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Críostóir Colambas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoforo_Colombo" title="Cristoforo Colombo – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cristoforo Colombo" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristovo_Col%C3%B3n" title="Cristovo Colón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cristovo Colón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E5%B8%83" title="哥倫布 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="哥倫布" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoforo_Colombo" title="Cristoforo Colombo – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Cristoforo Colombo" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1,_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Колумб, Христофор – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Колумб, Христофор" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%ED%8D%BC_%EC%BD%9C%EB%9F%BC%EB%B2%84%EC%8A%A4" title="크리스토퍼 콜럼버스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크리스토퍼 콜럼버스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D6%80_%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Քրիստափոր Կոլումբոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քրիստափոր Կոլումբոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8" title="क्रिस्टोफ़र कोलम्बस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्रिस्टोफ़र कोलम्बस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristofor_Kolumbo" title="Kristofor Kolumbo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kristofor Kolumbo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoforo_Colombo" title="Cristoforo Colombo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cristoforo Colombo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristofer_Kolumbus" title="Kristofer Kolumbus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kristofer Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophoro_Columbo" title="Christophoro Columbo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Christophoro Columbo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1,_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Колумб, Христофор – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Колумб, Христофор" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krist%C3%B3fer_K%C3%B3lumbus" title="Kristófer Kólumbus – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kristófer Kólumbus" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoforo_Colombo" title="Cristoforo Colombo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cristoforo Colombo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A1" title="כריסטופר קולומבוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כריסטופר קולומבוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_Colomb" title="Christophe Colomb – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Christophe Colomb" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕ್ರಿಸ್ಟೊಫರ್ ಕೊಲಂಬಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ರಿಸ್ಟೊಫರ್ ಕೊಲಂಬಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ქრისტეფორე კოლუმბი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქრისტეფორე კოლუმბი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1" title="Христофор Колумб – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Христофор Колумб" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoforo_Colombo" title="Cristoforo Colombo – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Cristoforo Colombo" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristoforo_Kolumbus" title="Kristoforo Kolumbus – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kristoforo Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoforo_Colombo" title="Cristoforo Colombo – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Cristoforo Colombo" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krist%C3%B2f_Kolon" title="Kristòf Kolon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kristòf Kolon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krist%C3%B2f_Kolon" title="Kristòf Kolon – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kristòf Kolon" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%AEstofor_Kolumbus" title="Krîstofor Kolumbus – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Krîstofor Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1" title="Христофор Колумб – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Христофор Колумб" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1,_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Колумб, Христофор – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Колумб, Христофор" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoforo_Colombo" title="Cristoforo Colombo – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Cristoforo Colombo" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristof_Kolomb" title="Kristof Kolomb – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kristof Kolomb" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophorus_Columbus" title="Christophorus Columbus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Christophorus Columbus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristofors_Kolumbs" title="Kristofors Kolumbs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kristofors Kolumbs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Kolumbus" title="Christoph Kolumbus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Christoph Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1" title="Христофор Колумб – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Христофор Колумб" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristupas_Kolumbas" title="Kristupas Kolumbas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kristupas Kolumbas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoffa_Combo" title="Cristoffa Combo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Cristoffa Combo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoffel_Columbus" title="Christoffel Columbus – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Christoffel Columbus" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoforo_Colombo" title="Cristoforo Colombo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cristoforo Colombo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristoffer_Kolumbus" title="Kristoffer Kolumbus – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kristoffer Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kristoforos.kolombos." title="kristoforos.kolombos. – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="kristoforos.kolombos." data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B2foro_Col%C3%B3mbo" title="Cristòforo Colómbo – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cristòforo Colómbo" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbusz_Krist%C3%B3f" title="Kolumbusz Kristóf – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kolumbusz Kristóf" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8" title="क्रिस्टोफर कोलम्बस – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="क्रिस्टोफर कोलम्बस" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Кристофер Колумбо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кристофер Колумбо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_Colomb" title="Christophe Colomb – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Christophe Colomb" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ക്രിസ്റ്റഫർ കൊളംബസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്രിസ്റ്റഫർ കൊളംബസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristofru_Kolombu" title="Kristofru Kolombu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kristofru Kolombu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B" title="क्रिस्तोफोरो कोलोंबो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्रिस्तोफोरो कोलोंबो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ქრისტეფორე კოლუმბი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქრისტეფორე კოლუმბი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3" title="كريستوفر كولومبوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كريستوفر كولومبوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8" title="کریستوفر کلمب – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کریستوفر کلمب" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristobo_Colombo" title="Cristobo Colombo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Cristobo Colombo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1" title="Христофер Колумб – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Христофер Колумб" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%96%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B6%E1%80%98%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ခရစ္စတိုဖာ ကိုလံဘတ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခရစ္စတိုဖာ ကိုလံဘတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoffel_Columbus" title="Christoffel Columbus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Christoffel Columbus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoffel_Columbus" title="Christoffel Columbus – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Christoffel Columbus" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8" title="क्रिस्टोफर कोलम्बस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="क्रिस्टोफर कोलम्बस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8" title="क्रिस्टोफर कोलम्बस – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="क्रिस्टोफर कोलम्बस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%82%B9" title="クリストファー・コロンブス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クリストファー・コロンブス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9E%DF%99%DF%8C%DF%9B%DF%91%DF%95%DF%90%DF%9D_%DF%9E%DF%90%DF%9F%DF%90%DF%B2%DF%93" title="ߞߙߌߛߑߕߐߝ ߞߐߟߐ߲ߓ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߞߙߌߛߑߕߐߝ ߞߐߟߐ߲ߓ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1,_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Колумб, Христофор – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Колумб, Христофор" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Kolumbus" title="Christoph Kolumbus – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Christoph Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christofer_Columbus" title="Christofer Columbus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Christofer Columbus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristoffer_Columbus" title="Kristoffer Columbus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kristoffer Columbus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_Coloumb" title="Christophe Coloumb – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Christophe Coloumb" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb" title="Cristòl Colomb – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cristòl Colomb" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B8" title="କଲମ୍ବସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କଲମ୍ବସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xristofor_Kolumb" title="Xristofor Kolumb – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xristofor Kolumb" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B8" title="ਕ੍ਰਿਸਟੋਫ਼ਰ ਕੋਲੰਬਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕ੍ਰਿਸਟੋਫ਼ਰ ਕੋਲੰਬਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B3" title="کولمبس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کولمبس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Col%C3%B3n" title="Cristóbal Colón – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Cristóbal Colón" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B3" title="کریستوفر کولومبس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کریستوفر کولومبس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krixtifa_Kolombos" title="Krixtifa Kolombos – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Krixtifa Kolombos" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%94_%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%BB%E1%9F%86" title="គ្រីស្តុប កូឡុំ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="គ្រីស្តុប កូឡុំ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristofe_Colomb" title="Cristofe Colomb – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Cristofe Colomb" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B2fo_Colomb" title="Cristòfo Colomb – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Cristòfo Colomb" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Kolumbus" title="Christoph Kolumbus – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Christoph Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Kolumb" title="Krzysztof Kolumb – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Krzysztof Kolumb" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_Colombo" title="Cristóvão Colombo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cristóvão Colombo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoforo_Colombo" title="Cristoforo Colombo – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Cristoforo Colombo" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristofor_Kolumb" title="Hristofor Kolumb – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Hristofor Kolumb" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Kolumbus" title="Christoph Kolumbus – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Christoph Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristofor_Columb" title="Cristofor Columb – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cristofor Columb" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristof_Columbus" title="Cristof Columbus – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Cristof Columbus" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiristuphar_Kulun" title="Kiristuphar Kulun – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kiristuphar Kulun" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1" title="Крістофор Колумб – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Крістофор Колумб" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1,_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Колумб, Христофор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колумб, Христофор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Колумб Христофор – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Колумб Христофор" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelistuhu.kelunpu" title="Kelistuhu.kelunpu – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Kelistuhu.kelunpu" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8_%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱠᱷᱨᱤᱥᱴᱳᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱟᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱷᱨᱤᱥᱴᱳᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱟᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoforo_Colombo" title="Cristoforo Colombo – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Cristoforo Colombo" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Kolumbus" title="Christoph Kolumbus – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Christoph Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristofor_Kolombi" title="Kristofor Kolombi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kristofor Kolombi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B2furu_Culommu" title="Cristòfuru Culommu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cristòfuru Culommu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%86%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="ක්‍රිස්ටෝෆර් කොළොම්බස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ක්‍රිස්ටෝෆර් කොළොම්බස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%BD%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1_%DA%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B3" title="ڪرسٽوفر ڪولمبس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪرسٽوفر ڪولمبس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kri%C5%A1tof_Kolumbus" title="Krištof Kolumbus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Krištof Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kri%C5%A1tof_Kolumb" title="Krištof Kolumb – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Krištof Kolumb" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzisztof_Kol%C5%AFmb" title="Krzisztof Kolůmb – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Krzisztof Kolůmb" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristoffer_Kolombus" title="Kristoffer Kolombus – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kristoffer Kolombus" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%81%DB%95%D8%B1_%DA%A9%DB%86%DA%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B3" title="کریستۆفەر کۆڵومبس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کریستۆفەر کۆڵومبس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Кристифор Колумбо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кристифор Колумбо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristofor_Kolumbo" title="Kristofor Kolumbo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kristofor Kolumbo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristoffer_Kolumbus" title="Kristoffer Kolumbus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kristoffer Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christofer_Columbus" title="Christofer Columbus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Christofer Columbus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="கிறித்தோபர் கொலம்பசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிறித்தோபர் கொலம்பசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoforo_Colombo" title="Cristoforo Colombo – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Cristoforo Colombo" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1" title="Христофор Колумб – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Христофор Колумб" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="క్రిస్టోఫర్ కొలంబస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="క్రిస్టోఫర్ కొలంబస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="คริสโตเฟอร์ โคลัมบัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสโตเฟอร์ โคลัมบัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1" title="Христофор Колумб – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Христофор Колумб" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristof_Kolomb" title="Kristof Kolomb – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kristof Kolomb" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristofor_Kolumb" title="Hristofor Kolumb – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Hristofor Kolumb" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%CC%B1soba_Ka%CC%B1la%CC%B1mbwot" title="Ki̱soba Ka̱la̱mbwot – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ki̱soba Ka̱la̱mbwot" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1,_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Колумб, Христофор – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Колумб, Христофор" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1" title="Христофор Колумб – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Христофор Колумб" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B3" title="کرسٹوفر کولمبس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کرسٹوفر کولمبس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%DB%87%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88" title="كولۇمبو – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كولۇمبو" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B2foro_Co%C5%82onbo" title="Cristòforo Cołonbo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cristòforo Cołonbo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumb_Hristofor" title="Kolumb Hristofor – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kolumb Hristofor" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoforo_Colombo" title="Cristoforo Colombo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cristoforo Colombo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoforo_Colombo" title="Cristoforo Colombo – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Cristoforo Colombo" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbus%C3%B5_Christoph" title="Kolumbusõ Christoph – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kolumbusõ Christoph" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristofe_Colombe" title="Cristofe Colombe – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Cristofe Colombe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E5%B8%83" title="哥倫布 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="哥倫布" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Col%C3%B3n" title="Cristóbal Colón – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Cristóbal Colón" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E5%B8%83" title="克里斯托弗·哥伦布 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="克里斯托弗·哥伦布" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A1" title="קריסטאפער קאלאמבוס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קריסטאפער קאלאמבוס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E6%9D%9C%E5%8C%96%C2%B7%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E5%B8%83" title="基斯杜化·哥倫布 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="基斯杜化·哥倫布" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristof_Kolomb" title="Kristof Kolomb – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kristof Kolomb" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoffel_Columbus" title="Christoffel Columbus – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Christoffel Columbus" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristops_Kuolumbos" title="Kristops Kuolumbos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kristops Kuolumbos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E5%B8%83" title="克里斯托弗·哥伦布 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克里斯托弗·哥伦布" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xristofor_Kolumb" title="Xristofor Kolumb – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Xristofor Kolumb" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%94_%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99" title="ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴼⵔ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵓⵙ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴼⵔ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵓⵙ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7322#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Christopher_Columbus" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Columbus&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Columbus&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Columbus&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Columbus&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Christopher_Columbus" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Christopher_Columbus" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Columbus&oldid=1275908184" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Columbus&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Christopher_Columbus&id=1275908184&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChristopher_Columbus">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChristopher_Columbus">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Christopher_Columbus&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Columbus&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-sources mw-list-item"><a href="https://wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Cristof_Columbus" hreflang="en">Multilingual Wikisource</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Christopher_Columbus" hreflang="en">Wikisource</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7322" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Italian navigator and explorer (1451–1506)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cristoforo Colombo" and "Admiral of the Ocean Sea" redirect here. For his direct descendant, see <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Col%C3%B3n_de_Carvajal,_18th_Duke_of_Veragua" title="Cristóbal Colón de Carvajal, 18th Duke of Veragua">Cristóbal Colón de Carvajal, 18th Duke of Veragua</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Christopher Columbus (disambiguation)">Christopher Columbus (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cristoforo_Colombo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cristoforo Colombo (disambiguation)">Cristoforo Colombo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;">Admiral of the Ocean Sea</div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Christopher Columbus</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_Man,_Said_to_be_Christopher_Columbus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Portrait_of_a_Man%2C_Said_to_be_Christopher_Columbus.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_a_Man%2C_Said_to_be_Christopher_Columbus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Portrait_of_a_Man%2C_Said_to_be_Christopher_Columbus.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_a_Man%2C_Said_to_be_Christopher_Columbus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Portrait_of_a_Man%2C_Said_to_be_Christopher_Columbus.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_a_Man%2C_Said_to_be_Christopher_Columbus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4266" data-file-height="5161" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Posthumous portrait of a man, said to be Christopher Columbus, by <a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_del_Piombo" title="Sebastiano del Piombo">Sebastiano del Piombo</a>, 1519<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Indies">Governor of the Indies</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1492–1499</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Appointed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Bobadilla" title="Francisco de Bobadilla">Francisco de Bobadilla</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Between 25 August and 31 October 1451 <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">(1506-05-20)20 May 1506 (aged 54) <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Seville_Cathedral" title="Seville Cathedral">Seville Cathedral</a>, Seville, Spain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Filipa_Moniz_Perestrelo" title="Filipa Moniz Perestrelo">Filipa Moniz Perestrelo</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1479; died 1484)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Domestic partner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Beatriz_Enr%C3%ADquez_de_Arana" title="Beatriz Enríquez de Arana">Beatriz Enríquez de Arana</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Columbus" title="Ferdinand Columbus">Ferdinand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus_(Lucayan)" title="Diego Columbus (Lucayan)">Diego (adopted Lucayan)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Colombo" title="Domenico Colombo">Domenico Colombo</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Fontanarossa" title="Susanna Fontanarossa">Susanna Fontanarossa</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Columbus" title="Bartholomew Columbus">Bartholomew Columbus</a> (brother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime explorer">Maritime explorer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbus_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christopher Columbus's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Columbus_Signature.svg/128px-Columbus_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Columbus_Signature.svg/192px-Columbus_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Columbus_Signature.svg/256px-Columbus_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="289" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Christopher Columbus<a href="#cite_note-3">[b]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kəˈlʌmbəs/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a> between 25 August and 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was an <a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italian</a><a href="#cite_note-Delaney2011-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[c]</a> explorer and navigator from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a><a href="#cite_note-Delaney2011-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FlintECB2022-6">[4]</a> who completed <a href="/wiki/Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus" title="Voyages of Christopher Columbus">four Spanish-based voyages across the Atlantic Ocean</a> sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a>, opening the way for the widespread European <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">exploration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the Americas">colonization of the Americas</a>. His expeditions were the first known European contact with the Caribbean and Central and South America. The name Christopher Columbus is the <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation_(linguistics)" title="Anglicisation (linguistics)">anglicization</a> of the Latin Christophorus Columbus. Growing up on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>, he went to sea at a young age and traveled widely, as far north as the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> and as far south as what is now <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>. He married Portuguese noblewoman <a href="/wiki/Filipa_Moniz_Perestrelo" title="Filipa Moniz Perestrelo">Filipa Moniz Perestrelo</a>, who bore a son, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego</a>, and was based in Lisbon for several years. He later took a Castilian mistress, <a href="/wiki/Beatriz_Enr%C3%ADquez_de_Arana" title="Beatriz Enríquez de Arana">Beatriz Enríquez de Arana</a>, who bore a son, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Columbus" title="Ferdinand Columbus">Ferdinand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fernández-Armesto2010-8">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Taviani201624-9">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips1992126-10">[7]</a> Largely self-educated, Columbus was knowledgeable in geography, astronomy, and history. He developed a plan to seek a western sea passage to the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a>, hoping to profit from the lucrative <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Granada_War" title="Granada War">Granada War</a>, and Columbus's persistent lobbying in multiple kingdoms, the Catholic Monarchs, Queen <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella I">Isabella I</a> and King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II</a>, agreed to sponsor a journey west. Columbus left Castile in August 1492 with three ships and made landfall in the Americas on 12 October, ending the period of human habitation in the Americas now referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Columbian era</a>. His landing place was an island in <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">the Bahamas</a>, known by its native inhabitants as <a href="/wiki/Guanahani" title="Guanahani">Guanahani</a>. He then visited the islands now known as Cuba and <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>, establishing <a href="/wiki/La_Navidad" title="La Navidad">a colony</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>. Columbus returned to Castile in early 1493, with captured natives. <a href="/wiki/Columbus%27s_letter_on_the_first_voyage" title="Columbus's letter on the first voyage">Word of his voyage</a> soon spread throughout Europe. Columbus made three further voyages to the Americas, exploring the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a> in 1493, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a> and the northern coast of South America in 1498, and the east coast of Central America in 1502. Many of the names given to geographical features by Columbus, particularly the names of islands, are still in use. He gave the name indios ('Indians') to the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples</a> he encountered. The extent to which he was aware that the Americas were a wholly separate landmass is uncertain; he never clearly renounced his belief he had reached the Far East. As a colonial governor, Columbus was accused by some of his contemporaries of significant brutality and removed from the post. Columbus's strained relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a> and its colonial administrators in America led to his arrest and removal from Hispaniola in 1500, and later to <a href="/wiki/Pleitos_colombinos" title="Pleitos colombinos">protracted litigation</a> over the privileges he and his heirs claimed were owed to them by the Crown. Columbus's expeditions inaugurated a period of exploration, conquest, and colonization that lasted for centuries, thus bringing the Americas into the European sphere of influence. The transfer of plants, animals, precious metals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> that followed his first voyage are known as the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a>, named after him. These events and the effects which persist to the present are often cited as the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern era</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[9]</a> Diseases introduced from the Old World contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples#Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas_(pre-1948)" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">depopulation</a> of Hispaniola's indigenous <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a> people, who were also subject to <a href="/wiki/Enslavement" class="mw-redirect" title="Enslavement">enslavement</a> and other mistreatments by Columbus's government. Increased public awareness of these interactions has led to Columbus being less celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>, which has historically idealized him as a heroic discoverer. Numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_for_Christopher_Columbus" title="List of places named for Christopher Columbus">places have been named</a> for him, as has <a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a>, a personification commonly used to represent the United States. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Origin_theories_of_Christopher_Columbus" title="Origin theories of Christopher Columbus">Origin theories of Christopher Columbus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_di_Colombo_Genova_foto_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Casa_di_Colombo_Genova_foto_2.jpg/220px-Casa_di_Colombo_Genova_foto_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Casa_di_Colombo_Genova_foto_2.jpg/330px-Casa_di_Colombo_Genova_foto_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Casa_di_Colombo_Genova_foto_2.jpg/440px-Casa_di_Colombo_Genova_foto_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus_House" title="Christopher Columbus House">Christopher Columbus House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, Italy, an 18th-century reconstruction of the house in which Columbus grew up. The original was likely destroyed during the 1684 <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Genoa" title="Bombardment of Genoa">bombardment of Genoa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a></figcaption></figure> Columbus's early life is obscure, but scholars believe he was born in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a> between 25 August and 31 October 1451.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards2014-15">[12]</a> His father was <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Colombo" title="Domenico Colombo">Domenico Colombo</a>, a wool weaver who worked in Genoa and <a href="/wiki/Savona" title="Savona">Savona</a>, and owned a cheese stand at which young Christopher worked. His mother was <a href="/wiki/Susanna_Fontanarossa" title="Susanna Fontanarossa">Susanna Fontanarossa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips199291-16">[13]</a> He had three brothers—<a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Columbus" title="Bartholomew Columbus">Bartholomew</a>, Giovanni Pellegrino, and Giacomo (also called Diego)<a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a>—as well as a sister, Bianchinetta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen201156-18">[15]</a> Bartholomew ran a <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a> workshop in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> for at least part of his adulthood.<a href="#cite_note-King2021-19">[16]</a> His native language is presumed to have been a <a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese dialect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a>) as his first language, though Columbus probably never wrote in it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips199296-20">[17]</a> His name in 15th-century Genoese was Cristoffa Corombo,<a href="#cite_note-Galante2022-21">[18]</a> in Italian, Cristoforo Colombo, and in Spanish Cristóbal Colón.<a href="#cite_note-SánchezGuruléBroughton1990-22">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bedini2016-23">[20]</a> In one of his writings, Columbus says he went to sea at 14.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips199296-20">[17]</a> In 1470, the family moved to <a href="/wiki/Savona" title="Savona">Savona</a>, where Domenico took over a tavern. Some modern authors have argued that he was not from Genoa, but from the <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> region of Spain<a href="#cite_note-Wilgus1973-24">[21]</a> or from Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> These competing hypotheses have been discounted by most scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson19973-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips199285-27">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castello_d%27Albertis-DSCF5494.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Castello_d%27Albertis-DSCF5494.JPG/180px-Castello_d%27Albertis-DSCF5494.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Castello_d%27Albertis-DSCF5494.JPG/270px-Castello_d%27Albertis-DSCF5494.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Castello_d%27Albertis-DSCF5494.JPG/360px-Castello_d%27Albertis-DSCF5494.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Colombo giovinetto, sculpture of young Columbus by <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Monteverde" title="Giulio Monteverde">Giulio Monteverde</a>, Genoa</figcaption></figure> In 1473, Columbus began his apprenticeship as business agent for the wealthy <a href="/wiki/Spinola_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinola family">Spinola</a>, Centurione, and Di Negro families of Genoa.<a href="#cite_note-Lyon1992-28">[25]</a> Later, he made a trip to the Greek island <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>, then ruled by Genoa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips199293-29">[26]</a> In May 1476, he took part in an armed convoy sent by Genoa to carry valuable cargo to northern Europe. He probably visited <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, England,<a href="#cite_note-Vigneras2016-30">[27]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a>, Ireland,<a href="#cite_note-UrelandClarkson2011-31">[28]</a> where he may have visited <a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas%27_Collegiate_Church" title="St. Nicholas' Collegiate Church">St. Nicholas' Collegiate Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Graves1949-32">[29]</a> It has been speculated he went to <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> in 1477, though many scholars doubt this.<a href="#cite_note-Enterline2003-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-PaolucciPaolucci1992-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kolodny2012-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-36">[33]</a> It is known that in the autumn of 1477, he sailed on a Portuguese ship from Galway to Lisbon, where he found his brother Bartholomew, and they continued trading for the Centurione family. Columbus based himself in Lisbon from 1477 to 1485. In 1478, the Centuriones sent Columbus on a sugar-buying trip to Madeira.<a href="#cite_note-Fernández-Armesto1991-37">[34]</a> He married <a href="/wiki/Filipa_Moniz_Perestrelo" title="Filipa Moniz Perestrelo">Felipa Perestrello e Moniz</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Perestrello" title="Bartolomeu Perestrello">Bartolomeu Perestrello</a>, a Portuguese nobleman of <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombard</a> origin,<a href="#cite_note-FreitasManey1893-38">[35]</a> who had been the <a href="/wiki/Donatary_captain" title="Donatary captain">donatary captain</a> of <a href="/wiki/Porto_Santo" class="mw-redirect" title="Porto Santo">Porto Santo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Alessandrini2012-39">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christopher_Columbus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Christopher_Columbus.jpg/220px-Christopher_Columbus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Christopher_Columbus.jpg/330px-Christopher_Columbus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Christopher_Columbus.jpg/440px-Christopher_Columbus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="974" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Columbus by <a href="/wiki/Aliprando_Caprioli" title="Aliprando Caprioli">Aliprando Caprioli</a></figcaption></figure> In 1479 or 1480, Columbus's son <a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego</a> was born. Between 1482 and 1485, Columbus traded along the coasts of <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, reaching the Portuguese trading post of <a href="/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina">Elmina</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Guinea_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinea coast">Guinea coast</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Suranyi2015-40">[37]</a> Before 1484, Columbus returned to Porto Santo to find that his wife had died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson199163-41">[38]</a> He returned to Portugal to settle her estate and take Diego with him.<a href="#cite_note-Taviani2016-42">[39]</a> He left Portugal for <a href="/wiki/Castile_(historical_region)" title="Castile (historical region)">Castile</a> in 1485, where he took a mistress in 1487, a 20-year-old orphan named <a href="/wiki/Beatriz_Enr%C3%ADquez_de_Arana" title="Beatriz Enríquez de Arana">Beatriz Enríquez de Arana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips1992126-10">[7]</a> It is likely that Beatriz met Columbus when he was in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a>, a gathering place for Genoese merchants and where the court of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a> was located at intervals. Beatriz, unmarried at the time, gave birth to Columbus's second son, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Columbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando Columbus">Fernando Columbus</a>, in July 1488, named for the monarch of Aragon. Columbus recognized the boy as his offspring. Columbus entrusted his older, legitimate son Diego to take care of Beatriz and pay the pension set aside for her following his death, but Diego was negligent in his duties.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ColombusNotesToMarcoPolo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ColombusNotesToMarcoPolo.jpg/220px-ColombusNotesToMarcoPolo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ColombusNotesToMarcoPolo.jpg/330px-ColombusNotesToMarcoPolo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ColombusNotesToMarcoPolo.jpg/440px-ColombusNotesToMarcoPolo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1334" data-file-height="968" /></a><figcaption>Columbus's copy of <a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo" title="The Travels of Marco Polo">The Travels of Marco Polo</a>, with his handwritten notes in Latin in the margins</figcaption></figure> Columbus learned Latin, Portuguese, and Castilian. He read widely about astronomy, geography, and history, including the works of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_d%27Ailly" title="Pierre d'Ailly">Pierre d'Ailly</a>'s Imago Mundi, the travels of <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Mandeville" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Mandeville">Sir John Mandeville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pope Pius II</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Historia_rerum_ubique_gestarum" title="Historia rerum ubique gestarum">Historia rerum ubique gestarum</a>. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Morgan_(historian)" title="Edmund Morgan (historian)">Edmund Morgan</a>, <blockquote>Columbus was not a scholarly man. Yet he studied these books, made hundreds of marginal notations in them and came out with ideas about the world that were characteristically simple and strong and sometimes wrong ...<a href="#cite_note-ESMorgan-44">[41]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quest_for_Asia">Quest for Asia</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantic_Ocean,_Toscanelli,_1474.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Atlantic_Ocean%2C_Toscanelli%2C_1474.jpg/300px-Atlantic_Ocean%2C_Toscanelli%2C_1474.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Atlantic_Ocean%2C_Toscanelli%2C_1474.jpg/450px-Atlantic_Ocean%2C_Toscanelli%2C_1474.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Atlantic_Ocean%2C_Toscanelli%2C_1474.jpg/600px-Atlantic_Ocean%2C_Toscanelli%2C_1474.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1990" data-file-height="1215" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paolo_dal_Pozzo_Toscanelli" title="Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli">Toscanelli</a>'s notions of the geography of the Atlantic Ocean (shown superimposed on a modern map), which directly influenced Columbus's plans</figcaption></figure> Under the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>'s hegemony over Asia and the <a href="/wiki/Pax_Mongolica" title="Pax Mongolica">Pax Mongolica</a>, Europeans had long enjoyed a safe land passage on the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, including <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>, which were sources of valuable goods. With the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1453, the Silk Road was closed to Christian traders.<a href="#cite_note-DavidannGilbert2019-45">[42]</a> In 1474, the Florentine astronomer <a href="/wiki/Paolo_dal_Pozzo_Toscanelli" title="Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli">Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli</a> suggested to King <a href="/wiki/Afonso_V_of_Portugal" title="Afonso V of Portugal">Afonso V of Portugal</a> that sailing west across the Atlantic would be a quicker way to reach Asia than the route around Africa, but Afonso rejected his proposal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips1992108-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boxer1967-47">[44]</a> In the 1480s, Columbus and his brother proposed a plan to reach the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a> by sailing west. Columbus supposedly wrote to Toscanelli in 1481 and received encouragement, along with a copy of a map the astronomer had sent Afonso implying that a westward route to Asia was possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips1992227-48">[45]</a> Columbus's plans were complicated by <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Dias" title="Bartolomeu Dias">Bartolomeu Dias</a>'s rounding of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> in 1488, which suggested the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Route" title="Cape Route">Cape Route</a> around Africa to Asia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphyCoye2013-49">[46]</a> Columbus had to wait until 1492 for King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain to support his voyage across the Atlantic to find gold, spices, a safer route to the East, and converts to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carol_Delaney" title="Carol Delaney">Carol Delaney</a> and other commentators have argued that Columbus was a <a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Christian millennialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apocalypticist" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocalypticist">apocalypticist</a> and that these beliefs motivated his quest for Asia in a variety of ways. Columbus often wrote about seeking gold in the log books of his voyages and writes about acquiring it "in such quantity that the sovereigns... will undertake and prepare to go conquer the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Sepulcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Sepulcher">Holy Sepulcher</a>" in a fulfillment of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_prophecy" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical prophecy">Biblical prophecy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[d]</a> Columbus often wrote about <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">converting</a> all races to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-jstor3879352-56">[52]</a> Abbas Hamandi argues that Columbus was motivated by the hope of "[delivering] Jerusalem from Muslim hands" by "using the resources of newly discovered lands".<a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographical_considerations">Geographical considerations</h3></div> Despite <a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_flat_Earth" title="Myth of the flat Earth">a popular misconception</a> to the contrary, nearly all educated Westerners of Columbus's time knew that the <a href="/wiki/Spherical_Earth" title="Spherical Earth">Earth is spherical</a>, a concept that had been understood since <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphyCoye2013244-58">[54]</a> The techniques of <a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">celestial navigation</a>, which uses the position of the Sun and the stars in the sky, had long been in use by astronomers and were beginning to be implemented by mariners.<a href="#cite_note-Willoz-Egnor2013-59">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith2002-60">[56]</a> However Columbus made several errors in calculating the size of the Earth, the distance the continent extended to the east, and therefore the distance to the west to reach his goal. First, as far back as the 3rd century BC, <a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a> had correctly computed the circumference of the Earth by using simple geometry and studying the shadows cast by objects at two remote locations.<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> In the 1st century BC, <a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a> confirmed Eratosthenes's results by comparing stellar observations at two separate locations. These measurements were widely known among scholars, but Ptolemy's use of the smaller, old-fashioned units of distance led Columbus to underestimate the size of the Earth by about a third.<a href="#cite_note-Freely2013-63">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ColombusMap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/ColombusMap.jpg/350px-ColombusMap.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/ColombusMap.jpg/525px-ColombusMap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/ColombusMap.jpg/700px-ColombusMap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13616" data-file-height="8421" /></a><figcaption>"Columbus map", drawn c. 1490 in the <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> mapmaking workshop of Bartholomew and Christopher Columbus<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a></figcaption></figure> Second, three <a href="/wiki/Cosmographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmographical">cosmographical</a> parameters determined the bounds of Columbus's enterprise: the distance across the ocean between Europe and Asia, which depended on the extent of the <a href="/wiki/Oikumene" class="mw-redirect" title="Oikumene">oikumene</a>, i.e., the Eurasian land-mass stretching east–west between Spain and China; the circumference of the Earth; and the number of miles or <a href="/wiki/League_(unit)" title="League (unit)">leagues</a> in a degree of <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a>, which was possible to deduce from the theory of the relationship between the size of the surfaces of water and the land as held by the followers of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> in medieval times.<a href="#cite_note-Randles1990-65">[61]</a> From <a href="/wiki/Pierre_d%27Ailly" title="Pierre d'Ailly">Pierre d'Ailly</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imago_Mundi_(Pierre_d%27Ailly)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imago Mundi (Pierre d'Ailly) (page does not exist)">Imago Mundi</a> (1410), Columbus learned of <a href="/wiki/Alfraganus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfraganus">Alfraganus</a>'s estimate that a degree of <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> (equal to approximately a degree of <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> along the equator) spanned 56.67 <a href="/wiki/Arabic_mile" title="Arabic mile">Arabic miles</a> (equivalent to 66.2 nautical miles, 122.6 kilometers or 76.2 mi), but he did not realize that this was expressed in the Arabic mile (about 1,830 meters or 1.14 mi) rather than the shorter <a href="/wiki/Roman_mile" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman mile">Roman mile</a> (about 1,480 m) with which he was familiar.<a href="#cite_note-Mahmud2017-66">[62]</a> Columbus therefore estimated the size of the Earth to be about 75% of Eratosthenes's calculation.<a href="#cite_note-McCormick2012-67">[63]</a> Third, most scholars of the time accepted Ptolemy's estimate that <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> spanned 180° longitude,<a href="#cite_note-Gunn2018-68">[64]</a> rather than the actual 130° (to the Chinese mainland) or 150° (to Japan at the latitude of Spain). Columbus believed an even higher estimate, leaving a smaller percentage for water.<a href="#cite_note-Zacher2016-69">[65]</a> In d'Ailly's Imago Mundi, Columbus read <a href="/wiki/Marinus_of_Tyre" title="Marinus of Tyre">Marinus of Tyre</a>'s estimate that the longitudinal span of Eurasia was 225° at the latitude of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dilke2016-70">[66]</a> Some historians, such as <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Samuel Eliot Morison</a>, have suggested that he followed the statement in the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocryphal</a> book <a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/II_Esdras#Chapter_6" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/II Esdras">6:42</a>) that "six parts [of the globe] are habitable and the seventh is covered with water."<a href="#cite_note-Morison1974-71">[67]</a> He was also aware of Marco Polo's claim that Japan (which he called "Cipangu") was some 2,414 km (1,500 mi) to the east of China ("Cathay"),<a href="#cite_note-Butel2002-72">[68]</a> and closer to the equator than it is. He was influenced by Toscanelli's idea that there were inhabited islands even farther to the east than Japan, including the mythical <a href="/wiki/Antillia" title="Antillia">Antillia</a>, which he thought might lie not much farther to the west than the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1991-73">[69]</a> and the distance westward from the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> to the Indies as only 68 degrees, equivalent to 3,080 nmi (5,700 km; 3,540 mi) (a 58% error).<a href="#cite_note-McCormick2012-67">[63]</a> Based on his sources, Columbus estimated a distance of 2,400 nmi (4,400 km; 2,800 mi) from the Canary Islands west to Japan; the actual distance is 10,600 nmi (19,600 km; 12,200 mi).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips1992110-74">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edson2007-75">[71]</a> No ship in the 15th century could have carried enough food and fresh water for such a long voyage,<a href="#cite_note-Taylor2002-76">[72]</a> and the dangers involved in navigating through the uncharted ocean would have been formidable. Most European navigators reasonably concluded that a westward voyage from Europe to Asia was unfeasible. The Catholic Monarchs, however, having completed the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>, an expensive war against the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, were eager to obtain a competitive edge over other European countries in the quest for trade with the Indies. Columbus's project, though far-fetched, held the promise of such an advantage.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christopher_Columbus_at_the_gates_of_the_monastery_of_Santa_Maria_de_la_Rabida_with_his_son_Diego_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Christopher_Columbus_at_the_gates_of_the_monastery_of_Santa_Maria_de_la_Rabida_with_his_son_Diego_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Christopher_Columbus_at_the_gates_of_the_monastery_of_Santa_Maria_de_la_Rabida_with_his_son_Diego_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Christopher_Columbus_at_the_gates_of_the_monastery_of_Santa_Maria_de_la_Rabida_with_his_son_Diego_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-Christopher_Columbus_at_the_gates_of_the_monastery_of_Santa_Maria_de_la_Rabida_with_his_son_Diego_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Christopher_Columbus_at_the_gates_of_the_monastery_of_Santa_Maria_de_la_Rabida_with_his_son_Diego_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Christopher_Columbus_at_the_gates_of_the_monastery_of_Santa_Maria_de_la_Rabida_with_his_son_Diego_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2107" data-file-height="2875" /></a><figcaption>Christopher Columbus at the gates of the monastery of Santa María de la Rábida with his son <a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Benet_Mercad%C3%A9" title="Benet Mercadé">Benet Mercadé</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nautical_considerations">Nautical considerations</h3></div> Though Columbus was wrong about the number of degrees of longitude that separated Europe from the Far East and about the distance that each degree represented, he did take advantage of the <a href="/wiki/Trade_winds" title="Trade winds">trade winds</a>, which would prove to be the key to his successful navigation of the Atlantic Ocean. He planned to first sail to the Canary Islands before continuing west with the northeast trade wind.<a href="#cite_note-Gómez2008-78">[74]</a> Part of the return to Spain would require traveling against the wind using an arduous sailing technique called <a href="/wiki/Point_of_sail#Close-hauled" title="Point of sail">beating</a>, during which progress is made very slowly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1991132-79">[75]</a> To effectively make the return voyage, Columbus would need to follow the curving trade winds northeastward to the middle latitudes of the North Atlantic, where he would be able to catch the <a href="/wiki/Westerlies" title="Westerlies">westerlies</a> that blow eastward to the coast of Western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1991314-80">[76]</a> The navigational technique for travel in the Atlantic appears to have been exploited first by the Portuguese, who referred to it as the <a href="/wiki/Volta_do_mar" title="Volta do mar">volta do mar</a> ('turn of the sea'). Through his marriage to his first wife, Felipa Perestrello, Columbus had access to the nautical charts and logs that had belonged to her deceased father, <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Perestrello" title="Bartolomeu Perestrello">Bartolomeu Perestrello</a>, who had served as a captain in the Portuguese navy under <a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry_the_Navigator" title="Prince Henry the Navigator">Prince Henry the Navigator</a>. In the mapmaking shop where he worked with his brother Bartholomew, Columbus also had ample opportunity to hear the stories of old seamen about their voyages to the western seas,<a href="#cite_note-Rickey1992-81">[77]</a> but his knowledge of the Atlantic wind patterns was still imperfect at the time of his first voyage. By sailing due west from the Canary Islands during <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="Atlantic hurricane season">hurricane season</a>, skirting the so-called <a href="/wiki/Horse_latitudes" title="Horse latitudes">horse latitudes</a> of the mid-Atlantic, he risked being becalmed and running into a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a>, both of which he avoided by chance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1991198–199-82">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quest_for_financial_support_for_a_voyage">Quest for financial support for a voyage</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbus_offers_his_services_to_the_King_of_Portugal_-_Daniel_Nicholas_Chodowiecki_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Columbus_offers_his_services_to_the_King_of_Portugal_-_Daniel_Nicholas_Chodowiecki_%28cropped%29.png/170px-Columbus_offers_his_services_to_the_King_of_Portugal_-_Daniel_Nicholas_Chodowiecki_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Columbus_offers_his_services_to_the_King_of_Portugal_-_Daniel_Nicholas_Chodowiecki_%28cropped%29.png/255px-Columbus_offers_his_services_to_the_King_of_Portugal_-_Daniel_Nicholas_Chodowiecki_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Columbus_offers_his_services_to_the_King_of_Portugal_-_Daniel_Nicholas_Chodowiecki_%28cropped%29.png/340px-Columbus_offers_his_services_to_the_King_of_Portugal_-_Daniel_Nicholas_Chodowiecki_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>Columbus offers his services to the King of Portugal; <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chodowiecki" title="Daniel Chodowiecki">Chodowiecki</a>, 17th century</figcaption></figure> By about 1484, Columbus proposed his planned voyage to King <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">John II of Portugal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rickey1992224-83">[79]</a> The king submitted Columbus's proposal to his advisors, who rejected it, correctly, on the grounds that Columbus's estimate for a voyage of 2,400 nmi was only a quarter of what it should have been.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison199168–70-84">[80]</a> In 1488, Columbus again appealed to the court of Portugal, and John II again granted him an audience. That meeting also proved unsuccessful, in part because not long afterwards <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Dias" title="Bartolomeu Dias">Bartolomeu Dias</a> returned to Portugal with news of his successful rounding of the southern tip of Africa (near the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Pinheiro-Marques2016-85">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-SymcoxSullivan2016-86">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabida1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Rabida1.jpg/220px-Rabida1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Rabida1.jpg/330px-Rabida1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Rabida1.jpg/440px-Rabida1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/La_R%C3%A1bida_Friary" title="La Rábida Friary">Monastery of La Rábida</a>, in which Columbus stayed in the years before his first expedition</figcaption></figure> Columbus sought an audience with the monarchs <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a>, who had united several kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula by marrying and now ruled together. On 1 May 1486, permission having been granted, Columbus presented his plans to Queen Isabella, who in turn referred it to a committee. The learned men of Spain, like their counterparts in Portugal, replied that Columbus had grossly underestimated the distance to Asia. They pronounced the idea impractical and advised the Catholic Monarchs to pass on the proposed venture. To keep Columbus from taking his ideas elsewhere, and perhaps to keep their options open, the sovereigns gave him an allowance, totaling about 14,000 <a href="/wiki/Maravedis" class="mw-redirect" title="Maravedis">maravedis</a> for the year, or about the annual salary of a sailor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson199184-87">[83]</a> In May 1489, the queen sent him another 10,000 maravedis, and the same year the monarchs furnished him with a letter ordering all cities and towns under their dominion to provide him food and lodging at no cost.<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> Columbus also dispatched his brother <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Columbus" title="Bartholomew Columbus">Bartholomew</a> to the court of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a> to inquire whether the English Crown might sponsor his expedition, but he was captured by pirates en route, and only arrived in early 1491.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson199186,_92-89">[85]</a> By that time, Columbus had retreated to <a href="/wiki/La_R%C3%A1bida_Friary" title="La Rábida Friary">La Rábida Friary</a>, where the Spanish Crown sent him 20,000 maravedis to buy new clothes and instructions to return to the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Spanish court</a> for renewed discussions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson199192-90">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agreement_with_the_Spanish_Crown">Agreement with the Spanish Crown</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Various_roofs_and_towers_of_Alhambra,_from_Generalife_gardens,_Granada,_Spain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Various_roofs_and_towers_of_Alhambra%2C_from_Generalife_gardens%2C_Granada%2C_Spain.jpg/220px-Various_roofs_and_towers_of_Alhambra%2C_from_Generalife_gardens%2C_Granada%2C_Spain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Various_roofs_and_towers_of_Alhambra%2C_from_Generalife_gardens%2C_Granada%2C_Spain.jpg/330px-Various_roofs_and_towers_of_Alhambra%2C_from_Generalife_gardens%2C_Granada%2C_Spain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Various_roofs_and_towers_of_Alhambra%2C_from_Generalife_gardens%2C_Granada%2C_Spain.jpg/440px-Various_roofs_and_towers_of_Alhambra%2C_from_Generalife_gardens%2C_Granada%2C_Spain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4489" data-file-height="2809" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a>, where Columbus received permission from the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a> for his first voyage<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a></figcaption></figure> Columbus waited at King Ferdinand's camp until Ferdinand and Isabella conquered <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">last Muslim stronghold</a> on the Iberian Peninsula, in January 1492. A council led by Isabella's confessor, <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Talavera" title="Hernando de Talavera">Hernando de Talavera</a>, found Columbus's proposal to reach the Indies implausible. Columbus had left for France when Ferdinand intervened,<a href="#cite_note-93">[e]</a> first sending Talavera and Bishop <a href="/wiki/Diego_Deza" class="mw-redirect" title="Diego Deza">Diego Deza</a> to appeal to the queen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips1992131–32-94">[89]</a> Isabella was finally convinced by the king's clerk <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Sant%C3%A1ngel" title="Luis de Santángel">Luis de Santángel</a>, who argued that Columbus would take his ideas elsewhere, and offered to help arrange the funding. Isabella then sent a royal guard to fetch Columbus, who had traveled 2 leagues (over 10 km) toward Córdoba.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips1992131–132-92">[88]</a> In the April 1492 "<a href="/wiki/Capitulations_of_Santa_Fe" title="Capitulations of Santa Fe">Capitulations of Santa Fe</a>", King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella promised Columbus that if he succeeded he would be given the rank of Admiral of the Ocean Sea and appointed <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a> and Governor of all the new lands he might claim for Spain.<a href="#cite_note-Lantigua2020-95">[90]</a> He had the right to nominate three persons, from whom the sovereigns would choose one, for any office in the new lands. He would be entitled to one-tenth (<a href="/wiki/Diezmo" title="Diezmo">diezmo</a>) of all the revenues from the new lands in perpetuity. He also would have the option of buying one-eighth interest in any commercial venture in the new lands, and receive one-eighth (ochavo) of the profits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1991662-96">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-González-Sánchez2006-97">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a> In 1500, during his third voyage to the Americas, Columbus was arrested and dismissed from his posts. He and his sons, Diego and Fernando, then conducted a lengthy series of court cases against the Castilian Crown, known as the <a href="/wiki/Pleitos_colombinos" title="Pleitos colombinos">pleitos colombinos</a>, alleging that the Crown had illegally reneged on its contractual obligations to Columbus and his heirs.<a href="#cite_note-Márquez1982-99">[94]</a> The Columbus family had some success in their first litigation, as a judgment of 1511 confirmed Diego's position as viceroy but reduced his powers. Diego resumed litigation in 1512, which lasted until 1536, and further disputes initiated by heirs continued until 1790.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald2005-100">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voyages">Voyages</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus" title="Voyages of Christopher Columbus">Voyages of Christopher Columbus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Christopher_Columbus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Christopher_Columbus.svg/240px-Flag_of_Christopher_Columbus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Christopher_Columbus.svg/360px-Flag_of_Christopher_Columbus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Christopher_Columbus.svg/480px-Flag_of_Christopher_Columbus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Captain's ensign of Columbus's ships</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viajes_de_colon_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Viajes_de_colon_en.svg/330px-Viajes_de_colon_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Viajes_de_colon_en.svg/495px-Viajes_de_colon_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Viajes_de_colon_en.svg/660px-Viajes_de_colon_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>The voyages of Christopher Columbus (conjectural)</figcaption></figure> Between 1492 and 1504, Columbus completed four round-trip voyages between Spain and the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, each voyage being sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a>. On his first voyage he reached the Americas, initiating the European <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Americas" title="Exploration of the Americas">exploration</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">colonization of the continent</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a>. His role in history is thus important to the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Western history">Western history</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">human history</a> writ large.<a href="#cite_note-SpechtStockland2017-101">[96]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Columbus%27s_letter_on_the_first_voyage" title="Columbus's letter on the first voyage">Columbus's letter on the first voyage</a>, published following his first return to Spain, he claimed that he had reached Asia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1991381-102">[97]</a> as previously described by Marco Polo and other Europeans. Over his subsequent voyages, Columbus refused to acknowledge that the lands he visited and claimed for Spain were not part of Asia, in the face of mounting evidence to the contrary.<a href="#cite_note-Horodowich2017-103">[98]</a> This might explain, in part, why the American continent was named after the <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florentine</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a>—who received credit for recognizing it as a "<a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>"—and not after Columbus.<a href="#cite_note-umc-104">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-incognita-106">[f]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_voyage_(1492–1493)">First voyage (1492–1493)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbus_first_voyage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Columbus_first_voyage.jpg/350px-Columbus_first_voyage.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Columbus_first_voyage.jpg/525px-Columbus_first_voyage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Columbus_first_voyage.jpg/700px-Columbus_first_voyage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>First voyage (conjectural).<a href="#cite_note-firstimage-109">[g]</a> Modern place names in black, Columbus's place names in blue</figcaption></figure> On the evening of 3 August 1492, Columbus departed from <a href="/wiki/Palos_de_la_Frontera" title="Palos de la Frontera">Palos de la Frontera</a> with three ships. The largest was a <a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">carrack</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_(ship)" title="Santa María (ship)">Santa María</a>, owned and captained by <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a>, and under Columbus's direct command.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1991102-110">[103]</a> The other two were smaller <a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">caravels</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pinta_(ship)" title="Pinta (ship)">Pinta</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%B1a" title="Niña">Niña</a>,<a href="#cite_note-111">[104]</a> piloted by the <a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1991102-110">[103]</a> Columbus first sailed to the Canary Islands. There he restocked provisions and made repairs then departed from <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_La_Gomera" title="San Sebastián de La Gomera">San Sebastián de La Gomera</a> on 6 September,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips1992146–147-112">[105]</a> for what turned out to be a five-week voyage across the ocean. On 7 October, the crew spotted "[i]mmense flocks of birds".<a href="#cite_note-Nicholls2009-113">[106]</a> On 11 October, Columbus changed the fleet's course to due west, and sailed through the night, believing land was soon to be found. At around 02:00 the following morning, a lookout on the Pinta, <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_de_Triana" title="Rodrigo de Triana">Rodrigo de Triana</a>, spotted land. The captain of the Pinta, <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Alonso_Pinz%C3%B3n" title="Martín Alonso Pinzón">Martín Alonso Pinzón</a>, verified the sight of land and alerted Columbus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1991226-114">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[108]</a> Columbus later maintained that he had already seen a light on the land a few hours earlier, thereby claiming for himself the lifetime pension promised by Ferdinand and Isabella to the first person to sight land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphyCoye2013-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[109]</a> Columbus called this island (in what is now the Bahamas) San Salvador ('Holy Savior'); <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">the Natives</a> called it <a href="/wiki/Guanahani" title="Guanahani">Guanahani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen201199-117">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[h]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus%27s_journal" title="Christopher Columbus's journal">Christopher Columbus's journal</a> entry of 12 October 1492 states:<blockquote>I saw some who had marks of wounds on their bodies and I made signs to them asking what they were; and they showed me how people from other islands nearby came there and tried to take them, and how they defended themselves; and I believed and believe that they come here from tierra firme to take them captive. They should be good and intelligent servants, for I see that they say very quickly everything that is said to them; and I believe they would become Christians very easily, for it seemed to me that they had no religion. Our Lord pleasing, at the time of my departure I will take six of them from here to Your Highnesses in order that they may learn to speak.<a href="#cite_note-DunnKelly1989-120">[112]</a></blockquote> Columbus called the inhabitants of the lands that he visited Los Indios ('Indians').<a href="#cite_note-Hoxie_1996_p.-121">[113]</a> He initially encountered the <a href="/wiki/Lucayan_people" title="Lucayan people">Lucayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a> peoples.<a href="#cite_note-Keegan2015-122">[114]</a> Noting their gold ear ornaments, Columbus took some of the Arawaks prisoner and insisted that they guide him to the source of the gold.<a href="#cite_note-Zinn-123">[115]</a> Columbus did not believe he needed to create a fortified outpost, writing, "the people here are simple in war-like matters ... I could conquer the whole of them with fifty men, and govern them as I pleased."<a href="#cite_note-124">[116]</a> The Taínos told Columbus that another indigenous tribe, the <a href="/wiki/Kalinago" title="Kalinago">Caribs</a>, were fierce warriors and <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibals</a>, who made frequent raids on the Taínos, often capturing their women, although this may have been a belief perpetuated by the Spaniards to justify enslaving them.<a href="#cite_note-Figueredo2008-125">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deagan2008-126">[118]</a> Columbus also explored the northeast coast of Cuba, where he landed on 28 October. On the night of 26 November, Martín Alonso Pinzón took the Pinta on an unauthorized expedition in search of an island called "Babeque" or "Baneque",<a href="#cite_note-Hunter2012-127">[119]</a> which the natives had told him was rich in gold.<a href="#cite_note-Magasich-AirolaBeer2007-128">[120]</a> Columbus, for his part, continued to the northern coast of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>, where he landed on 6 December.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-Córdova2017-129">[121]</a> There, the Santa María ran aground on 25 December 1492 and had to be abandoned. The wreck was used as a target for cannon fire to impress the native peoples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphyCoye201331–32-130">[122]</a> Columbus was received by the native <a href="/wiki/Cacique" title="Cacique">cacique</a> <a href="/wiki/Guacanagari" class="mw-redirect" title="Guacanagari">Guacanagari</a>, who gave him permission to leave some of his men behind. Columbus left 39 men, including the interpreter <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Torres" title="Luis de Torres">Luis de Torres</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1991145-131">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[i]</a> and founded the settlement of <a href="/wiki/La_Navidad" title="La Navidad">La Navidad</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DeaganCruxent1993-133">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maclean2008-134">[125]</a> Columbus took more natives prisoner and continued his exploration.<a href="#cite_note-Zinn-123">[115]</a> He kept sailing along the northern coast of Hispaniola with a single ship until he encountered Pinzón and the Pinta on 6 January.<a href="#cite_note-Gužauskytė2014-135">[126]</a> On 13 January 1493, Columbus made his last stop of this voyage in the Americas, in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Rinc%C3%B3n" title="Bay of Rincón">Bay of Rincón</a> in northeast Hispaniola.<a href="#cite_note-136">[127]</a> There he encountered the <a href="/wiki/Ciguayos" title="Ciguayos">Ciguayos</a>, the only natives who offered violent resistance during this voyage.<a href="#cite_note-137">[128]</a> The Ciguayos refused to trade the amount of bows and arrows that Columbus desired; in the ensuing clash one Ciguayo was stabbed in the buttocks and another wounded with an arrow in his chest.<a href="#cite_note-138">[129]</a> Because of these events, Columbus called the inlet the Golfo de Las Flechas ('<a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Arrows" title="Bay of Arrows">Bay of Arrows</a>').<a href="#cite_note-DunnKelly1989341-139">[130]</a> Columbus headed for Spain on the Niña, but a storm separated him from the Pinta, and forced the Niña to stop at the island of Santa Maria in the Azores. Half of his crew went ashore to say prayers of thanksgiving in a chapel for having survived the storm. But while praying, they were imprisoned by the governor of the island, ostensibly on suspicion of being pirates. After a two-day stand-off, the prisoners were released, and Columbus again set sail for Spain.<a href="#cite_note-Catz1990-140">[131]</a> Another storm forced Columbus into the port at Lisbon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphyCoye2013-49">[46]</a> From there he went to Vale do Paraíso north of Lisbon to meet King John II of Portugal, who told Columbus that he believed the voyage to be in violation of the 1479 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alc%C3%A1%C3%A7ovas" title="Treaty of Alcáçovas">Treaty of Alcáçovas</a>. After spending more than a week in Portugal, Columbus set sail for Spain. Returning to Palos on 15 March 1493, he was given a hero's welcome and soon afterward received by Isabella and Ferdinand in Barcelona.<a href="#cite_note-Kamen2014-141">[132]</a> To them he presented kidnapped Taínos and various plants and items he had collected.<a href="#cite_note-142">[133]</a>: 54  One of the ten Natives taken on the return trip was a Lucayan Taíno from Guanahani thought to be 13–15 years of age, who Columbus adopted as his son upon their arrival in Spain; the boy, whose Lucayan name is unknown, received the name <a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus_(Lucayan)" title="Diego Columbus (Lucayan)">Diego</a> at baptism. Initially, Diego had been recognized for his intelligence and rapid acquisition of Spanish customs, and would serve as a guide and interpreter on each of Columbus's subsequent voyages. By the second voyage's departure later in 1493, Diego was the only Native out of the ten taken to Europe who had not died or become seriously ill as the result of disease; while on this voyage, he played a vital role in the discovery of La Navidad. He subsequently married and had a son, also named Diego, who died of illness in 1506. Following Columbus's death, Diego spent the rest of his life confined to <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>, and does not reappear in the historical record following a smallpox epidemic that swept Hispaniola in 1519.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaballos2004Ostapkowicz2023314–316-143">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Columbus%27s_letter_on_the_first_voyage" title="Columbus's letter on the first voyage">Columbus's letter on the first voyage</a>, probably dispatched to the Spanish court upon arrival in Lisbon, was instrumental in spreading the news throughout Europe about his voyage. Almost immediately after his arrival in Spain, printed versions began to appear, and word of his voyage spread rapidly.<a href="#cite_note-Ife1992-144">[135]</a> Most people initially believed that he had reached Asia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1991381-102">[97]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bulls_of_Donation" title="Bulls of Donation">Bulls of Donation</a>, three papal bulls of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a> delivered in 1493, purported to grant overseas territories to Portugal and the Catholic Monarchs of Spain. They were replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a> of 1494.<a href="#cite_note-145">[136]</a> The two earliest published copies of Columbus's letter on the first voyage aboard the Niña were donated in 2017 by the Jay I. Kislak Foundation to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">University of Miami</a> library in <a href="/wiki/Coral_Gables,_Florida" title="Coral Gables, Florida">Coral Gables, Florida</a>, where they are housed.<a href="#cite_note-146">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_voyage_(1493–1496)">Second voyage (1493–1496)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbus_second_voyage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Columbus_second_voyage.jpg/350px-Columbus_second_voyage.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Columbus_second_voyage.jpg/525px-Columbus_second_voyage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Columbus_second_voyage.jpg/700px-Columbus_second_voyage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Columbus's second voyage<a href="#cite_note-148">[j]</a></figcaption></figure> On 24 September 1493, Columbus sailed from <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a> with 17 ships, and supplies to establish permanent colonies in the Americas. He sailed with nearly 1,500 men, including sailors, soldiers, priests, carpenters, stonemasons, metalworkers, and farmers. Among the expedition members were <a href="/wiki/Diego_%C3%81lvarez_Chanca" title="Diego Álvarez Chanca">Alvarez Chanca</a>, a physician who wrote a detailed account of the second voyage; Juan Ponce de León, the first governor of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> and Florida; the father of Bartolomé de las Casas; <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a>, a cartographer who is credited with making the first <a href="/wiki/Map_of_Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Map of Juan de la Cosa">world map depicting the New World</a>; and Columbus's youngest brother Diego.<a href="#cite_note-DeaganCruxent2008-149">[139]</a> The fleet stopped at the Canary Islands to take on more supplies, and set sail again on 7 October, deliberately taking a more southerly course than on the first voyage.<a href="#cite_note-Bedini2016705-150">[140]</a> On 3 November, they arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Windward_Islands" title="Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a>; the first island they encountered was named <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a> by Columbus, but not finding a good harbor there, they anchored off a nearby smaller island, which he named Mariagalante, now a part of <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> and called <a href="/wiki/Marie-Galante" title="Marie-Galante">Marie-Galante</a>. Other islands named by Columbus on this voyage were <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Martin_(island)" title="Saint Martin (island)">Saint Martin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands" title="Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a>, as well as many others.<a href="#cite_note-Bedini2016705-150">[140]</a> On 17 November, Columbus first sighted the eastern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Island_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Island of Puerto Rico">island of Puerto Rico</a>, known to its native <a href="/wiki/Taino" class="mw-redirect" title="Taino">Taino</a> people as Borikén. His fleet sailed along the island's southern coast for a whole day, before making landfall on its northwestern coast at the Bay of <a href="/wiki/A%C3%B1asco" class="mw-redirect" title="Añasco">Añasco</a>, early on 19 November. Upon landing, Columbus christened the island San Juan Bautista after <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, and remained anchored there for two days from 20 to 21 November, filling the water casks of the ships in his fleet.<a href="#cite_note-Monson1986-151">[141]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inspiraci%C3%B3n_de_Crist%C3%B3bal_Col%C3%B3n,_por_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Obreg%C3%B3n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Inspiraci%C3%B3n_de_Crist%C3%B3bal_Col%C3%B3n%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Obreg%C3%B3n.jpg/180px-Inspiraci%C3%B3n_de_Crist%C3%B3bal_Col%C3%B3n%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Obreg%C3%B3n.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Inspiraci%C3%B3n_de_Crist%C3%B3bal_Col%C3%B3n%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Obreg%C3%B3n.jpg/270px-Inspiraci%C3%B3n_de_Crist%C3%B3bal_Col%C3%B3n%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Obreg%C3%B3n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Inspiraci%C3%B3n_de_Crist%C3%B3bal_Col%C3%B3n%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Obreg%C3%B3n.jpg/360px-Inspiraci%C3%B3n_de_Crist%C3%B3bal_Col%C3%B3n%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Obreg%C3%B3n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1661" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption>The Inspiration of Christopher Columbus by José María Obregón, 1856</figcaption></figure> On 22 November, Columbus returned to <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> to visit La Navidad in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, where 39 Spaniards had been left during the first voyage. Columbus found the fort in ruins. He learned from <a href="/wiki/Guacanagar%C3%ADx" title="Guacanagaríx">Guacanagaríx</a>, the local tribe leader, that his men had quarreled over gold and taken women from the tribe, and that after some left for the territory of <a href="/wiki/Caonabo" title="Caonabo">Caonabo</a>, Caonabo came and burned the fort and killed the rest of the men there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1991423–427-152">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-DeaganCruxent1993-133">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[144]</a> Columbus then established a poorly located and short-lived settlement to the east, <a href="/wiki/La_Isabela" title="La Isabela">La Isabela</a>,<a href="#cite_note-DeaganCruxent2008-149">[139]</a> in the present-day <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[145]</a> By the end of 1494, disease and famine had killed two-thirds of the Spanish settlers there.<a href="#cite_note-Austin-Alchon2003-156">[146]</a> From April to August 1494, Columbus explored Cuba and Jamaica, then returned to Hispaniola.<a href="#cite_note-157">[147]</a> Before leaving on this exploration to Cuba, Columbus had ordered a large amount of men, under Pedro Margarit, to "journey the length and breadth of the island, enforcing Spanish control and bringing all the people under the Spanish yoke."<a href="#cite_note-158">[148]</a> These men, in his absence, raped women, took men captive to be servants, and stole from the indigenous people. A number of Spanish were killed in retaliation. By the time Columbus returned from exploring Cuba, the four primary leaders of the Arawak people in Hispaniola were gathering for war to try to drive the Spanish from the Island. Columbus assembled a large number of troops, and joined with his one native ally, chief [Guacanagarix], met for battle. The Spanish, even though they were largely outnumbered, won this battle, and over the next 9 months Columbus continued to wage war on the native Taíno on Hispaniola until they surrendered and agreed to pay tribute.<a href="#cite_note-159">[149]</a> Columbus implemented <a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomienda</a>,<a href="#cite_note-160">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[151]</a> a Spanish labor system that rewarded conquerors with the labor of conquered non-Christian people. It is also recorded that punishments to both Spaniards and natives included whippings and mutilation (cutting noses and ears).<a href="#cite_note-162">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[153]</a> Columbus and the colonists enslaved many of the indigenous people,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1991482–85-164">[154]</a> including children.<a href="#cite_note-165">[155]</a> Natives were beaten, raped, and tortured for the location of imagined gold.<a href="#cite_note-Stannard1993-166">[156]</a> Thousands committed suicide rather than face the oppression.<a href="#cite_note-167">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[k]</a> In February 1495, Columbus rounded up about 1,500 Arawaks, some of whom had rebelled, in a great slave raid. About 500 of the strongest were shipped to Spain as slaves,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1991183,_190-170">[159]</a> with about two hundred of those dying en route.<a href="#cite_note-Zinn-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-CohenPenman2017-171">[160]</a> In June 1495, the Spanish Crown sent ships and supplies to Hispaniola. In October, Florentine merchant Gianotto Berardi, who had won the contract to provision the fleet of Columbus's second voyage and to supply the colony on Hispaniola, received almost 40,000 maravedís worth of enslaved Indians. He renewed his effort to get supplies to Columbus, and was working to organize a fleet when he suddenly died in December.<a href="#cite_note-Felipe2007-172">[161]</a> On 10 March 1496, having been away about 30 months,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1991497-173">[162]</a> the fleet departed La Isabela. On 8 June the crew sighted land somewhere between Lisbon and <a href="/wiki/Cape_St._Vincent" title="Cape St. Vincent">Cape St. Vincent</a>, and disembarked in Cádiz on 11 June.<a href="#cite_note-Cook_1998-174">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_voyage_(1498–1500)">Third voyage (1498–1500)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbus_third_voyage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Columbus_third_voyage.jpg/350px-Columbus_third_voyage.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Columbus_third_voyage.jpg/525px-Columbus_third_voyage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Columbus_third_voyage.jpg/700px-Columbus_third_voyage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>Third voyage</figcaption></figure> On 30 May 1498, Columbus left with six ships from <a href="/wiki/Sanl%C3%BAcar_de_Barrameda" title="Sanlúcar de Barrameda">Sanlúcar</a>, Spain. The fleet called at Madeira and the Canary Islands, where it divided in two, with three ships heading for Hispaniola and the other three vessels, commanded by Columbus, sailing south to the Cape Verde Islands and then westward across the Atlantic. It is probable that this expedition was intended at least partly to confirm rumors of a large continent south of the Caribbean Sea, that is, South America.<a href="#cite_note-Saunders2005-175">[164]</a> On 31 July they sighted <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Flint2017-176">[165]</a> the most southerly of the Caribbean islands. On 5 August, Columbus sent several small boats ashore on the southern side of the <a href="/wiki/Paria_Peninsula" title="Paria Peninsula">Paria Peninsula</a> in what is now Venezuela,<a href="#cite_note-Allen1997-177">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011249-178">[167]</a> near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Orinoco" title="Orinoco">Orinoco</a> river.<a href="#cite_note-Saunders2005-175">[164]</a> This was the first recorded landing of Europeans on the mainland of South America,<a href="#cite_note-Allen1997-177">[166]</a> which Columbus realized must be a continent.<a href="#cite_note-Zeruvabel2003-179">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cervantes2021-180">[169]</a> The fleet then sailed to the islands of <a href="/wiki/Chacachacare" title="Chacachacare">Chacachacare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margarita_Island" title="Margarita Island">Margarita</a>, reaching the latter on 14 August,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011258-181">[170]</a> and sighted <a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> from afar, according to some scholars.<a href="#cite_note-MorisonObregón1964-182">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-Allen1997-177">[166]</a> On 19 August, Columbus returned to Hispaniola. There he found settlers in rebellion against his rule, and his unfulfilled promises of riches. Columbus had some of the Europeans tried for their disobedience; at least one rebel leader was hanged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011284–285-183">[172]</a> In October 1499, Columbus sent two ships to Spain, asking the Court of Spain to appoint a royal commissioner to help him govern.<a href="#cite_note-184">[173]</a> By this time, accusations of tyranny and incompetence on the part of Columbus had also reached the Court. The sovereigns sent <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Bobadilla" title="Francisco de Bobadilla">Francisco de Bobadilla</a>, a relative of Marquesa <a href="/wiki/Beatriz_de_Bobadilla" title="Beatriz de Bobadilla">Beatriz de Bobadilla</a>, a patron of Columbus and a close friend of Queen Isabella,<a href="#cite_note-Hofman1994-185">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips1992125-186">[175]</a> to investigate the accusations of brutality made against the Admiral. Arriving in Santo Domingo while Columbus was away, Bobadilla was immediately met with complaints about all three Columbus brothers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011276–277-187">[176]</a> He moved into Columbus's house and seized his property, took depositions from the Admiral's enemies, and declared himself governor.<a href="#cite_note-Allen1997-177">[166]</a> Bobadilla reported to Spain that Columbus once punished a man found guilty of stealing corn by having his ears and nose cut off and then selling him into slavery. He claimed that Columbus regularly used <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mutilation" title="Mutilation">mutilation</a> to govern Hispaniola.<a href="#cite_note-189">[l]</a> Testimony recorded in the report stated that Columbus congratulated his brother Bartholomew on "defending the family" when the latter ordered for a woman to be paraded naked through the streets and then had her tongue cut because she had "spoken ill of the admiral and his brothers".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011283-190">[178]</a> The document also describes how Columbus put down native unrest and revolt: he first ordered a brutal suppression of the uprising in which many natives were killed, and then paraded their dismembered bodies through the streets in an attempt to discourage further rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-A&E-191">[179]</a> Columbus vehemently denied the charges.<a href="#cite_note-:2-192">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[181]</a> The neutrality and accuracy of the accusations and investigations of Bobadilla toward Columbus and his brothers have been disputed by historians, given the anti-Italian sentiment of the Spaniards and Bobadilla's desire to take over Columbus's position.<a href="#cite_note-194">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-nas.org-195">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cervantes202146-196">[184]</a> In early October 1500, Columbus and Diego presented themselves to Bobadilla, and were put in chains aboard La Gorda, the caravel on which Bobadilla had arrived at Santo Domingo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011276-197">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gužauskytė2014179-198">[186]</a> They were returned to Spain, and languished in jail for six weeks before King Ferdinand ordered their release. Not long after, the king and queen summoned the Columbus brothers to the Alhambra palace in Granada. The sovereigns expressed indignation at the actions of Bobadilla, who was then recalled and ordered to make restitutions of the property he had confiscated from Columbus.<a href="#cite_note-:2-192">[180]</a> The royal couple heard the brothers' pleas; restored their freedom and wealth; and, after much persuasion, agreed to fund Columbus's fourth voyage.<a href="#cite_note-199">[187]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a> was to replace Bobadilla and be the new governor of the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-200">[188]</a> New light was shed on the seizure of Columbus and his brother Bartholomew, the <a href="/wiki/Adelantado" title="Adelantado">Adelantado</a>, with the discovery by archivist Isabel Aguirre of an incomplete copy of the testimonies against them gathered by Francisco de Bobadilla at Santo Domingo in 1500. She found a manuscript copy of this pesquisa (inquiry) ‌in the Archive of <a href="/wiki/Simancas" title="Simancas">Simancas</a>, Spain, uncatalogued until she and Consuelo Varela published their book, La caída de Cristóbal Colón: el juicio de Bobadilla (The fall of Christopher Colón: the judgement of Bobadilla) in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-Leon2012-201">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-VarelaAguirre2006-202">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_voyage_(1502–1504)">Fourth voyage (1502–1504)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fourth_voyage_of_Columbus" title="Fourth voyage of Columbus">Fourth voyage of Columbus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbus_fourth_voyage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Columbus_fourth_voyage.jpg/330px-Columbus_fourth_voyage.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Columbus_fourth_voyage.jpg/495px-Columbus_fourth_voyage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Columbus_fourth_voyage.jpg/660px-Columbus_fourth_voyage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Columbus's fourth voyage</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_house_of_Col%C3%B2n_(3).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Arms_of_the_house_of_Col%C3%B2n_%283%29.svg/180px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Col%C3%B2n_%283%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Arms_of_the_house_of_Col%C3%B2n_%283%29.svg/270px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Col%C3%B2n_%283%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Arms_of_the_house_of_Col%C3%B2n_%283%29.svg/360px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Col%C3%B2n_%283%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Coat of arms</a> granted to Christopher Columbus and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Colon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Colon (page does not exist)">House of Colon</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%B3n_(familia)" class="extiw" title="es:Colón (familia)">es</a>] by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Motu_proprio" title="Motu proprio">motu proprio</a> in 1502</figcaption></figure> On 9 May 1502,<a href="#cite_note-203">[191]</a> Columbus left Cádiz with his flagship Santa María and three other vessels. The ships were crewed by 140 men, including his brother Bartholomew as second in command and his son Fernando.<a href="#cite_note-Sauer2008-204">[192]</a> He sailed to <a href="/wiki/Asilah" title="Asilah">Asilah</a> on the Moroccan coast to rescue Portuguese soldiers said to be besieged by the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a>. The siege had been lifted by the time they arrived, so the Spaniards stayed only a day and continued on to the Canary Islands.<a href="#cite_note-Cook199846-205">[193]</a> On 15 June, the fleet arrived at <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, where it lingered for several days. A <a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricane</a> was forming, so Columbus continued westward,<a href="#cite_note-Sauer2008-204">[192]</a> hoping to find shelter on Hispaniola. He arrived at <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> on 29 June, but was denied port, and the new governor Francisco de Bobadilla refused to listen to his warning that a hurricane was approaching. Instead, while Columbus's ships sheltered at the mouth of the Rio Jaina, the first <a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a> sailed into the hurricane. Columbus's ships survived with only minor damage, while 20 of the 30 ships in the governor's fleet were lost along with 500 lives (including that of Francisco de Bobadilla). Although a few surviving ships managed to straggle back to Santo Domingo, Aguja, the fragile ship carrying Columbus's personal belongings and his 4,000 pesos in gold was the sole vessel to reach Spain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011288–289,_302–303-206">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gužauskytė2014185-207">[195]</a> The gold was his tenth (décimo) of the profits from Hispaniola, equal to 240,000 maravedis,<a href="#cite_note-Bedini2016200-208">[196]</a> guaranteed by the Catholic Monarchs in 1492.<a href="#cite_note-Armas1985-209">[197]</a> After a brief stop at Jamaica, Columbus sailed to Central America, arriving at the coast of <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> on 30 July. Here Bartholomew found native merchants and a large canoe. On 14 August, Columbus landed on the continental mainland at Punta Caxinas, now <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Castilla,_Honduras" title="Puerto Castilla, Honduras">Puerto Castilla, Honduras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Colindres1975-210">[198]</a> He spent two months exploring the coasts of Honduras, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, seeking a strait in the western Caribbean through which he could sail to the Indian Ocean. Sailing south along the Nicaraguan coast, he found a channel that led into Almirante Bay in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> on 5 October.<a href="#cite_note-Calvo2004-211">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bedini2016720-212">[200]</a> As soon as his ships anchored in Almirante Bay, Columbus encountered <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%A4be" title="Ngäbe">Ngäbe</a> people in canoes who were wearing gold ornaments.<a href="#cite_note-StirlingStirling1964-213">[201]</a> In January 1503, he established a garrison at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9n_River" title="Belén River">Belén River</a>. Columbus left for Hispaniola on 16 April. On 10 May he sighted the <a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a>, naming them Las Tortugas after the numerous sea turtles there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011330-214">[202]</a> His ships sustained damage in a storm off the coast of Cuba. Unable to travel farther, on 25 June 1503 they were beached in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Ann_Parish,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica">Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011330–332-215">[203]</a> For six months Columbus and 230 of his men remained stranded on Jamaica. Diego Méndez de Segura, who had shipped out as a personal secretary to Columbus, and a Spanish shipmate called Bartolomé Flisco, along with six natives, paddled a canoe to get help from Hispaniola.<a href="#cite_note-Roorda2020-216">[204]</a> The governor, <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando_y_C%C3%A1ceres" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres">Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres</a>, detested Columbus and obstructed all efforts to rescue him and his men.<a href="#cite_note-Vigneras1978-217">[205]</a> In the meantime Columbus, in a desperate effort to induce the natives to continue provisioning him and his hungry men, won their favor by predicting a <a href="/wiki/February_1504_lunar_eclipse" class="mw-redirect" title="February 1504 lunar eclipse">lunar eclipse for 29 February 1504</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Zacuto" title="Abraham Zacuto">Abraham Zacuto</a>'s astronomical charts.<a href="#cite_note-Hakin2002-218">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kadir1992-220">[208]</a> Despite the governor's obstruction, Christopher Columbus and his men were rescued on 28 June 1504, and arrived in Sanlúcar, Spain, on 7 November.<a href="#cite_note-Vigneras1978-217">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life,_illness,_and_death">Later life, illness, and death</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_death_of_Columbus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/The_death_of_Columbus.jpg/220px-The_death_of_Columbus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/The_death_of_Columbus.jpg/330px-The_death_of_Columbus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/The_death_of_Columbus.jpg/440px-The_death_of_Columbus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1255" /></a><figcaption>The death of Columbus, lithograph by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Prang" title="Louis Prang">L. Prang & Co.</a>, 1893</figcaption></figure> Columbus had always claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Conversion_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversion (religion)">conversion</a> of non-believers was one reason for his explorations, and he grew increasingly religious in his later years.<a href="#cite_note-RiveraPagán1992-221">[209]</a> Probably with the assistance of his son Diego and his friend the <a href="/wiki/Carthusian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian">Carthusian</a> monk Gaspar Gorricio, Columbus produced two books during his later years: a <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Privileges" title="Book of Privileges">Book of Privileges</a> (1502), detailing and documenting the rewards from the Spanish Crown to which he believed he and his heirs were entitled, and a <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Prophecies" title="Book of Prophecies">Book of Prophecies</a> (1505), in which passages from the Bible were used to place his achievements as an explorer in the context of <a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian eschatology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Watts1985-222">[210]</a> In his later years, Columbus demanded that the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a> give him his tenth of all the riches and trade goods yielded by the new lands, as stipulated in the <a href="/wiki/Capitulations_of_Santa_Fe" title="Capitulations of Santa Fe">Capitulations of Santa Fe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-González-Sánchez2006-97">[92]</a> Because he had been relieved of his duties as governor, the Crown did not feel bound by that contract and his demands were rejected. After his death, his heirs sued the Crown for a part of the profits from trade with America, as well as other rewards. This led to a protracted series of legal disputes known as the <a href="/wiki/Pleitos_colombinos" title="Pleitos colombinos">pleitos colombinos</a> ('Columbian lawsuits').<a href="#cite_note-McDonald2005-100">[95]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IL_CONSOLE_USA_IN_VISITA_ALL%E2%80%99UNIVERSIT%C3%80_DI_PAVIA_(28250236188).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/IL_CONSOLE_USA_IN_VISITA_ALL%E2%80%99UNIVERSIT%C3%80_DI_PAVIA_%2828250236188%29.jpg/180px-IL_CONSOLE_USA_IN_VISITA_ALL%E2%80%99UNIVERSIT%C3%80_DI_PAVIA_%2828250236188%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/IL_CONSOLE_USA_IN_VISITA_ALL%E2%80%99UNIVERSIT%C3%80_DI_PAVIA_%2828250236188%29.jpg/270px-IL_CONSOLE_USA_IN_VISITA_ALL%E2%80%99UNIVERSIT%C3%80_DI_PAVIA_%2828250236188%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/IL_CONSOLE_USA_IN_VISITA_ALL%E2%80%99UNIVERSIT%C3%80_DI_PAVIA_%2828250236188%29.jpg/360px-IL_CONSOLE_USA_IN_VISITA_ALL%E2%80%99UNIVERSIT%C3%80_DI_PAVIA_%2828250236188%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3174" data-file-height="4761" /></a><figcaption>The remains of Christopher Columbus preserved in the University Library of <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a></figcaption></figure> During a violent storm on his first return voyage, Columbus, then 41, had suffered an attack of what was believed at the time to be <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a>. In subsequent years, he was plagued with what was thought to be <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> and other fevers, bleeding from the eyes, temporary blindness and prolonged attacks of gout. The attacks increased in duration and severity, sometimes leaving Columbus bedridden for months at a time, and culminated in his death 14 years later. Based on Columbus's lifestyle and the described symptoms, some modern commentators suspect that he suffered from <a href="/wiki/Reactive_arthritis" title="Reactive arthritis">reactive arthritis</a>, rather than gout.<a href="#cite_note-UMD-223">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoenig-224">[212]</a> Reactive arthritis is a joint inflammation caused by intestinal bacterial infections or after acquiring certain sexually transmitted diseases (primarily <a href="/wiki/Chlamydia" title="Chlamydia">chlamydia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">gonorrhea</a>). In 2006, Frank C. Arnett, a medical doctor, and historian Charles Merrill, published their paper in The American Journal of the Medical Sciences proposing that Columbus had a form of reactive arthritis; Merrill made the case in that same paper that Columbus was the son of Catalans and his mother possibly a member of a prominent <a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">converso</a> (converted Jew) family.<a href="#cite_note-ArnettMerrill2006-225">[213]</a> "It seems likely that [Columbus] acquired reactive arthritis from food poisoning on one of his ocean voyages because of poor sanitation and improper food preparation", says Arnett, a <a href="/wiki/Rheumatologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheumatologist">rheumatologist</a> and professor of internal medicine, pathology and laboratory medicine at the University of Texas Medical School at Houston.<a href="#cite_note-UMD-223">[211]</a> Some historians such as H. Micheal Tarver and Emily Slape,<a href="#cite_note-TarverSlape2016-226">[214]</a> as well as medical doctors such as Arnett and Antonio Rodríguez Cuartero,<a href="#cite_note-ElUniversal2007-227">[215]</a> believe that Columbus had such a form of reactive arthritis, but according to other authorities, this is "speculative",<a href="#cite_note-ScottGalloway2015-228">[216]</a> or "very speculative".<a href="#cite_note-RitchlinFitzGerald2007-229">[217]</a> After his arrival to Sanlúcar from his fourth voyage (and Queen Isabella's death), an ill Columbus settled in Seville in April 1505. He stubbornly continued to make pleas to the Crown to defend his own personal privileges and his family's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuartero_y_Huerta198874-230">[218]</a> He moved to <a href="/wiki/Segovia" title="Segovia">Segovia</a> (where the court was at the time) on a mule by early 1506,<a href="#cite_note-Kadir1992193-231">[219]</a> and, on the occasion of the wedding of King Ferdinand with <a href="/wiki/Germaine_of_Foix" title="Germaine of Foix">Germaine of Foix</a> in <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>, Spain, in March 1506, Columbus moved to that city to persist with his demands.<a href="#cite_note-232">[220]</a> On 20 May 1506, aged 54, Columbus died in Valladolid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1991194-233">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location_of_remains">Location of remains</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:151px;max-width:151px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:206px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tumba_de_Colon-Sevilla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Tumba_de_Colon-Sevilla.jpg/149px-Tumba_de_Colon-Sevilla.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Tumba_de_Colon-Sevilla.jpg/224px-Tumba_de_Colon-Sevilla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Tumba_de_Colon-Sevilla.jpg/298px-Tumba_de_Colon-Sevilla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1627" data-file-height="2261" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tomb in <a href="/wiki/Seville_Cathedral" title="Seville Cathedral">Seville Cathedral</a>. The remains in the casket are borne by kings of Castile, Leon, Aragon, and Navarre.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:206px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbus_Tomb_Dominican_Republic_01_2018_6805.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large white, black, and gold tomb elaborately adorned with sculpture and writing, claiming to be the resting place of Cristobal Colon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Columbus_Tomb_Dominican_Republic_01_2018_6805.jpg/155px-Columbus_Tomb_Dominican_Republic_01_2018_6805.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Columbus_Tomb_Dominican_Republic_01_2018_6805.jpg/233px-Columbus_Tomb_Dominican_Republic_01_2018_6805.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Columbus_Tomb_Dominican_Republic_01_2018_6805.jpg/310px-Columbus_Tomb_Dominican_Republic_01_2018_6805.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tomb in <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Lighthouse" title="Columbus Lighthouse">Columbus Lighthouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo_Este" title="Santo Domingo Este">Santo Domingo Este</a>, Dominican Republic</div></div></div></div></div> Columbus's remains were first buried at the Chapel of Wonders at the <a href="/wiki/Convent_of_St._Francis,_Valladolid" title="Convent of St. Francis, Valladolid">Convent of St. Francis, Valladolid</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1991196-234">[222]</a> but were then moved to the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Santa_Maria_de_las_Cuevas" title="Monastery of Santa Maria de las Cuevas">monastery of La Cartuja</a> in Seville (southern Spain) by the will of his son Diego.<a href="#cite_note-Nash2005-235">[223]</a> They may have been exhumed in 1513 and interred at the <a href="/wiki/Seville_Cathedral" title="Seville Cathedral">Seville Cathedral</a>. In about 1536, the remains of both Columbus and his son Diego were moved to a cathedral in <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Colonial_(Santo_Domingo)" title="Ciudad Colonial (Santo Domingo)">Colonial Santo Domingo</a>, in the present-day <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>; Columbus had requested to be buried on the island.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian2003-236">[224]</a> By some accounts, in 1793, when France took over the entire island of Hispaniola, Columbus's remains were moved to <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-ElPaís2021-237">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[226]</a> After Cuba became independent following the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> in 1898, at least some of these remains were moved back to the Seville Cathedral,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1991196-234">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-DNA-239">[227]</a> where they were placed on an elaborate <a href="/wiki/Catafalque" title="Catafalque">catafalque</a>. In June 2003, <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> samples were taken from the remains in Seville, as well as those of Columbus's brother Diego and younger son Fernando.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian2003-236">[224]</a> Initial observations suggested that the bones did not appear to match Columbus's physique or age at death.<a href="#cite_note-240">[228]</a> DNA extraction proved difficult; only short fragments of <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> could be isolated. These matched corresponding DNA from Columbus's brother, supporting that the two men had the same mother.<a href="#cite_note-DNA-239">[227]</a> Such evidence, together with <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropologic</a> and historic analyses, led the researchers to conclude that the remains belonged to Christopher Columbus.<a href="#cite_note-ÁlvarezMartinez2010-241">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-ancestry-243">[m]</a> In 1877, a priest discovered a lead box at Santo Domingo inscribed: "Discoverer of America, First Admiral". Inscriptions found the next year read "Last of the remains of the first admiral, Sire Christopher Columbus, discoverer."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011363–364-244">[231]</a> The box contained bones of an arm and a leg, as well as a bullet.<a href="#cite_note-246">[n]</a> These remains were considered legitimate by physician and U.S. Assistant Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Eugene_Osborne" title="John Eugene Osborne">John Eugene Osborne</a>, who suggested in 1913 that they travel through the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> as a part of its opening ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-EveStar-247">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[o]</a> These remains were kept at the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cathedral_of_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_la_Menor" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica Cathedral of Santa María la Menor">Basilica Cathedral of Santa María la Menor</a> (in the Colonial City of Santo Domingo) before being moved to the <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Lighthouse" title="Columbus Lighthouse">Columbus Lighthouse</a> (<a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo_Este" title="Santo Domingo Este">Santo Domingo Este</a>, inaugurated in 1992). The authorities in Santo Domingo have never allowed these remains to be DNA-tested, so it is unconfirmed whether they are from Columbus's body as well.<a href="#cite_note-DNA-239">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-ÁlvarezMartinez2010-241">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[p]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_for_Christopher_Columbus" title="List of places named for Christopher Columbus">List of places named for Christopher Columbus</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_and_memorials_to_Christopher_Columbus" title="List of monuments and memorials to Christopher Columbus">List of monuments and memorials to Christopher Columbus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbus_1892_Issue-$5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Columbus_1892_Issue-%245.jpg/220px-Columbus_1892_Issue-%245.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Columbus_1892_Issue-%245.jpg/330px-Columbus_1892_Issue-%245.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Columbus_1892_Issue-%245.jpg/440px-Columbus_1892_Issue-%245.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1044" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>U.S. <a href="/wiki/Columbian_Issue" title="Columbian Issue">Columbian Issue</a> of 1893.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1893_Nina_Pinta_Santa_Maria_replicas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/1893_Nina_Pinta_Santa_Maria_replicas.jpg/220px-1893_Nina_Pinta_Santa_Maria_replicas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/1893_Nina_Pinta_Santa_Maria_replicas.jpg/330px-1893_Nina_Pinta_Santa_Maria_replicas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/1893_Nina_Pinta_Santa_Maria_replicas.jpg/440px-1893_Nina_Pinta_Santa_Maria_replicas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1212" /></a><figcaption>Replicas of the Niña, Pinta and Santa María sailed from Spain to the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Columbian_Exposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Columbian Exposition">Chicago Columbian Exposition</a> in 1893</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbus_Day_in_New_York_City_2009_(4014723409).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Columbus_Day_in_New_York_City_2009_%284014723409%29.jpg/220px-Columbus_Day_in_New_York_City_2009_%284014723409%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Columbus_Day_in_New_York_City_2009_%284014723409%29.jpg/330px-Columbus_Day_in_New_York_City_2009_%284014723409%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Columbus_Day_in_New_York_City_2009_%284014723409%29.jpg/440px-Columbus_Day_in_New_York_City_2009_%284014723409%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="932" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Day" title="Columbus Day">Columbus Day</a> parade in New York City, 2009</figcaption></figure> The figure of Columbus was not ignored in the British colonies during the colonial era: Columbus became a unifying symbol early in the history of the colonies that became the United States when Puritan preachers began to use his life story as a model for a "developing American spirit".<a href="#cite_note-West1992-252">[236]</a> In the spring of 1692, <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> preacher <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Mather" title="Cotton Mather">Cotton Mather</a> described Columbus's voyage as one of three shaping events of the modern age, connecting Columbus's voyage and the Puritans' migration to North America, seeing them together as the key to a grand design.<a href="#cite_note-Bercovitch2014-253">[237]</a> The use of Columbus as a founding figure of New World nations spread rapidly after the American Revolution. This was out of a desire to develop a national history and <a href="/wiki/Founding_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding myth">founding myth</a> with fewer ties to Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Bushman1992-254">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bartosik-Vélez20142-255">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burmila20171009-256">[240]</a> His name was the basis for the female <a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">national personification</a> of the United States, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Dewey2007-257">[241]</a> in use since the 1730s with reference to the original <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>, and also a historical name applied to the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia, South Carolina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Rediviva" title="Columbia Rediviva">Columbia Rediviva</a>, the ship for which the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a> was named, are named for Columbus.<a href="#cite_note-Benke2011-258">[242]</a> Columbus's name was given to the newly born <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Republic of Colombia</a> in the early 19th century, inspired by the political project of "Colombeia" developed by revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Miranda" title="Francisco de Miranda">Francisco de Miranda</a>, which was put at the service of the emancipation of continental Hispanic America.<a href="#cite_note-259">[243]</a> To commemorate the 400th anniversary of the landing of Columbus,<a href="#cite_note-WDL-260">[244]</a> the 1893 <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="World's Fair">World's Fair</a> in Chicago was named the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">World's Columbian Exposition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BolotinLaing2002-261">[245]</a> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Postal_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Postal Service">U.S. Postal Service</a> issued the first U.S. <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_stamp" title="Commemorative stamp">commemorative stamps</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_Issue" title="Columbian Issue">Columbian Issue</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Handler2016-262">[246]</a> depicting Columbus, Queen Isabella and others in various stages of his several voyages.<a href="#cite_note-West2014-263">[247]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Columbian_half_dollar" title="Columbian half dollar">commemorative silver half dollar</a> was also struck, which remains the only U.S. currency issued having a foreigner as its subject. The policies related to the celebration of the Spanish colonial empire as the vehicle of a nationalist project undertaken in Spain during the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Restoration</a> in the late 19th century took form with the commemoration of the 4th centenary on 12 October 1892 (in which the figure of Columbus was extolled by the Conservative government), eventually becoming the very same national day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcilhacy2011135–138-264">[248]</a> Several monuments commemorating the "discovery" were erected in cities such as Palos, Barcelona, Granada, Madrid, Salamanca, Valladolid and Seville in the years around the 400th anniversary.<a href="#cite_note-265">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[q]</a> For the <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Quincentenary" title="Columbus Quincentenary">Columbus Quincentenary</a> in 1992, a second Columbian issue was released jointly with Italy, Portugal, and Spain.<a href="#cite_note-267">[250]</a> Columbus was celebrated at <a href="/wiki/Seville_Expo_%2792" title="Seville Expo '92">Seville Expo '92</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Genoa_Expo_%2792" title="Genoa Expo '92">Genoa Expo '92</a>. The Boal Mansion Museum, founded in 1951, contains a collection of materials concerning later descendants of Columbus and collateral branches of the family. It features a 16th-century chapel from a Spanish castle reputedly owned by Diego Colón which became the residence of Columbus's descendants. The chapel interior was dismantled and moved from Spain in 1909 and re-erected on the Boal estate at <a href="/wiki/Boalsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Boalsburg">Boalsburg</a>, Pennsylvania. Inside it are numerous religious paintings and other objects including a <a href="/wiki/Reliquary" title="Reliquary">reliquary</a> with fragments of wood supposedly from the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a>. The museum also holds a collection of documents mostly relating to Columbus descendants of the late 18th and early 19th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Bedini2016489-268">[251]</a> In many countries of the Americas, as well as Spain and Italy, <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Day" title="Columbus Day">Columbus Day</a> celebrates the anniversary of Columbus's arrival in the Americas on 12 October 1492.<a href="#cite_note-269">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> The voyages of Columbus are considered a turning point in human history,<a href="#cite_note-BelloShaver2011-270">[253]</a> marking the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> and accompanying demographic, commercial, economic, social, and political changes.<a href="#cite_note-271">[254]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landing_of_Columbus_(2)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Landing_of_Columbus_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Landing_of_Columbus_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Landing_of_Columbus_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Landing_of_Columbus_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Landing_of_Columbus_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Landing_of_Columbus_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2968" data-file-height="1971" /></a><figcaption>Landing of Columbus at the Island of Guanahaní, West Indies (1846), by <a href="/wiki/John_Vanderlyn" title="John Vanderlyn">John Vanderlyn</a>. The landing of Columbus became a powerful icon of American genesis in the 19th century.</figcaption></figure> His explorations resulted in permanent contact between the two hemispheres, and the term "<a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a>" is used to refer to the cultures of the Americas before the arrival of Columbus and his European successors.<a href="#cite_note-McFarlane2004-272">[255]</a> The ensuing Columbian exchange saw the massive <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">exchange</a> of animals, plants, fungi, diseases, technologies, mineral wealth and ideas.<a href="#cite_note-273">[256]</a> In the first century after his endeavors, Columbus's figure largely languished in the backwaters of history, and his reputation was beset by his failures as a colonial administrator. His legacy was somewhat rescued from oblivion when he began to appear as a character in Italian and Spanish plays and poems from the late 16th century onward.<a href="#cite_note-noble-274">[257]</a> Columbus was subsumed into the Western narrative of colonization and empire building, which invoked notions of <a href="/wiki/Translatio_imperii" title="Translatio imperii">translatio imperii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Translatio_studii" title="Translatio studii">translatio studii</a> to underline who was considered "civilized" and who was not.<a href="#cite_note-Bartosik-Vélez2014-275">[258]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Discovery-statue_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Discovery-statue_%28cropped%29.JPG/180px-Discovery-statue_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Discovery-statue_%28cropped%29.JPG/270px-Discovery-statue_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Discovery-statue_%28cropped%29.JPG/360px-Discovery-statue_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1079" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_America_(sculpture)" title="The Discovery of America (sculpture)">The Discovery of America</a> sculpture, depicting Columbus and a cowering Indian maiden, stood outside the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Capitol" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Capitol">U.S. Capitol</a> from 1844 to 1958.</figcaption></figure> The Americanization of the figure of Columbus began in the latter decades of the 18th century, after the revolutionary period of the United States,<a href="#cite_note-Heike2014-276">[259]</a> elevating the status of his reputation to a national myth, homo americanus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul201458,_60-277">[260]</a> His landing became a powerful icon as an "image of American genesis".<a href="#cite_note-Heike2014-276">[259]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_America_(sculpture)" title="The Discovery of America (sculpture)">The Discovery of America</a> sculpture, depicting Columbus and a cowering Native maiden, was commissioned on 3 April 1837, when U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> sanctioned the engineering of <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Persico" title="Luigi Persico">Luigi Persico</a>'s design. This representation of Columbus's triumph and the Native's recoil is a demonstration of supposed white superiority over savage, naive Natives.<a href="#cite_note-Fryd2001-278">[261]</a> As recorded during its unveiling in 1844, the sculpture extends to "represent the meeting of the two races", as Persico captures their first interaction, highlighting the "moral and intellectual inferiority" of Natives.<a href="#cite_note-279">[262]</a> Placed outside the U.S. Capitol building where it remained until its removal in the mid-20th century, the sculpture reflected the contemporary view of whites in the U.S. toward the Natives; they are labeled "merciless Indian savages" in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[263]</a> In 1836, Pennsylvania senator and future U.S. President <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>, who proposed the sculpture, described it as representing "the great discoverer when he first bounded with ecstasy upon the shore, ail his toils past, presenting a hemisphere to the astonished world, with the name America inscribed upon it. Whilst he is thus standing upon the shore, a female savage, with awe and wonder depicted in her countenance, is gazing upon him."<a href="#cite_note-281">[264]</a> The American Columbus myth was reconfigured later in the century when he was enlisted as an ethnic hero by immigrants to the United States who were not of Anglo-Saxon stock, such as Jewish, Italian, and Irish people, who claimed Columbus as a sort of ethnic founding father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul201463–64-282">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dennis2018-283">[266]</a> Catholics unsuccessfully tried to promote him for <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a> in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilford199180-284">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[268]</a> From the 1990s onward, a narrative of Columbus being responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">genocide of indigenous peoples</a> and environmental destruction began to compete with the then predominant discourse of Columbus as Christ-bearer, scientist, or father of America.<a href="#cite_note-286">[269]</a> This narrative features the negative effects of Columbus' conquests on native populations.<a href="#cite_note-Stannard1993-166">[156]</a> Exposed to <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> diseases, the <a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Population history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous populations of the New World</a> collapsed,<a href="#cite_note-Axtell1992-287">[270]</a> and were largely replaced by Europeans and Africans,<a href="#cite_note-Houbert2003-288">[271]</a> who brought with them new methods of farming, business, governance, and religious worship. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Originality_of_discovery_of_America">Originality of discovery of America</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_trans-oceanic_contact_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faroe_stamps_225-226_Discovery_of_America.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Faroe_stamps_225-226_Discovery_of_America.jpg/220px-Faroe_stamps_225-226_Discovery_of_America.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Faroe_stamps_225-226_Discovery_of_America.jpg/330px-Faroe_stamps_225-226_Discovery_of_America.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Faroe_stamps_225-226_Discovery_of_America.jpg/440px-Faroe_stamps_225-226_Discovery_of_America.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption>Discovery of America, a postage stamp from the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> commemorates the voyages of discovery of <a href="/wiki/Leif_Erikson" title="Leif Erikson">Leif Erikson</a> (c. 1000) and Christopher Columbus (1492).</figcaption></figure> Though Christopher Columbus came to be considered the European discoverer of America in Western popular culture, his historical legacy is more nuanced.<a href="#cite_note-Phillips2000-289">[272]</a> After settling Iceland, the <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a> settled the uninhabited southern part of <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> beginning in the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-Nedkvitne2018-290">[273]</a> Norsemen are believed to have then set sail from Greenland and Iceland to become the first known Europeans to reach the North American mainland, nearly 500 years before Columbus reached the Caribbean.<a href="#cite_note-:6-291">[274]</a> The 1960s discovery of a Norse settlement dating c. 1000 at <a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>, partially corroborates accounts within the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_sagas" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic sagas">Icelandic sagas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a>'s colonization of Greenland and his son <a href="/wiki/Leif_Erikson" title="Leif Erikson">Leif Erikson</a>'s subsequent exploration of a place he called <a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-292">[275]</a> In the 19th century, amid <a href="/wiki/Viking_revival" title="Viking revival">a revival of interest in Norse culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Christian_Rafn" title="Carl Christian Rafn">Carl Christian Rafn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_DeCosta" title="Benjamin Franklin DeCosta">Benjamin Franklin DeCosta</a> wrote works establishing that the Norse had preceded Columbus in colonizing the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-293">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-294">[277]</a> Following this, in 1874 <a href="/wiki/Rasmus_B._Anderson" title="Rasmus B. Anderson">Rasmus Bjørn Anderson</a> argued that Columbus must have known of the North American continent before he started his voyage of discovery.<a href="#cite_note-Kolodny2012-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-291">[274]</a> Most modern scholars doubt Columbus had knowledge of the Norse settlements in America, with his arrival to the continent being most likely an <a href="/wiki/Independent_discovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent discovery">independent discovery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Enterline2003-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-PaolucciPaolucci1992-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kolodny2012-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-36">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Restall2021-295">[278]</a> Europeans devised explanations for the <a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlement of the Americas">origins of the Native Americans</a> and their geographical distribution with narratives that often served to reinforce their own <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/preconception" class="extiw" title="wikt:preconception">preconceptions</a> built on ancient intellectual foundations.<a href="#cite_note-Berkhofer1979-296">[279]</a> In modern Latin America, the non-Native populations of some countries often demonstrate an ambiguous attitude toward the perspectives of indigenous peoples regarding the so-called "discovery" by Columbus and the era of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> that followed.<a href="#cite_note-Coronil1989-297">[280]</a> In his 1960 <a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">monograph</a>, Mexican philosopher and historian <a href="/wiki/Edmundo_O%27Gorman" title="Edmundo O'Gorman">Edmundo O'Gorman</a> explicitly rejects the Columbus discovery myth, arguing that the idea that Columbus discovered America was a misleading legend fixed in the public mind through the works of American author <a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a> during the 19th century. O'Gorman argues that to assert Columbus "discovered America" is to shape the facts concerning the events of 1492 to make them conform to an interpretation that arose many years later.<a href="#cite_note-Nuccetelli2020-298">[281]</a> For him, the <a href="/wiki/Eurocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurocentric">Eurocentric</a> view of the discovery of America sustains systems of domination in ways that favor Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-Lazo2013-299">[282]</a> In a 1992 article for <a href="/wiki/The_UNESCO_Courier" class="mw-redirect" title="The UNESCO Courier">The UNESCO Courier</a>, Félix Fernández-Shaw argues that the word "discovery" prioritizes European explorers as the "heroes" of the contact between the Old and New World. He suggests that the word "encounter" is more appropriate, being a more universal term which includes Native Americans in the narrative.<a href="#cite_note-Fernández-Shaw1992-300">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="America_as_a_distinct_land">America as a distinct land</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbus_Monument_(New_York_City)_-_DSC05924.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Columbus_Monument_%28New_York_City%29_-_DSC05924.JPG/220px-Columbus_Monument_%28New_York_City%29_-_DSC05924.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Columbus_Monument_%28New_York_City%29_-_DSC05924.JPG/330px-Columbus_Monument_%28New_York_City%29_-_DSC05924.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Columbus_Monument_%28New_York_City%29_-_DSC05924.JPG/440px-Columbus_Monument_%28New_York_City%29_-_DSC05924.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Monument_(New_York_City)" title="Columbus Monument (New York City)">Columbus Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Circle" title="Columbus Circle">Columbus Circle</a>, New York City</figcaption></figure> Historians have traditionally argued that Columbus remained convinced until his death that his journeys had been along the east coast of Asia as he originally intended<a href="#cite_note-301">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burmila20171009-256">[240]</a> (excluding arguments such as Anderson's).<a href="#cite_note-Kolodny2012-35">[32]</a> On his third voyage he briefly referred to South America as a "hitherto unknown" continent,<a href="#cite_note-incognita-106">[f]</a> while also rationalizing that it was the <a href="/wiki/Earthly_Paradise" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthly Paradise">Earthly Paradise</a> (Eden) located "at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Orient" title="Orient">Orient</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Zeruvabel2003-179">[168]</a> Columbus continued to claim in his later writings that he had reached Asia; in a 1502 letter to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a>, he asserts that Cuba is the east coast of Asia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips1992227-48">[45]</a> On the other hand, in a document in the Book of Privileges (1502), Columbus refers to the New World as the Indias Occidentales ('West Indies'), which he says "were unknown to all the world".<a href="#cite_note-302">[285]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shape_of_the_Earth">Shape of the Earth</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_flat_Earth" title="Myth of the flat Earth">Myth of the flat Earth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faro_colon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Faro_colon.jpg/220px-Faro_colon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Faro_colon.jpg/330px-Faro_colon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Faro_colon.jpg/440px-Faro_colon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Lighthouse" title="Columbus Lighthouse">Columbus Lighthouse</a>, a Museum and <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">Mausoleum</a> in homage to Christopher Columbus in <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></figcaption></figure> Washington Irving's 1828 biography of Columbus popularized the idea that Columbus had difficulty obtaining support for his plan because many Catholic theologians insisted that the <a href="/wiki/Flat_Earth" title="Flat Earth">Earth was flat</a>,<a href="#cite_note-book3-303">[286]</a> but this is a popular misconception which can be traced back to 17th-century Protestants campaigning against Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-304">[287]</a> In fact, the spherical shape of the Earth had been known to scholars since antiquity, and was common knowledge among sailors, including Columbus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011244-305">[288]</a> Coincidentally, the oldest surviving globe of the Earth, the <a href="/wiki/Erdapfel" title="Erdapfel">Erdapfel</a>, was made in 1492, just before Columbus's return to Europe from his first voyage. As such it contains no sign of the Americas and yet demonstrates the common belief in a spherical Earth.<a href="#cite_note-306">[289]</a> In 1492, Columbus correctly measured <a href="/wiki/Polaris" title="Polaris">Polaris</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_motion" title="Diurnal motion">diurnal motion</a> around <a href="/wiki/True_north" title="True north">true north</a> as having a diameter of almost 7°.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1942a241–242,_270–271-307">[290]</a> In 1498, while sailing west through the <a href="/wiki/Doldrums" class="mw-redirect" title="Doldrums">doldrums</a> 8° north in July and again in August sailing the trade winds 13° north, Columbus reported seeing Polaris with a diurnal motion of 10° in diameter. He accounted for the shift by concluding that Earth's <a href="/wiki/Figure_of_the_Earth#Pear_shape" title="Figure of the Earth">figure is pear-shaped</a>, with the 'stalk' portion (comparing this to a woman's <a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">breast</a>) being nearest Heaven and upon which was centered the Earthly Paradise.<a href="#cite_note-Randles2011-308">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1942b513–515,_517,_544–546-309">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-Willingham2015-310">[293]</a> Although Columbus's later readings were incorrect, 20th-century satellite data happens to indicate that the Earth has a slight pear shape.<a href="#cite_note-311">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_and_defense">Criticism and defense</h3></div> Columbus has been criticized both for his brutality and for initiating the depopulation of the indigenous peoples of the Caribbean, whether by imported diseases or intentional violence. According to scholars of Native American history, <a href="/wiki/George_Tinker" title="George Tinker">George Tinker</a> and Mark Freedman, Columbus was responsible for creating a cycle of "murder, violence, and slavery" to maximize exploitation of the Caribbean islands' resources, and that Native deaths on the scale at which they occurred would not have been caused by new diseases alone. Further, they describe the proposition that disease and not genocide caused these deaths as "American <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">holocaust denial</a>".<a href="#cite_note-TinkerFreeland2008-314">[297]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Kris_Lane" title="Kris Lane">Kris Lane</a> disputes whether it is appropriate to use the term "genocide" when the atrocities were not Columbus's intent, but resulted from his decrees, family business goals, and negligence.<a href="#cite_note-:0-315">[298]</a> Other scholars defend Columbus's actions or allege that the worst accusations against him are not based in fact while others claim that "he has been blamed for events far beyond his own reach or knowledge".<a href="#cite_note-:5-316">[299]</a> As a result of the <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">protests and riots</a> that followed the <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd" title="Murder of George Floyd">murder of George Floyd</a> in 2020, many public <a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_and_memorials_removed_during_the_George_Floyd_protests#Christopher_Columbus" title="List of monuments and memorials removed during the George Floyd protests">monuments of Christopher Columbus</a> have been removed.<a href="#cite_note-317">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brutality">Brutality</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedestal_base_of_Christopher_Columbus_statue_2.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Pedestal_base_of_Christopher_Columbus_statue_2.jpeg/220px-Pedestal_base_of_Christopher_Columbus_statue_2.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Pedestal_base_of_Christopher_Columbus_statue_2.jpeg/330px-Pedestal_base_of_Christopher_Columbus_statue_2.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Pedestal_base_of_Christopher_Columbus_statue_2.jpeg/440px-Pedestal_base_of_Christopher_Columbus_statue_2.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>The remains of the pedestal base of <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Christopher_Columbus_(Baltimore)" title="Statue of Christopher Columbus (Baltimore)">the Columbus statue</a> in the Baltimore inner harbor area. The statue was thrown into the harbor on 4 July 2020, as part of the <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a>.</figcaption></figure> Some historians have criticized Columbus for initiating the widespread colonization of the Americas and for abusing its native population.<a href="#cite_note-318">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zinn-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[303]</a> On <a href="/wiki/St._Croix" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Croix">St. Croix</a>, Columbus's friend Michele da Cuneo—according to his own account—kept an indigenous woman he captured, whom Columbus "gave to [him]", then brutally raped her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1991417-321">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[r]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[s]</a> According to some historians, the punishment for an indigenous person, aged 14 and older, failing to pay a hawk's bell, or cascabela,<a href="#cite_note-DeaganCruxent2002-326">[307]</a> worth of gold dust every six months (based on <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a>'s account) was cutting off the hands of those without tokens, often leaving them to bleed to death.<a href="#cite_note-TinkerFreeland2008-314">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zinn-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koning-327">[308]</a> Other historians dispute such accounts. For example, a study of <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Spain" title="National Archives of Spain">Spanish archival sources</a> showed that the cascabela quotas were imposed by <a href="/wiki/Guarionex" title="Guarionex">Guarionex</a>, not Columbus, and that there is no mention, in the primary sources, of punishment by cutting off hands for failing to pay.<a href="#cite_note-328">[309]</a> Columbus had an economic interest in the enslavement of the Hispaniola natives and for that reason was not eager to baptize them, which attracted criticism from some churchmen.<a href="#cite_note-varela-329">[310]</a> Consuelo Varela, a Spanish historian, stated that "Columbus's government was characterized by a form of tyranny. Even those who loved him had to admit the atrocities that had taken place."<a href="#cite_note-newspaper1-188">[177]</a> Other historians have argued that some of the accounts of the brutality of Columbus and his brothers have been exaggerated as part of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Legend">Black Legend</a>, a historical tendency towards anti-Spanish and anti-Catholic sentiment in historical sources dating as far back as the 16th century, which they speculate may continue to taint scholarship into the present day.<a href="#cite_note-330">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[313]</a> According to historian Emily Berquist Soule, the immense Portuguese profits from the maritime trade in African slaves along the West African coast served as an inspiration for Columbus to create a counterpart of this apparatus in the New World using indigenous American slaves.<a href="#cite_note-333">[314]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/William_J._Connell_(historian)" title="William J. Connell (historian)">William J. Connell</a> has argued that while Columbus "brought the entrepreneurial form of slavery to the New World", this "was a phenomenon of the times", further arguing that "we have to be very careful about applying 20th-century understandings of morality to the morality of the 15th century."<a href="#cite_note-334">[315]</a> In a less popular defense of colonization, Spanish ambassador <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mar%C3%ADa_Jes%C3%BAs_Figa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="María Jesús Figa (page does not exist)">María Jesús Figa</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Jes%C3%BAs_Figa" class="extiw" title="es:María Jesús Figa">es</a>] has argued, "Normally we melded with the cultures in America, we stayed there, we spread our language and culture and religion."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorwitz200884-335">[316]</a> British historian <a href="/wiki/Basil_Davidson" title="Basil Davidson">Basil Davidson</a> has dubbed Columbus the "father of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">slave trade</a>",<a href="#cite_note-336">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[318]</a> citing the fact that the first license to ship enslaved Africans to the Caribbean was issued by the Catholic Monarchs in 1501 to the first royal governor of Hispaniola, <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jennings2020-338">[319]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Depopulation">Depopulation</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Taino#Depopulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taino">Taino § Depopulation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></div> Around the turn of the 21st century, estimates for the pre-Columbian population of Hispaniola ranged between 250,000 and two million,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1991183,_190-170">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZinn20035-339">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keegan-340">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[t]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Genetic_analysis" title="Genetic analysis">genetic analysis</a> published in late 2020 suggests that smaller figures are more likely, perhaps as low as 10,000–50,000 for Hispaniola and Puerto Rico combined.<a href="#cite_note-Fernandes-342">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[323]</a> Based on the previous figures of a few hundred thousand, some have estimated that a third or more of the natives in Haiti were dead within the first two years of Columbus's governorship.<a href="#cite_note-Zinn-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1991183,_190-170">[159]</a> Contributors to depopulation included disease, warfare, and harsh enslavement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorwitz2008-344">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[325]</a> Indirect evidence suggests that some serious illness may have arrived with the 1,500 colonists who accompanied Columbus' second expedition in 1493.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorwitz2008-344">[324]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Mann" title="Charles C. Mann">Charles C. Mann</a> writes that "It was as if the suffering these diseases had caused in <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> over the past millennia were concentrated into the span of decades."<a href="#cite_note-346">[326]</a> A third of the natives forced to work in gold and silver mines died every six months.<a href="#cite_note-Hickel-347">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-348">[328]</a> Within three to six decades, the surviving Arawak population numbered only in the hundreds.<a href="#cite_note-Hickel-347">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1991183,_190-170">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[329]</a> The indigenous population of the Americas overall is thought to have been reduced by about 90% in the century after Columbus's arrival.<a href="#cite_note-350">[330]</a> Among indigenous peoples, Columbus is often viewed as a key agent of genocide.<a href="#cite_note-351">[331]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Samuel Eliot Morison</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> historian and author of a multivolume biography on Columbus, writes, "The cruel policy initiated by Columbus and pursued by his successors resulted in complete genocide."<a href="#cite_note-Morison-352">[332]</a> According to Noble David Cook, "There were too few Spaniards to have killed the millions who were reported to have died in the first century after Old and New World contact." He instead estimates that the death toll was caused by <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Cook1998-353">[333]</a> which may have caused a pandemic only after the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> in 1519.<a href="#cite_note-354">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[336]</a> According to some estimates, smallpox had an 80–90% fatality rate in Native American populations.<a href="#cite_note-357">[337]</a> The natives had no <a href="/wiki/Acquired_immunity" class="mw-redirect" title="Acquired immunity">acquired immunity</a> to these new diseases and suffered high fatalities. There is also evidence that they had poor diets and were overworked.<a href="#cite_note-Austin-Alchon2003-156">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-358">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-359">[339]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Res%C3%A9ndez" title="Andrés Reséndez">Andrés Reséndez</a> of <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">University of California, Davis</a>, says the available evidence suggests "slavery has emerged as major killer" of the indigenous populations of the Caribbean between 1492 and 1550 more so than diseases such as smallpox, influenza and malaria.<a href="#cite_note-360">[340]</a> He says that indigenous populations did not experience a rebound like European populations did following the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> because unlike the latter, a large portion of the former were subjected to deadly forced labor in the mines.<a href="#cite_note-:4-348">[328]</a> The diseases that devastated the Native Americans came in multiple waves at different times, sometimes as much as centuries apart, which would mean that survivors of one disease may have been killed by others, preventing the population from recovering.<a href="#cite_note-361">[341]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/David_Stannard" title="David Stannard">David Stannard</a> describes the depopulation of the indigenous Americans as "neither inadvertent nor inevitable", saying it was the result of both disease and intentional genocide.<a href="#cite_note-Stannard1993xii-362">[342]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Navigational_expertise">Navigational expertise</h4></div> Biographers and historians have a wide range of opinions about Columbus's expertise and experience navigating and captaining ships. One scholar lists some European works ranging from the 1890s to 1980s that support Columbus's experience and skill as among the best in Genoa, while listing some American works over a similar timeframe that portray the explorer as an untrained entrepreneur, having only minor crew or passenger experience prior to his noted journeys.<a href="#cite_note-Peck-363">[343]</a> According to Morison, Columbus's success in utilizing the trade winds might owe significantly to luck.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison199159,_198–199-364">[344]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_appearance">Physical appearance</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:337px;max-width:337px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:151px;max-width:151px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Fernandez-Virgin_of_the_Navigators_(proper_inversion).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Fernandez-Virgin_of_the_Navigators_%28proper_inversion%29.jpg/149px-Fernandez-Virgin_of_the_Navigators_%28proper_inversion%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Fernandez-Virgin_of_the_Navigators_%28proper_inversion%29.jpg/224px-Fernandez-Virgin_of_the_Navigators_%28proper_inversion%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Fernandez-Virgin_of_the_Navigators_%28proper_inversion%29.jpg/298px-Fernandez-Virgin_of_the_Navigators_%28proper_inversion%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="1624" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/The_Virgin_of_the_Navigators" title="The Virgin of the Navigators">The Virgin of the Navigators</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alejo_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Alejo Fernández">Alejo Fernández</a> (1531–1536)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Christopher_Columbus_Face.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Christopher_Columbus_Face.jpg/180px-Christopher_Columbus_Face.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Christopher_Columbus_Face.jpg/270px-Christopher_Columbus_Face.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Christopher_Columbus_Face.jpg/360px-Christopher_Columbus_Face.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="690" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Close-up for Fernández's depiction of Columbus</div></div></div></div></div> Contemporary descriptions of Columbus, including those by his son Fernando and Bartolomé de las Casas, describe him as taller than average, with light skin (often sunburnt), blue or hazel eyes, high cheekbones and freckled face, an <a href="/wiki/Aquiline_nose" title="Aquiline nose">aquiline nose</a>, and blond to reddish hair and beard (until about the age of 30, when it began to whiten).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison199143–45-365">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[346]</a> One Spanish commentator described his eyes using the word garzos, now usually translated as "light blue", but it seems to have indicated light grey-green or hazel eyes to Columbus's contemporaries. The word rubios can mean "blond", "fair", or "ruddy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips199285–86-367">[347]</a> Although an abundance of artwork depicts Columbus, no authentic contemporary portrait is known.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson1991-368">[348]</a> A well-known image of Columbus is <a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_Man,_Said_to_be_Christopher_Columbus.jpg" title="File:Portrait of a Man, Said to be Christopher Columbus.jpg">a portrait</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_del_Piombo" title="Sebastiano del Piombo">Sebastiano del Piombo</a>, which has been reproduced in many textbooks. It agrees with descriptions of Columbus in that it shows a large man with auburn hair, but the painting dates from 1519 so cannot have been painted from life. Furthermore, the inscription identifying the subject as Columbus was probably added later, and the face shown differs from that of other images.<a href="#cite_note-Met-Piombo-369">[349]</a> Sometime between 1531 and 1536, <a href="/wiki/Alejo_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Alejo Fernández">Alejo Fernández</a> painted an altarpiece, <a href="/wiki/The_Virgin_of_the_Navigators" title="The Virgin of the Navigators">The Virgin of the Navigators</a>, that includes a depiction of Columbus.<a href="#cite_note-370">[350]</a> The painting was commissioned for a chapel in Seville's <a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a> (House of Trade) in the <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville" title="Alcázar of Seville">Alcázar of Seville</a> and remains there.<a href="#cite_note-Phillips2018-371">[351]</a> At the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893, 71 alleged portraits of Columbus were displayed; most of them did not match contemporary descriptions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison199147–48-372">[352]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus_in_fiction" title="Christopher Columbus in fiction">Christopher Columbus in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Day" title="Columbus Day">Columbus Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_of_Columbus" title="Egg of Columbus">Egg of Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus_House" title="Christopher Columbus House">Christopher Columbus House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Americas" title="History of the Americas">History of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_the_Americas" title="Peopling of the Americas">Peopling of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugares_colombinos" title="Lugares colombinos">Lugares colombinos</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> There are no known authentic portraits of Columbus.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> In other relevant languages: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Cristoforo Colombo <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[kriˈstɔːforo koˈlombo]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a>: Cristoffa C(or)ombo <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ligurian" title="Help:IPA/Ligurian">[kɾiˈʃtɔffa kuˈɾuŋbu, – ˈkuŋbu]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Cristóbal Colón <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[kɾisˈtoβal koˈlon]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: Cristóvão Colombo <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[kɾiʃˈtɔvɐ̃w kuˈlõbu]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>: Cristòfor (or Cristòfol) Colom <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">[kɾisˈtɔfuɾ kuˈlom, -ful k-]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Christophorus Columbus.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Though the modern state of Italy had yet to be established, the Latin equivalent of the term Italian had been in use for natives of the region since antiquity; most scholars believe Columbus was born in Genoa.<a href="#cite_note-FlintECB2022-6">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> In an account of his fourth voyage, Columbus wrote that "<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Zion" title="Mount Zion">Mount Sion</a> must be rebuilt by Christian hands".<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Ferdinand later claimed credit for being "the principal cause why those islands were discovered."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips1992131–132-92">[88]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-incognita-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-incognita_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-incognita_106-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Armesto" title="Felipe Fernández-Armesto">Felipe Fernández-Armesto</a> points out that Columbus briefly described South America as an unknown continent after seeing the mainland for the first time. Vespucci seems to have modeled his naming of the "new world" after Columbus's description of this discovery. Further, mapmaker <a href="/wiki/Martin_Waldseem%C3%BCller" title="Martin Waldseemüller">Martin Waldseemüller</a> eventually retracted his naming of the continent after Vespucci, seemingly after it came to light that a claim that Vespucci visited the mainland before Columbus had been falsified. In his new map, Waldseemüller labelled the continent as Terra Incognita ('unknown land'), noting that it had been discovered by Columbus.<a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-firstimage-109"><a href="#cite_ref-firstimage_109-0">^</a> This map is based on the premise that Columbus first landed at <a href="/wiki/Plana_Cays" title="Plana Cays">Plana Cays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador_Island" title="San Salvador Island">The island considered</a> by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Samuel Eliot Morison</a> to be the most likely location of first contact<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1991228-108">[102]</a> is the easternmost land touching the top edge of this image. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Samuel Eliot Morison</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador_Island" title="San Salvador Island">San Salvador Island</a>, renamed from Watling's Island in 1925 in the belief that it was Columbus's San Salvador,<a href="#cite_note-118">[111]</a> is the only island fitting the position indicated by Columbus's journal. Other candidates are the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Turk" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Turk">Grand Turk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cat_Island,_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cat Island, Bahamas">Cat Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rum_Cay" title="Rum Cay">Rum Cay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samana_Cay" title="Samana Cay">Samana Cay</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Mayaguana" title="Mayaguana">Mayaguana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1991228-108">[102]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Torres spoke Hebrew and some Arabic; the latter was then believed to be the mother tongue of all languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1991145-131">[123]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Omitted from this image, Columbus returned to <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> at the end of his second voyage before sailing back to Spain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1991498–501-147">[138]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> The tribute system had all but collapsed by 1497.<a href="#cite_note-168">[158]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Bobadilla's 48-page report, derived from the testimonies of 23 people who had seen or heard about the treatment meted out by Columbus and his brothers—had originally been lost for centuries, but was rediscovered in 2005 in the Spanish archives in <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>. It contained an account of Columbus's seven-year reign as the first governor of the Indies. Consuelo Varela, a Spanish historian, states: "Even those who loved him [Columbus] had to admit the atrocities that had taken place."<a href="#cite_note-newspaper1-188">[177]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ancestry-243"><a href="#cite_ref-ancestry_243-0">^</a> DNA from Columbus's presumed remains in Seville were to be used to conduct further ancestral studies, with results initially expected in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-242">[230]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> This same year, dust collected from these remains was placed in a locket, which was placed inside the stern of a <a href="/wiki/File:Silver_Caravel._Ashes_of_Christopher_Columbus.png" title="File:Silver Caravel. Ashes of Christopher Columbus.png">silver model caravel</a>. Two tiny portions of dust from the same source were placed in separate vials.<a href="#cite_note-245">[232]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> Osborne erroneously cited the bullet as evidence that the remains belonged to Columbus.<a href="#cite_note-EveStar-247">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011363–364-244">[231]</a> (England's <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a>, a subsequent infamous explorer, took the ball of an <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebus</a> in the Indies.)<a href="#cite_note-248">[234]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> In his 2008 book, author <a href="/wiki/Tony_Horwitz" title="Tony Horwitz">Tony Horwitz</a> recounts his attempt to see these remains, which are apparently briefly displayed in their crypt (behind a sheet of glass) once a year on Columbus Day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorwitz200889–90,_92-250">[235]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> See: <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Monument,_Barcelona" title="Columbus Monument, Barcelona">Columbus Monument, Barcelona</a> (1888), <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Discoverers" title="Monument to the Discoverers">Monument to the Discoverers</a> (1892), <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Columbus_(Madrid)" title="Monument to Columbus (Madrid)">Monument to Columbus (Madrid)</a> (1892), <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Isabella_the_Catholic_(Granada)" title="Monument to Isabella the Catholic (Granada)">Monument to Isabella the Catholic (Granada)</a> (1892), <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Columbus_(Salamanca)" title="Monument to Columbus (Salamanca)">Monument to Columbus (Salamanca)</a> (1893), <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Columbus_(Valladolid)" title="Monument to Columbus (Valladolid)">Monument to Columbus (Valladolid)</a> (inaugurated in 1905, but whose inception dates to an earlier date and a tentative location in Spanish <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> Cuneo wrote, <blockquote>While I was in the boat, I captured a very beautiful Carib woman, whom the said Lord Admiral gave to me. When I had taken her to my cabin she was naked—as was their custom. I was filled with a desire to take my pleasure with her and attempted to satisfy my desire. She was unwilling, and so treated me with her nails that I wished I had never begun. But—to cut a long story short—I then took a piece of rope and whipped her soundly, and she let forth such incredible screams that you would not have believed your ears. Eventually we came to such terms, I assure you, that you would have thought that she had been brought up in a school for whores.<a href="#cite_note-322">[305]</a></blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> Author <a href="/wiki/Tony_Horwitz" title="Tony Horwitz">Tony Horwitz</a> notes that this is the first recorded instance of sexuality between a European and Native American.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorwitz200869-324">[306]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a> estimated that there were three to four million Taínos in Hispaniola, and said 500,000 Lucayans were killed in the Bahamas. Most modern historians reject his figures.<a href="#cite_note-Keegan-340">[321]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLester1993" class="citation journal cs1">Lester, Paul M. (January 1993). "Looks are deceiving: The portraits of Christopher Columbus". Visual Anthropology. 5 (3–4): 211–227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08949468.1993.9966590">10.1080/08949468.1993.9966590</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0894-9468">0894-9468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Visual+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Looks+are+deceiving%3A+The+portraits+of+Christopher+Columbus&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E227&rft.date=1993-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08949468.1993.9966590&rft.issn=0894-9468&rft.aulast=Lester&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Columbus">"Columbus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Columbus&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2FColumbus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Delaney2011-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Delaney2011_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delaney2011_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelaney2011" class="citation book cs1">Delaney, Carol (2011). Columbus and the Quest for Jerusalem. Free Press/Simon and Schuster. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-0237-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-0237-4"><bdi>978-1-4391-0237-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbus+and+the+Quest+for+Jerusalem&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Free+Press%2FSimon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-0237-4&rft.aulast=Delaney&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FlintECB2022-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FlintECB2022_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FlintECB2022_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlint2021" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Flint, Valerie I. J. (16 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Christopher-Columbus">"Christopher Columbus"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christopher+Columbus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2021-05-16&rft.aulast=Flint&rft.aufirst=Valerie+I.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FChristopher-Columbus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fernández-Armesto2010-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Fernández-Armesto2010_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández-Armesto2010" class="citation book cs1">Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jZmOBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA270">Columbus on Himself</a>. Hackett. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60384-317-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60384-317-1"><bdi>978-1-60384-317-1</bdi></a>. <q>The date of Fernando's birth, November 1488, gives a terminus ante quem early in that year for the start of Columbus's liaison with Beatriz Enríquez. She was of peasant parentage, but, when Columbus met her, was the ward of a well-to-do relative in Cordoba. A meat business gave her income of her own, mentioned in the only other record of Columbus's solicitude for her: a letter to Diego, written in 1502, just before departure on the fourth Atlantic crossing, in which the explorer enjoins his son to 'take Beatriz Enriquez in your care for love of me, as you your own mother'. Varela, Cristóbal Colón, p. 309.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbus+on+Himself&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Hackett&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60384-317-1&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Armesto&rft.aufirst=Felipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjZmOBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taviani201624-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Taviani201624_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaviani2016" class="citation book cs1">Taviani, Paolo Emilio (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gmmMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24">"Beatriz de Arana"</a>. In Bedini, Silvio A. (ed.). The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia. Springer. pp. 24–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12573-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12573-9"><bdi>978-1-349-12573-9</bdi></a>. <q>Columbus never married Beatriz. When he returned from the first voyage, he was given the greatest of honors and elevated to the highest position in Spain. Because of his discovery, he became one of the most illustrious persons at the Spanish court and had to submit, like all the great persons of the time, to customary legal restrictions on matters of marriage and extramarital relations. The Alphonsine laws forbade extramarital relations of concubinage for "illustrious people" (king, princes, dukes, counts, marquis) with plebeian women, if they themselves were or their forefathers had been of inferior social condition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beatriz+de+Arana&rft.btitle=The+Christopher+Columbus+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-349-12573-9&rft.aulast=Taviani&rft.aufirst=Paolo+Emilio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgmmMCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips1992126-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips1992126_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips1992126_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhillipsPhillips1992">Phillips & Phillips 1992</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowlah2020" class="citation book cs1">Dowlah, Caf (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nC3rDwAAQBAJ">Cross-Border Labor Mobility: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-36506-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-36506-6"><bdi>978-3-030-36506-6</bdi></a>. <q>Most researchers however trace the beginning of the early modern era to Christopher Columbus's discovery of the Americas in the 1490s</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cross-Border+Labor+Mobility%3A+Historical+and+Contemporary+Perspectives&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-030-36506-6&rft.aulast=Dowlah&rft.aufirst=Caf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnC3rDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Mills, Keneth and Taylor, William B., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ww-J9Kjb2KgC&dq=discovery+of+america+marks+modern+era&pg=PA36">Colonial Spanish America: A Documentary History</a>, p. 36, SR Books, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8420-2573-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8420-2573-1">0-8420-2573-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPragaMonac1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Praga, Corinna; Monac, Laura (1992). Una Giornata nella Città [A Day in the City] (in Italian). Genoa: Sagep Editrice. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Una+Giornata+nella+Citt%C3%A0&rft.place=Genoa&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Sagep+Editrice&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Praga&rft.aufirst=Corinna&rft.au=Monac%2C+Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPresteAlessandro_TortiRemo_Viazzi1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Preste, Alfredo; Alessandro Torti; Remo Viazzi (1997). "Casa di Colombo". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ortidicarignano.it/files/seiitinerariinportoria.pdf">Sei itinerari in Portoria</a> [Six itineraries in Portoria] (PDF) (in Italian). Genova: Grafiche Frassicomo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ortidicarignano.it/files/seiitinerariinportoria.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Casa+di+Colombo&rft.btitle=Sei+itinerari+in+Portoria&rft.place=Genova&rft.pub=Grafiche+Frassicomo&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Preste&rft.aufirst=Alfredo&rft.au=Alessandro+Torti&rft.au=Remo+Viazzi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ortidicarignano.it%2Ffiles%2Fseiitinerariinportoria.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edwards2014-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Edwards2014_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2014" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pnHJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA118">Ferdinand and Isabella</a>. Routledge. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89345-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89345-5"><bdi>978-1-317-89345-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ferdinand+and+Isabella&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-89345-5&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpnHJAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips199291-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips199291_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhillipsPhillips1992">Phillips & Phillips 1992</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <img alt="wikisource-logo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmanPeckColby1905" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Coit_Gilman" title="Daniel Coit Gilman">Gilman, D. C.</a>; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Columbus, Diego (brother)". <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a> (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Columbus%2C+Diego+%28brother%29&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> – the names <a href="/wiki/Giacomo" title="Giacomo">Giacomo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diego" title="Diego">Diego</a> are <a href="/wiki/Cognates" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognates">cognates</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/James_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="James (name)">James</a>, all sharing a common origin. See Behind the Name, Mike Campbell, pages <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.behindthename.com/name/Giacomo">Giacomo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.behindthename.com/name/diego">Diego</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.behindthename.com/name/james">James</a>. All retrieved 3 February 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen201156-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen201156_18-0">^</a> Bergreen 2011, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-King2021-19"><a href="#cite_ref-King2021_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2021" class="citation book cs1">King, Ross (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FoskEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT264">The Bookseller of Florence: The Story of the Manuscripts That Illuminated the Renaissance</a>. Atlantic Monthly Press. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-5853-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-5853-6"><bdi>978-0-8021-5853-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bookseller+of+Florence%3A+The+Story+of+the+Manuscripts+That+Illuminated+the+Renaissance&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-5853-6&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFoskEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips199296-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips199296_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips199296_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhillipsPhillips1992">Phillips & Phillips 1992</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-Galante2022-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Galante2022_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalante2022" class="citation book cs1">Galante, John Starosta (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fapJEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA13">On the Other Shore: The Atlantic Worlds of Italians in South America During the Great War</a>. Univ of Nebraska Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4962-2958-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4962-2958-8"><bdi>978-1-4962-2958-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Other+Shore%3A+The+Atlantic+Worlds+of+Italians+in+South+America+During+the+Great+War&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Univ+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-4962-2958-8&rft.aulast=Galante&rft.aufirst=John+Starosta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfapJEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Ligurian pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ligurian" title="Help:IPA/Ligurian">[kriˈʃtɔffa kuˈɹuŋbu]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConsulta_Ligure1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Consulta Ligure (1982). Vocabolario delle parlate liguri [Vocabulary of Ligurian Speech: Specialized Vocabulary] (in Italian). Sage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-8705-8044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-8705-8044-0"><bdi>978-8-8705-8044-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vocabolario+delle+parlate+liguri&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-8-8705-8044-0&rft.au=Consulta+Ligure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SánchezGuruléBroughton1990-22"><a href="#cite_ref-SánchezGuruléBroughton1990_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSánchezGuruléBroughton1990" class="citation book cs1">Sánchez, Joseph P.; Gurulé, Jerry L.; Broughton, William H. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vw60dj9PV10C&pg=PR9">Bibliografia Colombina, 1492–1990: Books, Articles and Other Publications on the Life and Times of Christopher Columbus</a>. National Park Service, Spanish Colonial Research Center. p. ix.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bibliografia+Colombina%2C+1492%E2%80%931990%3A+Books%2C+Articles+and+Other+Publications+on+the+Life+and+Times+of+Christopher+Columbus&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=National+Park+Service%2C+Spanish+Colonial+Research+Center&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1nchez&rft.aufirst=Joseph+P.&rft.au=Gurul%C3%A9%2C+Jerry+L.&rft.au=Broughton%2C+William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvw60dj9PV10C%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bedini2016-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Bedini2016_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedini2016" class="citation book cs1">Bedini, Silvio A. (2016). Bedini, Silvio A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gmmMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PR8">The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia</a>. Springer. p. viii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12573-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12573-9"><bdi>978-1-349-12573-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christopher+Columbus+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=viii&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-349-12573-9&rft.aulast=Bedini&rft.aufirst=Silvio+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgmmMCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilgus1973-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilgus1973_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilgus1973" class="citation book cs1">Wilgus, Alva Curtis (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PZoWAAAAYAAJ&q=%22New%20theories%22">Latin America, 1492–1942: A Guide to Historical and Cultural Development Before World War II</a>. Scarecrow. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-0595-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-0595-8"><bdi>978-0-8108-0595-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+America%2C+1492%E2%80%931942%3A+A+Guide+to+Historical+and+Cultural+Development+Before+World+War+II&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-0595-8&rft.aulast=Wilgus&rft.aufirst=Alva+Curtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPZoWAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522New%2520theories%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> (in Portuguese) "Armas e Troféus." Revista de História, Heráldica, Genealogia e Arte. 1994, VI serie – Tomo VI, pp. 5–52. Retrieved 21 November 2011.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson19973-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson19973_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavidson1997">Davidson 1997</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips199285-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips199285_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhillipsPhillips1992">Phillips & Phillips 1992</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lyon1992-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Lyon1992_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyon1992" class="citation book cs1">Lyon, Eugene (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3mOh34X6UY8C&pg=PA90">"Navigation and Ships in the Age of Columbus"</a>. In McGovern, James R. (ed.). The World of Columbus. Mercer University Press. pp. 90–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-414-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-414-7"><bdi>978-0-86554-414-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Navigation+and+Ships+in+the+Age+of+Columbus&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Columbus&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E90-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-86554-414-7&rft.aulast=Lyon&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3mOh34X6UY8C%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips199293-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips199293_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhillipsPhillips1992">Phillips & Phillips 1992</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-Vigneras2016-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Vigneras2016_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVigneras2016" class="citation book cs1">Vigneras, L. A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gmmMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA175">"Columbus in Portugal"</a>. In Bedini, Silvio A. (ed.). The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia. Springer. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12573-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12573-9"><bdi>978-1-349-12573-9</bdi></a>. <q>It is most probable that Columbus visited Bristol, where he was introduced to English commerce with Iceland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Columbus+in+Portugal&rft.btitle=The+Christopher+Columbus+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-349-12573-9&rft.aulast=Vigneras&rft.aufirst=L.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgmmMCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UrelandClarkson2011-31"><a href="#cite_ref-UrelandClarkson2011_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUreland2011" class="citation book cs1">Ureland, P. Sture (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O46ZKTUg2ogC&pg=PA14">"Introduction"</a>. In Ureland, P. Sture; Clarkson, Iain (eds.). Language Contact across the North Atlantic: Proceedings of the Working Groups held at the University College, Galway (Ireland), 1992 and the University of Göteborg (Sweden), 1993. Walter de Gruyter. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-092965-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-092965-2"><bdi>978-3-11-092965-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Language+Contact+across+the+North+Atlantic%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Working+Groups+held+at+the+University+College%2C+Galway+%28Ireland%29%2C+1992+and+the+University+of+G%C3%B6teborg+%28Sweden%29%2C+1993&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-11-092965-2&rft.aulast=Ureland&rft.aufirst=P.+Sture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO46ZKTUg2ogC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graves1949-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Graves1949_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraves1949" class="citation book cs1">Graves, Charles (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DedQAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Christopher%20Columbus%22%20%22St.%20Nicholas%22%20%22Galway%22">Ireland Revisited</a>. Hutchinson. p. 151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland+Revisited&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDedQAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Christopher%2520Columbus%2522%2520%2522St.%2520Nicholas%2522%2520%2522Galway%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Enterline2003-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Enterline2003_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enterline2003_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnterline2003" class="citation book cs1">Enterline, James Robert (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=blJZYInNFkkC&pg=PT247">Erikson, Eskimos & Columbus: Medieval European Knowledge of America</a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7547-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7547-2"><bdi>978-0-8018-7547-2</bdi></a>. <q>Some writers have suggested that it was during this visit to Iceland that Columbus heard of land in the west. Keeping the source of his information secret, they say, he concocted a plan to sail westward. Certainly the knowledge was generally available without attending any saga-telling parties. That this knowledge reached Columbus seems unlikely, however, for later, when trying to get backing for his project, he went to great lengths to unearth even the slightest scraps of information that would add to the plausibility of his scheme. Knowledge of the Norse explorations could have helped.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erikson%2C+Eskimos+%26+Columbus%3A+Medieval+European+Knowledge+of+America&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-7547-2&rft.aulast=Enterline&rft.aufirst=James+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DblJZYInNFkkC%26pg%3DPT247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PaolucciPaolucci1992-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PaolucciPaolucci1992_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PaolucciPaolucci1992_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaolucciPaolucci1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Paolucci" title="Anne Paolucci">Paolucci, Anne</a>; Paolucci, Henry (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AhwWAQAAIAAJ&q=%221477%22">Columbus, America, and the World</a>. Council on National Literatures. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-918680-33-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-918680-33-4"><bdi>978-0-918680-33-4</bdi></a>. <q>Many Columbists ... have doubted that Columbus could ever have gone to Iceland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbus%2C+America%2C+and+the+World&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Council+on+National+Literatures&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-918680-33-4&rft.aulast=Paolucci&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=Paolucci%2C+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAhwWAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%25221477%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolodny2012-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kolodny2012_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kolodny2012_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kolodny2012_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kolodny2012_35-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolodny2012" class="citation book cs1">Kolodny, Annette (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B2qpdOb8o4cC&pg=PA226">In Search of First Contact: The Vikings of Vinland, the Peoples of the Dawnland, and the Anglo-American Anxiety of Discovery</a>. Duke University Press. pp. 226–227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5286-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5286-0"><bdi>978-0-8223-5286-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+First+Contact%3A+The+Vikings+of+Vinland%2C+the+Peoples+of+the+Dawnland%2C+and+the+Anglo-American+Anxiety+of+Discovery&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E226-%3C%2Fspan%3E227&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-5286-0&rft.aulast=Kolodny&rft.aufirst=Annette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB2qpdOb8o4cC%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn1992" class="citation journal cs1">Quinn, David B. (1992). "Columbus and the North: England, Iceland, and Ireland". The William and Mary Quarterly. 49 (2): 278–297. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-5597">0043-5597</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2947273">2947273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Columbus+and+the+North%3A+England%2C+Iceland%2C+and+Ireland&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E278-%3C%2Fspan%3E297&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2947273%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0043-5597&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fernández-Armesto1991-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Fernández-Armesto1991_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández-Armesto1991" class="citation book cs1">Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NTwLAAAAYAAJ&q=%221478%20Sugar-buying%20trip%22">Columbus</a>. Oxford University Press. p. xvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-215898-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-215898-7"><bdi>978-0-19-215898-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbus&rft.pages=xvii&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-215898-7&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Armesto&rft.aufirst=Felipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNTwLAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%25221478%2520Sugar-buying%2520trip%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FreitasManey1893-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FreitasManey1893_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreitasManey1893" class="citation book cs1">Freitas, Antonio Maria de; Maney, Regina (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wifeofcolumbus00frei/page/32/mode/1up">The Wife of Columbus: With Genealogical Tree of the Perestrello and Moniz Families</a>. New York: Stettinger, Lambert & Co. p. 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wife+of+Columbus%3A+With+Genealogical+Tree+of+the+Perestrello+and+Moniz+Families&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Stettinger%2C+Lambert+%26+Co&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Freitas&rft.aufirst=Antonio+Maria+de&rft.au=Maney%2C+Regina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwifeofcolumbus00frei%2Fpage%2F32%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alessandrini2012-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Alessandrini2012_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlessandrini2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alessandrini, Nunziatella (1 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6148469">"Os Perestrello: uma família de Piacenza no Império Português (século XVI)"</a> [The Perestrellos: A Piacenza family in the Portuguese Empire (16th century)] (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Universidade NOVA de Lisboa. p. 90. [Finally, the most famous son of Filippone, Bartolomeu Perestrello (I), who participated in the rediscovery of the island of Madeira in 1418, and was <a href="/wiki/Captaincy" title="Captaincy">captain</a> and feitor [administrator] of Porto Santo until, by a letter of 1 November 1446 from Infante Henrique, he became the first donatary captain of the island, a privilege that continued until the 19th century, with the last donatary captain Manuel da Câmara Bettencourt Perestrello in 1814.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Os+Perestrello%3A+uma+fam%C3%ADlia+de+Piacenza+no+Imp%C3%A9rio+Portugu%C3%AAs+%28s%C3%A9culo+XVI%29&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Universidade+NOVA+de+Lisboa&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft.aulast=Alessandrini&rft.aufirst=Nunziatella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6148469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suranyi2015-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Suranyi2015_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuranyi2015" class="citation book cs1">Suranyi, Anna (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J6FhCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA17">The Atlantic Connection: A History of the Atlantic World, 1450–1900</a>. Routledge. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-50066-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-50066-7"><bdi>978-1-317-50066-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlantic+Connection%3A+A+History+of+the+Atlantic+World%2C+1450%E2%80%931900&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-50066-7&rft.aulast=Suranyi&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ6FhCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson199163-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson199163_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyson1991">Dyson 1991</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-Taviani2016-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Taviani2016_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaviani2016" class="citation book cs1">Taviani, Paolo Emilio (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gmmMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24">"Beatriz Arana"</a>. In Bedini, Silvio A. (ed.). The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia. Springer. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12573-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12573-9"><bdi>978-1-349-12573-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beatriz+Arana&rft.btitle=The+Christopher+Columbus+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-349-12573-9&rft.aulast=Taviani&rft.aufirst=Paolo+Emilio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgmmMCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Taviani, "Beatriz Arana" in The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia, vol. 1, pp. 24–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-ESMorgan-44"><a href="#cite_ref-ESMorgan_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Morgan_(historian)" title="Edmund Morgan (historian)">Morgan, Edmund S.</a> (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/columbus-confusion-about-the-new-world-140132422/">"Columbus' Confusion About the New World"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Magazine">Smithsonian Magazine</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Columbus%27+Confusion+About+the+New+World&rft.date=2009-10&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Edmund+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Ftravel%2Fcolumbus-confusion-about-the-new-world-140132422%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DavidannGilbert2019-45"><a href="#cite_ref-DavidannGilbert2019_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidannGilbert2019" class="citation book cs1">Davidann, Jon; Gilbert, Marc Jason (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8f6GDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT39">Cross-Cultural Encounters in Modern World History, 1453–Present</a>. Routledge. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-75924-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-75924-6"><bdi>978-0-429-75924-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cross-Cultural+Encounters+in+Modern+World+History%2C+1453%E2%80%93Present&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-429-75924-6&rft.aulast=Davidann&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Marc+Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8f6GDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips1992108-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips1992108_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhillipsPhillips1992">Phillips & Phillips 1992</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-Boxer1967-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Boxer1967_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoxer1967" class="citation book cs1">Boxer, Charles Ralph (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2R4DA2lip9gC&pg=PA2">The Christian Century in Japan, 1549–1650</a>. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Century+in+Japan%2C+1549%E2%80%931650&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Boxer&rft.aufirst=Charles+Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2R4DA2lip9gC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips1992227-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips1992227_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips1992227_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhillipsPhillips1992">Phillips & Phillips 1992</a>, p. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphyCoye2013-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphyCoye2013_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphyCoye2013_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphyCoye2013_49-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurphyCoye2013">Murphy & Coye 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuzio2017" class="citation book cs1">Muzio, Tim Di (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-LaDwAAQBAJ">The Tragedy of Human Development: A Genealogy of Capital as Power</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78348-715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78348-715-8"><bdi>978-1-78348-715-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tragedy+of+Human+Development%3A+A+Genealogy+of+Capital+as+Power&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78348-715-8&rft.aulast=Muzio&rft.aufirst=Tim+Di&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di-LaDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEchevarríaPupo-Walker1996" class="citation book cs1">Echevarría, Roberto Gonzalez; Pupo-Walker, Enrique (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8lrcKp81eawC">The Cambridge History of Latin American Literature</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34069-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34069-4"><bdi>978-0-521-34069-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Latin+American+Literature&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-34069-4&rft.aulast=Echevarr%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=Roberto+Gonzalez&rft.au=Pupo-Walker%2C+Enrique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8lrcKp81eawC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohanyakLim2010" class="citation book cs1">Johanyak, D.; Lim, W. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_UzFAAAAQBAJ">The English Renaissance, Orientalism, and the Idea of Asia</a>. Springer. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10622-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10622-2"><bdi>978-0-230-10622-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Renaissance%2C+Orientalism%2C+and+the+Idea+of+Asia&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-10622-2&rft.aulast=Johanyak&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Lim%2C+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_UzFAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2013" class="citation book cs1">King, William Casey (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UElGCn0QN3gC&pg=PT166">Ambition, A History: From Vice to Virtue</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18984-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18984-1"><bdi>978-0-300-18984-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ambition%2C+A+History%3A+From+Vice+to+Virtue&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-300-18984-1&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=William+Casey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUElGCn0QN3gC%26pg%3DPT166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheehan2008" class="citation thesis cs1">Sheehan, Kevin Joseph (2008). Iberian Asia: the strategies of Spanish and Portuguese empire building, 1540–1700 (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/892835540">892835540</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/304693901">304693901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Iberian+Asia%3A+the+strategies+of+Spanish+and+Portuguese+empire+building%2C+1540%E2%80%931700&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F892835540&rft.aulast=Sheehan&rft.aufirst=Kevin+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-jstor3879352-56"><a href="#cite_ref-jstor3879352_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelaney2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carol_Delaney" title="Carol Delaney">Delaney, Carol</a> (8 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200226123645/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f671/e4f2cd4ba48c3d113fde22094738b87058aa.pdf">"Columbus's Ultimate Goal: Jerusalem"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Comparative_Studies_in_Society_and_History" title="Comparative Studies in Society and History">Comparative Studies in Society and History</a>. 48 (2). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 260–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417506000119">10.1017/S0010417506000119</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3879352">3879352</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144148903">144148903</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f671/e4f2cd4ba48c3d113fde22094738b87058aa.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=Columbus%27s+Ultimate+Goal%3A+Jerusalem&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E260-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=2006-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144148903%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3879352%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417506000119&rft.aulast=Delaney&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2Ff671%2Fe4f2cd4ba48c3d113fde22094738b87058aa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamdani1979" class="citation journal cs1">Hamdani, Abbas (1979). "Columbus and the Recovery of Jerusalem". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Oriental_Society" title="Journal of the American Oriental Society">Journal of the American Oriental Society</a>. 99 (1). Ann Arbor, Michigan: <a href="/wiki/American_Oriental_Society" title="American Oriental Society">American Oriental Society</a>: 39–48. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/598947">598947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Columbus+and+the+Recovery+of+Jerusalem&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F598947%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hamdani&rft.aufirst=Abbas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphyCoye2013244-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphyCoye2013244_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurphyCoye2013">Murphy & Coye 2013</a>, p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-Willoz-Egnor2013-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Willoz-Egnor2013_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilloz-Egnor2013" class="citation web cs1">Willoz-Egnor, Jeanne (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ion.org/museum/item_view.cfm?cid=6&scid=13&iid=25">"Mariner's Astrolabe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Navigation" title="Institute of Navigation">Institute of Navigation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202740/http://www.ion.org/museum/item_view.cfm?cid=6&scid=13&iid=25">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+of+Navigation&rft.atitle=Mariner%27s+Astrolabe&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Willoz-Egnor&rft.aufirst=Jeanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ion.org%2Fmuseum%2Fitem_view.cfm%3Fcid%3D6%26scid%3D13%26iid%3D25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith2002-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith2002_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2002" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Ben (1 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31744402">"An astrolabe from Passa Pau, Cape Verde Islands"</a>. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 31 (1): 99–107. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002IJNAr..31...99S">2002IJNAr..31...99S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fijna.2002.1021">10.1006/ijna.2002.1021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Nautical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=An+astrolabe+from+Passa+Pau%2C+Cape+Verde+Islands&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fijna.2002.1021&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002IJNAr..31...99S&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F31744402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidpath2001" class="citation book cs1">Ridpath, Ian (2001). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Universe. New York: Watson-Guptill. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8230-2512-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8230-2512-1"><bdi>978-0-8230-2512-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+the+Universe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Watson-Guptill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8230-2512-1&rft.aulast=Ridpath&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagan1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Sagan, Carl</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cosmossaga00saga/page/14/mode/2up?q=Eratosthenes">Cosmos</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. pp. 34–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50294-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50294-6"><bdi>978-0-394-50294-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosmos&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-394-50294-6&rft.aulast=Sagan&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcosmossaga00saga%2Fpage%2F14%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3DEratosthenes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freely2013-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Freely2013_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreely2013" class="citation book cs1">Freely, John (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QsWSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT36">Before Galileo: The Birth of Modern Science in Medieval Europe</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Abrams_Books" title="Abrams Books">Abrams Books</a>. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4683-0850-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4683-0850-1"><bdi>978-1-4683-0850-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+Galileo%3A+The+Birth+of+Modern+Science+in+Medieval+Europe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Abrams+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4683-0850-1&rft.aulast=Freely&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQsWSDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> "Marco Polo et le Livre des Merveilles", p. 37. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35404-007-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35404-007-9">978-2-35404-007-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Randles1990-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Randles1990_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandles1990" class="citation journal cs1">Randles, W. G. L. (January 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tau.ac.il/~corry/teaching/histint/download/Randles_Columbus.pdf">"The Evaluation of Columbus' 'India' Project by Portuguese and Spanish Cosmographers in the Light of the Geographical Science of the Period"</a> (PDF). Imago Mundi. 42 (1): 50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03085699008592691">10.1080/03085699008592691</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0308-5694">0308-5694</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129588714">129588714</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.tau.ac.il/~corry/teaching/histint/download/Randles_Columbus.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Imago+Mundi&rft.atitle=The+Evaluation+of+Columbus%27+%27India%27+Project+by+Portuguese+and+Spanish+Cosmographers+in+the+Light+of+the+Geographical+Science+of+the+Period&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=50&rft.date=1990-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129588714%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0308-5694&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03085699008592691&rft.aulast=Randles&rft.aufirst=W.+G.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tau.ac.il%2F~corry%2Fteaching%2Fhistint%2Fdownload%2FRandles_Columbus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahmud2017-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Mahmud2017_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhairunnaharMahmudIslam2017" class="citation journal cs1">Khairunnahar; Mahmud, Khandakar Hasan; Islam, Md Ariful (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348442261">"Error calculation of the selected maps used in the Great Voyage of Christopher Columbus"</a>. The Jahangirnagar Review, Part II. XLI. Jahangirnagar University: 67. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1682-7422">1682-7422</a>. Retrieved 9 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jahangirnagar+Review%2C+Part+II&rft.atitle=Error+calculation+of+the+selected+maps+used+in+the+Great+Voyage+of+Christopher+Columbus&rft.volume=XLI&rft.pages=67&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=1682-7422&rft.au=Khairunnahar&rft.au=Mahmud%2C+Khandakar+Hasan&rft.au=Islam%2C+Md+Ariful&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F348442261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCormick2012-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McCormick2012_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCormick2012_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormick2012" class="citation web cs1">McCormick, Douglas (9 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/columbuss-geographical-miscalculations">"Columbus's Geographical Miscalculations"</a>. IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved 9 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Spectrum&rft.atitle=Columbus%27s+Geographical+Miscalculations&rft.date=2012-10-09&rft.aulast=McCormick&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fcolumbuss-geographical-miscalculations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gunn2018-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Gunn2018_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunn2018" class="citation book cs1">Gunn, Geoffrey C. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xCRyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA77">Overcoming Ptolemy: The Revelation of an Asian World Region</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 77–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-9014-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-9014-3"><bdi>978-1-4985-9014-3</bdi></a>. <q>Constructed on a framework of latitude and longitude, the Ptolemy-revival map projections revealed the extent of the known world in relation to the whole. Typically, they displayed a Eurasian landmass extending through 180° of longitude from a prime meridian in the west (variously the Canary Islands or Cape Verde) to a location in the "Far East."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Overcoming+Ptolemy%3A+The+Revelation+of+an+Asian+World+Region&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-9014-3&rft.aulast=Gunn&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxCRyDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zacher2016-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Zacher2016_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZacher2016" class="citation book cs1">Zacher, Christian K. (2016). Bedini, Silvio A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gmmMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA676">The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia</a>. Springer. pp. 676–677. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12573-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12573-9"><bdi>978-1-349-12573-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christopher+Columbus+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E676-%3C%2Fspan%3E677&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-349-12573-9&rft.aulast=Zacher&rft.aufirst=Christian+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgmmMCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dilke2016-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Dilke2016_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDilke2016" class="citation book cs1">Dilke, O. A. W. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gmmMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA452">"Marinus of Tyre"</a>. In Bedini, Silvio A. (ed.). The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia. Springer. p. 452. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12573-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12573-9"><bdi>978-1-349-12573-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marinus+of+Tyre&rft.btitle=The+Christopher+Columbus+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=452&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-349-12573-9&rft.aulast=Dilke&rft.aufirst=O.+A.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgmmMCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morison1974-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Morison1974_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorison1974" class="citation book cs1">Morison, Samuel Eliot (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r4sOAQAAMAAJ&q=%222%20Esdras%22">The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages A.D. 1492–1616</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-501377-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-501377-1"><bdi>978-0-19-501377-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Discovery+of+America%3A+The+Southern+Voyages+A.D.+1492%E2%80%931616&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-19-501377-1&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Eliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr4sOAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25222%2520Esdras%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Butel2002-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Butel2002_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButel2002" class="citation book cs1">Butel, Paul (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sLGIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">The Atlantic</a>. Routledge. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-84305-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-84305-3"><bdi>978-1-134-84305-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlantic&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-84305-3&rft.aulast=Butel&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsLGIAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1991-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1991_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1991">Morison 1991</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips1992110-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips1992110_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhillipsPhillips1992">Phillips & Phillips 1992</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-Edson2007-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Edson2007_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdson2007" class="citation book cs1">Edson, Evelyn (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dhgYlhXJy_QC&pg=PA205">The World Map, 1300–1492: The Persistence of Tradition and Transformation</a>. JHU Press. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8589-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8589-1"><bdi>978-0-8018-8589-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Map%2C+1300%E2%80%931492%3A+The+Persistence+of+Tradition+and+Transformation&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8589-1&rft.aulast=Edson&rft.aufirst=Evelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdhgYlhXJy_QC%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor2002-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor2002_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2002" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Alan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NPoAQRgkrOcC&pg=PA34">American Colonies: The Settling of North America (The Penguin History of the United States, Volume 1)</a>. Penguin. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-200210-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-200210-0"><bdi>978-0-14-200210-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Colonies%3A+The+Settling+of+North+America+%28The+Penguin+History+of+the+United+States%2C+Volume+1%29&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-14-200210-0&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNPoAQRgkrOcC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen1992" class="citation book cs1">Jensen, De Lamar (1992). Renaissance Europe (2nd ed.). Lexington, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/D.C._Heath_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="D.C. Heath and Company">D.C. Heath and Company</a>. p. 341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-669-20007-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-669-20007-2"><bdi>978-0-669-20007-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renaissance+Europe&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=341&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=D.C.+Heath+and+Company&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-669-20007-2&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=De+Lamar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gómez2008-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Gómez2008_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGómez2008" class="citation book cs1">Gómez, Nicolás Wey (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WLntAAAAMAAJ&q=%22northeastern%20trade%20winds%22">The Tropics of Empire: Why Columbus Sailed South to the Indies</a>. MIT Press. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-23264-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-23264-7"><bdi>978-0-262-23264-7</bdi></a>. <q>It is also known that wind patterns and water currents in the Atlantic were crucial factors for launching an outward passage from the Canaries: Columbus understood that his chance of crossing the ocean was significantly greater just beyond the Canary calms, where he expected to catch the northeastern trade winds—although, as some authors have pointed out, "westing" from the Canaries, instead of dipping farther south, was hardly an optimal sailing choice, since Columbus's fleet was bound to lose, as soon it did, the northeasterlies in the mid-Atlantic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tropics+of+Empire%3A+Why+Columbus+Sailed+South+to+the+Indies&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-262-23264-7&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3mez&rft.aufirst=Nicol%C3%A1s+Wey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWLntAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522northeastern%2520trade%2520winds%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1991132-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1991132_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1991">Morison 1991</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1991314-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1991314_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1991">Morison 1991</a>, p. 314. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rickey1992-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Rickey1992_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRickey1992" class="citation journal cs1">Rickey, V. Frederick (1992). "How Columbus Encountered America". Mathematics Magazine. 65 (4): 219–225. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-570X">0025-570X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2691445">2691445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathematics+Magazine&rft.atitle=How+Columbus+Encountered+America&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E219-%3C%2Fspan%3E225&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2691445%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0025-570X&rft.aulast=Rickey&rft.aufirst=V.+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1991198–199-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1991198–199_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1991">Morison 1991</a>, pp. 198–199. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rickey1992224-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Rickey1992224_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRickey1992" class="citation journal cs1">Rickey, V. Frederick (1992). "How Columbus Encountered America". Mathematics Magazine. 65 (4): 224. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-570X">0025-570X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2691445">2691445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathematics+Magazine&rft.atitle=How+Columbus+Encountered+America&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=224&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2691445%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0025-570X&rft.aulast=Rickey&rft.aufirst=V.+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison199168–70-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison199168–70_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1991">Morison 1991</a>, pp. 68–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinheiro-Marques2016-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Pinheiro-Marques2016_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinheiro-Marques2016" class="citation book cs1">Pinheiro-Marques, Alfredo (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gmmMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97">"Diogo Cão"</a>. In Bedini, Silvio A. (ed.). The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia. Springer. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12573-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12573-9"><bdi>978-1-349-12573-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diogo+C%C3%A3o&rft.btitle=The+Christopher+Columbus+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-349-12573-9&rft.aulast=Pinheiro-Marques&rft.aufirst=Alfredo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgmmMCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SymcoxSullivan2016-86"><a href="#cite_ref-SymcoxSullivan2016_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSymcoxSullivan2016" class="citation book cs1">Symcox, Geoffrey; Sullivan, Blair (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qVEBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11">Christopher Columbus and the Enterprise of the Indies: A Brief History with Documents</a>. Springer. pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-08059-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-08059-2"><bdi>978-1-137-08059-2</bdi></a>. <q>in 1488 Columbus returned to Portugal and once again put his project to João II. Again it was rejected. In historical hindsight this looks like a fatally missed opportunity for the Portuguese crown, but the king had good reason not to accept Columbus's project. His panel of experts cast grave doubts on the assumptions behind it, noting that Columbus had underestimated the distance to China. And then in December 1488 Bartolomeu Dias returned from his voyage around the Cape of Good Hope. Certain now that they had found the sea route to India and the east, João II and his advisers had no further interest in what probably seemed to them a hare-brained and risky plan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christopher+Columbus+and+the+Enterprise+of+the+Indies%3A+A+Brief+History+with+Documents&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-137-08059-2&rft.aulast=Symcox&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+Blair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqVEBDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson199184-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson199184_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyson1991">Dyson 1991</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Durant, Will The Story of Civilization vol. vi, "The Reformation". Chapter XIII, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson199186,_92-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson199186,_92_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyson1991">Dyson 1991</a>, pp. 86, 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson199192-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson199192_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyson1991">Dyson 1991</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison2015" class="citation web cs1">Morrison, Geoffrey (15 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/geoffreymorrison/2015/10/15/exploring-the-alhambra-palace-granada-spain/">"Exploring The Alhambra Palace And Fortress In Granada, Spain"</a>. Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016073235/http://www.forbes.com/sites/geoffreymorrison/2015/10/15/exploring-the-alhambra-palace-granada-spain/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Exploring+The+Alhambra+Palace+And+Fortress+In+Granada%2C+Spain&rft.date=2015-10-15&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fgeoffreymorrison%2F2015%2F10%2F15%2Fexploring-the-alhambra-palace-granada-spain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips1992131–132-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips1992131–132_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips1992131–132_92-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhillipsPhillips1992">Phillips & Phillips 1992</a>, pp. 131–132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips1992131–32-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips1992131–32_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhillipsPhillips1992">Phillips & Phillips 1992</a>, pp. 131–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lantigua2020-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Lantigua2020_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLantigua2020" class="citation book cs1">Lantigua, David M. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9RzhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53">Infidels and Empires in a New World Order: Early Modern Spanish Contributions to International Legal Thought</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49826-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49826-5"><bdi>978-1-108-49826-5</bdi></a>. <q>The Capitulaciones de Santa Fe appointed Columbus as the official viceroy of the Crown, which entitled him, by virtue of royal concession, to all the honors and jurisdictions accorded the conquerors of the Canaries. Usage of the terms "to discover" (descubrir) and "to acquire" (ganar) were legal cues indicating the goals of Spanish possession through occupancy and conquest.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infidels+and+Empires+in+a+New+World+Order%3A+Early+Modern+Spanish+Contributions+to+International+Legal+Thought&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-108-49826-5&rft.aulast=Lantigua&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9RzhDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1991662-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1991662_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1991">Morison 1991</a>, p. 662. </li> <li id="cite_note-González-Sánchez2006-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-González-Sánchez2006_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-González-Sánchez2006_97-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález_Sánchez2006" class="citation book cs1">González Sánchez, Carlos Alberto (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OMNoS-g1h8cC&pg=PA175">"Capitulations of Santa Fe"</a>. In Kaufman, Will; <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Francis" title="J. Michael Francis">Francis, John Michael</a> (eds.). Iberia and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History: a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 175–176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-421-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-421-9"><bdi>978-1-85109-421-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Capitulations+of+Santa+Fe&rft.btitle=Iberia+and+the+Americas%3A+Culture%2C+Politics%2C+and+History%3A+a+Multidisciplinary+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E176&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-421-9&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez+S%C3%A1nchez&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Alberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOMNoS-g1h8cC%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSánchez-Barba2006" class="citation journal cs1">Sánchez-Barba, Mario Hernández (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armada.defensa.gob.es/archivo/mardigitalrevistas/cuadernosihcn/50cuaderno/cap02.pdf">"Cristóbal Colón en presencia de la muerte (1505–1506)"</a> (PDF). Cuadernos Monográficos del Instituto de Historia y Cultural Naval (50). Madrid: 51. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://armada.defensa.gob.es/archivo/mardigitalrevistas/cuadernosihcn/50cuaderno/cap02.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cuadernos+Monogr%C3%A1ficos+del+Instituto+de+Historia+y+Cultural+Naval&rft.atitle=Crist%C3%B3bal+Col%C3%B3n+en+presencia+de+la+muerte+%281505%E2%80%931506%29&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=51&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1nchez-Barba&rft.aufirst=Mario+Hern%C3%A1ndez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farmada.defensa.gob.es%2Farchivo%2Fmardigitalrevistas%2Fcuadernosihcn%2F50cuaderno%2Fcap02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Márquez1982-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Márquez1982_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMárquez1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Márquez, Luis Arranz (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kRhygUNmg4UC&pg=PA175">Don Diego Colón, almirante, virrey y gobernador de las Indias</a> (in Spanish). Editorial CSIC – CSIC Press. p. 175, note 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-00-05156-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-00-05156-3"><bdi>978-84-00-05156-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Don+Diego+Col%C3%B3n%2C+almirante%2C+virrey+y+gobernador+de+las+Indias&rft.pages=175%2C+note+4&rft.pub=Editorial+CSIC+%E2%80%93+CSIC+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-84-00-05156-3&rft.aulast=M%C3%A1rquez&rft.aufirst=Luis+Arranz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkRhygUNmg4UC%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDonald2005-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald2005_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald2005_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald2005" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Mark P. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bCfrAAAAMAAJ&q=%221790%22">Ferdinand Columbus: Renaissance Collector (1488–1539)</a>. British Museum Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-2644-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-2644-9"><bdi>978-0-7141-2644-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ferdinand+Columbus%3A+Renaissance+Collector+%281488%E2%80%931539%29&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-2644-9&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Mark+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbCfrAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25221790%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpechtStockland2017-101"><a href="#cite_ref-SpechtStockland2017_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpechtStockland2017" class="citation book cs1">Specht, Joshua; Stockland, Etienne (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wkkrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">The Columbian Exchange</a>. CRC Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-35121-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-35121-8"><bdi>978-1-351-35121-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbian+Exchange&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-35121-8&rft.aulast=Specht&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft.au=Stockland%2C+Etienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwkkrDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1991381-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1991381_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1991381_102-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1991">Morison 1991</a>, p. 381. </li> <li id="cite_note-Horodowich2017-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Horodowich2017_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorodowich2017" class="citation book cs1">Horodowich, Elizabeth (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8q5CDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">"Italy and the New World"</a>. In Horodowich, Elizabeth; Markey, Lia (eds.). The New World in Early Modern Italy, 1492–1750. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-50923-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-50923-7"><bdi>978-1-108-50923-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Italy+and+the+New+World&rft.btitle=The+New+World+in+Early+Modern+Italy%2C+1492%E2%80%931750&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-108-50923-7&rft.aulast=Horodowich&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8q5CDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-umc-104"><a href="#cite_ref-umc_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen" class="citation web cs1">Cohen, Jonathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201227/http://www.umc.sunysb.edu/surgery/america.html">"The Naming of America"</a>. Umc.sunysb.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umc.sunysb.edu/surgery/america.html">the original</a> on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Naming+of+America&rft.pub=Umc.sunysb.edu&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umc.sunysb.edu%2Fsurgery%2Famerica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández-Armesto2007" class="citation book cs1">Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (2007). Amerigo: The Man Who Gave His Name to America (1st ed.). New York: Random House. pp. 143–144, 186–187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6281-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6281-2"><bdi>978-1-4000-6281-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/608082366">608082366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amerigo%3A+The+Man+Who+Gave+His+Name+to+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E144%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E186-%3C%2Fspan%3E187&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F608082366&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6281-2&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Armesto&rft.aufirst=Felipe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickering1994" class="citation journal cs1">Pickering, Keith A. (August 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dioi.org/vols/w41.pdf">"Columbus's Plana landfall: Evidence for the Plana Cays as Columbus's 'San Salvador'"</a> (PDF). DIO – the International Journal of Scientific History. 4 (1): 13–32. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.dioi.org/vols/w41.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DIO+%E2%80%93+the+International+Journal+of+Scientific+History&rft.atitle=Columbus%27s+Plana+landfall%3A+Evidence+for+the+Plana+Cays+as+Columbus%27s+%27San+Salvador%27&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=1994-08&rft.aulast=Pickering&rft.aufirst=Keith+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dioi.org%2Fvols%2Fw41.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1991228-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1991228_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1991228_108-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1991">Morison 1991</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1991102-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1991102_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1991102_110-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyson1991">Dyson 1991</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150526034248/http://www.thenina.com/the_original_nina.html">"The Original Niña"</a>. The Niña & Pinta. British Virgin Islands: The Columbus Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenina.com/the_original_nina.html">the original</a> on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Ni%C3%B1a+%26+Pinta&rft.atitle=The+Original+Ni%C3%B1a&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenina.com%2Fthe_original_nina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips1992146–147-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips1992146–147_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhillipsPhillips1992">Phillips & Phillips 1992</a>, pp. 146–147. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicholls2009-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Nicholls2009_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholls2009" class="citation book cs1">Nicholls, Steve (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paradisefoundnat00stev/page/103">Paradise Found: Nature in America at the Time of Discovery</a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paradisefoundnat00stev/page/103">103–104</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-58340-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-58340-2"><bdi>978-0-226-58340-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paradise+Found%3A+Nature+in+America+at+the+Time+of+Discovery&rft.pages=103-104&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-226-58340-2&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparadisefoundnat00stev%2Fpage%2F103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1991226-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1991226_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1991">Morison 1991</a>, p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Lopez, (<a href="#CITEREFLopez1990">1990</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wyh9-rhsaQgC&pg=PT14">p. 14</a>); Columbus & Toscanelli (<a href="#CITEREFColumbusToscanelli2010">2010</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MI7dzFQZHOoC&pg=PA35">p. 35</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Lopez, (<a href="#CITEREFLopez1990">1990</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wyh9-rhsaQgC&pg=PT15">p. 15</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen201199-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen201199_117-0">^</a> Bergreen 2011, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> William D. Phillips Jr., 'Columbus, Christopher', in David Buisseret (ed.), The Oxford Companion to World Exploration, (Oxford University Press, online edition 2012). </li> <li id="cite_note-DunnKelly1989-120"><a href="#cite_ref-DunnKelly1989_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnKelley1989" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, Oliver; Kelley, James E. Jr. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nS6kRnXJgCEC&pg=PA67">The Diario of Christopher Columbus's First Voyage to America, 1492–1493</a>. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 67–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2384-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2384-4"><bdi>978-0-8061-2384-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diario+of+Christopher+Columbus%27s+First+Voyage+to+America%2C+1492%E2%80%931493&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-2384-4&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft.au=Kelley%2C+James+E.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnS6kRnXJgCEC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoxie_1996_p.-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Hoxie_1996_p._121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoxie1996" class="citation book cs1">Hoxie, Frederick (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofno00hoxi/page/568">Encyclopedia of North American Indians</a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofno00hoxi/page/568">568</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-66921-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-66921-1"><bdi>978-0-395-66921-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+North+American+Indians&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=568&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-395-66921-1&rft.aulast=Hoxie&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofno00hoxi%2Fpage%2F568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keegan2015-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Keegan2015_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan2015" class="citation journal cs1">Keegan, William F. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273291078">"Mobility and Disdain: Columbus and Cannibals in the Land of Cotton"</a>. Ethnohistory. 62 (1): 1–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00141801-2821644">10.1215/00141801-2821644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnohistory&rft.atitle=Mobility+and+Disdain%3A+Columbus+and+Cannibals+in+the+Land+of+Cotton&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00141801-2821644&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F273291078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zinn-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zinn_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zinn_123-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zinn_123-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zinn_123-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zinn_123-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zinn_123-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFZinn2003">Zinn 2003</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peopleshistoryof00howa/page/1">1–22</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Columbus (<a href="#CITEREFColumbus1991">1991</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OxbLxcS5uYgC&pg=PA87">p. 87</a>). Or "these people are very simple as regards the use of arms ... for with fifty men they can all be subjugated and made to do what is required of them." (Columbus & Toscanelli, <a href="#CITEREFColumbusToscanelli2010">2010</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MI7dzFQZHOoC&pg=PA41">p. 41</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Figueredo2008-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Figueredo2008_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFigueredo2008" class="citation book cs1">Figueredo, D. H. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RsNPdvRtT7oC&pg=PA9">A Brief History of the Caribbean</a>. Infobase. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0831-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0831-5"><bdi>978-1-4381-0831-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Caribbean&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0831-5&rft.aulast=Figueredo&rft.aufirst=D.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRsNPdvRtT7oC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deagan2008-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Deagan2008_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeagan2008" class="citation book cs1">Deagan, Kathleen A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iWGZP0V8WroC&pg=PA32">Columbus's Outpost Among the Taínos: Spain and America at La Isabela, 1493–1498</a>. Yale University Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13389-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13389-9"><bdi>978-0-300-13389-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbus%27s+Outpost+Among+the+Ta%C3%ADnos%3A+Spain+and+America+at+La+Isabela%2C+1493%E2%80%931498&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13389-9&rft.aulast=Deagan&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiWGZP0V8WroC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunter2012-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Hunter2012_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2012" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Douglas (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fYrvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA62">The Race to the New World: Christopher Columbus, John Cabot, and a Lost History of Discovery</a>. Macmillan. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34165-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34165-4"><bdi>978-0-230-34165-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Race+to+the+New+World%3A+Christopher+Columbus%2C+John+Cabot%2C+and+a+Lost+History+of+Discovery&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-230-34165-4&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfYrvCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magasich-AirolaBeer2007-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Magasich-AirolaBeer2007_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagasich-AirolaBeer2007" class="citation book cs1">Magasich-Airola, Jorge; Beer, Jean-Marc de (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SauW0UOVcp0C&pg=PA61">America Magica: When Renaissance Europe Thought It Had Conquered Paradise</a> (2nd ed.). Anthem. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-292-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-292-5"><bdi>978-1-84331-292-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+Magica%3A+When+Renaissance+Europe+Thought+It+Had+Conquered+Paradise&rft.pages=61&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Anthem&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-292-5&rft.aulast=Magasich-Airola&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rft.au=Beer%2C+Jean-Marc+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSauW0UOVcp0C%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson-Córdova2017-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson-Córdova2017_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson-Córdova2017" class="citation book cs1">Anderson-Córdova, Karen F. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RNoZDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA55">Surviving Spanish Conquest: Indian Fight, Flight, and Cultural Transformation in Hispaniola and Puerto Rico</a>. University of Alabama Press. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1946-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1946-5"><bdi>978-0-8173-1946-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surviving+Spanish+Conquest%3A+Indian+Fight%2C+Flight%2C+and+Cultural+Transformation+in+Hispaniola+and+Puerto+Rico&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-1946-5&rft.aulast=Anderson-C%C3%B3rdova&rft.aufirst=Karen+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRNoZDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphyCoye201331–32-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphyCoye201331–32_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurphyCoye2013">Murphy & Coye 2013</a>, pp. 31–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1991145-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1991145_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1991145_131-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1991">Morison 1991</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-DeaganCruxent1993-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeaganCruxent1993_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeaganCruxent1993_133-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeaganCruxent1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Deagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathleen Deagan">Deagan, Kathleen</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cruxent" title="José Cruxent">Cruxent, José Maria</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/pubs/proc/files/81p067.pdf">"From Contact to Criollos: The Archaeology of Spanish Colonization in Hispaniola"</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the British Academy. 81: 73. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://publications.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/pubs/proc/files/81p067.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+British+Academy&rft.atitle=From+Contact+to+Criollos%3A+The+Archaeology+of+Spanish+Colonization+in+Hispaniola&rft.volume=81&rft.pages=73&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Deagan&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft.au=Cruxent%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.thebritishacademy.ac.uk%2Fpubs%2Fproc%2Ffiles%2F81p067.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maclean2008-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Maclean2008_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaclean2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Maclean, Frances (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-lost-fort-of-columbus-8026921/">"The Lost Fort of Columbus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Magazine">Smithsonian Magazine</a>. Retrieved 24 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Lost+Fort+of+Columbus&rft.date=2008-01&rft.aulast=Maclean&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fthe-lost-fort-of-columbus-8026921%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gužauskytė2014-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Gužauskytė2014_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGužauskytė2014" class="citation book cs1">Gužauskytė, Evelina (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U0SWAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA96">Christopher Columbus's Naming in the 'diarios' of the Four Voyages (1492–1504): A Discourse of Negotiation</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-6825-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-6825-6"><bdi>978-1-4426-6825-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christopher+Columbus%27s+Naming+in+the+%27diarios%27+of+the+Four+Voyages+%281492%E2%80%931504%29%3A+A+Discourse+of+Negotiation&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-6825-6&rft.aulast=Gu%C5%BEauskyt%C4%97&rft.aufirst=Evelina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU0SWAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Fuson, Robert. The Log of Christopher Columbus (Camden, International Marine, 1987) 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYewellDodge1992" class="citation book cs1">Yewell, John; Dodge, Chris (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lTsLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33">Confronting Columbus: An Anthology</a>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89950-696-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89950-696-8"><bdi>978-0-89950-696-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confronting+Columbus%3A+An+Anthology&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-89950-696-8&rft.aulast=Yewell&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Dodge%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlTsLAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkham1893" class="citation book cs1">Markham, Clements R. (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XwI7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA159">The Journal of Christopher Columbus</a>. London: Hakluyt Society. pp. 159–160. Retrieved 28 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journal+of+Christopher+Columbus&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E160&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Markham&rft.aufirst=Clements+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXwI7AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DunnKelly1989341-139"><a href="#cite_ref-DunnKelly1989341_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnKelley1989" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, Oliver; Kelley, James E. Jr. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nS6kRnXJgCEC&pg=PA341">The Diario of Christopher Columbus's First Voyage to America, 1492–1493</a>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2384-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2384-4"><bdi>978-0-8061-2384-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diario+of+Christopher+Columbus%27s+First+Voyage+to+America%2C+1492%E2%80%931493&rft.pages=341&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-2384-4&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft.au=Kelley%2C+James+E.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnS6kRnXJgCEC%26pg%3DPA341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catz1990-140"><a href="#cite_ref-Catz1990_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatz1990" class="citation journal cs1">Catz, Rebecca (1990). "Columbus in the Azores". Portuguese Studies. 6: 19–21. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41104900">41104900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Portuguese+Studies&rft.atitle=Columbus+in+the+Azores&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41104900%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Catz&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamen2014-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Kamen2014_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamen2014" class="citation book cs1">Kamen, Henry (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=akIsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51">Spain, 1469–1714: A Society of Conflict</a>. Routledge. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-75500-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-75500-5"><bdi>978-1-317-75500-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain%2C+1469%E2%80%931714%3A+A+Society+of+Conflict&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-75500-5&rft.aulast=Kamen&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DakIsAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández-Armesto2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Armesto" title="Felipe Fernández-Armesto">Fernández-Armesto, Felipe</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amerigomanwhogav0000fern">Amerigo: The Man Who Gave His Name to America</a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6281-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6281-2"><bdi>978-1-4000-6281-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amerigo%3A+The+Man+Who+Gave+His+Name+to+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6281-2&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Armesto&rft.aufirst=Felipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famerigomanwhogav0000fern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaballos2004Ostapkowicz2023314–316-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaballos2004Ostapkowicz2023314–316_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaballos2004">Caballos 2004</a>; <a href="#CITEREFOstapkowicz2023">Ostapkowicz 2023</a>, pp. 314–316. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ife1992-144"><a href="#cite_ref-Ife1992_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIfe1992" class="citation web cs1">Ife, Barry (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424100905/http://www.ems.kcl.ac.uk/content/pub/b002.html">"Early Modern Spain: Introduction to the Letters from America"</a>. King's College London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ems.kcl.ac.uk/content/pub/b002.html">the original</a> on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=King%27s+College+London&rft.atitle=Early+Modern+Spain%3A+Introduction+to+the+Letters+from+America&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Ife&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ems.kcl.ac.uk%2Fcontent%2Fpub%2Fb002.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiffie1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bailey_W._Diffie" title="Bailey W. Diffie">Diffie, Bailey Wallys</a> (1977). Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580. Winius, George D. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-0782-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-0782-6"><bdi>0-8166-0782-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3488742">3488742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+the+Portuguese+Empire%2C+1415%E2%80%931580&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3488742&rft.isbn=0-8166-0782-6&rft.aulast=Diffie&rft.aufirst=Bailey+Wallys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeciana-Suarez2017" class="citation news cs1">Veciana-Suarez, Ana (22 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/education/article128075264.html">"This college donation is truly historic. And it's not just the artifacts involved"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Miami_Herald" title="Miami Herald">Miami Herald</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223042258/http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/education/article128075264.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=This+college+donation+is+truly+historic.+And+it%27s+not+just+the+artifacts+involved&rft.date=2017-01-22&rft.aulast=Veciana-Suarez&rft.aufirst=Ana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miamiherald.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Feducation%2Farticle128075264.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1991498–501-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1991498–501_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1991">Morison 1991</a>, pp. 498–501. </li> <li id="cite_note-DeaganCruxent2008-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeaganCruxent2008_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeaganCruxent2008_149-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeaganCruxent2008" class="citation book cs1">Deagan, Kathleen A.; Cruxent, José María (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rv4aeMw_PA4C&pg=PR39">Archaeology at La Isabela: America's First European Town</a>. Yale University Press. p. xxxix (5). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13391-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13391-2"><bdi>978-0-300-13391-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+at+La+Isabela%3A+America%27s+First+European+Town&rft.pages=xxxix+%285%29&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13391-2&rft.aulast=Deagan&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+A.&rft.au=Cruxent%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Mar%C3%ADa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drv4aeMw_PA4C%26pg%3DPR39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bedini2016705-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bedini2016705_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bedini2016705_150-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedini2016" class="citation book cs1">Bedini, Silvio A. (2016). Bedini, Silvio A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gmmMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA705">The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia</a>. Springer. p. 705. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12573-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12573-9"><bdi>978-1-349-12573-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christopher+Columbus+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=705&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-349-12573-9&rft.aulast=Bedini&rft.aufirst=Silvio+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgmmMCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monson1986-151"><a href="#cite_ref-Monson1986_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorison1986" class="citation book cs1">Morison, Samuel Eliot (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JnotvLHX80gC&pg=PA448">The Great Explorers: The European Discovery of America</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 440, 448–449. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504222-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504222-1"><bdi>978-0-19-504222-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Explorers%3A+The+European+Discovery+of+America&rft.pages=440%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E448-%3C%2Fspan%3E449&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504222-1&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Eliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJnotvLHX80gC%26pg%3DPA448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1991423–427-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1991423–427_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1991">Morison 1991</a>, pp. 423–427. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonio_de_la_Cova" class="citation web cs1">Antonio de la Cova. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/taino/taino-conquest.htm">"The Spanish Conquest of the Tainos"</a>. Latin American Studies. Antonio Rafael de la Cova. Retrieved 10 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Spanish+Conquest+of+the+Tainos&rft.au=Antonio+de+la+Cova&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latinamericanstudies.org%2Ftaino%2Ftaino-conquest.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Las Casas, Bartolomé, Las Casas on Columbus: Background and the 2nd and 4th Voyages (consisting of a section of History of the Indies by Las Casas, and commentary), Translated and Edited by Nigel Griffen, Brepols Publishers, Turnhout, Belgium, 1999 (original work: 1535), pp. 96–97 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090319132954.htm">Teeth Of Columbus's Crew Flesh Out Tale Of New World Discovery</a>". ScienceDaily. 20 March 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-Austin-Alchon2003-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Austin-Alchon2003_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Austin-Alchon2003_156-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustin_Alchon2003" class="citation book cs1">Austin Alchon, Suzanne (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YiHHnV08ebkC&pg=PA62">A Pest in the Land: New World Epidemics in a Global Perspective</a>. University of New Mexico Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-2871-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-2871-7"><bdi>978-0-8263-2871-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pest+in+the+Land%3A+New+World+Epidemics+in+a+Global+Perspective&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-2871-7&rft.aulast=Austin+Alchon&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYiHHnV08ebkC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Las Casas, Las Casas on Columbus, Background and the 2nd and 4th Voyages, pp. 118–130 </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Las Casas, Las Casas on Columbus, Background and the 2nd and 4th Voyages, pp. 117–118 </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Las Casas, Las Casas on Columbus, Background and the 2nd and 4th Voyages, pp. 130–134, 137–138, 147–149 </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeager2009" class="citation journal cs1">Yeager, Timothy J. (3 March 2009). "Encomienda or Slavery? The Spanish Crown's Choice of Labor Organization in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America". The Journal of Economic History. 55 (4): 842–859. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050700042182">10.1017/S0022050700042182</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2123819">2123819</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155030781">155030781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Encomienda+or+Slavery%3F+The+Spanish+Crown%27s+Choice+of+Labor+Organization+in+Sixteenth-Century+Spanish+America&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E842-%3C%2Fspan%3E859&rft.date=2009-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155030781%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2123819%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050700042182&rft.aulast=Yeager&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Lyle N. McAlister (1984). <a href="//archive.org/details/spainportugalinn0000mcal/page/164" class="extiw" title="iarchive:spainportugalinn0000mcal/page/164">Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700</a>. University of Minnesota Press. p. 164. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-1218-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-1218-8">0-8166-1218-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> De Cuneo, Michele. "Michel de Cuneo's Letter on the Second Voyage, 28 October 1495." Journal and other Documents in the Life of Christopher Columbus. Edited and Translated by Samuel Eliot Morison. New York: The Heritage Press, 1963. p. 215 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Cólon, Ferdinand. The Life of The Admiral Christopher Columbus by His Son Ferdinand. Edited and translated by Benjamin Keen. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1959 (Originally published 1571), p. 129 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1991482–85-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1991482–85_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1991">Morison 1991</a>, pp. 482–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Olson, Julius E. and Edward G. Bourne (editors). "The Northmen, Columbus and Cabot, 985–1503", in The Voyages of the Northmen; The Voyages of Columbus and of John Cabot. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1906), pp. 369–383. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stannard1993-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stannard1993_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stannard1993_166-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStannard1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Stannard" title="David Stannard">Stannard, David E.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uWhdMtGt5xUC&pg=PA69">American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983898-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983898-1"><bdi>978-0-19-983898-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Holocaust%3A+The+Conquest+of+the+New+World&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-983898-1&rft.aulast=Stannard&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuWhdMtGt5xUC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Koning, Hans. Columbus, His Enterprise: Exploding the Myth. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1976: 83–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeaganCruxent2008" class="citation book cs1">Deagan, Kathleen A.; Cruxent, José María (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iWGZP0V8WroC&pg=PA62">Columbus's Outpost Among the Taínos: Spain and America at La Isabela, 1493–1498</a>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13389-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13389-9"><bdi>978-0-300-13389-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbus%27s+Outpost+Among+the+Ta%C3%ADnos%3A+Spain+and+America+at+La+Isabela%2C+1493%E2%80%931498&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13389-9&rft.aulast=Deagan&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+A.&rft.au=Cruxent%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Mar%C3%ADa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiWGZP0V8WroC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1991183,_190-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1991183,_190_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1991183,_190_170-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1991183,_190_170-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1991183,_190_170-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyson1991">Dyson 1991</a>, pp. 183, 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-CohenPenman2017-171"><a href="#cite_ref-CohenPenman2017_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohenPenmanBoyleVedantam2017" class="citation web cs1">Cohen, Rhaina; Penman, Maggie; Boyle, Tara; Vedantam, Shankar (20 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2017/11/20/565410514/an-american-secret-the-untold-story-of-native-american-enslavement">"An American Secret: The Untold Story Of Native American Enslavement"</a>. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171121033940/https://www.npr.org/2017/11/20/565410514/an-american-secret-the-untold-story-of-native-american-enslavement">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=An+American+Secret%3A+The+Untold+Story+Of+Native+American+Enslavement&rft.date=2017-11-20&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Rhaina&rft.au=Penman%2C+Maggie&rft.au=Boyle%2C+Tara&rft.au=Vedantam%2C+Shankar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2017%2F11%2F20%2F565410514%2Fan-american-secret-the-untold-story-of-native-american-enslavement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Felipe2007-172"><a href="#cite_ref-Felipe2007_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández-Armesto2007" class="citation book cs1">Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j9khjlWQPWUC&pg=PA54">Amerigo: The Man Who Gave His Name to America</a>. New York: Random House. pp. 54–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6281-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6281-2"><bdi>978-1-4000-6281-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amerigo%3A+The+Man+Who+Gave+His+Name+to+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6281-2&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Armesto&rft.aufirst=Felipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj9khjlWQPWUC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1991497-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1991497_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1991">Morison 1991</a>, p. 497. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cook_1998-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Cook_1998_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook1998" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Noble David (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dvjNyZTFrS4C&pg=PA36">Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492–1650</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62730-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62730-6"><bdi>978-0-521-62730-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Born+to+Die%3A+Disease+and+New+World+Conquest%2C+1492%E2%80%931650&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62730-6&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Noble+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdvjNyZTFrS4C%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saunders2005-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saunders2005_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saunders2005_175-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2005" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, Nicholas J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XNbqUR_IoOMC&pg=PA75">The Peoples of the Caribbean: An Encyclopedia of Archaeology and Traditional Culture</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 75–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-701-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-701-6"><bdi>978-1-57607-701-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peoples+of+the+Caribbean%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Archaeology+and+Traditional+Culture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-701-6&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXNbqUR_IoOMC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flint2017-176"><a href="#cite_ref-Flint2017_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlint2017" class="citation book cs1">Flint, Valerie Irene Jane (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=65srDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA158">The Imaginative Landscape of Christopher Columbus</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8717-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8717-0"><bdi>978-1-4008-8717-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imaginative+Landscape+of+Christopher+Columbus&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-8717-0&rft.aulast=Flint&rft.aufirst=Valerie+Irene+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D65srDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen1997-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allen1997_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen1997_177-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen1997_177-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen1997_177-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuson1997" class="citation book cs1">Fuson, Robert H. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7RGlz9a4wVYC&pg=PA180">"The Columbian Voyages"</a>. In Allen, John Logan (ed.). North American Exploration. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 180–181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1015-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1015-8"><bdi>978-0-8032-1015-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Columbian+Voyages&rft.btitle=North+American+Exploration&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E180-%3C%2Fspan%3E181&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1015-8&rft.aulast=Fuson&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7RGlz9a4wVYC%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011249-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011249_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBergreen2011">Bergreen 2011</a>, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zeruvabel2003-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zeruvabel2003_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zeruvabel2003_179-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZerubavel2003" class="citation book cs1">Zerubavel, Eviatar (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YkLCiKN0x4UC&pg=PA90">Terra Cognita: The Mental Discovery of America</a>. Transaction Publishers. pp. 90–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0987-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0987-2"><bdi>978-0-7658-0987-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terra+Cognita%3A+The+Mental+Discovery+of+America&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E90-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0987-2&rft.aulast=Zerubavel&rft.aufirst=Eviatar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYkLCiKN0x4UC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cervantes2021-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Cervantes2021_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCervantes2021" class="citation book cs1">Cervantes, Fernando (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z7LQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41">Conquistadores: A New History of Spanish Discovery and Conquest</a>. Penguin. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-98128-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-98128-3"><bdi>978-1-101-98128-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquistadores%3A+A+New+History+of+Spanish+Discovery+and+Conquest&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-101-98128-3&rft.aulast=Cervantes&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz7LQDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011258-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011258_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBergreen2011">Bergreen 2011</a>, p. 258. </li> <li id="cite_note-MorisonObregón1964-182"><a href="#cite_ref-MorisonObregón1964_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorisonObregón1964" class="citation book cs1">Morison, Samuel Eliot; Obregón, Mauricio (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BcFkAAAAMAAJ&q=%2214%20August%22">The Caribbean as Columbus Saw it</a>. Little, Brown. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caribbean+as+Columbus+Saw+it&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Eliot&rft.au=Obreg%C3%B3n%2C+Mauricio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBcFkAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%252214%2520August%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011284–285-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011284–285_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBergreen2011">Bergreen 2011</a>, pp. 284–285. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrink2019" class="citation book cs1">Brink, Christopher (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T9NoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78">Christopher Columbus: Controversial Explorer of the Americas</a>. Cavendish Square. p. 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christopher+Columbus%3A+Controversial+Explorer+of+the+Americas&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Cavendish+Square&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Brink&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT9NoDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hofman1994-185"><a href="#cite_ref-Hofman1994_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofmann1994" class="citation book cs1">Hofmann, Heinz (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I1LEmKPgJ8MC&pg=PA617">"Columbus in Neo-Latin Epic Poetry"</a>. In Haase, Wolfgang; Meyer, Reinhold (eds.). The Classical Tradition and the Americas: European Images of the Americas and the Classical Tradition (2 pts.). Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-011572-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-011572-7"><bdi>978-3-11-011572-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Columbus+in+Neo-Latin+Epic+Poetry&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Tradition+and+the+Americas%3A+European+Images+of+the+Americas+and+the+Classical+Tradition+%282+pts.%29&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-3-11-011572-7&rft.aulast=Hofmann&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI1LEmKPgJ8MC%26pg%3DPA617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips1992125-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips1992125_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhillipsPhillips1992">Phillips & Phillips 1992</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011276–277-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011276–277_187-0">^</a> Bergreen 2011, pp. 276–277. </li> <li id="cite_note-newspaper1-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newspaper1_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newspaper1_188-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTremlett2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giles_Tremlett" title="Giles Tremlett">Tremlett, Giles</a> (7 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/aug/07/books.spain">"Lost document reveals Columbus as tyrant of the Caribbean"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 16 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Lost+document+reveals+Columbus+as+tyrant+of+the+Caribbean&rft.date=2006-08-07&rft.aulast=Tremlett&rft.aufirst=Giles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2006%2Faug%2F07%2Fbooks.spain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011283-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011283_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBergreen2011">Bergreen 2011</a>, pp. 283. </li> <li id="cite_note-A&E-191"><a href="#cite_ref-A&E_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/exploration/columbus-controversy">Columbus Controversy</a>. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved 12 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Columbus+Controversy&rft.pub=A%26E+Television+Networks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fexploration%2Fcolumbus-controversy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_192-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale2021" class="citation book cs1">Hale, Edward Everett (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=40vhDAAAQBAJ">The Life of Christopher Columbus</a>. Prabhat Prakashan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Christopher+Columbus&rft.pub=Prabhat+Prakashan&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Edward+Everett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D40vhDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColumbus2010" class="citation book cs1">Columbus, Christopher (2010). Select Letters of Christopher Columbus: With Other Original Documents, Relating to his Four Voyages to the New World. Richard Henry Major, Diego Alvarez Chanca. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-70808-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-70808-4"><bdi>978-0-511-70808-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Select+Letters+of+Christopher+Columbus%3A+With+Other+Original+Documents%2C+Relating+to+his+Four+Voyages+to+the+New+World&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-511-70808-4&rft.aulast=Columbus&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelipe_Fernández-Armesto2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Armesto" title="Felipe Fernández-Armesto">Felipe Fernández-Armesto</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W4w8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA46">Columbus on himself</a>. Christopher Columbus. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. Co. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60384-317-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60384-317-1"><bdi>978-1-60384-317-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/794493189">794493189</a>. <q>Bobadilla was prejudiced in advance by what he heard, or what the monarchs relayed, from Columbus detractors. HIs brief was to conduct a judicial inquiry into Columbus' conduct, an unjust proceeding, in the Admiral's submission, since Bobadilla had a vested interest in an outcome that would keep him in power. [...] Motivated by self-interest or excessive zeal, Bobadilla clapped Columbus in irons with his brothers, gathered depositions against them, and shipped them back to Spain.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbus+on+himself&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Hackett+Pub.+Co&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F794493189&rft.isbn=978-1-60384-317-1&rft.au=Felipe+Fern%C3%A1ndez-Armesto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW4w8EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nas.org-195"><a href="#cite_ref-nas.org_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nas.org/academic-questions/32/1/rembering_columbus_blinded_by_politics">"National Association of Scholars – Remembering Columbus: Blinded by Politics by Robert Carle"</a>. www.nas.org. Retrieved 18 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nas.org&rft.atitle=National+Association+of+Scholars+%E2%80%93+Remembering+Columbus%3A+Blinded+by+Politics+by+Robert+Carle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nas.org%2Facademic-questions%2F32%2F1%2Frembering_columbus_blinded_by_politics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cervantes202146-196"><a href="#cite_ref-Cervantes202146_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCervantes2021" class="citation book cs1">Cervantes, Fernando (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z7LQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41">Conquistadores: A New History of Spanish Discovery and Conquest</a>. New York: Penguin. pp. 46–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-98128-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-98128-3"><bdi>978-1-101-98128-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquistadores%3A+A+New+History+of+Spanish+Discovery+and+Conquest&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-101-98128-3&rft.aulast=Cervantes&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz7LQDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011276-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011276_197-0">^</a> Bergreen 2011, p. 276. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gužauskytė2014179-198"><a href="#cite_ref-Gužauskytė2014179_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGužauskytė2014" class="citation book cs1">Gužauskytė, Evelina (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U0SWAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA179">Christopher Columbus's Naming in the 'diarios' of the Four Voyages (1492–1504): A Discourse of Negotiation</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-6825-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-6825-6"><bdi>978-1-4426-6825-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christopher+Columbus%27s+Naming+in+the+%27diarios%27+of+the+Four+Voyages+%281492%E2%80%931504%29%3A+A+Discourse+of+Negotiation&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-6825-6&rft.aulast=Gu%C5%BEauskyt%C4%97&rft.aufirst=Evelina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU0SWAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCervantes2021" class="citation book cs1">Cervantes, Fernando (2021). Conquistadores: a new history of Spanish discovery and conquest. New York: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-98126-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-98126-9"><bdi>978-1-101-98126-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquistadores%3A+a+new+history+of+Spanish+discovery+and+conquest&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-101-98126-9&rft.aulast=Cervantes&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-200"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_200-0">^</a> Noble, David Cook. "Nicolás de Ovando" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 4, p. 254. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996. </li> <li id="cite_note-Leon2012-201"><a href="#cite_ref-Leon2012_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeon2012" class="citation journal cs1">Leon, Istvan Szaszdi (1 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/42882992">"Castilian Justice and Columbian Injustice. The end of the Columbian Government in Hispaniola"</a>. Journal on European History of Law. 3 (2): 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+on+European+History+of+Law&rft.atitle=Castilian+Justice+and+Columbian+Injustice.+The+end+of+the+Columbian+Government+in+Hispaniola&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft.aulast=Leon&rft.aufirst=Istvan+Szaszdi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F42882992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VarelaAguirre2006-202"><a href="#cite_ref-VarelaAguirre2006_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarelaAguirre2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Varela, Consuelo; Aguirre, Isabel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SwtMUtesSDEC&pg=PA175">La caída de Cristóbal Colón: el juicio de Bobadilla</a> (in Spanish). Marcial Pons Historia. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-96467-28-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-96467-28-6"><bdi>978-84-96467-28-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+ca%C3%ADda+de+Crist%C3%B3bal+Col%C3%B3n%3A+el+juicio+de+Bobadilla&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Marcial+Pons+Historia&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-84-96467-28-6&rft.aulast=Varela&rft.aufirst=Consuelo&rft.au=Aguirre%2C+Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSwtMUtesSDEC%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Some scholars, including Sauer, say the fleet sailed 11 May; Cook says 9 May. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sauer2008-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sauer2008_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sauer2008_204-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSauer2008" class="citation book cs1">Sauer, Carl Ortwin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=plzS7SL_-f0C&pg=PA121">The Early Spanish Main</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 121–122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08848-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08848-0"><bdi>978-0-521-08848-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Spanish+Main&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08848-0&rft.aulast=Sauer&rft.aufirst=Carl+Ortwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DplzS7SL_-f0C%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cook199846-205"><a href="#cite_ref-Cook199846_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook1998" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Noble David (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dvjNyZTFrS4C&pg=PA46">Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492–1650</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62730-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62730-6"><bdi>978-0-521-62730-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Born+to+Die%3A+Disease+and+New+World+Conquest%2C+1492%E2%80%931650&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62730-6&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Noble+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdvjNyZTFrS4C%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011288–289,_302–303-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011288–289,_302–303_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBergreen2011">Bergreen 2011</a>, pp. 288–289, 302–303. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gužauskytė2014185-207"><a href="#cite_ref-Gužauskytė2014185_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGužauskytė2014" class="citation book cs1">Gužauskytė, Evelina (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U0SWAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA185">Christopher Columbus's Naming in the 'diarios' of the Four Voyages (1492–1504): A Discourse of Negotiation</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-6825-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-6825-6"><bdi>978-1-4426-6825-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christopher+Columbus%27s+Naming+in+the+%27diarios%27+of+the+Four+Voyages+%281492%E2%80%931504%29%3A+A+Discourse+of+Negotiation&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-6825-6&rft.aulast=Gu%C5%BEauskyt%C4%97&rft.aufirst=Evelina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU0SWAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bedini2016200-208"><a href="#cite_ref-Bedini2016200_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedini2016" class="citation book cs1">Bedini, Silvio A. (2016). Bedini, Silvio A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gmmMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA200">The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia</a>. Springer. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12573-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12573-9"><bdi>978-1-349-12573-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christopher+Columbus+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-349-12573-9&rft.aulast=Bedini&rft.aufirst=Silvio+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgmmMCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armas1985-209"><a href="#cite_ref-Armas1985_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmas1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Armas, Antonio Rumeu de (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FgKarEsZWecC&pg=PA201">Nueva luz sobre las capitulaciones de Santa Fe de 1492 concertadas entre los Reyes Católicos y Cristóbal Colón: estudio institucional y diplomático</a> (in Spanish). Editorial CSIC – CSIC Press. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-00-05961-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-00-05961-3"><bdi>978-84-00-05961-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nueva+luz+sobre+las+capitulaciones+de+Santa+Fe+de+1492+concertadas+entre+los+Reyes+Cat%C3%B3licos+y+Crist%C3%B3bal+Col%C3%B3n%3A+estudio+institucional+y+diplom%C3%A1tico&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Editorial+CSIC+%E2%80%93+CSIC+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-84-00-05961-3&rft.aulast=Armas&rft.aufirst=Antonio+Rumeu+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFgKarEsZWecC%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colindres1975-210"><a href="#cite_ref-Colindres1975_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColindres1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Colindres, Enrique Ortez (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-wYPAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Crist%C3%B3bal%20Col%C3%B3n%22%20%22Punta%20Caxinas%22">Integración Política de Centroamérica</a> (in Spanish). Editorial Universitaria Centroamericana. p. 20. <q>El 14 de agosto de 1502 Cristóbal Colón descubrió Punta Caxinas, hoy Punta Castilla o Cabo de Honduras.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Integraci%C3%B3n+Pol%C3%ADtica+de+Centroam%C3%A9rica&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Editorial+Universitaria+Centroamericana&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Colindres&rft.aufirst=Enrique+Ortez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-wYPAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522Crist%25C3%25B3bal%2520Col%25C3%25B3n%2522%2520%2522Punta%2520Caxinas%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calvo2004-211"><a href="#cite_ref-Calvo2004_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvo2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Calvo, Alfredo Castillero (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XlVrAAAAMAAJ&q=%225%20de%20octubre%22">Historia general de Panamá: Tomo 1. Las sociedades originarias; El orden colonial. Tomo 2. El orden colonial</a> (in Spanish). Comité Nacional del Centenario de la República. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9962-02-581-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9962-02-581-8"><bdi>978-9962-02-581-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+general+de+Panam%C3%A1%3A+Tomo+1.+Las+sociedades+originarias%3B+El+orden+colonial.+Tomo+2.+El+orden+colonial&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Comit%C3%A9+Nacional+del+Centenario+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-9962-02-581-8&rft.aulast=Calvo&rft.aufirst=Alfredo+Castillero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXlVrAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25225%2520de%2520octubre%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bedini2016720-212"><a href="#cite_ref-Bedini2016720_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedini2016" class="citation book cs1">Bedini, Silvio A. (2016). Bedini, Silvio A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gmmMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA724">The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia</a>. Springer. pp. 720, 724. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12573-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12573-9"><bdi>978-1-349-12573-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christopher+Columbus+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=720%2C+724&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-349-12573-9&rft.aulast=Bedini&rft.aufirst=Silvio+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgmmMCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-StirlingStirling1964-213"><a href="#cite_ref-StirlingStirling1964_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStirlingStirling1964" class="citation book cs1">Stirling, Matthew Williams; Stirling, Marion (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0UxlAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA260">Archeological Notes on Almirante Bay, Bocas Del Toro, Panama</a>. U.S. Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archeological+Notes+on+Almirante+Bay%2C+Bocas+Del+Toro%2C+Panama&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Stirling&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Williams&rft.au=Stirling%2C+Marion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0UxlAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011330-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011330_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBergreen2011">Bergreen 2011</a>, p. 330. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011330–332-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011330–332_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBergreen2011">Bergreen 2011</a>, p. 330–332. </li> <li id="cite_note-Roorda2020-216"><a href="#cite_ref-Roorda2020_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMéndez2020" class="citation book cs1">Méndez, Diego (2020). "VIII: Shipwrecked by Worms, Saved by Canoe: The Last Voyage of Columbus". In Roorda, Paul (ed.). The Ocean Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Duke University Press. p. 300. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781478007456-065">10.1515/9781478007456-065</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4780-0745-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4780-0745-6"><bdi>978-1-4780-0745-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241132438">241132438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VIII%3A+Shipwrecked+by+Worms%2C+Saved+by+Canoe%3A+The+Last+Voyage+of+Columbus&rft.btitle=The+Ocean+Reader%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+Politics&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241132438%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781478007456-065&rft.isbn=978-1-4780-0745-6&rft.aulast=M%C3%A9ndez&rft.aufirst=Diego&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vigneras1978-217">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vigneras1978_217-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vigneras1978_217-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVigneras1978" class="citation journal cs1">Vigneras, Louis André (1 November 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/58/4/676/152812/">"Diego Méndez, Secretary of Christopher Columbus and Alguacil Mayor of Santo Domingo: A Biographical Sketch"</a>. Hispanic American Historical Review. 58 (4): 680. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-58.4.676">10.1215/00182168-58.4.676</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2168">0018-2168</a>. Retrieved 26 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Diego+M%C3%A9ndez%2C+Secretary+of+Christopher+Columbus+and+Alguacil+Mayor+of+Santo+Domingo%3A+A+Biographical+Sketch&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=680&rft.date=1978-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00182168-58.4.676&rft.issn=0018-2168&rft.aulast=Vigneras&rft.aufirst=Louis+Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fread.dukeupress.edu%2Fhahr%2Farticle%2F58%2F4%2F676%2F152812%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hakin2002-218"><a href="#cite_ref-Hakin2002_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakim2002" class="citation book cs1">Hakim, Joy (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bhlVOp-xrSsC&pg=PA85">The First Americans</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515319-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515319-4"><bdi>978-0-19-515319-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Americans&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515319-4&rft.aulast=Hakim&rft.aufirst=Joy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbhlVOp-xrSsC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> Clayton J., Drees, The Late Medieval Age of Crisis and Renewal: 1300–1500 a Biographical Dictionary, 2001, p. 511 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kadir1992-220"><a href="#cite_ref-Kadir1992_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadir1992" class="citation book cs1">Kadir, Djelal (1992). "IV: Charting the Conquest". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft1n39n7x0&chunk.id=d0e1397&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e1380">Columbus and the Ends of the Earth: Europe's Prophetic Rhetoric as Conquering Ideology</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IV%3A+Charting+the+Conquest&rft.btitle=Columbus+and+the+Ends+of+the+Earth%3A+Europe%27s+Prophetic+Rhetoric+as+Conquering+Ideology&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Kadir&rft.aufirst=Djelal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublishing.cdlib.org%2Fucpressebooks%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dft1n39n7x0%26chunk.id%3Dd0e1397%26toc.depth%3D1%26toc.id%3Dd0e1380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RiveraPagán1992-221"><a href="#cite_ref-RiveraPagán1992_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiveraPagán1992" class="citation book cs1">Rivera, Luis N.; Pagán, Luis Rivera (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N2Y-wARCI7UC&pg=PA5">A Violent Evangelism: The Political and Religious Conquest of the Americas</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25367-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25367-7"><bdi>978-0-664-25367-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Violent+Evangelism%3A+The+Political+and+Religious+Conquest+of+the+Americas&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25367-7&rft.aulast=Rivera&rft.aufirst=Luis+N.&rft.au=Pag%C3%A1n%2C+Luis+Rivera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN2Y-wARCI7UC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watts1985-222"><a href="#cite_ref-Watts1985_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts1985" class="citation journal cs1">Watts, Pauline Moffitt (1985). "Prophecy and Discovery: On the Spiritual Origins of Christopher Columbus's "Enterprise of the Indies"". The American Historical Review. 90 (1): 92. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8762">0002-8762</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1860749">1860749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Prophecy+and+Discovery%3A+On+the+Spiritual+Origins+of+Christopher+Columbus%27s+%22Enterprise+of+the+Indies%22.&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=92&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1860749%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0002-8762&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Pauline+Moffitt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UMD-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UMD_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UMD_223-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180123072824/http://www.nahfoundation.org/news-and-events/news-releases/2005/christopher-columbus-suffered-from-a-fatal-form-of-arthritis">"Christopher Columbus Suffered From a Fatal Form of Arthritis"</a> (Press release). University of Maryland School of Medicine. 6 May 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nahfoundation.org/news-and-events/news-releases/2005/christopher-columbus-suffered-from-a-fatal-form-of-arthritis">the original</a> on 23 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christopher+Columbus+Suffered+From+a+Fatal+Form+of+Arthritis&rft.pub=University+of+Maryland+School+of+Medicine&rft.date=2005-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nahfoundation.org%2Fnews-and-events%2Fnews-releases%2F2005%2Fchristopher-columbus-suffered-from-a-fatal-form-of-arthritis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoenig-224"><a href="#cite_ref-Hoenig_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoenig1992" class="citation journal cs1">Hoenig, Leonard J. (1 February 1992). "The Arthritis of Christopher Columbus". Archives of Internal Medicine. 152 (2): 274–277. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchinte.1992.00400140028008">10.1001/archinte.1992.00400140028008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1472175">1472175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+Arthritis+of+Christopher+Columbus&rft.volume=152&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E274-%3C%2Fspan%3E277&rft.date=1992-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchinte.1992.00400140028008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1472175&rft.aulast=Hoenig&rft.aufirst=Leonard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArnettMerrill2006-225"><a href="#cite_ref-ArnettMerrill2006_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnettMerrillAlbardanerMackowiak2006" class="citation journal cs1">Arnett, F.; Merrill, C.; Albardaner, Francesc; Mackowiak, P. (September 2006). "A Mariner with Crippling Arthritis and Bleeding Eyes". The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 332 (3): 125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00000441-200609000-00005">10.1097/00000441-200609000-00005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16969141">16969141</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6358022">6358022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+the+Medical+Sciences&rft.atitle=A+Mariner+with+Crippling+Arthritis+and+Bleeding+Eyes.&rft.volume=332&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=125&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6358022%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16969141&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00000441-200609000-00005&rft.aulast=Arnett&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Merrill%2C+C.&rft.au=Albardaner%2C+Francesc&rft.au=Mackowiak%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TarverSlape2016-226"><a href="#cite_ref-TarverSlape2016_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarverSlape2016" class="citation book cs1">Tarver, H. Micheal; Slape, Emily (2016). Tarver, H. Micheal; Slape, Emily (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1LCJDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA143">The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-422-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-422-3"><bdi>978-1-61069-422-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Empire%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia+%5B2+volumes%5D%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-422-3&rft.aulast=Tarver&rft.aufirst=H.+Micheal&rft.au=Slape%2C+Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1LCJDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ElUniversal2007-227"><a href="#cite_ref-ElUniversal2007_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/408828.html">"Esclarecen causas de muerte de Cristóbal Colón"</a>. El Universal (in Spanish). 25 February 2007. Retrieved 2 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Universal&rft.atitle=Esclarecen+causas+de+muerte+de+Crist%C3%B3bal+Col%C3%B3n&rft.date=2007-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchivo.eluniversal.com.mx%2Fnotas%2F408828.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ScottGalloway2015-228"><a href="#cite_ref-ScottGalloway2015_228-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottGallowayScott2015" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Ian C.; Galloway, James B.; Scott, David L. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gC-TBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4">Inflammatory Arthritis in Clinical Practice</a>. Springer. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-6648-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-6648-1"><bdi>978-1-4471-6648-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inflammatory+Arthritis+in+Clinical+Practice&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4471-6648-1&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Ian+C.&rft.au=Galloway%2C+James+B.&rft.au=Scott%2C+David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgC-TBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RitchlinFitzGerald2007-229"><a href="#cite_ref-RitchlinFitzGerald2007_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchlinFitzGerald2007" class="citation book cs1">Ritchlin, Christopher T.; FitzGerald, Oliver (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RN-B2g2YjmAC&pg=PA132">Psoriatic and Reactive Arthritis: A Companion to Rheumatology</a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-03622-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-03622-1"><bdi>978-0-323-03622-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psoriatic+and+Reactive+Arthritis%3A+A+Companion+to+Rheumatology&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-323-03622-1&rft.aulast=Ritchlin&rft.aufirst=Christopher+T.&rft.au=FitzGerald%2C+Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRN-B2g2YjmAC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECuartero_y_Huerta198874-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuartero_y_Huerta198874_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCuartero_y_Huerta1988">Cuartero y Huerta 1988</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kadir1992193-231"><a href="#cite_ref-Kadir1992193_231-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadir1992" class="citation book cs1">Kadir, Djelal (1992). "Chapter VII Making Ends Meet: The Dire Unction of Prophecy". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft1n39n7x0&chunk.id=d0e1397&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e1380">Columbus and the Ends of the Earth: Europe's Prophetic Rhetoric as Conquering Ideology</a>. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 193–194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+VII+Making+Ends+Meet%3A+The+Dire+Unction+of+Prophecy&rft.btitle=Columbus+and+the+Ends+of+the+Earth%3A+Europe%27s+Prophetic+Rhetoric+as+Conquering+Ideology&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E194&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Kadir&rft.aufirst=Djelal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublishing.cdlib.org%2Fucpressebooks%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dft1n39n7x0%26chunk.id%3Dd0e1397%26toc.depth%3D1%26toc.id%3Dd0e1380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuartero_y_Huerta1988" class="citation journal cs1">Cuartero y Huerta, Baltasar (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://institucional.us.es/revistas/rasbl/16/art_9.pdf">"Los Colón en la Cartuja"</a> (PDF). Boletín de la Real Academia Sevillana de Buenas Letras: Minervae Baeticae. 16: 74. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://institucional.us.es/revistas/rasbl/16/art_9.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+de+la+Real+Academia+Sevillana+de+Buenas+Letras%3A+Minervae+Baeticae&rft.atitle=Los+Col%C3%B3n+en+la+Cartuja&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=74&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Cuartero+y+Huerta&rft.aufirst=Baltasar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finstitucional.us.es%2Frevistas%2Frasbl%2F16%2Fart_9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1991194-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1991194_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyson1991">Dyson 1991</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1991196-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1991196_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1991196_234-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyson1991">Dyson 1991</a>, p. 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nash2005-235"><a href="#cite_ref-Nash2005_235-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2005" class="citation book cs1">Nash, Elizabeth (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vVA1reAI7w0C&pg=PA73">Seville, Cordoba, and Granada: A Cultural History</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518204-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518204-0"><bdi>978-0-19-518204-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seville%2C+Cordoba%2C+and+Granada%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518204-0&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvVA1reAI7w0C%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian2003-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian2003_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian2003_236-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/jun/03/spain">"'Columbus bones' for DNA tests"</a>. The Guardian. 3 June 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130827041628/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/jun/03/spain">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Columbus+bones%27+for+DNA+tests&rft.date=2003-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2003%2Fjun%2F03%2Fspain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ElPaís2021-237"><a href="#cite_ref-ElPaís2021_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlaya2021" class="citation news cs1">Olaya, Vicente G. (24 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.elpais.com/arts/2021-05-24/study-of-christopher-columbus-dna-set-to-reveal-his-true-origins.html">"Study of Christopher Columbus' DNA set to reveal his true origins"</a>. El País. Retrieved 3 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Study+of+Christopher+Columbus%27+DNA+set+to+reveal+his+true+origins&rft.date=2021-05-24&rft.aulast=Olaya&rft.aufirst=Vicente+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.elpais.com%2Farts%2F2021-05-24%2Fstudy-of-christopher-columbus-dna-set-to-reveal-his-true-origins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> Captain George Farquar of <a href="/wiki/True_Briton_(1775_ship)" title="True Briton (1775 ship)">Lord Stanley</a> brought the news to Liverpool in 1796 that while he had been at Havana, the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">ship of the line</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_ship_San_Lorenzo_(1768)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spanish ship San Lorenzo (1768) (page does not exist)">San Lorenzo</a> had arrived there carrying the "coffin, bones and fetters of Christopher Columbus" from San Domingo to be re-interred at Havana with "the highest military honours." </li> <li id="cite_note-DNA-239">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DNA_239-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNA_239-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNA_239-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna12871458">"DNA verifies Columbus' remains in Spain"</a>. MSNBC. Associated Press. 20 May 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131031014325/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/12871458/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MSNBC&rft.atitle=DNA+verifies+Columbus%27+remains+in+Spain&rft.date=2006-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna12871458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTremlett2004" class="citation news cs1">Tremlett, Giles (11 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/aug/11/spain.science">"Young bones lay Columbus myth to rest"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 26 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Young+bones+lay+Columbus+myth+to+rest&rft.date=2004-08-11&rft.aulast=Tremlett&rft.aufirst=Giles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2004%2Faug%2F11%2Fspain.science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ÁlvarezMartinez2010-241">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ÁlvarezMartinez2010_241-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ÁlvarezMartinez2010_241-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁlvarez-CuberoMartinez-GonzalezSaizÁlvarez2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Álvarez-Cubero, M. J.; Martinez-Gonzalez, L. J.; Saiz, M.; Álvarez, J. C.; Lorente, J. A. (June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4321%2FS1135-76062010000100002">"Nuevas aplicaciones en identificación genética"</a> [New applications in genetic identification]. Cuadernos de Medicina Forense (in Spanish). 16 (1–2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4321%2FS1135-76062010000100002">10.4321/S1135-76062010000100002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cuadernos+de+Medicina+Forense&rft.atitle=Nuevas+aplicaciones+en+identificaci%C3%B3n+gen%C3%A9tica&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=2010-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4321%2FS1135-76062010000100002&rft.aulast=%C3%81lvarez-Cubero&rft.aufirst=M.+J.&rft.au=Martinez-Gonzalez%2C+L.+J.&rft.au=Saiz%2C+M.&rft.au=%C3%81lvarez%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Lorente%2C+J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4321%252FS1135-76062010000100002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/europe-science-0c320f8e80478206df0515c8047adce5">"Countdown begins to discover where Columbus came from"</a>. AP News. 19 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210519095238/https://apnews.com/article/europe-science-0c320f8e80478206df0515c8047adce5">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Countdown+begins+to+discover+where+Columbus+came+from&rft.date=2021-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Feurope-science-0c320f8e80478206df0515c8047adce5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011363–364-244">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011363–364_244-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011363–364_244-1">b</a> Bergreen 2011, pp. 363–364. </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThacher1904" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Boyd_Thacher" title="John Boyd Thacher">Thacher, John Boyd</a> (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christophercolu01thacgoog">Christopher Columbus: his life, his works, his remains: as revealed by original printed and manuscript records, together with an essay on Peter Martyr of Anghera and Bartolomé de las Casas, the first historians of America</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons" title="G. P. Putnam's Sons">G. P. Putnam's Sons</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christophercolu01thacgoog/page/n602">570–73</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christopher+Columbus%3A+his+life%2C+his+works%2C+his+remains%3A+as+revealed+by+original+printed+and+manuscript+records%2C+together+with+an+essay+on+Peter+Martyr+of+Anghera+and+Bartolom%C3%A9+de+las+Casas%2C+the+first+historians+of+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=570-73&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Thacher&rft.aufirst=John+Boyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristophercolu01thacgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EveStar-247">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EveStar_247-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EveStar_247-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=41508800">"Columbus Buried In San Domingo?"</a>. Evening Star. 17 July 1913. p. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102035715/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/41508800/evening_star/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Star&rft.atitle=Columbus+Buried+In+San+Domingo%3F&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1913-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F%3Fclipping_id%3D41508800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergreen2021" class="citation book cs1">Bergreen, Laurence (2021). In Search of a Kingdom. Boston: Mariner Books. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-287535-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-287535-8"><bdi>978-0-06-287535-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+a+Kingdom&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Mariner+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-06-287535-8&rft.aulast=Bergreen&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorwitz200889–90,_92-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorwitz200889–90,_92_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorwitz2008">Horwitz 2008</a>, pp. 89–90, 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-West1992-252"><a href="#cite_ref-West1992_252-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest1992" class="citation journal cs1">West, Delno (April 1992). "Christopher Columbus and His Enterprise to the Indies: Scholarship of the Last Quarter Century". The William and Mary Quarterly. 49 (2): 254–277. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-5597">0043-5597</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2947272">2947272</a>. <q>Christopher Columbus did not discover a new world, nor did he ever set foot on the North American continent. Rather, he established continuous contact between two continents, each with major populations. But he became a national hero for the United States, and, as such, he has frequently been placed on the same level with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln by Americans who prefer mythology to facts. Early in our history, he became a unifying symbol to the struggling English colonies when Puritan preachers began to use his life as an exemplum of the developing American spirit. On the eve of the American Revolution, poems, songs, sermons, and polemic essays in which Columbus was idealized as the discoverer of a new land for a new people flowed from New England. Such veneration culminated in a movement to name the nation "Columbia."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Christopher+Columbus+and+His+Enterprise+to+the+Indies%3A+Scholarship+of+the+Last+Quarter+Century&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E254-%3C%2Fspan%3E277&rft.date=1992-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2947272%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0043-5597&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Delno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bercovitch2014-253"><a href="#cite_ref-Bercovitch2014_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBercovitch2014" class="citation book cs1">Bercovitch, Sacvan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ndmsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68">The Rites of Assent: Transformations in the Symbolic Construction of America</a>. Routledge. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-79619-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-79619-0"><bdi>978-1-317-79619-0</bdi></a>. <q>Thinking back in spring 1692 to "the antiquities of New England," Cotton Mather came upon a crucial connection, as he saw it, between the voyage of Columbus two centuries before and the Puritans' Great Migration. Considered together, the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and the landing at San Salvador held the key to a great design. To begin with, Columbus's voyage was one of three shaping events of the modern age, all of which occurred in rapid succession at the turn of the sixteenth century: (1) "the Resurrection of Literature",... (2) the discovery of America, ... and (3) the Protestant Reformation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rites+of+Assent%3A+Transformations+in+the+Symbolic+Construction+of+America&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-79619-0&rft.aulast=Bercovitch&rft.aufirst=Sacvan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DndmsAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bushman1992-254"><a href="#cite_ref-Bushman1992_254-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushman1992" class="citation book cs1">Bushman, Claudia L. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eNB1AAAAMAAJ&q=%22bypassed%20England.%22">America Discovers Columbus: How an Italian Explorer Became an American Hero</a>. University Press of New England. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-576-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-576-3"><bdi>978-0-87451-576-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+Discovers+Columbus%3A+How+an+Italian+Explorer+Became+an+American+Hero&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-87451-576-3&rft.aulast=Bushman&rft.aufirst=Claudia+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeNB1AAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522bypassed%2520England.%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartosik-Vélez20142-255"><a href="#cite_ref-Bartosik-Vélez20142_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartosik-Vélez2014" class="citation book cs1">Bartosik-Vélez, Elise (2014). "The Incorporation of Columbus into the Story of Western Empire". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/fbb06e57-759f-43c2-bf3b-792cee697ee2/external_content.pdf">The Legacy of Christopher Columbus in the Americas. New Nations and a Transatlantic Discourse of Empire</a> (PDF). Nashville: <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University_Press" title="Vanderbilt University Press">Vanderbilt University Press</a>. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-1953-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-1953-5"><bdi>978-0-8265-1953-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Incorporation+of+Columbus+into+the+Story+of+Western+Empire&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Christopher+Columbus+in+the+Americas.+New+Nations+and+a+Transatlantic+Discourse+of+Empire&rft.place=Nashville&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8265-1953-5&rft.aulast=Bartosik-V%C3%A9lez&rft.aufirst=Elise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.oapen.org%2Fbitstream%2Fid%2Ffbb06e57-759f-43c2-bf3b-792cee697ee2%2Fexternal_content.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burmila20171009-256">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burmila20171009_256-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burmila20171009_256-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurmila2017" class="citation news cs1">Burmila, Edward (9 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/the-invention-of-christopher-columbus-american-hero/">"The Invention of Christopher Columbus, American Hero"</a>. The Nation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=The+Invention+of+Christopher+Columbus%2C+American+Hero&rft.date=2017-10-09&rft.aulast=Burmila&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Farchive%2Fthe-invention-of-christopher-columbus-american-hero%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dewey2007-257"><a href="#cite_ref-Dewey2007_257-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewey2007" class="citation book cs1">Dewey, Donald (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vNI9046BaRAC&pg=PA13">The Art of Ill Will: The Story of American Political Cartoons</a>. NYU Press. pp. 12–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1985-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1985-5"><bdi>978-0-8147-1985-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Ill+Will%3A+The+Story+of+American+Political+Cartoons&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-1985-5&rft.aulast=Dewey&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvNI9046BaRAC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benke2011-258"><a href="#cite_ref-Benke2011_258-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanfordHauerGregorySnyder2011" class="citation book cs1">Stanford, Jack A.; Hauer, F. Richard; Gregory, Stanley V.; Snyder, Eric B. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=faOU1wkiYFIC&pg=PA591">"Columbia River Basin"</a>. In Benke, Arthur C.; Cushing, Colbert E. (eds.). Rivers of North America. Elsevier. p. 501. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-045418-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-045418-4"><bdi>978-0-08-045418-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Columbia+River+Basin&rft.btitle=Rivers+of+North+America&rft.pages=501&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-08-045418-4&rft.aulast=Stanford&rft.aufirst=Jack+A.&rft.au=Hauer%2C+F.+Richard&rft.au=Gregory%2C+Stanley+V.&rft.au=Snyder%2C+Eric+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfaOU1wkiYFIC%26pg%3DPA591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeuskeOtálvaro2017" class="citation journal cs1">Zeuske, Michael; Otálvaro, Andrés (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redalyc.org/journal/1271/127149937006/html/">"La construcción de Colombeia: Francisco de Miranda y su paso por el Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico, 1785–1789"</a>. Anuario Colombiano de Historia Social y de la Cultura. 44: 177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15446%2Fachsc.v44n1.61224">10.15446/achsc.v44n1.61224</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0120-2456">0120-2456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anuario+Colombiano+de+Historia+Social+y+de+la+Cultura&rft.atitle=La+construcci%C3%B3n+de+Colombeia%3A+Francisco+de+Miranda+y+su+paso+por+el+Sacro+Imperio+Romano+Germ%C3%A1nico%2C+1785%E2%80%931789&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=177&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15446%2Fachsc.v44n1.61224&rft.issn=0120-2456&rft.aulast=Zeuske&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Ot%C3%A1lvaro%2C+Andr%C3%A9s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redalyc.org%2Fjournal%2F1271%2F127149937006%2Fhtml%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WDL-260"><a href="#cite_ref-WDL_260-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11369/">"Bird's-Eye View of the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a>. 1893. Retrieved 17 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Bird%27s-Eye+View+of+the+World%27s+Columbian+Exposition%2C+Chicago%2C+1893&rft.date=1893&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F11369%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BolotinLaing2002-261"><a href="#cite_ref-BolotinLaing2002_261-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolotinLaing2002" class="citation book cs1">Bolotin, Norm; Laing, Christine (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vfsw96Eqko8C&pg=PR7">The World's Columbian Exposition: The Chicago World's Fair of 1893</a>. University of Illinois Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07081-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07081-5"><bdi>978-0-252-07081-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Columbian+Exposition%3A+The+Chicago+World%27s+Fair+of+1893&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-252-07081-5&rft.aulast=Bolotin&rft.aufirst=Norm&rft.au=Laing%2C+Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvfsw96Eqko8C%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handler2016-262"><a href="#cite_ref-Handler2016_262-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandler2016" class="citation journal cs1">Handler, Richard (June 2016). "Mining the time-space matrix: Commemorative postage stamps and US world's fairs, 1893–1915". HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory. 6 (1): 296–300. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14318%2Fhau6.1.017">10.14318/hau6.1.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159668550">159668550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HAU%3A+Journal+of+Ethnographic+Theory&rft.atitle=Mining+the+time-space+matrix%3A+Commemorative+postage+stamps+and+US+world%27s+fairs%2C+1893%E2%80%931915&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E296-%3C%2Fspan%3E300&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14318%2Fhau6.1.017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159668550%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Handler&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-West2014-263"><a href="#cite_ref-West2014_263-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2014" class="citation book cs1">West, Chris (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RACEBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA89">A History of America in Thirty-six Postage Stamps</a>. Macmillan. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-04368-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-04368-9"><bdi>978-1-250-04368-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+America+in+Thirty-six+Postage+Stamps&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-250-04368-9&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRACEBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcilhacy2011135–138-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcilhacy2011135–138_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarcilhacy2011">Marcilhacy 2011</a>, pp. 135–138. </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcilhacy2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marcilhacy, David (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/31/87/09marcilhacy.pdf">"Las fiestas del 12 de octubre y las conmemoraciones americanistas bajo la restauración borbónica: España frente a su pasado colonial"</a> (PDF). Jerónimo Zurita (in Spanish). 86: 135–138. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-5517">0044-5517</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/31/87/09marcilhacy.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jer%C3%B3nimo+Zurita&rft.atitle=Las+fiestas+del+12+de+octubre+y+las+conmemoraciones+americanistas+bajo+la+restauraci%C3%B3n+borb%C3%B3nica%3A+Espa%C3%B1a+frente+a+su+pasado+colonial&rft.volume=86&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E138&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0044-5517&rft.aulast=Marcilhacy&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fifc.dpz.es%2Frecursos%2Fpublicaciones%2F31%2F87%2F09marcilhacy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> "Columbian Exposition Souvenir Sheets", Arago: people, postage & the post, National Postal Museum online, viewed 18 April 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bedini2016489-268"><a href="#cite_ref-Bedini2016489_268-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedini2016" class="citation book cs1">Bedini, Silvio A. (2016). Bedini, Silvio A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gmmMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PR8">The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia</a>. Springer. p. 489. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12573-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12573-9"><bdi>978-1-349-12573-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christopher+Columbus+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=489&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-349-12573-9&rft.aulast=Bedini&rft.aufirst=Silvio+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgmmMCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Columbus-Day">"Columbus Day"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 5 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Columbus+Day&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FColumbus-Day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BelloShaver2011-270"><a href="#cite_ref-BelloShaver2011_270-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelloShaver2011" class="citation book cs1">Bello, Manuel; Shaver, Annis N. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fxasAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA152">"Representation of Columbus in History Textbooks"</a>. In Provenzo, Eugene F. Jr.; Shaver, Annis N.; Bello, Manuel (eds.). The Textbook as Discourse: Sociocultural Dimensions of American Schoolbooks. Routledge. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-86063-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-86063-8"><bdi>978-1-136-86063-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Representation+of+Columbus+in+History+Textbooks&rft.btitle=The+Textbook+as+Discourse%3A+Sociocultural+Dimensions+of+American+Schoolbooks&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-136-86063-8&rft.aulast=Bello&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft.au=Shaver%2C+Annis+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfxasAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoivinFullerCrowther2012" class="citation journal cs1">Boivin, Nicole; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Crowther, Alison (September 2012). "Old World globalization and the Columbian exchange: comparison and contrast". World Archaeology. 44 (3): 452–469. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.2012.729404">10.1080/00438243.2012.729404</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42003541">42003541</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3285807">3285807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Old+World+globalization+and+the+Columbian+exchange%3A+comparison+and+contrast&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E452-%3C%2Fspan%3E469&rft.date=2012-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3285807%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42003541%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00438243.2012.729404&rft.aulast=Boivin&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft.au=Fuller%2C+Dorian+Q.&rft.au=Crowther%2C+Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McFarlane2004-272"><a href="#cite_ref-McFarlane2004_272-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFarlane,_Anthony2004" class="citation book cs1">McFarlane, Anthony (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BE30cHBvjM8C&pg=PA9">"Pre-Columbian and colonial Latin America"</a>. In King, John (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Modern Latin American Culture. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63651-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63651-3"><bdi>978-0-521-63651-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pre-Columbian+and+colonial+Latin+America&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Modern+Latin+American+Culture&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63651-3&rft.au=McFarlane%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBE30cHBvjM8C%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNunnQian2010" class="citation cs2">Nunn, Nathan; Qian, Nancy (Spring 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/nunn/files/nunn_qian_jep_2010.pdf">"The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas"</a> (PDF), Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24 (2): 163–188, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.24.2.163">10.1257/jep.24.2.163</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Perspectives&rft.atitle=The+Columbian+Exchange%3A+A+History+of+Disease%2C+Food%2C+and+Ideas&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E163-%3C%2Fspan%3E188&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Fjep.24.2.163&rft.aulast=Nunn&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft.au=Qian%2C+Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Fnunn%2Ffiles%2Fnunn_qian_jep_2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-noble-274"><a href="#cite_ref-noble_274-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilford1991" class="citation journal cs1">Wilford, John Noble (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wilsonquarterly.com/sites/default/files/articles/WQ_VOL15_A_1991_Article_03.pdf">"Columbus and the Labyrinth of History"</a> (PDF). The Wilson Quarterly. 15 (4): 79–80. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://archive.wilsonquarterly.com/sites/default/files/articles/WQ_VOL15_A_1991_Article_03.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wilson+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Columbus+and+the+Labyrinth+of+History&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Wilford&rft.aufirst=John+Noble&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.wilsonquarterly.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Farticles%2FWQ_VOL15_A_1991_Article_03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartosik-Vélez2014-275"><a href="#cite_ref-Bartosik-Vélez2014_275-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartosik-Vélez2014" class="citation book cs1">Bartosik-Vélez, Elise (2014). "The Incorporation of Columbus into the Story of Western Empire". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/fbb06e57-759f-43c2-bf3b-792cee697ee2/external_content.pdf">The Legacy of Christopher Columbus in the Americas. New Nations and a Transatlantic Discourse of Empire</a> (PDF). Nashville: <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University_Press" title="Vanderbilt University Press">Vanderbilt University Press</a>. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-1953-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-1953-5"><bdi>978-0-8265-1953-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Incorporation+of+Columbus+into+the+Story+of+Western+Empire&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Christopher+Columbus+in+the+Americas.+New+Nations+and+a+Transatlantic+Discourse+of+Empire&rft.place=Nashville&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8265-1953-5&rft.aulast=Bartosik-V%C3%A9lez&rft.aufirst=Elise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.oapen.org%2Fbitstream%2Fid%2Ffbb06e57-759f-43c2-bf3b-792cee697ee2%2Fexternal_content.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heike2014-276">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heike2014_276-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heike2014_276-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2014" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Heike (2014). "Christopher Columbus and the Myth of Discovery'". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oaresource.library.carleton.ca/oa-America9783839414859.pdf">The Myths That Made America</a> (PDF). transcript Verlag. pp. 53, 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8394-1485-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8394-1485-9"><bdi>978-3-8394-1485-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://oaresource.library.carleton.ca/oa-America9783839414859.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christopher+Columbus+and+the+Myth+of+Discovery%27&rft.btitle=The+Myths+That+Made+America&rft.pages=53%2C+59&rft.pub=transcript+Verlag&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-8394-1485-9&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Heike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foaresource.library.carleton.ca%2Foa-America9783839414859.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul201458,_60-277"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul201458,_60_277-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaul2014">Paul 2014</a>, pp. 58, 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fryd2001-278"><a href="#cite_ref-Fryd2001_278-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFryd2001" class="citation book cs1">Fryd, Vivienne (2001). Art and Empire: The Politics of Ethnicity in the United States Capitol, 1815–1860. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. pp. 37, 89, 91, 94, 99–100, 105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+Empire%3A+The+Politics+of+Ethnicity+in+the+United+States+Capitol%2C+1815%E2%80%931860&rft.place=Athens%2C+OH&rft.pages=37%2C+89%2C+91%2C+94%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E100%2C+105&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Fryd&rft.aufirst=Vivienne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Persico's Columbus". The United States Magazine and Democratic Review. 15: 95–97. November 1844 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+United+States+Magazine+and+Democratic+Review&rft.atitle=Persico%27s+Columbus&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=1844-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Out West. University of Nebraska Press. 2000. p. 96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+West&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> Congressional Globe, 28 April 1836, p. 1316. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul201463–64-282"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul201463–64_282-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaul2014">Paul 2014</a>, pp. 63–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dennis2018-283"><a href="#cite_ref-Dennis2018_283-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis2018" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, Matthew (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a6JhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA119">Red, White, and Blue Letter Days: An American Calendar</a>. Cornell University Press. pp. 119–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-2370-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-2370-4"><bdi>978-1-5017-2370-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red%2C+White%2C+and+Blue+Letter+Days%3A+An+American+Calendar&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-2370-4&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da6JhDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilford199180-284"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilford199180_284-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilford1991">Wilford 1991</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnell2013" class="citation journal cs1">Connell, William J. (2013). "Who's Afraid of Columbus?". Italian Americana. 31 (2): 136–147. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41933001">41933001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Italian+Americana&rft.atitle=Who%27s+Afraid+of+Columbus%3F&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E136-%3C%2Fspan%3E147&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41933001%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Connell&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmitage1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Armitage_(historian)" title="David Armitage (historian)">Armitage, David</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/armitage/files/columbus.pdf">"Christopher Columbus"</a> (PDF). History Today. 42 (5): 55. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/armitage/files/columbus.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Christopher+Columbus&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=55&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Armitage&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Farmitage%2Ffiles%2Fcolumbus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Axtell1992-287"><a href="#cite_ref-Axtell1992_287-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxtell1992" class="citation journal cs1">Axtell, James (1992). "Moral Reflections on the Columbian Legacy". The History Teacher. 25 (4): 407–425. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2745">0018-2745</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/494350">494350</a>. <q>... Alfred Crosby, a scholar with the mind of a scientist and the heart of a humanist. He writes that "the major initial effect of the Columbian voyages was the transformation of America into a charnel house." The cataclysmic loss of native life, largely to imported diseases, "was surely the greatest tragedy in the history of the human species.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+History+Teacher&rft.atitle=Moral+Reflections+on+the+Columbian+Legacy&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E407-%3C%2Fspan%3E425&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F494350%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0018-2745&rft.aulast=Axtell&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Houbert2003-288"><a href="#cite_ref-Houbert2003_288-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoubert2003" class="citation book cs1">Houbert, Jean (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdpcgy_aopwC&pg=PA176">"Creolisation and Decolonisation"</a>. In Jayasuriya, Shihan de S.; Pankhurst, Richard (eds.). The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean. Africa World Press. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86543-980-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86543-980-1"><bdi>978-0-86543-980-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Creolisation+and+Decolonisation&rft.btitle=The+African+Diaspora+in+the+Indian+Ocean&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Africa+World+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-86543-980-1&rft.aulast=Houbert&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmdpcgy_aopwC%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phillips2000-289"><a href="#cite_ref-Phillips2000_289-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2000" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, William D. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cz0LAAAAYAAJ&q=%22nuance%20of%20semantics%22">Testimonies from the Columbian Lawsuits</a>. Brepols. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51028-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51028-6"><bdi>978-2-503-51028-6</bdi></a>. <q>When we speak today of the "legacy" of Christopher Columbus, we usually refer to the broadly historic consequences of his famous voyages, meaning the subsequent European conquest and colonization of the Americas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Testimonies+from+the+Columbian+Lawsuits&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-2-503-51028-6&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcz0LAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522nuance%2520of%2520semantics%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nedkvitne2018-290"><a href="#cite_ref-Nedkvitne2018_290-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNedkvitne2018" class="citation book cs1">Nedkvitne, Arnved (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xs5wDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT13">Norse Greenland: Viking Peasants in the Arctic</a>. Routledge. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-25958-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-25958-3"><bdi>978-1-351-25958-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norse+Greenland%3A+Viking+Peasants+in+the+Arctic&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-351-25958-3&rft.aulast=Nedkvitne&rft.aufirst=Arnved&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXs5wDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-291">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_291-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_291-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittle2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Little, Becky (11 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190807004208/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/10/151011-columbus-day-leif-erikson-italian-americans-holiday-history/">"Why Do We Celebrate Columbus Day and Not Leif Erikson Day?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/10/151011-columbus-day-leif-erikson-italian-americans-holiday-history/">the original</a> on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Why+Do+We+Celebrate+Columbus+Day+and+Not+Leif+Erikson+Day%3F&rft.date=2015-10-11&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=Becky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F10%2F151011-columbus-day-leif-erikson-italian-americans-holiday-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-292"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_292-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/erikson_leif.shtml">"History – Leif Erikson (11th century)"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 12 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+%E2%80%93+Leif+Erikson+%2811th+century%29&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Ferikson_leif.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140226221116/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=477&term_type_id=1&term_type_text=people&letter=R">"Rafn, Carl Christian, 1795–1864"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Historical_Society" title="Wisconsin Historical Society">Wisconsin Historical Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=477&term_type_id=1&term_type_text=people&letter=R">the original</a> on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wisconsin+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Rafn%2C+Carl+Christian%2C+1795%E2%80%931864&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisconsinhistory.org%2Fdictionary%2Findex.asp%3Faction%3Dview%26term_id%3D477%26term_type_id%3D1%26term_type_text%3Dpeople%26letter%3DR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-294"><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_294-0">^</a> Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/De_Costa,_Benjamin_Franklin" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/De Costa, Benjamin Franklin">De Costa, Benjamin Franklin</a>". <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 915. </li> <li id="cite_note-Restall2021-295"><a href="#cite_ref-Restall2021_295-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRestall2021" class="citation book cs1">Restall, Matthew (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dXQjEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4">Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest: Updated Edition</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-753729-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-753729-9"><bdi>978-0-19-753729-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seven+Myths+of+the+Spanish+Conquest%3A+Updated+Edition&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-19-753729-9&rft.aulast=Restall&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdXQjEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berkhofer1979-296"><a href="#cite_ref-Berkhofer1979_296-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkhofer1979" class="citation book cs1">Berkhofer, Robert F. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HcGGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34">The White Man's Indian: Images of the American Indian, from Columbus to the Present</a>. Vintage Books. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-72794-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-72794-3"><bdi>978-0-394-72794-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+White+Man%27s+Indian%3A+Images+of+the+American+Indian%2C+from+Columbus+to+the+Present&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-394-72794-3&rft.aulast=Berkhofer&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHcGGDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coronil1989-297"><a href="#cite_ref-Coronil1989_297-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoronil1989" class="citation journal cs1">Coronil, Fernando (1989). "Discovering America Again: The Politics of Selfhood in the Age of Post-Colonial Empires". Dispositio. 14 (36/38). Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor: 315–331. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0734-0591">0734-0591</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41491365">41491365</a>. <q>When referring to the conquest, Venezuelans tend to side with the original "Indians" inhabiting the territory, even though "we" are generally careful to distinguish ourselves from them, and above all from their contemporary descendants. This tactical identification suggests that the force of this rejoinder comes not just from the hold of the familiar—Columbus already discovered America, so what's new—but from the appeal of a more exclusive familiarity evoked by a shift of location — he only "discovered" it for Europe, not for "us". It is as if we viewed Columbus's arrival from two perspectives, his own, and that of the natives. When we want to privilege "our" special viewpoint, we claim as ours the standpoint of the original Americans, the view not from the foreign ship but from our "native" land.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dispositio&rft.atitle=Discovering+America+Again%3A+The+Politics+of+Selfhood+in+the+Age+of+Post-Colonial+Empires&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=36%2F38&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E315-%3C%2Fspan%3E331&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41491365%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0734-0591&rft.aulast=Coronil&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nuccetelli2020-298"><a href="#cite_ref-Nuccetelli2020_298-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuccetelli2020" class="citation book cs1">Nuccetelli, Susana (31 October 2020). "Setting the Scene: The Iberian Conquest". An Introduction to Latin American Philosophy. pp. 16–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781107705562.002">10.1017/9781107705562.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-70556-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-70556-2"><bdi>978-1-107-70556-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234937836">234937836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Setting+the+Scene%3A+The+Iberian+Conquest&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Latin+American+Philosophy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=2020-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234937836%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781107705562.002&rft.isbn=978-1-107-70556-2&rft.aulast=Nuccetelli&rft.aufirst=Susana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lazo2013-299"><a href="#cite_ref-Lazo2013_299-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazo2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lazo, Rodrigo (1 December 2013). "The Invention of America Again: On the Impossibility of an Archive". American Literary History. 25 (4): 755. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Falh%2Fajt049">10.1093/alh/ajt049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Literary+History&rft.atitle=The+Invention+of+America+Again%3A+On+the+Impossibility+of+an+Archive&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=755&rft.date=2013-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Falh%2Fajt049&rft.aulast=Lazo&rft.aufirst=Rodrigo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fernández-Shaw1992-300"><a href="#cite_ref-Fernández-Shaw1992_300-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández-Shaw1992" class="citation journal cs1">Fernández-Shaw, Félix (May 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000091221">"Five hundred years from now | From Discovery to Encounter"</a>. The UNESCO Courier. 45 (5, Rediscovering 1492). UNESCO Digital Library: 45. Retrieved 8 February 2022. <q>The encounter between two worlds is a fact that cannot be denied... The word discovery gives prominence to the heroes of the enterprise; the word encounter gives more emphasis to the peoples who actually "encountered" each other and gave substance to a New World. Whereas discovery marks a happening, an event, encounter conveys better the idea of the political journey that has brought us to the reality of today, spanning the five hundred years since 1492... These historical and political milestones are valuable because they relate the present to both the past and the future. It was inevitable that history written from a Eurocentric standpoint should speak in terms of discovery and it is equally inevitable that, as history has now come to be seen in universal terms, we should have adopted so evocative a term as encounter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+UNESCO+Courier&rft.atitle=Five+hundred+years+from+now+%7C+From+Discovery+to+Encounter&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=5%2C+Rediscovering+1492&rft.pages=45&rft.date=1992-05&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Shaw&rft.aufirst=F%C3%A9lix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000091221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIlwraithMuller2001" class="citation book cs1">McIlwraith, Thomas F.; Muller, Edward K. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8NS0OTXRlTMC&pg=PA35">North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-0019-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-0019-8"><bdi>978-0-7425-0019-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+America%3A+The+Historical+Geography+of+a+Changing+Continent&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-0019-8&rft.aulast=McIlwraith&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rft.au=Muller%2C+Edward+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8NS0OTXRlTMC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSale1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Sale" title="Kirkpatrick Sale">Sale, Kirkpatrick</a> (1991) [1990]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conquestofparadi00sale/page/204/mode/2up">The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy</a>. New York: Plume. pp. 204–209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-452-26669-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-452-26669-6"><bdi>0-452-26669-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conquest+of+Paradise%3A+Christopher+Columbus+and+the+Columbian+Legacy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E204-%3C%2Fspan%3E209&rft.pub=Plume&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-452-26669-6&rft.aulast=Sale&rft.aufirst=Kirkpatrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconquestofparadi00sale%2Fpage%2F204%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-book3-303"><a href="#cite_ref-book3_303-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoller1995" class="citation book cs1">Boller, Paul F. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/notsopopularmyth00boll">Not So!: Popular Myths about America from Columbus to Clinton</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509186-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509186-1"><bdi>978-0-19-509186-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+So%21%3A+Popular+Myths+about+America+from+Columbus+to+Clinton&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509186-1&rft.aulast=Boller&rft.aufirst=Paul+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnotsopopularmyth00boll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannam2010" class="citation web cs1">Hannam, James (18 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.patheos.com/resources/additional-resources/2010/05/science-versus-christianity">"Science Versus Christianity?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Patheos.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Patheos.com">Patheos.com</a>. Retrieved 5 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Patheos.com&rft.atitle=Science+Versus+Christianity%3F&rft.date=2010-05-18&rft.aulast=Hannam&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.patheos.com%2Fresources%2Fadditional-resources%2F2010%2F05%2Fscience-versus-christianity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011244-305"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2011244_305-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBergreen2011">Bergreen 2011</a>, p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Burton_Russell" title="Jeffrey Burton Russell">Russell, Jeffrey Burton</a> (1991). Inventing the Flat Earth: Columbus and modern historians. New York: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95904-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95904-3"><bdi>978-0-275-95904-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+Flat+Earth%3A+Columbus+and+modern+historians&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-275-95904-3&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+Burton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1942a241–242,_270–271-307"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1942a241–242,_270–271_307-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1942a">Morison 1942a</a>, pp. 241–242, 270–271. </li> <li id="cite_note-Randles2011-308"><a href="#cite_ref-Randles2011_308-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandles2011" class="citation book cs1">Randles, W. G. L. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cP3XT_vYgxsC&pg=PA48">"Classical Geography and Discovery of America"</a>. In Haase, Wolfgang; Meyer, Reinhold (eds.). European Images of the Americas and the Classical Tradition. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-087024-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-087024-4"><bdi>978-3-11-087024-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Classical+Geography+and+Discovery+of+America&rft.btitle=European+Images+of+the+Americas+and+the+Classical+Tradition&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-11-087024-4&rft.aulast=Randles&rft.aufirst=W.+G.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcP3XT_vYgxsC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1942b513–515,_517,_544–546-309"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1942b513–515,_517,_544–546_309-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1942b">Morison 1942b</a>, pp. 513–515, 517, 544–546. </li> <li id="cite_note-Willingham2015-310"><a href="#cite_ref-Willingham2015_310-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillingham2015" class="citation book cs1">Willingham, Elizabeth Moore (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W1-VEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PT293">Mythical Indies and Columbus's Apocalyptic Letter: Imagining the Americas in the Late Middle Ages</a>. Liverpool University Press. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78284-037-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78284-037-4"><bdi>978-1-78284-037-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythical+Indies+and+Columbus%27s+Apocalyptic+Letter%3A+Imagining+the+Americas+in+the+Late+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78284-037-4&rft.aulast=Willingham&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Moore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW1-VEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PT293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyson2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neil_deGrasse_Tyson" title="Neil deGrasse Tyson">Tyson, Neil deGrasse</a> (2014) [2007]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0co_UQgNXacC&pg=PA52">Death By Black Hole: And Other Cosmic Quandaries</a> (1st ed.). New York: W. W. Norton. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06224-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06224-3"><bdi>978-0-393-06224-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70265574">70265574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+By+Black+Hole%3A+And+Other+Cosmic+Quandaries&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=52&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70265574&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06224-3&rft.aulast=Tyson&rft.aufirst=Neil+deGrasse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0co_UQgNXacC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> O'Keefe, J. A., Eckeis, A., and Squires, R. K. (1959). "Vanguard Measurements Give Pear-Shaped Component of Earth's Figure". Science, 129 (3348), 565–566. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.129.3348.565">10.1126/science.129.3348.565</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDefense_Mapping_Agency1983" class="citation report cs1">Defense Mapping Agency (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA142764">Geodesy for the Layman</a> (Report) (4th ed.). United States Air Force.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Geodesy+for+the+Layman&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=United+States+Air+Force&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Defense+Mapping+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fsti%2Fcitations%2FADA142764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TinkerFreeland2008-314">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TinkerFreeland2008_314-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TinkerFreeland2008_314-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTinkerFreeland2008" class="citation journal cs1">Tinker, George E.; Freeland, Mark (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/u.osu.edu/dist/e/58600/files/2018/02/Tinker-Tink-Source-12j35s4.pdf">"Thief, Slave Trader, Murderer: Christopher Columbus and Caribbean Population Decline"</a> (PDF). Wíčazo Ša Review. 23 (1): 37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwic.2008.0002">10.1353/wic.2008.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159481939">159481939</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/u.osu.edu/dist/e/58600/files/2018/02/Tinker-Tink-Source-12j35s4.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. <q>Colón was directly responsible for instituting this cycle of violence, murder, and slavery... This cycle of violence, intentionally created to maximize the extraction of wealth from the islands, in combination with the epidemic diseases that were running rampant through the Taino population, together promoted the genocide of the Taino people... Disease, only in combination with this cycle of brutal colonial violence, could produce the death toll that we see on the island of Española. Therefore, at best, the theory that disease did the business of killing and not the invaders can only be seen as a gratuitous colonizer apologetic designed to absolve the guilt of the continued occupation and exploitation of the indigenous people of this continent. However, the truth of the matter is much worse and should be called by its appropriate name: American holocaust denial.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=W%C3%AD%C4%8Dazo+%C5%A0a+Review&rft.atitle=Thief%2C+Slave+Trader%2C+Murderer%3A+Christopher+Columbus+and+Caribbean+Population+Decline&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fwic.2008.0002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159481939%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tinker&rft.aufirst=George+E.&rft.au=Freeland%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com%2Fu.osu.edu%2Fdist%2Fe%2F58600%2Ffiles%2F2018%2F02%2FTinker-Tink-Source-12j35s4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-315"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_315-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane2015" class="citation news cs1">Lane, Kris (8 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/five-myths-about-christopher-columbus/2015/10/08/3e80f358-6d23-11e5-b31c-d80d62b53e28_story.html">"Five myths about Christopher Columbus"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved 4 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Five+myths+about+Christopher+Columbus&rft.date=2015-10-08&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Kris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2Ffive-myths-about-christopher-columbus%2F2015%2F10%2F08%2F3e80f358-6d23-11e5-b31c-d80d62b53e28_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-316"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_316-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlint1999" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Flint" title="Valerie Flint">Flint, Valerie I.J.</a> (26 July 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Christopher-Columbus/Legacy">"Legacy of Christopher Columbus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>. Retrieved 9 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Legacy+of+Christopher+Columbus&rft.date=1999-07-26&rft.aulast=Flint&rft.aufirst=Valerie+I.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FChristopher-Columbus%2FLegacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrito2020" class="citation web cs1">Brito, Christopher (25 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/christopher-columbus-statue-removed-cities/">"Dozens of Christopher Columbus statues have been removed since June"</a>. CBS News-US. Retrieved 26 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News-US&rft.atitle=Dozens+of+Christopher+Columbus+statues+have+been+removed+since+June&rft.date=2020-09-25&rft.aulast=Brito&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fchristopher-columbus-statue-removed-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBigelow1992" class="citation journal cs1">Bigelow, Bill (1992). "Once upon a Genocide: Christopher Columbus in Children's Literature". <a href="/wiki/Social_Justice_(journal)" title="Social Justice (journal)">Social Justice</a>. 19 (2): 106–121. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29766680">29766680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Justice&rft.atitle=Once+upon+a+Genocide%3A+Christopher+Columbus+in+Children%27s+Literature&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E106-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29766680%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bigelow&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeatherford2001" class="citation web cs1">Weatherford, Jack (20 April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hartford-hwp.com/Taino/docs/columbus.html">"Examining the reputation of Christopher Columbus"</a>. Hartford-hwp.com. Retrieved 29 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hartford-hwp.com&rft.atitle=Examining+the+reputation+of+Christopher+Columbus&rft.date=2001-04-20&rft.aulast=Weatherford&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hartford-hwp.com%2FTaino%2Fdocs%2Fcolumbus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/43a/100.html">"Pre-Columbian Hispaniola – Arawak/Taino Indians"</a>. Hartford-hwp.com. 15 September 2001. Retrieved 29 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hartford-hwp.com&rft.atitle=Pre-Columbian+Hispaniola+%E2%80%93+Arawak%2FTaino+Indians&rft.date=2001-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hartford-hwp.com%2Farchives%2F43a%2F100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1991417-321"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1991417_321-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1991">Morison 1991</a>, p. 417. </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1969" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, J.M. (1969). The Four Voyages of Christopher Columbus. NY: Penguin. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044217-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044217-5"><bdi>978-0-14-044217-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Four+Voyages+of+Christopher+Columbus&rft.place=NY&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044217-5&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorwitz200869-324"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorwitz200869_324-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorwitz2008">Horwitz 2008</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-DeaganCruxent2002-326"><a href="#cite_ref-DeaganCruxent2002_326-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeaganCruxent2002" class="citation book cs1">Deagan, Kathleen A.; Cruxent, José María (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=twI0PjfqdGYC&pg=PA201">Archaeology at La Isabela: America's First European Town</a>. Yale University Press. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09041-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09041-3"><bdi>978-0-300-09041-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+at+La+Isabela%3A+America%27s+First+European+Town&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09041-3&rft.aulast=Deagan&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+A.&rft.au=Cruxent%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Mar%C3%ADa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtwI0PjfqdGYC%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koning-327"><a href="#cite_ref-Koning_327-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Koning" class="citation book cs1">Koning, Hans (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Oxa-SjBh_cYC">Columbus</a>. Monthly Review Press. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85345-600-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85345-600-1"><bdi>978-0-85345-600-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbus&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-85345-600-1&rft.aulast=Koning&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOxa-SjBh_cYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch1993" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, Lawrence Dixson (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J269v02n01_09">"Columbus in Myth and History"</a>. In McCrank, Lawrence J. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B93gAAAAMAAJ">Discovery in the Archives of Spain and Portugal: Quincentenary Essays, 1492–1992</a>. Primary Sources & Original Works. Vol. 2. Haworth Press. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ269v02n01_09">10.1300/J269v02n01_09</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56024-643-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56024-643-5"><bdi>978-1-56024-643-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Columbus+in+Myth+and+History&rft.btitle=Discovery+in+the+Archives+of+Spain+and+Portugal%3A+Quincentenary+Essays%2C+1492%E2%80%931992&rft.series=Primary+Sources+%26+Original+Works&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Haworth+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2FJ269v02n01_09&rft.isbn=978-1-56024-643-5&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+Dixson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1300%2FJ269v02n01_09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-varela-329"><a href="#cite_ref-varela_329-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarelaAguirre2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Varela, Consuelo; Aguirre, Isabel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SwtMUtesSDEC&pg=PA111">"La venta de esclavos"</a> [The sale of slaves]. La caída de Cristóbal Colón: el juicio de Bobadilla [The fall of Christopher Columbus: the Bobadilla trial] (in Spanish). Marcial Pons Historia. pp. 111–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-96467-28-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-96467-28-6"><bdi>978-84-96467-28-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+venta+de+esclavos&rft.btitle=La+ca%C3%ADda+de+Crist%C3%B3bal+Col%C3%B3n%3A+el+juicio+de+Bobadilla&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.pub=Marcial+Pons+Historia&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-84-96467-28-6&rft.aulast=Varela&rft.aufirst=Consuelo&rft.au=Aguirre%2C+Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSwtMUtesSDEC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanke1971" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Hanke" title="Lewis Hanke">Hanke, Lewis</a> (1 February 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-51.1.112">"A Modest Proposal for a Moratorium on Grand Generalizations: Some Thoughts on the Black Legend"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_American_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic American Historical Review">Hispanic American Historical Review</a>. 51 (1). Durham, North Carolina: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>: 112–127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-51.1.112">10.1215/00182168-51.1.112</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2512616">2512616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=A+Modest+Proposal+for+a+Moratorium+on+Grand+Generalizations%3A+Some+Thoughts+on+the+Black+Legend&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E112-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.date=1971-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00182168-51.1.112&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2512616%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hanke&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1215%252F00182168-51.1.112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeen1969" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Keen" title="Benjamin Keen">Keen, Benjamin</a> (1 November 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-49.4.703">"The Black Legend Revisited: Assumptions and Realities"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_American_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic American Historical Review">Hispanic American Historical Review</a>. 49 (4). Durham, North Carolina: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>: 703–719. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-49.4.703">10.1215/00182168-49.4.703</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2511162">2511162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Black+Legend+Revisited%3A+Assumptions+and+Realities&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E703-%3C%2Fspan%3E719&rft.date=1969-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00182168-49.4.703&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2511162%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Keen&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1215%252F00182168-49.4.703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeen1971" class="citation journal cs1">Keen, Benjamin (1 May 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-51.2.336">"The White Legend Revisited: A Reply to Professor Hanke's 'Modest Proposal'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_American_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic American Historical Review">Hispanic American Historical Review</a>. 51 (2). Durham, North Carolina: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>: 336–355. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-51.2.336">10.1215/00182168-51.2.336</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2512479">2512479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+White+Legend+Revisited%3A+A+Reply+to+Professor+Hanke%27s+%27Modest+Proposal%27&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E336-%3C%2Fspan%3E355&rft.date=1971-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00182168-51.2.336&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2512479%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Keen&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1215%252F00182168-51.2.336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoule2017" class="citation journal cs1">Soule, Emily Berquist (23 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14788810.2017.1315514">"From Africa to the Ocean Sea: Atlantic slavery in the origins of the Spanish Empire"</a>. Atlantic Studies. 15 (1): 16–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14788810.2017.1315514">10.1080/14788810.2017.1315514</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218620874">218620874</a>. Retrieved 29 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Studies&rft.atitle=From+Africa+to+the+Ocean+Sea%3A+Atlantic+slavery+in+the+origins+of+the+Spanish+Empire&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2017-04-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14788810.2017.1315514&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218620874%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Soule&rft.aufirst=Emily+Berquist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F14788810.2017.1315514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFusco2000" class="citation news cs1">Fusco, Mary Ann Castronovo (8 October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/08/nyregion/in-person-in-defense-of-columbus.html">"In Person; In Defense Of Columbus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 9 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Person%3B+In+Defense+Of+Columbus&rft.date=2000-10-08&rft.aulast=Fusco&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ann+Castronovo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F10%2F08%2Fnyregion%2Fin-person-in-defense-of-columbus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorwitz200884-335"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorwitz200884_335-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorwitz2008">Horwitz 2008</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Basil_Davidson" title="Basil Davidson">Davidson, Basil</a> (January 1992). "Columbus: the bones and blood of racism". <a href="/wiki/Race_%26_Class" title="Race & Class">Race & Class</a>. 33 (3). Thousand Oaks, California: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishers">SAGE Publishers</a>: 17–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F030639689203300303">10.1177/030639689203300303</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145462012">145462012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Race+%26+Class&rft.atitle=Columbus%3A+the+bones+and+blood+of+racism&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=1992-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F030639689203300303&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145462012%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Basil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBigelow2015" class="citation news cs1">Bigelow, Bill (10 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210524142025/https://www.ottawaherald.com/article/20151010/OPINION/310109846">"Columbus Day must be abolished"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Ottawa_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ottawa Herald">The Ottawa Herald</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ottawaherald.com/article/20151010/OPINION/310109846">the original</a> on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ottawa+Herald&rft.atitle=Columbus+Day+must+be+abolished&rft.date=2015-10-10&rft.aulast=Bigelow&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ottawaherald.com%2Farticle%2F20151010%2FOPINION%2F310109846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jennings2020-338"><a href="#cite_ref-Jennings2020_338-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennings2020" class="citation book cs1">Jennings, Evelyn (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kOHcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33">Constructing the Spanish Empire in Havana: State Slavery in Defense and Development, 1762–1835</a>. LSU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-7464-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-7464-7"><bdi>978-0-8071-7464-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+the+Spanish+Empire+in+Havana%3A+State+Slavery+in+Defense+and+Development%2C+1762%E2%80%931835&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-7464-7&rft.aulast=Jennings&rft.aufirst=Evelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkOHcDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZinn20035-339"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZinn20035_339-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZinn2003">Zinn 2003</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-Keegan-340">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keegan_340-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keegan_340-1">b</a> Keegan, William F., "Destruction of the Taino" in Archaeology. January/February 1992, pp. 51–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fernandes-342"><a href="#cite_ref-Fernandes_342-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandesSirakRingbauer2020" class="citation journal cs1">Fernandes, D. M.; Sirak, K. A.; Ringbauer, H.; et al. (23 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7864882">"A genetic history of the pre-contact Caribbean"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 590 (7844): 103–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-020-03053-2">10.1038/s41586-020-03053-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7864882">7864882</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33361817">33361817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+genetic+history+of+the+pre-contact+Caribbean&rft.volume=590&rft.issue=7844&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.date=2020-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7864882%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33361817&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-020-03053-2&rft.aulast=Fernandes&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft.au=Sirak%2C+K.+A.&rft.au=Ringbauer%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7864882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutchen2020" class="citation web cs1">Dutchen, Stephanie (23 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/12/ancient-dna-shines-light-on-caribbean-history-prehistory/">"Ancient DNA shines light on Caribbean history, prehistory"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard Gazette">Harvard Gazette</a>-US. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201223163004/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/12/ancient-dna-shines-light-on-caribbean-history-prehistory/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Gazette-US&rft.atitle=Ancient+DNA+shines+light+on+Caribbean+history%2C+prehistory&rft.date=2020-12-23&rft.aulast=Dutchen&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.harvard.edu%2Fgazette%2Fstory%2F2020%2F12%2Fancient-dna-shines-light-on-caribbean-history-prehistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorwitz2008-344">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorwitz2008_344-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorwitz2008_344-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorwitz2008">Horwitz 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrosby1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_W._Crosby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur W. Crosby (page does not exist)">Crosby, Alfred W.</a> (1972). The Columbian Exchange. Westport, Connecticut: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-7228-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-7228-6"><bdi>978-0-8371-7228-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbian+Exchange&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-8371-7228-6&rft.aulast=Crosby&rft.aufirst=Alfred+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2011" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Charles C. (2011). 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created. New York: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27824-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27824-1"><bdi>978-0-307-27824-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1493%3A+Uncovering+the+New+World+Columbus+Created&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-307-27824-1&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Charles+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hickel-347">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hickel_347-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hickel_347-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickel2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jason_Hickel" title="Jason Hickel">Hickel, Jason</a> (2018). The Divide: A Brief Guide to Global Inequality and its Solutions. London, England: Windmill Books. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78609-003-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78609-003-4"><bdi>978-1-78609-003-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Divide%3A+A+Brief+Guide+to+Global+Inequality+and+its+Solutions&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Windmill+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78609-003-4&rft.aulast=Hickel&rft.aufirst=Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-348">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_348-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_348-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreuer2016" class="citation news cs1">Treuer, David (13 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://latimes.com/books/jacketcopy/la-ca-jc-native-american-slavery-20160505-snap-story.html">"The new book 'The Other Slavery' will make you rethink American history"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. Retrieved 21 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+new+book+%27The+Other+Slavery%27+will+make+you+rethink+American+history&rft.date=2016-05-13&rft.aulast=Treuer&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flatimes.com%2Fbooks%2Fjacketcopy%2Fla-ca-jc-native-american-slavery-20160505-snap-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> Crosby (1972) p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKochBrierleyMaslinLewis2019" class="citation journal cs1">Koch, Alexander; Brierley, Chris; Maslin, Mark; Lewis, Simon (1 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2018.12.004">"Earth system impacts of the European arrival and Great Dying in the Americas after 1492"</a>. Quaternary Science Reviews. 207: 13–36. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019QSRv..207...13K">2019QSRv..207...13K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2018.12.004">10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.12.004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Earth+system+impacts+of+the+European+arrival+and+Great+Dying+in+the+Americas+after+1492&rft.volume=207&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=2019-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2018.12.004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019QSRv..207...13K&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Brierley%2C+Chris&rft.au=Maslin%2C+Mark&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.quascirev.2018.12.004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumanSchwartzD'Arcy2005" class="citation journal cs1">Schuman, H.; Schwartz, B.; D'Arcy, H. (28 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200226064041/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c45b/6dae70b6f92891b09a99a0337cbf0235eb97.pdf">"Elite Revisionists and Popular Beliefs: Christopher Columbus, Hero or Villain?"</a> (PDF). Public Opinion Quarterly. 69 (1): 2–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpoq%2Fnfi001">10.1093/poq/nfi001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145447081">145447081</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c45b/6dae70b6f92891b09a99a0337cbf0235eb97.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Opinion+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Elite+Revisionists+and+Popular+Beliefs%3A+Christopher+Columbus%2C+Hero+or+Villain%3F&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=2005-02-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpoq%2Fnfi001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145447081%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schuman&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+B.&rft.au=D%27Arcy%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2Fc45b%2F6dae70b6f92891b09a99a0337cbf0235eb97.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morison-352"><a href="#cite_ref-Morison_352-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorison1955" class="citation book cs1">Morison, Samuel Eliot (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christophercolum00mori">Christopher Columbus, Mariner</a>. New York: Little Brown & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-58356-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-58356-5"><bdi>978-0-316-58356-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christopher+Columbus%2C+Mariner&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Little+Brown+%26+Co.&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=978-0-316-58356-5&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Eliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristophercolum00mori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cook1998-353"><a href="#cite_ref-Cook1998_353-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook1998" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Noble David (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dvjNyZTFrS4C&pg=PA9">Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492–1650</a>. Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 9–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62730-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62730-6"><bdi>978-0-521-62730-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Born+to+Die%3A+Disease+and+New+World+Conquest%2C+1492%E2%80%931650&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62730-6&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Noble+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdvjNyZTFrS4C%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFennerHendersonAritaJežek1988" class="citation book cs1">Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Ježek Z, Ladnyi ID (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/9241561106_chp5.pdf">"The History of Smallpox and its Spread Around the World"</a> (PDF). Smallpox and its eradication. History of International Public Health. Vol. 6. Geneva: World Health Organization. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10665%2F39485">10665/39485</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-156110-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-156110-5"><bdi>978-92-4-156110-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/9241561106_chp5.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Smallpox+and+its+Spread+Around+the+World&rft.btitle=Smallpox+and+its+eradication&rft.place=Geneva&rft.series=History+of+International+Public+Health&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10665%2F39485&rft.isbn=978-92-4-156110-5&rft.aulast=Fenner&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Henderson%2C+DA&rft.au=Arita%2C+I&rft.au=Je%C5%BEek%2C+Z&rft.au=Ladnyi%2C+ID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiotech.law.lsu.edu%2Fblaw%2Fbt%2Fsmallpox%2Fwho%2Fred-book%2F9241561106_chp5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver2009" class="citation book cs1">Oliver, José R. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nkYAMSusYKkC&q=hispaniola+pandemic+1519&pg=PA192">Caciques and Cemí idols: the web spun by Taíno rulers between Hispaniola and Puerto Rico</a> ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Tuscaloosa: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_Press" title="University of Alabama Press">University of Alabama Press</a>. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-5515-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-5515-9"><bdi>978-0-8173-5515-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 25 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caciques+and+Cem%C3%AD+idols%3A+the+web+spun+by+Ta%C3%ADno+rulers+between+Hispaniola+and+Puerto+Rico&rft.place=Tuscaloosa&rft.pages=192&rft.edition=%5BOnline-Ausg.%5D.&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-5515-9&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnkYAMSusYKkC%26q%3Dhispaniola%2Bpandemic%2B1519%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2014/10/health/epidemics-through-history/">"Deadly Diseases: Epidemics throughout history"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 25 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Deadly+Diseases%3A+Epidemics+throughout+history&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Finteractive%2F2014%2F10%2Fhealth%2Fepidemics-through-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAufderheideRodríguez-MartínLangsjoen1998" class="citation book cs1">Aufderheide, Arthur C.; Rodríguez-Martín, Conrado; Langsjoen, Odin (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qubTdDk1H3IC&pg=PA205">The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology</a>. Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-55203-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-55203-6"><bdi>0-521-55203-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+encyclopedia+of+human+paleopathology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-521-55203-6&rft.aulast=Aufderheide&rft.aufirst=Arthur+C.&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez-Mart%C3%ADn%2C+Conrado&rft.au=Langsjoen%2C+Odin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqubTdDk1H3IC%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> Crosby (1972) pp. 39, 47 </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinGoodman2002" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Debra L.; Goodman, Alan H. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1071659">"Health conditions before Columbus: paleopathology of native North Americans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Western_Journal_of_Medicine" title="Western Journal of Medicine">Western Journal of Medicine</a>. 176 (1). London, England: <a href="/wiki/BMJ_(company)" title="BMJ (company)">BMJ</a>: 65–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fewjm.176.1.65">10.1136/ewjm.176.1.65</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1071659">1071659</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11788545">11788545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Health+conditions+before+Columbus%3A+paleopathology+of+native+North+Americans&rft.volume=176&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1071659%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11788545&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fewjm.176.1.65&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Debra+L.&rft.au=Goodman%2C+Alan+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1071659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReséndez2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Res%C3%A9ndez" title="Andrés Reséndez">Reséndez, Andrés</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2gpCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17">The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America</a>. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-64098-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-64098-3"><bdi>978-0-547-64098-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Slavery%3A+The+Uncovered+Story+of+Indian+Enslavement+in+America&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-547-64098-3&rft.aulast=Res%C3%A9ndez&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ2gpCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKochBrierleyMaslinLewis2019" class="citation journal cs1">Koch, Alexander; Brierley, Chris; Maslin, Mark; Lewis, Simon (1 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2018.12.004">"Earth system impacts of the European arrival and Great Dying in the Americas after 1492"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_Science_Reviews" title="Quaternary Science Reviews">Quaternary Science Reviews</a>. 207. Wollongong, New South Wales: <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>: 13–36. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019QSRv..207...13K">2019QSRv..207...13K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2018.12.004">10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.12.004</a>. <q>While most of the other epidemics in history however were confined to a single pathogen and typically lasted for less than a decade, the Americas differed in that multiple pathogens caused multiple waves of virgin soil epidemics over more than a century. Those who survived influenza, may later have succumbed to smallpox, while those who survived both, may then have caught a later wave of measles. Hence, there were documented disease outbreaks in the Americas that killed 30% of the remaining indigenous population over 50 years after initial contact, i.e. between 1568 CE and 1605 CE</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Earth+system+impacts+of+the+European+arrival+and+Great+Dying+in+the+Americas+after+1492&rft.volume=207&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=2019-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2018.12.004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019QSRv..207...13K&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Brierley%2C+Chris&rft.au=Maslin%2C+Mark&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.quascirev.2018.12.004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stannard1993xii-362"><a href="#cite_ref-Stannard1993xii_362-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStannard1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Stannard" title="David Stannard">Stannard, David E.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RzFsODcGjfcC&pg=PR12">American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World</a>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983898-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983898-1"><bdi>978-0-19-983898-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Holocaust%3A+The+Conquest+of+the+New+World&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-983898-1&rft.aulast=Stannard&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRzFsODcGjfcC%26pg%3DPR12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peck-363"><a href="#cite_ref-Peck_363-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeck2009" class="citation journal cs1">Peck, Douglas T. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200705003711/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3bcb/6e3fb8c43f27099b9b0cbab75585ac12cdc5.pdf">"The Controversial Skill of Columbus as a Navigator: An Enduring Historical Enigma"</a> (PDF). The Journal of Navigation. 62 (3): 417–425. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JNav...62..417P">2009JNav...62..417P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0373463309005359">10.1017/S0373463309005359</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59570444">59570444</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3bcb/6e3fb8c43f27099b9b0cbab75585ac12cdc5.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Navigation&rft.atitle=The+Controversial+Skill+of+Columbus+as+a+Navigator%3A+An+Enduring+Historical+Enigma&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E417-%3C%2Fspan%3E425&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59570444%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0373463309005359&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009JNav...62..417P&rft.aulast=Peck&rft.aufirst=Douglas+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F3bcb%2F6e3fb8c43f27099b9b0cbab75585ac12cdc5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison199159,_198–199-364"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison199159,_198–199_364-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1991">Morison 1991</a>, pp. 59, 198–199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison199143–45-365"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison199143–45_365-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1991">Morison 1991</a>, pp. 43–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> Bartolomé de Las Casas, Historia de las Indias, ed. Agustín Millares Carlo, 3 vols. (Mexico City, 1951), book 1, chapter 2, 1:29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips199285–86-367"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips199285–86_367-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhillipsPhillips1992">Phillips & Phillips 1992</a>, pp. 85–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson1991-368"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson1991_368-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1991" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Ian (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DHoLAAAAYAAJ&q=%22made%20in%20his%20lifetime%22">The Columbus Myth: Did Men of Bristol Reach America Before Columbus?</a>. Simon & Schuster. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-71067-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-71067-5"><bdi>978-0-671-71067-5</bdi></a>. <q>Of Columbus, too, none of the familiarly reproduced portraits is thought to have been made in his lifetime.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbus+Myth%3A+Did+Men+of+Bristol+Reach+America+Before+Columbus%3F&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-671-71067-5&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDHoLAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522made%2520in%2520his%2520lifetime%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Met-Piombo-369"><a href="#cite_ref-Met-Piombo_369-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/437645">"Sebastiano del Piombo (Sebastiano Luciani) | Portrait of a Man, Said to be Christopher Columbus (born about 1446, died 1506)"</a>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Sebastiano+del+Piombo+%28Sebastiano+Luciani%29+%26%23124%3B+Portrait+of+a+Man%2C+Said+to+be+Christopher+Columbus+%28born+about+1446%2C+died+1506%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fthe-collection-online%2Fsearch%2F437645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2004" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Linda B. (2004). Mary, Mother and Warrior: The Virgin in Spain and the Americas. University of Texas Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70595-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70595-1"><bdi>978-0-292-70595-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary%2C+Mother+and+Warrior%3A+The+Virgin+in+Spain+and+the+Americas&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-292-70595-1&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Linda+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phillips2018-371"><a href="#cite_ref-Phillips2018_371-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2018" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips, Carla Rahn (20 November 2018). "Visualizing Imperium: The Virgin of the Seafarers and Spain's Self-Image in the Early Sixteenth Century". Renaissance Quarterly. 58 (3): 816. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fren.2008.0864">10.1353/ren.2008.0864</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-4338">0034-4338</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233339652">233339652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renaissance+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Visualizing+Imperium%3A+The+Virgin+of+the+Seafarers+and+Spain%27s+Self-Image+in+the+Early+Sixteenth+Century&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=816&rft.date=2018-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233339652%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0034-4338&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fren.2008.0864&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Carla+Rahn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison199147–48-372"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison199147–48_372-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1991">Morison 1991</a>, pp. 47–48. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergreen2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Bergreen" title="Laurence Bergreen">Bergreen, Lawrence</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KbxvDwAAQBAJ">Columbus: The Four Voyages, 1493–1504</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-54432-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-54432-7"><bdi>978-1-101-54432-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbus%3A+The+Four+Voyages%2C+1493%E2%80%931504&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-101-54432-7&rft.aulast=Bergreen&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKbxvDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaballos2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Caballos, Estaban Mira (2004). "Caciques guatiaos en los inicios de la colonización: el caso del indio Diego Colón" [Guatiao Caciques at the beginning of colonization: the case of the Indian Diego Colón]. Iberoamericana (in Spanish). 4 (16): 7–16. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41675598">41675598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iberoamericana&rft.atitle=Caciques+guatiaos+en+los+inicios+de+la+colonizaci%C3%B3n%3A+el+caso+del+indio+Diego+Col%C3%B3n&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41675598%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Caballos&rft.aufirst=Estaban+Mira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColumbus1847" class="citation book cs1">Columbus, Christopher (1847). Major, Richard Henry (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/selectlettersch00colugoog">Select Letters of Christopher Columbus: With Other Original Documents, Relating to His Four Voyages to the New World</a>. London: The Hakluyt Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Select+Letters+of+Christopher+Columbus%3A+With+Other+Original+Documents%2C+Relating+to+His+Four+Voyages+to+the+New+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Columbus&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fselectlettersch00colugoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColumbusToscanelli2010" class="citation book cs1">Columbus, Christopher; Toscanelli, Paolo (2010) [1893]. Markham, Clements R. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MI7dzFQZHOoC">The Journal of Christopher Columbus (During His First Voyage)</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01284-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01284-3"><bdi>978-1-108-01284-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journal+of+Christopher+Columbus+%28During+His+First+Voyage%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-108-01284-3&rft.aulast=Columbus&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Toscanelli%2C+Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMI7dzFQZHOoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColumbus1991" class="citation book cs1">Columbus, Christopher (1991) [1938]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OxbLxcS5uYgC">First Voyage to America: From the log of the "Santa Maria"</a>. Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-26844-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-26844-6"><bdi>978-0-486-26844-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Voyage+to+America%3A+From+the+log+of+the+%22Santa+Maria%22&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-486-26844-6&rft.aulast=Columbus&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOxbLxcS5uYgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColumbus1571" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Columbus" title="Ferdinand Columbus">Columbus, Ferdinand</a> (1571). A History of the Life and Actions of Adm. Christopher Columbus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Life+and+Actions+of+Adm.+Christopher+Columbus&rft.date=1571&rft.aulast=Columbus&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1732" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Awnsham_Churchill" title="Awnsham Churchill">Churchill, Awnsham</a> (1732). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cihm_33298">A Collection of voyages and travels</a>. Vol. 2. London : Printed by assignment from Messrs. Churchill for John Walthoe ..., Tho. Wotton ..., Samuel Birt ..., Daniel Browne ..., Thomas Osborn ..., John Shuckburgh ... and Henry Lintot ... pp. 501–624. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-665-33298-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-665-33298-2"><bdi>978-0-665-33298-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Collection+of+voyages+and+travels&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E501-%3C%2Fspan%3E624&rft.pub=London+%3A+Printed+by+assignment+from+Messrs.+Churchill+for+John+Walthoe+...%2C+Tho.+Wotton+...%2C+Samuel+Birt+...%2C+Daniel+Browne+...%2C+Thomas+Osborn+...%2C+John+Shuckburgh+...+and+Henry+Lintot+...&rft.date=1732&rft.isbn=978-0-665-33298-2&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Awnsham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcihm_33298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Crosby, A. W. (1987) The Columbian Voyages: the Columbian Exchange, and their Historians. Washington, D.C.: American Historical Association.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1997" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Miles H. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BR6Ek48GgzEC">Columbus then and now: a life reexamined</a>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2934-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2934-1"><bdi>978-0-8061-2934-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbus+then+and+now%3A+a+life+reexamined&rft.place=Norman&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-2934-1&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Miles+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBR6Ek48GgzEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson1991" class="citation book cs1">Dyson, John (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/columbusforgoldg00dyso_0/">Columbus: For Gold, God and Glory</a>. Madison Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-83725-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-83725-0"><bdi>978-0-670-83725-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbus%3A+For+Gold%2C+God+and+Glory&rft.pub=Madison+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-670-83725-0&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolumbusforgoldg00dyso_0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Fuson, Robert H. (1992) The Log of Christopher Columbus. International Marine</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorwitz2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Horwitz" title="Tony Horwitz">Horwitz, Tony</a> (2008). A Voyage Long and Strange: Rediscovering the New World. New York: Henry Holt & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7603-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7603-5"><bdi>978-0-8050-7603-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Voyage+Long+and+Strange%3A+Rediscovering+the+New+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+%26+Co.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-7603-5&rft.aulast=Horwitz&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph1838" class="citation book cs1">Joseph, Edward Lanzar (1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3GNZAAAAcAAJ">History of Trinidad</a>. A. K. Newman & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Trinidad&rft.pub=A.+K.+Newman+%26+Co.&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Edward+Lanzar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3GNZAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopez1990" class="citation book cs1">Lopez, Barry (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wyh9-rhsaQgC">The Rediscovery of North America</a>. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-1742-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-1742-3"><bdi>978-0-8131-1742-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rediscovery+of+North+America&rft.place=Lexington&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-1742-3&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwyh9-rhsaQgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorison1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Morison, Samuel Eliot</a> (1991) [1942]. Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-58478-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-58478-4"><bdi>978-0-316-58478-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Admiral+of+the+Ocean+Sea%3A+A+Life+of+Christopher+Columbus&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+%26+Co.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-316-58478-4&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Eliot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorison1942a" class="citation book cs1">——— (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/admiralofoceanse0001samu/">Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus</a>. Vol. 1. New York: Little, Brown & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Admiral+of+the+Ocean+Sea%3A+A+Life+of+Christopher+Columbus&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+%26+Co.&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Eliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadmiralofoceanse0001samu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorison1942b" class="citation book cs1">——— (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/admiralofoceanse0002samu/">Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus</a>. Vol. 2. New York: Time.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Admiral+of+the+Ocean+Sea%3A+A+Life+of+Christopher+Columbus&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Time&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Eliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadmiralofoceanse0002samu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphyCoye2013" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Patrick J.; Coye, Ray W. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yHENYeBsYkEC">Mutiny and Its Bounty: Leadership Lessons from the Age of Discovery</a>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17028-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17028-3"><bdi>978-0-300-17028-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mutiny+and+Its+Bounty%3A+Leadership+Lessons+from+the+Age+of+Discovery&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-300-17028-3&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Patrick+J.&rft.au=Coye%2C+Ray+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyHENYeBsYkEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstapkowicz2023" class="citation book cs1">Ostapkowicz, Joanna (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sidestone.com/bookviewer/9789464261011">Lucayan Legacies: Indigenous lifeways in The Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands</a>. Sidestone. pp. 314–316. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-6426-102-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-6426-102-8"><bdi>978-94-6426-102-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lucayan+Legacies%3A+Indigenous+lifeways+in+The+Bahamas+and+Turks+and+Caicos+Islands&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E314-%3C%2Fspan%3E316&rft.pub=Sidestone&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-94-6426-102-8&rft.aulast=Ostapkowicz&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sidestone.com%2Fbookviewer%2F9789464261011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipsPhillips1992" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, William D. Jr.; Phillips, Carla Rahn (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8jhtmzLlX70C">The Worlds of Christopher Columbus</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-35097-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-35097-6"><bdi>978-0-521-35097-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Worlds+of+Christopher+Columbus&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-35097-6&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=William+D.+Jr.&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Carla+Rahn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8jhtmzLlX70C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinn2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn, Howard</a> (2003) [1980]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peopleshistoryof00howa/page/1">A People's History of the United States</a>. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-052837-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-052837-9"><bdi>978-0-06-052837-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People%27s+History+of+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-06-052837-9&rft.aulast=Zinn&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeopleshistoryof00howa%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus by His Son Ferdinand. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Keen" title="Benjamin Keen">Keen, Benjamin</a>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 1978 [1959]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-20175-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-20175-2"><bdi>978-0-313-20175-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+the+Admiral+Christopher+Columbus+by+His+Son+Ferdinand&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-313-20175-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeazley1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Raymond_Beazley" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Raymond Beazley">Beazley, Charles Raymond</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Columbus,_Christopher">"Columbus, Christopher" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). pp. 741–746.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Columbus%2C+Christopher&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E741-%3C%2Fspan%3E746&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Beazley&rft.aufirst=Charles+Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuddock1970" class="citation journal cs1">Ruddock, Alwyn A. (1970). "Columbus and Iceland: New Light on an Old Problem". The Geographical Journal. 136 (2): 177–189. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970GeogJ.136..177R">1970GeogJ.136..177R</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7398">0016-7398</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1796276">1796276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Geographical+Journal&rft.atitle=Columbus+and+Iceland%3A+New+Light+on+an+Old+Problem&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E177-%3C%2Fspan%3E189&rft.date=1970&rft.issn=0016-7398&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1796276%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1970GeogJ.136..177R&rft.aulast=Ruddock&rft.aufirst=Alwyn+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1906" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Walter George (1906). "Christopher Columbus: An Address Delivered Before the American Catholic Historical Society". Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia. 17 (4): 374–398. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44208924">44208924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Records+of+the+American+Catholic+Historical+Society+of+Philadelphia&rft.atitle=Christopher+Columbus%3A+An+Address+Delivered+Before+the+American+Catholic+Historical+Society&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E374-%3C%2Fspan%3E398&rft.date=1906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44208924%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Walter+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Wey, Gómez Nicolás (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/137222779">The tropics of empire: Why Columbus sailed south to the Indies</a>. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-23264-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-23264-7">978-0-262-23264-7</a></li> <li>Wilford, John Noble (1991), The Mysterious History of Columbus: An Exploration of the Man, the Myth, the Legacy, New York: Alfred A. Knopf.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinsor1891" class="citation book cs1">Winsor, Justin (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/christophercolum00winsrich#page/n7/mode/2up">Christopher Columbus and How He Received and Imparted the Spirit of Discovery</a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christopher+Columbus+and+How+He+Received+and+Imparted+the+Spirit+of+Discovery&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Winsor&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fchristophercolum00winsrich%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Columbus" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Christopher_Columbus" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Christophorus_Columbus" class="extiw" title="commons:Christophorus Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Christopher_Columbus" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Christopher Columbus <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Christopher+Columbus">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Christopher+Columbus&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Columbus,+Christopher">Works by Christopher Columbus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Columbus%2C%20Christopher%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Christopher%20Columbus%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Columbus%2C%20Christopher%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Christopher%20Columbus%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Columbus%2C%20C%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Christopher%20Columbus%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Columbus%2C%20Christopher%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Christopher%20Columbus%22%29%20OR%20%28%221451-1506%22%20AND%20Columbus%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Christopher Columbus</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/348">Works by Christopher Columbus</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journalsdocumentscolumbus">Journals and Other Documents on the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus</a>, translated and edited by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Samuel Eliot Morison</a> in <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> format</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.franciscan-archive.org/columbus/opera/excerpts.html">Excerpts from the log of Christopher Columbus's first voyage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bartleby.com/43/2.html">The Letter of Columbus to Luis de Sant Angel Announcing His Discovery</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://columbus.vanderkrogt.net/">Columbus Monuments Pages</a> (overview of monuments for Columbus all over the world)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bridgepugliausa.it/articolo.asp?id_sez=2&id_cat=37&id_art=3554">"But for Columbus There Would Be No America"</a>, Tiziano Thomas Dossena, Bridgepugliausa.it, 2012.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20x20px_History_of_the_Americas507" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Americas" title="Template:History of the Americas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Americas" title="Template talk:History of the Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Americas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Americas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20x20px_History_of_the_Americas507" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Americas_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/20px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/30px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/40px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Americas" title="History of the Americas">History of the Americas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Americas" title="History of the Americas">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_America" title="History of North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesoamerica" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_America" title="History of Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin_America" title="History of Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_America" title="History of South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andean_South_America" title="History of Andean South America">Andean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetics</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:LocationAmericas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/LocationAmericas.png/200px-LocationAmericas.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/LocationAmericas.png/300px-LocationAmericas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/LocationAmericas.png/400px-LocationAmericas.png 2x" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="1404" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settlement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_trans-oceanic_contact_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British colonization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbian Exchange">Columbian Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_the_Americas" title="Decolonization of the Americas">Decolonization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Societies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Aztecs" title="History of the Aztecs">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation" title="Muisca Confederation">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Incas" title="History of the Incas">Inca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Maps_of_the_history_of_the_Americas" title="Category:Maps of the history of the Americas">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_the_Americas" title="Category:Culture of the Americas">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_the_Americas" title="Category:Geography of the Americas">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallpox_epidemics_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Smallpox epidemics in the Americas">Epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Americas">Slavery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-Columbian_cultures" title="List of pre-Columbian cultures">Pre-Columbian cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_in_the_Americas_by_population" title="List of countries in the Americas by population">Population</a></li> <li>Conflicts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_North_America" title="List of conflicts in North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_South_America" title="List of conflicts in South America">South America</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Americas" title="Archaeology of the Americas">Archaeology of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">North America by period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Timelines_of_North_American_history" title="Category:Timelines of North American history">North American timelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(Mesoamerica)" title="List of archaeological periods (Mesoamerica)">Mesoamerica by period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Mesoamerica timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_eras" title="Category:Historical eras">Era</a>: <a href="/wiki/Category:History_by_period" title="Category:History by period">By period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_by_region" title="Category:History by region">By region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system" title="Three-age system">Three-age system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical Antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">Modern history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Future" title="Category:Future">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_Empire139" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_Empire" title="Template talk:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_Empire139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Timeline–immersed139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline–immersed</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Conquest of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Asia and the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomiendas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws in favour of the indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Bruneian–Spanish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid (1750)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Convention" title="Nootka Convention">Nootka Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Napoleonic invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Third Treaty of San Ildefonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Independence of Spanish continental Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Liberal constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">German–Spanish Treaty (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Independence of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Independence of Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Castille">Crown of Castille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Union with Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern Italy (Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Aragonese_dynasty" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily#The_insular_kingdom_of_Sicily_under_the_Crown_of_Aragon_and_Spain" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Aragonese_period" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Union with Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Pyrénées-Orientales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Americas (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">Spanish America</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Coastal Alaska</a>, Central United States (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>), Western United States (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Reino de México">es</a>], Central America (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General of Yucatan">Captaincy General of Yucatan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Central America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492–1625)" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba#History" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#History" title="Curaçao">Curazao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire#History" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">Belize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, part of Guyana</a>, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Asia and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Northern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis, Spain">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(guild)" title="Germania (guild)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Titles and positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_president" title="Municipal president">Municipal president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">Vecino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Boyacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_conquests139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish conquests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_civil_topics139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other civil topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Mesoamerican Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian painting in New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Quito School">Quito painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africanist_(Spain)" title="Africanist (Spain)">Africanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapada_lime%C3%B1a" title="Tapada limeña">Tapada limeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Academia Antártica">Academia Antártica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America" title="List of colonial universities in Hispanic America">Colonial universities in Hispanic America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the oldest schools in the Philippines">Colonial universities in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Spanish Horse">Colonial Spanish Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang">Mustang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Criollos in the colonial society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Old inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Slavery in Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">Asiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans#Colonial_era" title="African Americans">Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Potos%C3%AD_Mint_Fraud_of_1649" title="Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649">Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7322#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata5105" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7322#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata5105" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7322#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121222444">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/17231583">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/28086/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcGhhGRKrqQX6YHPv8DMP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118564994">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78085478">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119304566">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119304566">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00520808">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV007642">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35784235">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700939&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX827907">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/23586">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068886888">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90147618">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000065036&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000043814&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000003422">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=60896">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000026108">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199605497">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/42gjjdzn0brfc4r">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810564098605606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/40954">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007259925005171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000074712">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521703806706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14349303">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00509686?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:columbus.christoph">zbMATH</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500237956">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/d4544c9e-f29a-450f-a0de-c55f3ee8cdf3">KulturNav</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118564994">FID</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1086068">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/cristoforo-colombo_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118564994.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118564994">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027213595">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10583172">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65j85ft">SNAC</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6nc838c">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/33333">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Columbus&oldid=1275908184">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Columbus&oldid=1275908184</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christopher_Columbus" title="Category:Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1451_births" title="Category:1451 births">1451 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1506_deaths" title="Category:1506 deaths">1506 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1490s_in_Cuba" title="Category:1490s in Cuba">1490s in Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1490s_in_the_Caribbean" title="Category:1490s in the Caribbean">1490s in the Caribbean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1492_in_North_America" title="Category:1492 in North America">1492 in North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:15th-century_apocalypticists" title="Category:15th-century apocalypticists">15th-century apocalypticists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:15th-century_Genoese_people" title="Category:15th-century Genoese people">15th-century Genoese people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:15th-century_Italian_explorers" title="Category:15th-century Italian explorers">15th-century Italian explorers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:15th-century_Roman_Catholics" title="Category:15th-century Roman Catholics">15th-century Roman Catholics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_diarists" title="Category:16th-century diarists">16th-century diarists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_Genoese_people" title="Category:16th-century Genoese people">16th-century Genoese people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Seville_Cathedral" title="Category:Burials at Seville Cathedral">Burials at Seville Cathedral</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Colonial_governors_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Category:Colonial governors of Santo Domingo">Colonial governors of Santo Domingo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Columbus_family" title="Category:Columbus family">Columbus family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Explorers_from_the_Republic_of_Genoa" title="Category:Explorers from the Republic of Genoa">Explorers from the Republic of Genoa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Explorers_of_Central_America" title="Category:Explorers of Central America">Explorers of Central America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_expatriates_in_Spain" title="Category:Italian expatriates in Spain">Italian expatriates in Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_explorers_of_North_America" title="Category:Italian explorers of North America">Italian explorers of North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_explorers_of_South_America" title="Category:Italian explorers of South America">Italian explorers of South America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_people_imprisoned_abroad" title="Category:Italian people imprisoned abroad">Italian people imprisoned abroad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_Roman_Catholics" title="Category:Italian Roman Catholics">Italian Roman Catholics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Palmarian_saints" title="Category:Palmarian saints">Palmarian saints</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Foreign_nationals_imprisoned_in_Spain" title="Category:Foreign nationals imprisoned in Spain">Foreign nationals imprisoned in Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_exploration_in_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Category:Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery">Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Italian-language text">Articles containing Italian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Italian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Italian IPA">Pages with Italian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ligurian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ligurian-language text">Articles containing Ligurian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Ligurian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Ligurian IPA">Pages with Ligurian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Spanish_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Spanish IPA">Pages with Spanish IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Portuguese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Portuguese-language text">Articles containing Portuguese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Portuguese_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Portuguese IPA">Pages with Portuguese IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Catalan-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Catalan-language text">Articles containing Catalan-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Catalan_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Catalan IPA">Pages with Catalan IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_New_International_Encyclopedia" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt)" title="Category:Articles with Portuguese-language sources (pt)">Articles with Portuguese-language sources (pt)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_June_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2020">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt)" title="Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)">CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2020">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_semi-protected_due_to_dispute" title="Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected due to dispute">Wikipedia pages semi-protected due to dispute</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_semi-protected_against_vandalism" title="Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism">Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2024">Use dmy dates from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Taino-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Taino-language text">Articles containing Taino-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_is_locally_defined" title="Category:Commons link is locally defined">Commons link is locally defined</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Project_Gutenberg_links" title="Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links">Articles with Project Gutenberg links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links" title="Category:Articles with LibriVox links">Articles with LibriVox links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 February 2025, at 20:17 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Columbus&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Christopher Columbus</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 206 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-kxx5q","wgBackendResponseTime":190,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.976","walltime":"3.528","ppvisitednodes":{"value":31904,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":805059,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":23880,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":30,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1108183,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3035.358 1 -total"," 46.88% 1422.831 2 Template:Reflist"," 23.72% 720.067 175 Template:Cite_book"," 11.29% 342.566 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 10.38% 315.028 52 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.93% 301.268 84 Template:Sfn"," 5.47% 165.937 21 Template:Efn"," 3.10% 93.998 6 Template:Langx"," 2.83% 85.871 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 2.75% 83.513 20 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.899","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26427317,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlessandrini2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson-Córdova2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAntonio_de_la_Cova\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmas1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmitage1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArnettMerrillAlbardanerMackowiak2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAufderheideRodríguez-MartínLangsjoen1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAustin_Alchon2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAxtell1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartosik-Vélez2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBeazley1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBedini2016\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFBelloShaver2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBercovitch2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergreen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergreen2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerkhofer1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBigelow1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBigelow2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoivinFullerCrowther2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoller1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBolotinLaing2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoxer1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrink2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrito2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurmila2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBushman1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButel2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaballos2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalvo2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCatz1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCervantes2021\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFChurchill1732\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohenPenmanBoyleVedantam2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColindres1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColumbus1571\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColumbus1847\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColumbus1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColumbus2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColumbusToscanelli2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnell2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConsulta_Ligure1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook1998\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFCoronil1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrosby1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCuartero_y_Huerta1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidannGilbert2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeagan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeaganCruxent1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeaganCruxent2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeaganCruxent2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDefense_Mapping_Agency1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelaney2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelaney2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDennis2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDewey2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiffie1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDilke2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowlah2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunnKelley1989\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDutchen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEchevarríaPupo-Walker1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnterline2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFelipe_Fernández-Armesto2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFennerHendersonAritaJežek1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernandesSirakRingbauer2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernández-Armesto1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernández-Armesto2007\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFFernández-Armesto2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernández-Shaw1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFigueredo2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlint1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlint2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlint2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreely2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreitasManey1893\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFryd2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFusco2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalante2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonzález_Sánchez2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraves1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunn2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGužauskytė2014\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFGómez2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHakim2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHale2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamdani1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHandler2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanke1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHannam2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHickel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoenig1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofmann1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorodowich2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorwitz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoubert2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoxie1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIfe1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJennings2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJensen1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohanyakLim2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph1838\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKadir1992\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKamen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeegan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeen1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeen1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhairunnaharMahmudIslam2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKochBrierleyMaslinLewis2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKolodny2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLane2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLantigua2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLazo2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeon2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLester1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLittle2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLopez1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynch1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyon1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaclean2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagasich-AirolaBeer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMann2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcilhacy2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkham1893\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinGoodman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCormick2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonald2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcFarlane,_Anthony2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcIlwraithMuller2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorison1942a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorison1942b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorison1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorison1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorison1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorison1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorisonObregón1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrison2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphyCoye2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuzio2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMárquez1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMéndez2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNash2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNedkvitne2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholls2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNuccetelli2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNunnQian2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlaya2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliver2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOstapkowicz2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaolucciPaolucci1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeck2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillipsPhillips1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPickering1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinheiro-Marques2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPragaMonac1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPresteAlessandro_TortiRemo_Viazzi1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuinn1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRandles1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRandles2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRestall2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReséndez2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRickey1992\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRidpath2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitchlinFitzGerald2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiveraPagán1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuddock1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSagan1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSale1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSauer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaunders2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchumanSchwartzD\u0026#039;Arcy2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScottGallowayScott2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheehan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoule2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpechtStockland2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanfordHauerGregorySnyder2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStannard1993\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStirlingStirling1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuranyi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSymcoxSullivan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSánchez-Barba2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSánchezGuruléBroughton1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarverSlape2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaviani2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThacher1904\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTinkerFreeland2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTremlett2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTremlett2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTreuer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUreland2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarelaAguirre2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVeciana-Suarez2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVigneras1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVigneras2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatts1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeatherford2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilford1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilgus1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillingham2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilloz-Egnor2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinsor1891\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeager2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYewellDodge1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZacher2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZerubavel2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeuskeOtálvaro2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZinn2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÁlvarez-CuberoMartinez-GonzalezSaizÁlvarez2010\"] = 1,\n [\"Koning\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Dictionary.com\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite NIE\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 175,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 52,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 20,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 6,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Columbus, Christopher\"] = 1,\n [\"DOI\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 21,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"GBurl\"] = 1,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"History of the Americas\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 6,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 37,\n [\"Langx\"] = 6,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-dispute\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect2\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 84,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 1,\n [\"Ship\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Spanish Empire\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Verify source\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource author\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","340","16.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","280","13.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","11.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","180","8.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","140","6.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","120","5.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","5.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","3.0"],["init \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Date_validation\u003E","60","3.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","3.0"],["[others]","420","20.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-868759585b-gmhf7","timestamp":"20250215201813","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Christopher Columbus","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christopher_Columbus","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7322","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7322","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-09T15:54:41Z","dateModified":"2025-02-15T20:17:57Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c2\/Portrait_of_a_Man%2C_Said_to_be_Christopher_Columbus.jpg","headline":"Italian navigator, explorer, and colonist (1451\u20131506)"}</script> </body> </html>