CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>James Buchanan - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"42138b65-260f-419d-9987-2bc5dc4680ef","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"James_Buchanan","wgTitle":"James Buchanan","wgCurRevisionId":1276125735,"wgRevisionId":1276125735,"wgArticleId":19732383,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from January 2025","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Use American English from August 2020","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use mdy dates from August 2020","Pages using infobox officeholder with ambassador from or minister from","All articles lacking reliable references", "Articles lacking reliable references from July 2022","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1: long volume value","Commons link from Wikidata","Articles with Project Gutenberg links","Articles with LibriVox links","Articles with Internet Archive links","James Buchanan","1791 births","1868 deaths","1850s in the United States","1860s in the United States","19th-century presidents of the United States","Ambassadors of the United States to the Russian Empire","Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom","19th-century American memoirists","American militiamen in the War of 1812","American people of Scotch-Irish descent","American Presbyterians","Burials at Woodward Hill Cemetery","Deaths from respiratory failure","Democratic Party presidents of the United States","Democratic-Republican Party United States senators","Dickinson College alumni","Democratic Party members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives","People from Mercersburg, Pennsylvania","Pennsylvania lawyers", "Politicians from Lancaster, Pennsylvania","Polk administration cabinet members","Presidents of the United States","Union (American Civil War) political leaders","Candidates in the 1852 United States presidential election","Candidates in the 1856 United States presidential election","United States secretaries of state","People of the Utah War","Writers from Lancaster, Pennsylvania","19th-century American diplomats","19th-century Presbyterians","Federalist Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania","Jacksonian members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania","Democratic Party United States senators from Pennsylvania","Buchanan County, Iowa","Buchanan County, Missouri","Buchanan County, Virginia","Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania","Chairmen of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations","Jacksonian United States senators from Pennsylvania","Pennsylvania Democrats", "Historical figures with ambiguous or disputed sexuality","19th-century members of the Pennsylvania General Assembly","19th-century United States senators","19th-century members of the United States House of Representatives","Presidents of the United States who were Freemasons"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"James_Buchanan","wgRelevantArticleId":19732383,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false, "wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q12325","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready" ,"wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/James_Buchanan.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1501"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/James_Buchanan.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1000"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="James Buchanan - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-James_Buchanan rootpage-James_Buchanan skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=James+Buchanan" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=James+Buchanan" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=James+Buchanan" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=James+Buchanan" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Childhood_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childhood_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Childhood and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_law_practice_and_Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_law_practice_and_Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early law practice and Pennsylvania House of Representatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_law_practice_and_Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congressional_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congressional_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Congressional career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Congressional_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Congressional career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Congressional_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._House_of_Representatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>U.S. House of Representatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._House_of_Representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minister_to_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister_to_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Minister to Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister_to_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Senator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Senator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>U.S. Senator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Senator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Diplomatic career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diplomatic_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diplomatic career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Secretary of State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civilian_life_and_1852_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian_life_and_1852_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Civilian life and 1852 presidential election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian_life_and_1852_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minister_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister_to_the_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Minister to the United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister_to_the_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_1856" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1856"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Election of 1856</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1856-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(1857–1861)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(1857–1861)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Presidency (1857–1861)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(1857–1861)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidency (1857–1861) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(1857–1861)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inauguration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inauguration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Inauguration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inauguration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Personnel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cabinet_and_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabinet_and_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Cabinet and administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabinet_and_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Judicial appointments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intervention_in_the_Dred_Scott_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intervention_in_the_Dred_Scott_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Intervention in the <i>Dred Scott</i> case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intervention_in_the_Dred_Scott_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panic_of_1857" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panic_of_1857"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Panic of 1857</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panic_of_1857-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utah_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utah_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Utah War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utah_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transatlantic_telegraph_cable" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transatlantic_telegraph_cable"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Transatlantic telegraph cable</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transatlantic_telegraph_cable-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bleeding_Kansas_and_constitutional_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bleeding_Kansas_and_constitutional_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Bleeding Kansas and constitutional dispute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bleeding_Kansas_and_constitutional_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1858_mid-term_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1858_mid-term_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>1858 mid-term elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1858_mid-term_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Covode_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Covode_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Covode Committee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Covode_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_1860" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1860"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Election of 1860</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1860-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>Secession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-States_admitted_to_the_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#States_admitted_to_the_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.13</span> <span>States admitted to the Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-States_admitted_to_the_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years_and_death_(1861–1868)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years_and_death_(1861–1868)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Final years and death (1861–1868)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years_and_death_(1861–1868)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Political views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Historical reputation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Popular culture depictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">James Buchanan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 128 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-128" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">128 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%84%E1%88%9D%E1%88%B5_%E1%89%A1%E1%8A%AB%E1%8A%90%E1%8A%95" title="ጄምስ ቡካነን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጄምስ ቡካነን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_Buchanan" title="Iacobus Buchanan – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Iacobus Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جيمس بيوكانان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيمس بيوكانان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceyms_Byukenen" title="Ceyms Byukenen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ceyms Byukenen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86" title="جئیمز بیوکنن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جئیمز بیوکنن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="জেমস বিউকানান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জেমস বিউকানান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%91%E2%80%99%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Джэймс Б’юкенен – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джэймс Б’юкенен" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B7_%D0%91%E2%80%99%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Джэймз Б’юкэнэн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джэймз Б’юкэнэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Джеймс Бюканън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джеймс Бюканън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Джеймс Бьюкенен – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Джеймс Бьюкенен" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%AD%DE%89%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%B0_%DE%84%DE%AA%DE%97%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ޖޭމްސް ބުޗަނަން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖޭމްސް ބުޗަނަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%82_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Τζέιμς Μπιουκάναν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζέιμς Μπιουκάναν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86" title="جیمز بیوکنن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیمز بیوکنن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B7%B0%EC%BA%90%EB%84%8C" title="제임스 뷰캐넌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제임스 뷰캐넌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%BD_%D4%B2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ջեյմս Բյուկենեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջեյմս Բյուկենեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8" title="जेम्स बुकानन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जेम्स बुकानन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%9F" title="ג'יימס ביוקנן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'יימס ביוקנן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜೇಮ್ಸ್ ಬುಕಾನನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೇಮ್ಸ್ ಬುಕಾನನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96_%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჯეიმზ ბიუკენენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯეიმზ ბიუკენენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Джеймс Бьюкенен – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джеймс Бьюкенен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_Buchanan" title="Iacobus Buchanan – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iacobus Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEeimss_Bj%C5%ABkenens_(politi%C4%B7is)" title="Džeimss Bjūkenens (politiķis) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džeimss Bjūkenens (politiķis)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%BB" title="ജയിംസ് ബുക്കാനൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജയിംസ് ബുക്കാനൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8" title="जेम्स ब्यूकॅनन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जेम्स ब्यूकॅनन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96_%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჯეიმზ ბიუკენენი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯეიმზ ბიუკენენი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چيمس بيوكانان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="چيمس بيوكانان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جیمز بوکانان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جیمز بوکانان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%98%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဂျိမ်းစ် ဘွတ်ခ်နန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျိမ်းစ် ဘွတ်ခ်နန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जेम्स बुकानान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जेम्स बुकानान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3" title="ジェームズ・ブキャナン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェームズ・ブキャナン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਜੇਮਸ ਬੁਕਾਨਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੇਮਸ ਬੁਕਾਨਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%86" title="جیمز بکانن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جیمز بکانن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%90%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%86" title="جېمز بوکانن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جېمز بوکانن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Бьюкенен, Джеймс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бьюкенен, Джеймс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="ජේම්ස් බුකැනන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජේම්ස් බුකැනන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جەیمس بیوکەنان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەیمس بیوکەنان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Џејмс Бјукенан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џејмс Бјукенан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜேம்ஸ் புகேனன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜேம்ஸ் புகேனன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%BA%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Җеймс Бьюкәнен – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җеймс Бьюкәнен" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="เจมส์ บิวแคนัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เจมส์ บิวแคนัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A5%E1%8E%BB_%E1%8F%8A%E1%8E%A8%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%82" title="ᏥᎻ ᏊᎨᎾᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏥᎻ ᏊᎨᎾᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%91%27%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Джеймс Б'юкенен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джеймс Б'юкенен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%86" title="جیمز بیوکینن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جیمز بیوکینن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%9D%8E%E5%8D%97" title="詹姆斯·布坎南 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="詹姆斯·布坎南" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="זשיימס ביוקענען – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זשיימס ביוקענען" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E5%A3%AB%E5%B8%83%E5%9D%8E%E5%8D%97" title="占士布坎南 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="占士布坎南" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEeimsos_Bjukenens" title="Džeimsos Bjukenens – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Džeimsos Bjukenens" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%9D%8E%E5%8D%97" title="詹姆斯·布坎南 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="詹姆斯·布坎南" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="James Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12325#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:James_Buchanan" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/James_Buchanan" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/James_Buchanan" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&oldid=1276125735" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=James_Buchanan&id=1276125735&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJames_Buchanan"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJames_Buchanan"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=James_Buchanan&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:James_Buchanan" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12325" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of the United States from 1857 to 1861</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the president of the United States. For other people with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="James Buchanan (disambiguation)">James Buchanan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">James Buchanan</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Buchanan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of an elderly James Buchanan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/James_Buchanan.jpg/220px-James_Buchanan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/James_Buchanan.jpg/330px-James_Buchanan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/James_Buchanan.jpg/440px-James_Buchanan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="714" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1850–1868</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">15th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom">United States Minister to <span class="nowrap">the United Kingdom</span></a> </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />August 23, 1853 – March 15, 1856</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Reed_Ingersoll" title="Joseph Reed Ingersoll">Joseph Reed Ingersoll</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">17th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 10, 1845 – March 7, 1849</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_M._Clayton" title="John M. Clayton">John M. Clayton</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 6, 1834 – March 5, 1845</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(American_politician)" title="William Wilkins (American politician)">William Wilkins</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Russia">United States Minister to <span class="nowrap">Russia</span></a> </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />June 11, 1832 – August 5, 1833</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">John Randolph</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">William Wilkins</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/House_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Judiciary Committee">House Judiciary Committee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 5, 1829 – March 3, 1831</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Philip P. Barbour</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Warren_R._Davis" title="Warren R. Davis">Warren R. Davis</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a></span><br />from Pennsylvania</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1821 – March 3, 1831</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Hibshman" title="Jacob Hibshman">Jacob Hibshman</a> (3rd district)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Mitchell" title="James S. Mitchell">James S. Mitchell</a> (4th district)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Miller" title="Daniel H. Miller">Daniel H. Miller</a> (3rd district)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hiester_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="William Hiester (Pennsylvania politician)">William Hiester</a> (4th district)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Pennsylvania03 !"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district">3rd district</a></span> (1821–1823)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Pennsylvania04 !"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district">4th district</a></span> (1823–1831)</li></ul> </div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives" title="Pennsylvania House of Representatives">Pennsylvania House of Representatives</a></span> <br />from <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster County, Pennsylvania">Lancaster County</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 6, 1814 – December 2, 1816</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Emanuel Reigart, Joel Lightner, Jacob Grosh, John Graff, Henry Hambright, Robert Maxwell</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Joel Lightner, Hugh Martin, John Forrey, Henry Hambright, Jasper Slaymaker, Jacob Grosh<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1791-04-23</span>)</span>April 23, 1791<br /><a href="/wiki/Cove_Gap,_Pennsylvania" title="Cove Gap, Pennsylvania">Cove Gap, Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 1, 1868<span style="display:none">(1868-06-01)</span> (aged 77)<br /><a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster, Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Woodward_Hill_Cemetery" title="Woodward Hill Cemetery">Woodward Hill Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a> (1814–1824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a> (1824–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> (from 1828)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Lane" title="Harriet Lane">Harriet Lane</a> (niece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Henry" title="James Buchanan Henry">James Buchanan Henry</a> (nephew)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dickinson_College" title="Dickinson College">Dickinson College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politician</li><li>lawyer</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Buchanan_Signature2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="James Buchanan's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/James_Buchanan_Signature2.svg/128px-James_Buchanan_Signature2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/James_Buchanan_Signature2.svg/192px-James_Buchanan_Signature2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/James_Buchanan_Signature2.svg/256px-James_Buchanan_Signature2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="66" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Militia">Pennsylvania Militia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1812-1814<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Private_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Private (United States)">Private</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data">Shippen's Cavalry, 1st Brigade, 4th Division</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baltimore" title="Battle of Baltimore">Defense of Baltimore</a></li></ul></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid navy; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pennsylvania_state_historical_markers" title="List of Pennsylvania state historical markers">Pennsylvania Historical Marker</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">James Buchanan</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Roadside</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">January 1955</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>James Buchanan Jr.</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">bew-<span style="font-size:90%">KAN</span>-ən</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> April 23, 1791 – June 1, 1868) was the 15th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, serving from 1857 to 1861. He also served as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">secretary of state</a> from 1845 to 1849 and represented <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> in both houses of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a>. Buchanan was an advocate for <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a>, particularly regarding <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>, and minimized the role of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a> preceding the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. </p><p>Buchanan was a lawyer in Pennsylvania and won his first election to the state's <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives" title="Pennsylvania House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a>. He was elected to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> in 1820 and retained that post for five terms, aligning with <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>. Buchanan served as Jackson's <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Russia" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Russia">minister to Russia</a> in 1832. He won the election in 1834 as a <a href="/wiki/U.S._senator_from_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. senator from Pennsylvania">U.S. senator from Pennsylvania</a> and continued in that position for 11 years. He was appointed to serve as President <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a>'s secretary of state in 1845, and eight years later was named as President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a>'s <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom">minister to the United Kingdom</a>. </p><p>Beginning in 1844, Buchanan became a regular contender for the Democratic Party's presidential nomination. He was nominated and won the <a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856 presidential election</a>. As President, Buchanan intervened to assure the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court's</a> majority ruling in the pro-slavery decision in the <a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford"><i>Dred Scott</i></a> case. He acceded to Southern attempts to engineer <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Territory" title="Kansas Territory">Kansas'</a> entry into the Union as a <a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">slave state</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Lecompton_Constitution" title="Lecompton Constitution">Lecompton Constitution</a>, and angered not only Republicans, but also Northern Democrats. Buchanan honored his pledge to serve only one term and supported Breckinridge's unsuccessful candidacy in the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 presidential election</a>. He failed to reconcile the fractured Democratic Party amid the grudge against <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Douglas" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Douglas">Stephen Douglas</a>, leading to the election of Republican and former Congressman <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>. </p><p>Buchanan's leadership during his <a href="/wiki/Lame_duck_(politics)" title="Lame duck (politics)">lame duck</a> period, before the American Civil War, has been widely criticized. He simultaneously angered the North by not stopping secession and the South by not yielding to their demands. He supported the <a href="/wiki/Corwin_Amendment" title="Corwin Amendment">Corwin Amendment</a> in an effort to reconcile the country. He made an unsuccessful attempt to reinforce <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a>, but otherwise refrained from preparing the military. His failure to forestall the American Civil War has been described as incompetence, and he spent his last years defending his reputation. Historians and scholars <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">rank</a> Buchanan as among the worst presidents in American history. </p><p>Buchanan is the only American president never to marry. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buchanan_Home_Mercersburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Buchanan_Home_Mercersburg.jpg/220px-Buchanan_Home_Mercersburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Buchanan_Home_Mercersburg.jpg/330px-Buchanan_Home_Mercersburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Buchanan_Home_Mercersburg.jpg/440px-Buchanan_Home_Mercersburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4938" data-file-height="3296" /></a><figcaption>Buchanan's birthplace</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood_and_education">Childhood and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Childhood and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>James Buchanan Jr. was born into a <a href="/wiki/Scottish-Irish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish-Irish Americans">Scottish-Irish</a> family on April 23, 1791, in a log cabin on a farm called <a href="/wiki/Buchanan%27s_Birthplace_State_Park" title="Buchanan's Birthplace State Park">Stony Batter</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Cove_Gap,_Pennsylvania" title="Cove Gap, Pennsylvania">Cove Gap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peters_Township,_Franklin_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Peters Township, Franklin County, Pennsylvania">Peters Township</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Mountains" title="Allegheny Mountains">Allegheny Mountains</a> of southern <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. He was the last president born in the 18th century and, until the election of <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> in 2020, the only one born in Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan was the second of eleven children with six sisters and four brothers, and the eldest son of James Buchanan Sr. (1761–1821) and his wife Elizabeth Speer (1767–1833).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker20049–12_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker20049–12-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James Buchanan Sr., was an <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster-Scot</a> from just outside <a href="/wiki/Ramelton" title="Ramelton">Ramelton</a>, a small town in the north-east of <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a> in the north-west of <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>, the northern <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">province</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, who emigrated to the newly formed <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in 1783, having sailed from <a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Clan_Buchanan" title="Clan Buchanan">Clan Buchanan</a>, whose members had emigrated in large numbers from the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> in the north of Ireland during the <a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a> in the seventeenth century and, later, largely because of poverty and persecution by <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> due to their <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> faith, had further emigrated in large numbers from Ulster to America from the early eighteenth century onwards. Shortly after Buchanan's birth, the family relocated to a farm near <a href="/wiki/Mercersburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Mercersburg, Pennsylvania">Mercersburg, Pennsylvania</a>, and later settled in the town in 1794. His father became the area's wealthiest resident, working as a merchant, farmer, and real estate investor. Buchanan attributed his early education primarily to his mother, whereas his father had a greater influence on his character. His mother had discussed politics with him as a child and had an interest in poetry, quoting <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> to Buchanan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker20049–12_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker20049–12-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buchanan attended the Old Stone Academy in Mercersburg and then <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_College" title="Dickinson College">Dickinson College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Pennsylvania" title="Carlisle, Pennsylvania">Carlisle, Pennsylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200412_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200412-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1808, he was nearly expelled for disorderly conduct; he and his fellow students had attracted negative attention for drinking in local taverns, disturbing the peace at night and committing acts of vandalism,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200413–16_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200413–16-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he pleaded for a second chance and ultimately graduated with honors in 1809.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein19629–12_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein19629–12-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year, he moved to the state capital at <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a>, to train as a lawyer for two and a half years with the well-known James Hopkins. Following the fashion of the time, Buchanan studied the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a> as well as legal authorities such as <a href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">William Blackstone</a> during his education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200413–16_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200413–16-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_law_practice_and_Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives">Early law practice and Pennsylvania House of Representatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early law practice and Pennsylvania House of Representatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1812, Buchanan passed the bar exam and after being admitted to the bar, he remained in Lancaster, even when <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a> became the new capital of Pennsylvania. Buchanan quickly established himself as a prominent legal representative in the city. His income rapidly rose after he established his practice, and by 1821 he was earning over $11,000 per year (equivalent to $250,000 in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200413–16_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200413–16-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, Buchanan became a <a href="/wiki/Freemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemason">Freemason</a>, and served as the Worshipful Master of <a href="/wiki/Masonic_Lodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Masonic Lodge">Masonic Lodge</a> No. 43 in Lancaster and as a District Deputy <a href="/wiki/Master_Mason" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Mason">Grand Master</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Pennsylvania" title="Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania">Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein196227_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein196227-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buchanan also served as chairman of the Lancaster chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a>. Like his father, he supported their political program, which provided federal funds for building projects and import duties as well as the re-establishment of a central bank after the <a href="/wiki/First_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="First Bank of the United States">First Bank of the United States</a>' license expired in 1811. He became a strong critic of <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a> President <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200417–18_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200417–18-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he did not himself serve in a militia during the War of 1812, during the British occupation he joined a group of young men who stole horses for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein196217–18_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein196217–18-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the last president involved in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1814, he was elected for the Federalists to the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives" title="Pennsylvania House of Representatives">Pennsylvania House of Representatives</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis188322_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis188322-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he was the youngest member, and held this seat until 1816. Since the sessions in the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_General_Assembly" title="Pennsylvania General Assembly">Pennsylvania General Assembly</a> lasted only three months, Buchanan continued practicing law at a profit by charging higher fees, and his service helped him acquire more clients.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200418_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200418-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1815, Buchanan defended District Judge <a href="/wiki/Walter_Franklin_(judge)" title="Walter Franklin (judge)">Walter Franklin</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial" title="Impeachment trial">impeachment trial</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Senate">Pennsylvania Senate</a>, over alleged judicial misconduct. Impeachments were more common at the time because the line between abuse of office and a wrong legal decision was determined by the ruling parties' preferences and the popularity of the judge's decision. Buchanan persuaded the senators that only judicial crimes and clear violations of the law justified impeachment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200417–18_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200417–18-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Congressional_career">Congressional career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Congressional career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_James_Buchanan" title="Electoral history of James Buchanan">Electoral history of James Buchanan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._House_of_Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: U.S. House of Representatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the congressional elections of 1820, Buchanan ran for a seat in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>. Shortly after his election victory, his father died in a carriage accident.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200422_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200422-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a young Representative, Buchanan was one of the most prominent leaders of the "Amalgamator party" faction of Pennsylvanian politics, named that because it was made up of both Democratic-Republicans and former Federalists, which transitioned from the <a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a>. During this era, the Democratic-Republicans became the most influential party. Buchanan's Federalist convictions were weak, and he switched parties after opposing a nativist Federalist bill.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824 presidential election</a>, Buchanan initially supported <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>, but switched to Andrew Jackson (with Clay as a second choice) when it became clear that the Pennsylvanian public overwhelmingly preferred Jackson.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Jackson lost the 1824 election, he joined his faction, but Jackson had contempt for Buchanan due to his misinterpretation of his efforts to mediate between the Clay and Jackson camps.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Washington, Buchanan became an avid defender of <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a>, and was close with many southern Congressmen, viewing some New England Congressmen as dangerous <a href="/wiki/Radical_politics" title="Radical politics">radicals</a>. Buchanan's close proximity to his constituency allowed him to establish a Democratic coalition in Pennsylvania, consisting of former Federalist farmers, Philadelphia artisans, and Ulster-Scots-Americans. In the 1828 presidential election, he secured Pennsylvania, while the "<a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian Democrats</a>", an independent party after splitting from the <a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a>, won an easy victory in the parallel congressional election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200424–27_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200424–27-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Buchanan gained most attention during an impeachment trial where he acted as prosecutor for federal district judge <a href="/wiki/James_H._Peck" title="James H. Peck">James H. Peck</a>; however, the Senate rejected Buchanan's plea and acquitted Peck by a majority vote. He was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Agriculture,_Nutrition,_and_Forestry" title="United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry">Agriculture Committee</a> in his first year, and he eventually became chairman of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary">Judiciary Committee</a>. In 1831, Buchanan declined a nomination for the <a href="/wiki/22nd_United_States_Congress" title="22nd United States Congress">22nd United States Congress</a> from his constituency consisting of <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Dauphin County, Pennsylvania">Dauphin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lebanon County, Pennsylvania">Lebanon</a>, and Lancaster counties. He still had political ambitions and some Pennsylvania Democrats put him forward as a candidate for the vice presidency in the <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200428–30_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200428–30-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Buchanan_painted_by_J._Eichholtz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/James_Buchanan_painted_by_J._Eichholtz.jpg/220px-James_Buchanan_painted_by_J._Eichholtz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/James_Buchanan_painted_by_J._Eichholtz.jpg/330px-James_Buchanan_painted_by_J._Eichholtz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/James_Buchanan_painted_by_J._Eichholtz.jpg/440px-James_Buchanan_painted_by_J._Eichholtz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1095" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>1834 portrait of Buchanan at age 42–43 by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Eichholtz" title="Jacob Eichholtz">Jacob Eichholtz</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minister_to_Russia">Minister to Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Minister to Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Jackson was re-elected in 1832, he offered Buchanan the position of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Russia">United States Ambassador to Russia</a>. Buchanan was reluctant to leave the country, viewing the distant <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> as a kind of political exile, but ultimately agreed. That was Jackson's intent, as he considered Buchanan an "incompetent busybody" and untrustworthy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work focused on concluding a trade and shipping treaty with Russia. While Buchanan was successful with the former, negotiating an agreement on free merchant shipping with Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Karl_Nesselrode" title="Karl Nesselrode">Karl Nesselrode</a> proved difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200430–31_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200430–31-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had denounced Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a> as a despot merely a year prior during his tenure in Congress; many Americans had reacted negatively to Russia's response to the <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">1830 Polish uprising</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Senator">U.S. Senator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: U.S. Senator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Buchanan returned home and lost the election in the <a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">State Legislature</a> for a full six-year term in the <a href="/wiki/23rd_United_States_Congress" title="23rd United States Congress">23rd Congress</a>, but was appointed by the Pennsylvania state legislature to succeed <a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wilkins (U.S. politician)">William Wilkins</a> in the U.S. Senate. Wilkins, in turn, replaced Buchanan as the ambassador to Russia. The Jacksonian Buchanan, who was re-elected in 1836 and 1842, opposed the re-chartering of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a> and sought to expunge a congressional censure of Jackson stemming from the <a href="/wiki/Bank_War" title="Bank War">Bank War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200430_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200430-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan served in the Senate until March 1845 and was twice confirmed in office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200432_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200432-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To unite Pennsylvania Democrats at the State Convention, he was chosen as their candidate for the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">National Convention</a>. Buchanan maintained a strict adherence to the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania State Legislature">Pennsylvania State Legislature</a>'s guidelines and sometimes voted against positions in Congress which he promoted in his own speeches, despite open ambitions for the White House.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200435–38_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200435–38-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buchanan was known for his commitment to <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest Destiny</a> ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He rejected President <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>'s offer to become <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorney General</a> and chaired prestigious Senate committees such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">Committee on the Judiciary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Committee on Foreign Relations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200433–34_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200433–34-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan was one of only a few senators to vote against the <a href="/wiki/Webster%E2%80%93Ashburton_Treaty" title="Webster–Ashburton Treaty">Webster–Ashburton Treaty</a> for its "surrender" of lands to the United Kingdom, as he demanded the entire <a href="/wiki/Aroostook_River" title="Aroostook River">Aroostook River Valley</a> for the United States. In the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_boundary_dispute" title="Oregon boundary dispute">Oregon Boundary Dispute</a>, Buchanan adopted the maximum demand of 54°40′ as the northern border and spoke out in favor of annexing the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200435–38_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200435–38-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the contentious <a href="/wiki/1838_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1838 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">1838 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election</a>, Buchanan chose to support the Democratic challenger, <a href="/wiki/David_R._Porter" title="David R. Porter">David Rittenhouse Porter</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was elected by fewer than 5,500 votes as Pennsylvania's first governor under the state's revised Constitution of 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buchanan also opposed a <a href="/wiki/Gag_rule_(United_States)" title="Gag rule (United States)">gag rule</a> sponsored by <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> that would have suppressed anti-slavery petitions. He joined the majority in blocking the rule, with most senators of the belief that it would have the reverse effect of strengthening the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionist">abolitionists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said, "We have just as little right to interfere with slavery in the South, as we have to touch the right of petition."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200432_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200432-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan thought that the issue of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> was the domain of the states, and he faulted abolitionists for exciting passions over the issue. In the lead-up to the <a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 Democratic National Convention</a>, Buchanan positioned himself as a potential alternative to former President <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>, but the nomination went to <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a>, who won the <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200435–38_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200435–38-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diplomatic_career">Diplomatic career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Diplomatic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secretary_of_State">Secretary of State</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Secretary of State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polkcabinet1849edited.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Polkcabinet1849edited.png/220px-Polkcabinet1849edited.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Polkcabinet1849edited.png/330px-Polkcabinet1849edited.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Polkcabinet1849edited.png/440px-Polkcabinet1849edited.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>Buchanan (second from the left) in Polk's cabinet, 1849</figcaption></figure><p>Buchanan was offered the position of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> in the Polk administration or, as the alternative, a seat on the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a>, to compensate him for his support in the election campaign but also in order to eliminate him as an internal party rival. He accepted the State Department post and served for the duration of Polk's single term in office. During his tenure, the United States recorded its largest territorial gain in history through the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a>, which included territory that is now Texas, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Colorado.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200438–40_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200438–40-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In negotiations with Britain over Oregon, Buchanan initially favored the <a href="/wiki/49th_parallel_north" title="49th parallel north">49th parallel</a> as the boundary of Oregon Territory, while Polk called for a more northerly boundary line. When Northern Democrats rallied around the popular slogan <a href="/wiki/Fifty-Four_Forty_or_Fight" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty-Four Forty or Fight">Fifty-Four Forty or Fight</a> ("54°40′ or war") in the 1844 election campaign, Buchanan adopted this position, but later followed Polk's direction, leading to the Oregon Compromise of 1846, which established the 49th parallel as the boundary in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200440–41_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200440–41-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In regards to Mexico, Buchanan maintained a dubious view that its attack on American troops on the other side of the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> in April 1846 constituted a border violation and a legitimate reason for war. During the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican-American War</a>, Buchanan initially advised against claiming territory south of the Rio Grande, fearing war with Britain and France. However, as the war came to an end, Buchanan changed his mind and argued for the annexation of further territory, arguing that Mexico was to blame for the war and that the compensation negotiated for the American losses was too low. Buchanan sought the nomination at the <a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 Democratic National Convention</a>, as Polk had promised to serve only one term, but he only won the support of the Pennsylvania and Virginia delegations, so Senator <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a> of Michigan was nominated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200441–43_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200441–43-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilian_life_and_1852_presidential_election">Civilian life and 1852 presidential election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Civilian life and 1852 presidential election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Buchanan_sculpture_at_National_Portrait_Gallery_IMG_4538.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/James_Buchanan_sculpture_at_National_Portrait_Gallery_IMG_4538.JPG/220px-James_Buchanan_sculpture_at_National_Portrait_Gallery_IMG_4538.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/James_Buchanan_sculpture_at_National_Portrait_Gallery_IMG_4538.JPG/330px-James_Buchanan_sculpture_at_National_Portrait_Gallery_IMG_4538.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/James_Buchanan_sculpture_at_National_Portrait_Gallery_IMG_4538.JPG/440px-James_Buchanan_sculpture_at_National_Portrait_Gallery_IMG_4538.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Bust of James Buchanan by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dexter_(sculptor)" title="Henry Dexter (sculptor)">Henry Dexter</a> at the National Portrait Gallery</figcaption></figure> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848 election</a> of Whig <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a>, Buchanan returned to private life. Buchanan was getting on in years and still dressed in the old-fashioned style of his adolescence, earning him the nickname "<a href="/wiki/Old_Public_Functionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Public Functionary">Old Public Functionary</a>" from the press. Slavery opponents in the North mocked him as a relic of prehistoric man because of his moral values.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200446–48_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200446–48-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He bought the house of <a href="/wiki/Wheatland_(James_Buchanan_House)" title="Wheatland (James Buchanan House)">Wheatland</a> on the outskirts of Lancaster and entertained various visitors while monitoring political events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200443–46_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200443–46-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, Buchanan became the center of a family network consisting of 22 nieces, nephews and their descendants, seven of whom were orphans. He found public service jobs for some through patronage, and for those in his favor, he took on the role of surrogate father. He formed the strongest emotional bond with his niece <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Lane" title="Harriet Lane">Harriet Lane</a>, who later became First Lady for Buchanan in the White House.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200446–48_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200446–48-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1852, he was named president of the Board of Trustees of <a href="/wiki/Franklin_and_Marshall_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin and Marshall College">Franklin and Marshall College</a> in Lancaster, and he served in this capacity until 1866.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962210,_415_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962210,_415-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan did not completely leave politics. He intended to publish a collection of speeches and an autobiography, but his political comeback was thwarted by the 1852 presidential election. Buchanan traveled to Washington to discuss Pennsylvania Democratic Party politics, which were divided into two camps led by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George Dallas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200449–51_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200449–51-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He quietly campaigned for the 1852 Democratic presidential nomination. In light of the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a>, which had led to the admission of California into the Union as a free state and a stricter <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a>, Buchanan now rejected the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a> and welcomed Congress' rejection of the <a href="/wiki/Wilmot_Proviso" title="Wilmot Proviso">Wilmot Proviso</a>, which prohibited slavery in all territories gained in the Mexican-American War. Buchanan criticized <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionism</a> as a fanatical attitude and believed that slavery should be decided by state legislatures, not Congress. He disliked abolitionist Northerners due to his party affiliation, and became known as a "<a href="/wiki/Doughface" title="Doughface">doughface</a>" due to his sympathy toward the South. Buchanan emerged as a promising candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination, alongside Lewis Cass, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen Douglas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">William L. Marcy</a>; however, the Pennsylvania convention did not vote unanimously in his favor, with over 30 delegates protesting against him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200452–56_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200452–56-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 Democratic National Convention</a>, he won the support of many southern delegates but failed to win the two-thirds support needed for the presidential nomination, which went to <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a>. Buchanan declined to serve as the vice presidential nominee, and the convention instead nominated his close friend, <a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William R. King</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200457–59_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200457–59-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minister_to_the_United_Kingdom">Minister to the United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Minister to the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pierce won the election in <a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>, and six months later, Buchanan accepted the position of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Minister_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Minister to the United Kingdom">United States Minister to the United Kingdom</a>, a position that represented a step backward in his career and that he had twice previously rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200457–59_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200457–59-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan sailed for England in the summer of 1853, and he remained abroad for the next three years. In 1850, the United States and the United Kingdom signed the <a href="/wiki/Clayton%E2%80%93Bulwer_Treaty" title="Clayton–Bulwer Treaty">Clayton–Bulwer Treaty</a>, which committed both countries to joint control of any future canal that would connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through Central America. Buchanan met repeatedly with <a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Lord Clarendon</a>, the British foreign minister, in hopes of pressuring the British to withdraw from Central America. He was able to reduce British influence in <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> while also raising the kingdom's awareness of American interests in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200465–67_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200465–67-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also focused on the potential annexation of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, which had long interested him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200458–64_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200458–64-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Pierce's prompting, Buchanan met in <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend, Belgium</a>, with U.S. Ambassador to Spain <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Soul%C3%A9" title="Pierre Soulé">Pierre Soulé</a> and U.S. Ambassador to France <a href="/wiki/John_Y._Mason" title="John Y. Mason">John Mason</a>, to work out a plan for the acquisition of Cuba. A memorandum draft resulted, called the <a href="/wiki/Ostend_Manifesto" title="Ostend Manifesto">Ostend Manifesto</a>, which proposed the purchase of Cuba from Spain, then in the midst of revolution and near bankruptcy. The document declared the island "as necessary to the North American republic as any of its present ... family of states". Against Buchanan's recommendation, the final draft of the manifesto suggested that "wresting it from Spain", if Spain refused to sell, would be justified "by every law, human and Divine".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988110_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988110-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manifesto was met with a divided response and was never acted upon. It weakened the Pierce administration and reduced support for Manifest Destiny.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988110_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988110-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2009456–57_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2009456–57-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1855, as Buchanan's desire to return home grew, Pierce asked him to hold the fort in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in light of the relocation of a British fleet to the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200465–67_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200465–67-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_of_1856">Election of 1856</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Election of 1856"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1856.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/ElectoralCollege1856.svg/330px-ElectoralCollege1856.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/ElectoralCollege1856.svg/495px-ElectoralCollege1856.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/ElectoralCollege1856.svg/660px-ElectoralCollege1856.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>1856 Map of electoral votes</figcaption></figure> <p>Buchanan's service abroad allowed him to conveniently avoid the debate over the <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> then roiling the country in the slavery dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200467–68_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200467–68-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he did not overtly seek the presidency, he assented to the movement on his behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962248–252_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962248–252-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While still in England, he campaigned by praising <a href="/wiki/John_Hughes_(archbishop)" title="John Hughes (archbishop)">John Joseph Hughes</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of New York">Archbishop of New York</a>, to a Catholic archbishop. The latter campaigned for Buchanan among high-ranking <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a> as soon as he heard about it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200467–68_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200467–68-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Buchanan arrived home at the end of April 1856, he led on the first ballot, supported by powerful Senators <a href="/wiki/John_Slidell" title="John Slidell">John Slidell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Bright" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesse Bright">Jesse Bright</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Thomas F. Bayard</a>, who presented Buchanan as an experienced leader appealing to the North and South. The <a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 Democratic National Convention</a> met in June 1856, producing a platform that reflected Buchanan's views, including support for the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive Slave Law">Fugitive Slave Law</a>, which required the return of escaped slaves. The platform also called for an end to anti-slavery agitation and U.S. "ascendancy in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200469_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200469-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Pierce hoped for re-nomination, while Senator <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> also loomed as a strong candidate. He won the nomination after seventeen ballots after Douglas' resignation. He was joined on the ticket by <a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a> of Kentucky in order to maintain regional proportional representation, placating supporters of Pierce and Douglas, also allies of Breckinridge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200469–70_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200469–70-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buchanan faced two candidates in the general election: former Whig President <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> ran as the candidate for the anti-Catholic, anti-immigrant American Party (or "<a href="/wiki/Know-Nothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Know-Nothing">Know-Nothing</a>"), while <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> ran as the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Republican Party">Republican</a> nominee. The contrast between Buchanan and Frémont was particularly stark, with opposing caricaturists drawing the Democratic candidate as a fussy old man in drag.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200470–73_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200470–73-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan did not actively campaign, but he wrote letters and pledged to uphold the Democratic platform. In the election, he carried every slave state except for Maryland, as well as five slavery-free states, including his home state of Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200469–70_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200469–70-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He won 45 percent of the popular vote and decisively won the electoral vote, taking 174 of 296 votes. His election made him the first president from Pennsylvania. In a combative victory speech, Buchanan denounced Republicans, calling them a "dangerous" and "geographical" party that had unfairly attacked the South.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200470–73_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200470–73-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also declared, "the object of my administration will be to destroy sectional party, North or South, and to restore harmony to the Union under a national and conservative government."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962261–262_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962261–262-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He set about this initially by feigning a sectional balance in his cabinet appointments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200477–80_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200477–80-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(1857–1861)"><span id="Presidency_.281857.E2.80.931861.29"></span>Presidency (1857–1861)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Presidency (1857–1861)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Presidency of James Buchanan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inauguration">Inauguration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Inauguration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_James_Buchanan" title="Inauguration of James Buchanan">Inauguration of James Buchanan</a></div> <p>Buchanan was inaugurated on March 4, 1857, taking the oath of office from <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a>. In his lengthy inaugural address, Buchanan committed himself to serving only one term, as his recent predecessor had done. He abhorred the growing divisions over slavery and its status in the territories, saying that Congress should play no role in determining the status of slavery in the states or territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200480–83,_85_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200480–83,_85-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He proposed a solution based on the <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas-Nebraska Act</a>, which stated that the principle of <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">popular sovereignty</a> was decisive, and Congress had no say in the matter. Buchanan recommended that a federal slave code be enacted to protect the rights of slaveowners in federal territories. He alluded to a then-pending Supreme Court case, <i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i>, which he said would permanently settle the issue of slavery. Dred Scott was a slave who was temporarily taken from a slave state to a free territory by his owner, <a href="/wiki/John_F._A._Sanford" title="John F. A. Sanford">John Sanford</a>. After Scott returned to the slave state, he filed a petition for his freedom based on his time in the free territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200480–83,_85_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200480–83,_85-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Grier" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert C. Grier">Robert C. Grier</a> leaked the decision in the "Dred Scott" case early to Buchanan. In his inaugural address, Buchanan declared that the issue of slavery in the territories would be "speedily and finally settled" by the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Paul_Finkelman" title="Paul Finkelman">Paul Finkelman</a>:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Buchanan already knew what the Court was going to decide. In a major breach of Court etiquette, Justice Grier, who, like Buchanan, was from Pennsylvania, had kept the President-elect fully informed about the progress of the case and the internal debates within the Court. When Buchanan urged the nation to support the decision, he already knew what Taney would say. Republican suspicions of impropriety turned out to be fully justified.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Historians agree that the court decision was a major disaster because it dramatically inflamed tensions, leading to the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-Carrafiello-A_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carrafiello-A-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, historian <a href="/wiki/David_W._Blight" title="David W. Blight">David W. Blight</a> argued that the year 1857 was, "the great pivot on the road to disunion...largely because of the Dred Scott case, which stoked the fear, distrust and conspiratorial hatred already common in both the North and the South to new levels of intensity."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personnel">Personnel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Personnel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cabinet_and_administration">Cabinet and administration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cabinet and administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox" style="width:auto;text-align:left;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:1em; margin-right:0; float:right; clear:right;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3" style="line-height:1.5em;font-size:110%;background:#DCDCDC;text-align:center">The Buchanan cabinet</th></tr><tr><th>Office</th><th>Name</th><th>Term</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#000"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold">James Buchanan</th><td>1857–1861</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a></th><td>1857–1861</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a></th><td>1857–1860</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Jeremiah S. Black</a></th><td>1860–1861</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Howell Cobb</a></th><td>1857–1860</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Francis_Thomas" title="Philip Francis Thomas">Philip Francis Thomas</a></th><td>1860–1861</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">John Adams Dix</a></th><td>1861</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/John_B._Floyd" title="John B. Floyd">John B. Floyd</a></th><td>1857–1860</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Holt" title="Joseph Holt">Joseph Holt</a></th><td>1861</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Jeremiah S. Black</a></th><td>1857–1860</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a></th><td>1860–1861</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_V._Brown" title="Aaron V. Brown">Aaron V. Brown</a></th><td>1857–1859</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Holt" title="Joseph Holt">Joseph Holt</a></th><td>1859–1860</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Horatio_King" title="Horatio King">Horatio King</a></th><td>1861</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Toucey" title="Isaac Toucey">Isaac Toucey</a></th><td>1857–1861</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Thompson" title="Jacob Thompson">Jacob Thompson</a></th><td>1857–1861</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buchanan_Cabinet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Buchanan_Cabinet.jpg/220px-Buchanan_Cabinet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Buchanan_Cabinet.jpg/330px-Buchanan_Cabinet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Buchanan_Cabinet.jpg/440px-Buchanan_Cabinet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption><i>President Buchanan and his Cabinet</i>, photograph by <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a> (c. 1859).<br />From left to right: <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Thompson" title="Jacob Thompson">Jacob Thompson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_B._Floyd" title="John B. Floyd">John B. Floyd</a>, James Buchanan, <a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Howell Cobb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Toucey" title="Isaac Toucey">Isaac Toucey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Holt" title="Joseph Holt">Joseph Holt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Jeremiah S. Black</a></figcaption></figure><p>As his inauguration approached, Buchanan sought to establish an obedient, harmonious cabinet to avoid the in-fighting that had plagued <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>'s administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200477_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200477-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cabinet's composition had to do justice to the proportional representation within the party and between the regions of the country. Buchanan first worked on this task in Wheatland until he traveled to the capital in January 1857. There, like many other guests at the <a href="/wiki/National_Hotel_disease" title="National Hotel disease">National Hotel</a>, he contracted severe <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>, from which he did not fully recover until several months later. Dozens of those who fell ill died, including Buchanan's nephew and private secretary Eskridge Lane.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200477–80_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200477–80-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cabinet selection was disastrous, with four Southern ministers being large-scale slaveholders who later became loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secretary of the Treasury <a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Howell Cobb</a> was considered the greatest political talent in the Cabinet,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the three department heads from the northern states were all considered to be <a href="/wiki/Doughface" title="Doughface">doughfaces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200478_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200478-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His objective was to dominate the cabinet, and he chose men who would agree with his views.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200479_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200479-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan had a troubled relationship with his vice president from the beginning, when he did not receive him during his inaugural visit but referred him to his niece and First Lady, which Breckinridge never forgave him for and saw as disrespectful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200486–88_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200486–88-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left out the influential <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a>, who had made Buchanan's nomination possible by resigning at the National Convention the previous year, when filling the post.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200480_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200480-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concentrating on foreign policy, he appointed the aging <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a> as Secretary of State. Buchanan's appointment of Southerners and their allies alienated many in the North, and his failure to appoint any followers of Douglas divided the party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200477–80_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200477–80-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside of the cabinet, he left in place many of Pierce's appointments but removed a disproportionate number of Northerners who had ties to Democratic opponents Pierce or Douglas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200486–88_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200486–88-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judicial_appointments">Judicial appointments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Judicial appointments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_James_Buchanan" title="List of federal judges appointed by James Buchanan">List of federal judges appointed by James Buchanan</a></div> <p>Buchanan appointed one Justice, <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Clifford" title="Nathan Clifford">Nathan Clifford</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He appointed seven other federal judges to <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">United States district courts</a>. He also appointed two judges to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Claims" title="United States Court of Claims">United States Court of Claims</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intervention_in_the_Dred_Scott_case">Intervention in the <i>Dred Scott</i> case</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Intervention in the Dred Scott case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The case of <i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i>, to which Buchanan referred to in his inaugural address, dated back to 1846. Scott sued for his release in <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, claiming he lived in service to the proprietor in <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Territory" title="Wisconsin Territory">Wisconsin Territory</a>. The case reached the Supreme Court and gained national attention by 1856. Buchanan consulted with Judge <a href="/wiki/John_Catron" title="John Catron">John Catron</a> in January 1857, inquiring about the outcome of the case and suggesting that a broader decision, beyond the specifics of the case, would be more prudent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962271–272_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962271–272-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan hoped that a broad decision protecting slavery in the territories could lay the issue to rest, allowing him to focus on other issues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200483–84_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200483–84-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catron replied on February 10, saying that the Supreme Court's Southern majority would decide against Scott, but would likely have to publish the decision on narrow grounds unless Buchanan could convince his fellow Pennsylvanian, Justice <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cooper_Grier" title="Robert Cooper Grier">Robert Cooper Grier</a>, to join the majority of the court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2001566_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2001566-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan then wrote to Grier and prevailed upon him, providing the majority leverage to issue a broad-ranging decision sufficient to render the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise_of_1820" class="mw-redirect" title="Missouri Compromise of 1820">Missouri Compromise of 1820</a> unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter1976287_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter1976287-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200485_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200485-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two days after Buchanan was sworn in as president, Chief Justice Taney delivered the Dred Scott decision, which denied the petitioner's request to be set free from slavery. The ruling broadly asserted that Congress had no <a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">constitutional</a> power to exclude slavery in the territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962316_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962316-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this decision, slaves were forever the property of their owners without rights and no African American could ever be a full citizen of the United States, even if they had full civil rights in a state.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan's letters were not made public at the time, but he was seen conversing quietly with the Chief Justice during his inauguration. When the decision was issued, Republicans began spreading the word that Taney had informed Buchanan of the impending outcome. Rather than destroying the Republican platform as Buchanan had hoped, the decision infuriated Northerners, who condemned it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200485–86_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200485–86-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panic_of_1857">Panic of 1857</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Panic of 1857"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a> began in the summer of that year, when the New York branch of <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Life_Insurance_and_Trust_Company" title="Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company">Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company</a> announced its insolvency.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crisis spread rapidly, and by the fall, 1,400 state banks and 5,000 businesses had gone bankrupt. Unemployment and hunger became common in northern cities, but the agricultural south was more resilient. Buchanan agreed with the southerners who attributed the economic collapse to over-speculation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200490_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200490-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buchanan acted in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian Democracy</a> principles, which restricted paper money issuance, and froze federal funds for public works projects, causing resentment among some of the population due to his refusal to implement an <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(economics)" title="Stimulus (economics)">economic stimulus program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the government was "without the power to extend relief",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200490_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200490-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it would continue to pay its debts in specie, and while it would not curtail public works, none would be added. In hopes of reducing paper money supplies and inflation, he urged the states to restrict the banks to a credit level of $3 to $1 of specie and discouraged the use of federal or state bonds as security for bank note issues. The economy recovered in several years, though many Americans suffered as a result of the panic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962314–315_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962314–315-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan had hoped to reduce the deficit, but by the time he left office the federal budget grew by 15%.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200490_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200490-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utah_War">Utah War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Utah War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Runaway_Officials_of_1851" title="Runaway Officials of 1851">Runaway Officials of 1851</a></div> <p>In the spring of 1857, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Latter-day Saints</a> and their leader <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a> had been challenging federal representatives in <a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a>, causing harassment and violence against non-Mormons. Young harassed federal officers and discouraged outsiders from settling in the <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a> area. In September 1857, the <a href="/wiki/Utah_Territorial_Militia" title="Utah Territorial Militia">Utah Territorial Militia</a>, associated with the Latter-day Saints, perpetrated the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Meadows_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Meadows massacre">Mountain Meadows massacre</a>, in which local militia attacked a wagon train and killed 125 settlers. Buchanan was offended by the militarism and <a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_polygamy" title="Mormonism and polygamy">polygamous</a> behavior of Young.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200490–92_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200490–92-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With reports of violence against non-Mormons, Buchanan authorized a military expedition into Utah Territory in late March 1857 to replace Young as governor. The force consisted of 2,500 men, including <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cumming_(governor)" title="Alfred Cumming (governor)">Alfred Cumming</a> and his staff, and was commanded by General <a href="/wiki/William_S._Harney" title="William S. Harney">William S. Harney</a>. Complicating matters, Young's notice of his replacement was not delivered because the Pierce administration had annulled the Utah mail contract, and Young portrayed the approaching forces as an unauthorized overthrow.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962316_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962316-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buchanan's personnel decision incited resistance from the Mormons around Young, as Harney was known for his volatility and brutality. In August 1857, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">Albert S. Johnston</a> replaced him for organizational reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young reacted to the military action by mustering a two-week expedition, destroying wagon trains, oxen, and other Army property. Buchanan then dispatched <a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Kane" title="Thomas L. Kane">Thomas L. Kane</a> as a private agent to negotiate peace. The mission was successful, a peaceful agreement to replace Governor Young with Cumming was reached, and the <a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a> ended. The President granted amnesty to inhabitants affirming loyalty to the government, and placed the federal troops at a peaceable distance for the balance of his administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962317_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962317-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buchanan did not comment on the conflict again until his State of the Union Address in December 1857, leaving open the question of whether it was a rebellion in Utah. One of Buchanan's last official acts in March 1861 was to reduce the size of Utah Territory in favor of <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Latter-day Saints had frequently defied federal authority, some historians consider Buchanan's action was an inappropriate response to uncorroborated reports.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962316_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962316-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transatlantic_telegraph_cable">Transatlantic telegraph cable</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Transatlantic telegraph cable"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Buchanan was the first recipient of an official <a href="/wiki/Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegram">telegram</a> transmitted across the Atlantic. Following the dispatch of test and configuration telegrams, on August 16, 1858 <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> sent a 98-word message to Buchanan at his summer residence in the <a href="/wiki/Bedford_Springs_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedford Springs Hotel">Bedford Springs Hotel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, expressing hope that the newly laid cable would prove "an additional link between the nations whose friendship is founded on their common interest and reciprocal esteem". Queen Victoria's message took 16 hours to send.<sup id="cite_ref-Trade1861_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trade1861-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc-saw-2_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-saw-2-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buchanan responded: "It is a triumph more glorious, because far more useful to mankind, than was ever won by conqueror on the field of battle. May the Atlantic telegraph, under the blessing of Heaven, prove to be a bond of perpetual peace and friendship between the kindred nations, and an instrument destined by Divine Providence to diffuse religion, civilization, liberty, and law throughout the world."<sup id="cite_ref-spencer-vol3_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spencer-vol3-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bleeding_Kansas_and_constitutional_dispute">Bleeding Kansas and constitutional dispute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bleeding Kansas and constitutional dispute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_SlaveFree1858.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/US_SlaveFree1858.gif/350px-US_SlaveFree1858.gif" decoding="async" width="350" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/US_SlaveFree1858.gif/525px-US_SlaveFree1858.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/US_SlaveFree1858.gif/700px-US_SlaveFree1858.gif 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>The balance of free and slave states and territories in 1858, after the admission of <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> of 1854 created the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Territory" title="Kansas Territory">Kansas Territory</a> and allowed the settlers there to decide whether to allow slavery. This resulted in violence between "<a href="/wiki/Free-Soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-Soil">Free-Soil</a>" (antislavery) and pro-slavery settlers, which developed into the "<a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a>" period. The antislavery settlers, with the help of Northern abolitionists, organized their own territorial government in <a href="/wiki/Topeka" class="mw-redirect" title="Topeka">Topeka</a>. The more numerous proslavery settlers, many from the neighboring slave state Missouri, established a government in <a href="/wiki/Lecompton,_Kansas" title="Lecompton, Kansas">Lecompton</a>, giving the Territory two different governments for a time, with two distinct constitutions, each claiming legitimacy. The admission of Kansas as a state required a constitution be submitted to Congress with the approval of a majority of its residents. Under President Pierce, a series of violent confrontations escalated over who had the right to vote in Kansas. The situation drew national attention, and some in Georgia and Mississippi advocated <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">secession</a> should Kansas be admitted as a free state. Buchanan chose to endorse the pro-slavery Lecompton government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200493–98_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200493–98-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buchanan appointed <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Walker" title="Robert J. Walker">Robert J. Walker</a> to replace <a href="/wiki/John_W._Geary" title="John W. Geary">John W. Geary</a> as Territorial Governor, and there ensued conflicting referendums from Topeka and Lecompton, where election fraud occurred. In October 1857, the Lecompton government framed the pro-slavery <a href="/wiki/Lecompton_Constitution" title="Lecompton Constitution">Lecompton Constitution</a> that agreed to a referendum limited solely to the slavery question. However, the vote against slavery, as provided by the Lecompton Convention, would still permit existing slaves, and all their issue, to be enslaved, so there was no referendum that permitted the majority anti-slavery residents to prohibit slavery in Kansas. As a result, anti-slavery residents boycotted the referendum since it did not provide a meaningful choice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200497–100_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200497–100-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the protests of Walker and two former Kansas governors, Buchanan decided to accept the Lecompton Constitution. In a December 1857 meeting with <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a>, the chairman of the Senate Committee on Territories, Buchanan demanded that all Democrats support the administration's position of admitting Kansas under the Lecompton Constitution. On February 2, he transmitted the Lecompton Constitution to Congress. He also transmitted a message that attacked the "revolutionary government" in Topeka, conflating them with the Mormons in Utah. Buchanan made every effort to secure congressional approval, offering favors, patronage appointments, and even cash for votes. The Lecompton Constitution won the approval of the Senate in March, but a combination of Know-Nothings, Republicans, and Northern Democrats defeated the bill in the House.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004100–105_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004100–105-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buchanan never forgave Douglas, as the Northern Democrats' rejection was the deciding factor in the House's decision, and he removed all Douglas supporters from his patronage in Illinois and Washington, D.C., installing pro-administration Democrats, including postmasters.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick200891_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick200891-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than accepting defeat, Buchanan backed the 1858 <a href="/wiki/English_Bill_(1858)" title="English Bill (1858)">English Bill</a>, which offered Kansas immediate statehood and vast public lands in exchange for accepting the Lecompton Constitution. In August 1858, Kansans by referendum strongly rejected the Lecompton Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004100–105_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004100–105-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territory received an abolitionist constitution, which was bitterly opposed in Congress by representatives and senators from the southern states until Kansas was admitted to the Union in January 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dispute over Kansas became the battlefront for control of the Democratic Party. On one side were Buchanan, the majority of Southern Democrats, and the "doughfaces". On the other side were Douglas and the majority of northern Democrats, as well as a few Southerners. Douglas' faction continued to support the doctrine of popular sovereignty, while Buchanan insisted that Democrats respect the <i>Dred Scott</i> decision and its repudiation of federal interference with slavery in the territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004120–121_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004120–121-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1858_mid-term_elections">1858 mid-term elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 1858 mid-term elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Douglas' Senate term was coming to an end in 1859, with the Illinois legislature, elected in 1858, determining whether Douglas would win re-election. The Senate seat was the primary issue of the legislative election, marked by the famous <a href="/wiki/Lincoln-Douglas_debates" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln-Douglas debates">debates</a> between Douglas and his Republican opponent for the seat, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>. Buchanan, working through federal patronage appointees in Illinois, ran candidates for the legislature in competition with both the Republicans and the Douglas Democrats. This could easily have thrown the election to the Republicans, and showed the depth of Buchanan's animosity toward Douglas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick2008117_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick2008117-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, Douglas Democrats won the legislative election and Douglas was re-elected to the Senate. In that year's elections, Douglas forces took control throughout the North, except in Buchanan's home state of Pennsylvania. Buchanan's support was otherwise reduced to a narrow base of southerners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter1976297–327_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter1976297–327-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962286–299_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962286–299-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The division between northern and southern Democrats allowed the Republicans to win a plurality of the House in the <a href="/wiki/1858_United_States_elections" title="1858 United States elections">1858 elections</a>, and allowed them to block most of Buchanan's agenda. Buchanan, in turn, added to the hostility with his veto of six substantial pieces of Republican legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962312_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962312-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these measures were the <a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Act</a>, which would have given 160 acres of public land to settlers who remained on the land for five years, and the <a href="/wiki/Morrill_Land-Grant_Acts" title="Morrill Land-Grant Acts">Morrill Act</a>, which would have granted public lands to establish <a href="/wiki/Land-grant_university" title="Land-grant university">land-grant colleges</a>. Buchanan argued that these acts were unconstitutional. In the western and northwestern United States, where the Homestead Act was very popular, even many Democrats condemned the president's policies, while many Americans who considered education an important asset resented Buchanan's veto of agricultural colleges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004117–118_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004117–118-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Buchanan took office with an ambitious foreign policy, designed to establish U.S. <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> over Central America at the expense of Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith197569–70_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith197569–70-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan sought to revitalize <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest Destiny</a> and to enforce the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a>, which had been under attack from the Spanish, French, and especially the British in the 1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He hoped to re-negotiate the <a href="/wiki/Clayton%E2%80%93Bulwer_Treaty" title="Clayton–Bulwer Treaty">Clayton–Bulwer Treaty</a> to counter <a href="/wiki/European_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="European imperialism">European imperialism</a> in the Western Hemisphere, which he thought limited U.S. influence in the region. He also sought to establish American protectorates over the Mexican states of <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a> to secure American citizens and investments, and most importantly, he hoped to achieve his long-term goal of acquiring Cuba. However, Buchanan's ambitions in Cuba and Mexico were largely blocked by the House of Representatives. After long negotiations with the British, he convinced them to cede the <a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> to <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004107–112_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004107–112-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1858, Buchanan ordered the <a href="/wiki/Paraguay_expedition" title="Paraguay expedition">Paraguay expedition</a> to punish <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> for firing on the <a href="/wiki/USS_Water_Witch_(1851)" title="USS Water Witch (1851)">USS <i>Water Witch</i></a>, ordering 2,500 marines and 19 warships there. This costly expedition took months to reach <a href="/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Asunción">Asunción</a>, which successfully resulted in a Paraguayan apology and payment of an indemnity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004107–112_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004107–112-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chiefs of <a href="/wiki/Raiatea" class="mw-redirect" title="Raiatea">Raiatea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tahaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahaa">Tahaa</a> in the South Pacific, refusing to accept the rule of King <a href="/wiki/Tamatoa_V" title="Tamatoa V">Tamatoa V</a>, unsuccessfully petitioned the United States to accept the islands under a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> in June 1858.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlude2012393–413_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlude2012393–413-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan also considered buying Alaska from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, as whaling in the waters there had become of great economic importance to the United States. Buchanan fueled this by spreading the rumor to the Russian ambassador <a href="/wiki/Eduard_de_Stoeckl" title="Eduard de Stoeckl">Eduard de Stoeckl</a> in December 1857 that a large amount of Mormons intended to emigrate to Russian Alaska. In the winter of 1859, an initial purchase offer of $5,000,000 (equivalent to $169,560,000 in 2023) was made. Although the project ultimately failed due to the reservations of Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gorchakov" title="Alexander Gorchakov">Alexander Gorchakov</a>, the talks formed the basis for the later negotiations to purchase Alaska.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buchanan sought trade agreements with the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a> and Japan. In China, his envoy <a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_Reed" title="William Bradford Reed">William Bradford Reed</a> succeeded in having the United States included as a party to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tientsin" title="Treaty of Tientsin">Treaty of Tianjin</a>. In May 1860, Buchanan received a Japanese delegation consisting of several princes who carried the Harris Treaty negotiated by Townsend Harris for mutual ratification.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan was offered a herd of <a href="/wiki/Elephants" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephants">elephants</a> by King <a href="/wiki/Rama_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Rama IV">Rama IV</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Siam</a>, though the letter arrived after Buchanan's departure from office and Buchanan's successor Abraham Lincoln declined the offer stating that the U.S. had an unsuitable climate.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other presidential pets included a pair of bald eagles and a Newfoundland dog.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Covode_Committee">Covode Committee</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Covode Committee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 1860, the House impaneled the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_to_Investigate_Alleged_Corruptions_in_Government" title="United States House Select Committee to Investigate Alleged Corruptions in Government">Covode Committee</a> to investigate the Buchanan administration's patronage system for alleged impeachable offenses, such as bribery and extortion of representatives. Buchanan supporters accused the committee, consisting of three Republicans and two Democrats, of being blatantly partisan, and claimed its chairman, Republican Rep. <a href="/wiki/John_Covode" title="John Covode">John Covode</a>, was acting on a personal grudge stemming from a disputed land grant designed to benefit Covode's railroad company.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962338_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962338-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Democratic committee members, as well as Democratic witnesses, were enthusiastic in their condemnation of Buchanan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962338–339_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962338–339-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrossman200378_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossman200378-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The committee was unable to establish grounds for impeaching Buchanan; however, the majority report issued on June 17 alleged corruption and abuse of power among members of his cabinet. The committee gathered evidence that Buchanan had tried to bribe members of Congress in his favor through intermediaries in the spring of 1858 in connection with the pro-slavery <a href="/wiki/Lecompton_Constitution" title="Lecompton Constitution">Lecompton Constitution</a> of Kansas, and threatened their relatives with losing their posts if they did not vote in favor of the Lecompton Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrossman200378_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossman200378-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Witnesses also testified that the federal government used public funds to strengthen the intra-party faction of Douglas' opponents in Illinois.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004114–117_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004114–117-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Democrats pointed out that evidence was scarce, but did not refute the allegations; one of the Democratic members, Rep. <a href="/wiki/James_Carroll_Robinson" title="James Carroll Robinson">James Robinson</a>, stated that he agreed with the Republicans, though he did not sign it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrossman200378_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossman200378-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The public was shocked by the extent of the bribery, which affected all levels and agencies of government.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan claimed to have "passed triumphantly through this ordeal" with complete vindication. Republican operatives distributed thousands of copies of the Covode Committee report throughout the nation as campaign material in that year's presidential election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004114–118_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004114–118-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962339_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962339-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_of_1860">Election of 1860</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Election of 1860"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_C_Breckinridge-04775-restored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/John_C_Breckinridge-04775-restored.jpg/170px-John_C_Breckinridge-04775-restored.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/John_C_Breckinridge-04775-restored.jpg/255px-John_C_Breckinridge-04775-restored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/John_C_Breckinridge-04775-restored.jpg/340px-John_C_Breckinridge-04775-restored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2050" data-file-height="2755" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> under Buchanan</figcaption></figure> <p>As he had promised in his inaugural address, Buchanan did not seek re-election. He went so far as to tell his ultimate successor, "If you are as happy in entering the White House as I shall feel on returning to Wheatland, you are a happy man."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">1860 Democratic National Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a>, the party split over the issue of slavery in the territories, damaging Buchanan's reputation as the main person responsible for this issue. Though Douglas led after every ballot, he was unable to win the two-thirds majority required. The convention adjourned after 53 ballots, and re-convened in Baltimore in June. After Douglas finally won the nomination, several Southerners refused to accept the outcome, and nominated Vice President Breckinridge as their own candidate. Douglas and Breckinridge agreed on most issues except the protection of slavery. Buchanan, nursing a grudge against Douglas, failed to reconcile the party, and tepidly supported Breckinridge. With the splintering of the Democratic Party, Republican nominee <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> won a four-way election that also included <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a>. Lincoln's support in the North was enough to give him an Electoral College majority. Buchanan became the last Democrat to win a presidential election until <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> in 1884.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004118–120_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004118–120-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As early as October, the army's <a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Commanding General</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a>, an opponent of Buchanan, warned him that Lincoln's election would likely cause at least seven states to secede from the union. He recommended that massive amounts of federal troops and artillery be deployed to those states to protect federal property, although he also warned that few reinforcements were available. Since 1857, Congress had failed to heed calls for a stronger militia and allowed the army to fall into deplorable condition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962356–358_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962356–358-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan distrusted Scott and ignored his recommendations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200476,_133_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200476,_133-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Lincoln's election, Buchanan directed Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/John_B._Floyd" title="John B. Floyd">John B. Floyd</a> to reinforce southern forts with such provisions, arms, and men as were available; however, Floyd persuaded him to revoke the order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962356–358_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962356–358-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secession">Secession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Secession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With Lincoln's victory, talk of secession and disunion reached a boiling point, putting the burden on Buchanan to address it in his final speech to Congress on December 10. In his message, which was anticipated by both factions, Buchanan denied the right of states to secede but maintained the federal government was without power to prevent them. He placed the blame for the crisis solely on "intemperate interference of the Northern people with the question of slavery in the Southern States," and suggested that if they did not "repeal their unconstitutional and obnoxious enactments ... the injured States, after having first used all peaceful and constitutional means to obtain redress, would be justified in revolutionary resistance to the Government of the Union."<sup id="cite_ref-1860message_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1860message-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan's only suggestion to solve the crisis was "an explanatory amendment" affirming the constitutionality of slavery in the states, the fugitive slave laws, and <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">popular sovereignty</a> in the territories.<sup id="cite_ref-1860message_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1860message-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His address was sharply criticized both by the North, for its refusal to stop secession, and the South, for denying its right to secede.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962363_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962363-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five days after the address was delivered, Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Howell Cobb</a> resigned, as his views had become irreconcilable with the President's.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even as the formation of the Confederacy by the secessionist states became increasingly apparent in the winter of 1860, the president continued to surround himself with Southerners and ignore the Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004132–134_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004132–134-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Secession_map_1861.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of U.S. showing two kinds of Union states, two phases of secession and territories" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/US_Secession_map_1861.svg/250px-US_Secession_map_1861.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/US_Secession_map_1861.svg/375px-US_Secession_map_1861.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/US_Secession_map_1861.svg/500px-US_Secession_map_1861.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Status of the states, 1861</b></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A40000; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span>  States that seceded before April 15, 1861</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EF2929; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span>  States that seceded after April 15, 1861</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FCE94F; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span>  Union states that permitted slavery</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#204A87; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span>  Union states that banned slavery</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D3D7CF; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span>  Territories</div></figcaption></figure> <p>South Carolina, long the most radical Southern state, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Declaration_of_Secession" title="South Carolina Declaration of Secession">seceded from the Union</a> on December 20, 1860. However, Unionist sentiment remained strong among many in the South, and Buchanan sought to appeal to the Southern moderates who might prevent secession in other states. He met with South Carolinian commissioners in an attempt to resolve the situation at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a>, which federal forces remained in control of despite its location in Charleston, South Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004123–134_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004123–134-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan saw Congress, not himself, as responsible for finding a solution to the secession crisis. As a compromise for the southern states, Buchanan envisioned the adoption of amendments to the United States Constitution that would guarantee the right to slavery in the southern states and territories and strengthen the right of slave owners to reclaim escaped slaves as property in the northern states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004132–134_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004132–134-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He refused to dismiss Interior Secretary <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Thompson" title="Jacob Thompson">Jacob Thompson</a> after the latter was chosen as Mississippi's agent to discuss secession, and he refused to fire Secretary of War John B. Floyd despite an embezzlement scandal. Floyd ended up resigning, but not before sending numerous firearms to Southern states, where they eventually fell into the hands of the Confederacy. Despite Floyd's resignation, Buchanan continued to seek the advice of counselors from the Deep South, including <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Trescot" title="William Henry Trescot">William Henry Trescot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004123–134_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004123–134-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan's friend <a href="/wiki/Rose_O%27Neal_Greenhow" title="Rose O'Neal Greenhow">Rose O'Neal Greenhow</a> took advantage of the proximity to the president and spied for the Confederacy, which had already established a sophisticated network for gathering information from its eventual opponent before its formation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004132–134_123-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004132–134-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Efforts were made in vain by Sen. <a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a>, Rep. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin" title="Thomas Corwin">Thomas Corwin</a>, and former president <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> to negotiate a compromise to stop secession, with Buchanan's support. Failed attempts were also made by a group of governors meeting in New York. Buchanan secretly asked President-elect Lincoln to call for a national referendum on the issue of slavery, but Lincoln declined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962381–387_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962381–387-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1860, when the second session of the <a href="/wiki/36th_United_States_Congress" title="36th United States Congress">36th Congress</a> was convened, The Committee of Thirty-Three was established by the House of Representatives to prevent further states from seceding. They proposed the <a href="/wiki/Corwin_Amendment" title="Corwin Amendment">Corwin Amendment</a>, which would bar Congress from interfering with slavery in states. Despite opposition from Republicans, it passed both houses of Congress and was proposed to states for ratification, but it was never ratified by the requisite number of states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1975152–160_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1975152–160-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the efforts of Buchanan and others, six more <a href="/wiki/Slave_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave states">slave states</a> seceded by the end of January 1861. Buchanan replaced the departed Southern cabinet members with <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">John Adams Dix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._Stanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin M. Stanton">Edwin M. Stanton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Holt" title="Joseph Holt">Joseph Holt</a>, all of whom were committed to preserving the Union. When Buchanan considered surrendering <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a>, the new cabinet members threatened to resign, and Buchanan relented. On January 5, Buchanan decided to reinforce Fort Sumter, sending the <i><a href="/wiki/Star_of_the_West" title="Star of the West">Star of the West</a></i> with 250 men and supplies. However, he failed to ask Major <a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Union_officer)" title="Robert Anderson (Union officer)">Robert Anderson</a> to provide covering fire for the ship, and it was forced to return North without delivering troops or supplies. Buchanan chose not to respond to this act of war, and instead sought to find a compromise to avoid secession. He received a March 3 message from Anderson, that supplies were running low, but the response became Lincoln's to make, as the latter succeeded to the presidency the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004135–140_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004135–140-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="States_admitted_to_the_Union">States admitted to the Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: States admitted to the Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three new states were <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">admitted to the Union</a> while Buchanan was in office: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> – May 11, 1858<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> – February 14, 1859<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> – January 29, 1861</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_years_and_death_(1861–1868)"><span id="Final_years_and_death_.281861.E2.80.931868.29"></span>Final years and death (1861–1868)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Final years and death (1861–1868)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Buchanan_-_post_presidency.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/James_Buchanan_-_post_presidency.jpg/200px-James_Buchanan_-_post_presidency.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/James_Buchanan_-_post_presidency.jpg/300px-James_Buchanan_-_post_presidency.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/James_Buchanan_-_post_presidency.jpg/400px-James_Buchanan_-_post_presidency.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2046" data-file-height="2640" /></a><figcaption>Buchanan in his later years. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> mid-1860s</figcaption></figure> <p>After leaving office, Buchanan retired to private life in Wheatland, where he spent most of his time in his study, reading books and writing letters. The Civil War erupted within two months of Buchanan's retirement. He supported the Union and the war effort, writing to former colleagues that, "the assault upon Sumter was the commencement of war by the Confederate states, and no alternative was left but to prosecute it with vigor on our part."<sup id="cite_ref-Birkner_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birkner-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan supported Lincoln's introduction of universal conscription in the northern states, but was an opponent of his <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a>. Although he recognized constitutional violations in some of the president's executive orders, he never criticized them in public.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004142–143_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004142–143-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also wrote a letter to his fellow Pennsylvania Democrats in Harrisburg, urging them and all young men to enlist in the Union army and "join the many thousands of brave & patriotic volunteers who are already in the field."<sup id="cite_ref-Birkner_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birkner-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buchanan was dedicated to defending his actions prior to the Civil War, which was referred to by some as "Buchanan's War".<sup id="cite_ref-Birkner_130-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birkner-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received hate mail and threatening letters daily, and stores in Lancaster displayed Buchanan's likeness with the eyes inked red, a noose drawn around his neck and the word "TRAITOR" written across his forehead. The Senate proposed a resolution of condemnation, which ultimately failed, and newspapers accused him of colluding with the Confederacy. His former cabinet members, five of whom had been given jobs in the Lincoln administration, refused to defend Buchanan publicly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962408–413_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962408–413-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buchanan became distraught by the vitriolic attacks levied against him, and fell sick and depressed. In October 1862, he defended himself in an exchange of letters with <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a>, published in the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligencer" title="National Intelligencer">National Intelligencer</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962417–418_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962417–418-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He soon began writing his fullest public defense, in the form of his memoir <i>Mr. Buchanan's Administration on the Eve of Rebellion</i>, which was published in 1866, one year after the Civil War ended. Buchanan attributed secession to the "malign influence" of Republicans and the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionist movement">abolitionist movement</a>. He discussed his foreign policy successes and expressed satisfaction with his decisions, even during the secession crisis. He blamed Robert Anderson, Winfield Scott, and Congress for the unresolved issue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004142–143_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004142–143-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years after the publication of the memoir, Buchanan caught a <a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">cold</a> in May 1868, which quickly worsened due to his advanced age. He died on June 1, 1868, of <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_failure" title="Respiratory failure">respiratory failure</a> at the age of 77 at his home at <a href="/wiki/Wheatland_(Lancaster)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheatland (Lancaster)">Wheatland</a>. He was interred in <a href="/wiki/Woodward_Hill_Cemetery" title="Woodward Hill Cemetery">Woodward Hill Cemetery</a> in Lancaster.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004142–143_131-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004142–143-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_views">Political views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Political views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_-_James_Buchanan_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_-_James_Buchanan_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_-_James_Buchanan_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_-_James_Buchanan_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_-_James_Buchanan_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_-_James_Buchanan_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_-_James_Buchanan_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4828" data-file-height="6354" /></a><figcaption>James Buchanan (1859) by <a href="/wiki/George_Healy" class="mw-redirect" title="George Healy">George Healy</a> as seen in the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(United_States)" title="National Portrait Gallery (United States)">National Portrait Gallery</a> in Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> <p>Buchanan was often considered by anti-slavery northerners a "<a href="/wiki/Doughface" title="Doughface">doughface</a>", a northerner with pro-southern principles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStampp199048_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStampp199048-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan's sympathies for the Southern states went beyond political expediency for his path to the White House. He identified with cultural and social values that he found reflected in the honor code and lifestyle of the planter class and with which he increasingly came into contact in his retirement community beginning in 1834.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004137–138_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004137–138-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after his election, he said that the "great object" of his administration was "to arrest, if possible, the agitation of the Slavery question in the North and to destroy sectional parties".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStampp199048_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStampp199048-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Buchanan was personally opposed to slavery,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200430_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200430-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he believed that the abolitionists were preventing the solution to the slavery problem. He stated, "Before [the abolitionists] commenced this agitation, a very large and growing party existed in several of the slave states in favor of the gradual abolition of slavery; and now not a voice is heard there in support of such a measure. The abolitionists have postponed the emancipation of the slaves in three or four states for at least half a century."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962150_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962150-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In deference to the intentions of the typical slaveholder, he was willing to provide the benefit of the doubt. In his third annual message to Congress, the president claimed that the slaves were "treated with kindness and humanity. ... Both the philanthropy and the self-interest of the master have combined to produce this humane result."<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Buchanan thought restraint was the essence of good self-government. He believed the constitution comprised "... restraints, imposed not by arbitrary authority, but by the people upon themselves and their representatives. ... In an enlarged view, the people's interests may seem identical, but to the eye of local and sectional prejudice, they always appear to be conflicting ... and the jealousies that will perpetually arise can be repressed only by the mutual forbearance which pervades the constitution."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962143_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962143-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding slavery and the Constitution, he stated: "Although in Pennsylvania we are all opposed to slavery in the abstract, we can never violate the constitutional compact we have with our sister states. Their rights will be held sacred by us. Under the constitution it is their own question; and there let it remain."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962150_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962150-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheatland_-_IMG_7694.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="James Buchanan House, 1120 Marietta Avenue, Lancaster Township" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Wheatland_-_IMG_7694.JPG/220px-Wheatland_-_IMG_7694.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Wheatland_-_IMG_7694.JPG/330px-Wheatland_-_IMG_7694.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Wheatland_-_IMG_7694.JPG/440px-Wheatland_-_IMG_7694.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>James Buchanan's home, Wheatland</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the prominent issues of the day was <a href="/wiki/Tariffs_in_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariffs in United States history">tariffs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJurinski16–17_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJurinski16–17-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan was conflicted by <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Protective_tariff" title="Protective tariff">prohibitive tariffs</a>, since either would benefit one section of the country to the detriment of the other. As a senator from Pennsylvania, he said: "I am viewed as the strongest advocate of protection in other states, whilst I am denounced as its enemy in Pennsylvania."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962144_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962144-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buchanan was also torn between his desire to expand the country for the general welfare of the nation, and to guarantee the rights of the people settling particular areas. On territorial expansion, he said, "What, sir? Prevent the people from crossing the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>? You might just as well command the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls" title="Niagara Falls">Niagara</a> not to flow. We must fulfill our destiny."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962147_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962147-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the resulting spread of slavery, through unconditional expansion, he stated: "I feel a strong repugnance by any act of mine to extend the present limits of the Union over a new slave-holding territory." For instance, he hoped the acquisition of Texas would "be the means of limiting, not enlarging, the dominion of slavery."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962147_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962147-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Buchanan suffered from <a href="/wiki/Esotropia" title="Esotropia">esotropia</a>. In addition, one eye was <a href="/wiki/Myopia" title="Myopia">short-sighted</a> and the other <a href="/wiki/Farsightedness" title="Farsightedness">far-sighted</a>. To cover this, he bent his head forward and leaned it to one side during social interactions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200419_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200419-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to ridicule, which <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>, among others, used ruthlessly during a congressional debate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200428_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200428-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1818, Buchanan met Anne Caroline Coleman at a grand ball in <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a>, and the two began courting. Anne was the daughter of the wealthy iron manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_(industrialist)" title="Robert Coleman (industrialist)">Robert Coleman</a>; Robert, like Buchanan's father, was from <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>. Anne was also the sister-in-law of Philadelphia judge <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hemphill" title="Joseph Hemphill">Joseph Hemphill</a>, one of Buchanan's colleagues. By 1819, the two were engaged, but spent little time together. Buchanan was busy with his law firm and political projects during the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1819" title="Panic of 1819">Panic of 1819</a>, which took him away from Coleman for weeks at a time. Rumors abounded, as some suggested that he was involved with other (unidentified) women.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Letters from Coleman revealed she was aware of several rumors, and she accused him of only being interested in her money. She broke off the engagement, and soon afterward, on December 9, 1819, inexplicably died of "hysterical convulsions" resulting from an overdose of <a href="/wiki/Laudanum" title="Laudanum">laudanum</a>, at the age of 23. It was never established if the drug was taken by instruction, by accident, or by intent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004142–143_131-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004142–143-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan wrote to her father for permission to attend the funeral, which was refused.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of her funeral, he said that, "I feel happiness has fled from me forever."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, Buchanan claimed that he remained unmarried out of devotion to his only love, who had died young.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004142–143_131-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004142–143-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Rufus_King_edited..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/William_Rufus_King_edited..jpg/150px-William_Rufus_King_edited..jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/William_Rufus_King_edited..jpg/225px-William_Rufus_King_edited..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/William_Rufus_King_edited..jpg/300px-William_Rufus_King_edited..jpg 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William Rufus DeVane King</a>, Buchanan's roommate and speculated partner</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1833 and the 1840s, he spoke of plans to marry, but these came to nothing and may merely have been due to his ambitions for a seat in the federal Senate or the White House. In the latter case, the aspirant was 19-year-old Anna Payne, the niece of former First Lady <a href="/wiki/Dolley_Madison" title="Dolley Madison">Dolley Madison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004142–143_131-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004142–143-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his presidency, an orphaned niece, <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Lane" title="Harriet Lane">Harriet Lane</a>, whom he had adopted, served as official White House hostess.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was an unfounded rumor that he had an affair with President Polk's widow, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Childress_Polk" title="Sarah Childress Polk">Sarah Childress Polk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buchanan had a close relationship with <a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William Rufus King</a>, which became a popular target of gossip. King, like Buchanan, never married.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King was an Alabama politician who briefly served as vice president under <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a>. Buchanan and King lived together in a Washington boardinghouse and attended social functions together from 1834 until 1844. Such a living arrangement was then common, though Buchanan once referred to the relationship as a "communion".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> mockingly called them "Miss Nancy" and "Aunt Fancy", the former being a 19th-century euphemism for an effeminate man.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan's Postmaster General, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_V._Brown" title="Aaron V. Brown">Aaron V. Brown</a>, also referred to King as "Aunt Fancy", as well as Buchanan's "better half", and "wife".<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200475_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200475-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King died of tuberculosis shortly after Pierce's inauguration, four years before Buchanan became president. Buchanan described him as "among the best, the purest and most consistent public men I have known".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_149-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biographer Baker opines that both men's nieces may have destroyed correspondence between the two men. However, she believes that their surviving letters illustrate only "the affection of a special friendship".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200425–26_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200425–26-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buchanan's lifelong bachelorhood after Anne Coleman's death has drawn interest and speculation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200425–26_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200425–26-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some conjecture that Anne's death merely served to deflect questions about Buchanan's sexuality and bachelorhood.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his biographers, Jean Baker, suggests that Buchanan was <a href="/wiki/Celibate" class="mw-redirect" title="Celibate">celibate</a>, if not <a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">asexual</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200426_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200426-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several writers have surmised that he was <a href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexual</a>, including <a href="/wiki/James_W._Loewen" title="James W. Loewen">James W. Loewen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Watson" title="Robert P. Watson">Robert P. Watson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shelley_Ross" title="Shelley Ross">Shelley Ross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss198886–91_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss198886–91-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson2012233_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2012233-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loewen indicated that Buchanan, late in life, wrote a letter acknowledging that he might marry a woman who could accept his "lack of ardent or romantic affection".<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_reputation">Historical reputation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Historical reputation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though Buchanan predicted that "history will vindicate my memory,"<sup id="cite_ref-state_park_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state_park-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> historians have criticized Buchanan for his unwillingness or inability to act in the face of secession. <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">Historical rankings of presidents of the United States</a> without exception place Buchanan among the least successful presidents.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When scholars are surveyed, he ranks at or near the bottom in terms of vision/agenda-setting,<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> domestic leadership, foreign policy leadership,<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> moral authority,<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and positive historical significance of their legacy.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Inaugural source from UK "experts" much less credible than established source. (July 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to surveys taken by American scholars and political scientists between 1948 and 1982, Buchanan ranks every time among the worst presidents of the United States, alongside <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Fillmore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buchanan biographer Philip S. Klein focused in 1962, during the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights movement</a>, upon challenges Buchanan faced: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Buchanan assumed leadership ... when an unprecedented wave of angry passion was sweeping over the nation. That he held the hostile sections in check during these revolutionary times was in itself a remarkable achievement. His weaknesses in the stormy years of his presidency were magnified by enraged partisans of the North and South. His many talents, which in a quieter era might have gained for him a place among the great presidents, were quickly overshadowed by the cataclysmic events of civil war and by the towering Abraham Lincoln.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962429_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962429-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Biographer Jean Baker is less charitable to Buchanan, saying in 2004: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Americans have conveniently misled themselves about the presidency of James Buchanan, preferring to classify him as indecisive and inactive ... In fact Buchanan's failing during the crisis over the Union was not inactivity, but rather his partiality for the South, a favoritism that bordered on disloyalty in an officer pledged to defend all the United States. He was that most dangerous of chief executives, a stubborn, mistaken <a href="/wiki/Ideologue" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideologue">ideologue</a> whose principles held no room for compromise. His experience in government had only rendered him too self-confident to consider other views. In his betrayal of the national trust, Buchanan came closer to committing treason than any other president in American history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004141_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004141-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Other historians, such as Robert May, argued that his politics were "anything but pro-slavery",<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nevertheless, a very negative view is to be found in <a href="/wiki/Michael_Birkner" title="Michael Birkner">Michael Birkner</a>'s works about Buchanan.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <a href="/wiki/Lori_Cox_Han" title="Lori Cox Han">Lori Cox Han</a>, he ranks among scholars "as either the worst president in [American] history or as part of a lowest ranking failure category".<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials">Memorials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A bronze and granite <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Memorial" title="James Buchanan Memorial">memorial</a> near the southeast corner of Washington, D.C.'s <a href="/wiki/Meridian_Hill_Park" title="Meridian Hill Park">Meridian Hill Park</a> was designed by architect William Gorden Beecher and sculpted by Maryland artist <a href="/wiki/Hans_Schuler" title="Hans Schuler">Hans Schuler</a>. It was commissioned in 1916 but not approved by the U.S. Congress until 1918, and not completed and unveiled until June 26, 1930. The memorial features a statue of Buchanan, bookended by male and female classical figures representing law and diplomacy, with engraved text reading: "The incorruptible statesman whose walk was upon the mountain ranges of the law," a quote from a member of Buchanan's cabinet, <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Jeremiah S. Black</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss2016213_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss2016213-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BuchananmonmtDC.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/BuchananmonmtDC.JPG/250px-BuchananmonmtDC.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/BuchananmonmtDC.JPG/375px-BuchananmonmtDC.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/BuchananmonmtDC.JPG/500px-BuchananmonmtDC.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3138" data-file-height="992" /></a><figcaption>Buchanan memorial, Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> <p>An earlier monument was constructed in 1907–1908 and dedicated in 1911, on the site of Buchanan's birthplace in <a href="/wiki/Buchanan%27s_Birthplace_State_Park" title="Buchanan's Birthplace State Park">Stony Batter, Pennsylvania</a>. Part of the original 18.5-acre (75,000 m<sup>2</sup>) memorial site is a 250-ton pyramid structure that stands on the site of the original cabin where Buchanan was born. The monument was designed to show the original weathered surface of the native rubble and mortar.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three counties are named in his honor, in <a href="/wiki/Buchanan_County,_Iowa" title="Buchanan County, Iowa">Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buchanan_County,_Missouri" title="Buchanan County, Missouri">Missouri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buchanan_County,_Virginia" title="Buchanan County, Virginia">Virginia</a>. Another in Texas was christened in 1858 but renamed <a href="/wiki/Stephens_County,_Texas" title="Stephens County, Texas">Stephens County</a>, after the newly elected vice president of the Confederate States of America, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stephens" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stephens">Alexander Stephens</a>, in 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeatty2001310_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeatty2001310-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of <a href="/wiki/Buchanan,_Michigan" title="Buchanan, Michigan">Buchanan, Michigan</a>, was also named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other communities are named after him: the city of <a href="/wiki/Buchanan,_Georgia" title="Buchanan, Georgia">Buchanan, Georgia</a>, the town of <a href="/wiki/Buchanan,_Wisconsin" title="Buchanan, Wisconsin">Buchanan, Wisconsin</a>, and the townships of <a href="/wiki/Buchanan_Township,_Michigan" title="Buchanan Township, Michigan">Buchanan Township, Michigan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buchanan,_Missouri" title="Buchanan, Missouri">Buchanan, Missouri</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_High_School" title="James Buchanan High School">James Buchanan High School</a> is a small, rural high school located on the outskirts of his childhood hometown, <a href="/wiki/Mercersburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Mercersburg, Pennsylvania">Mercersburg, Pennsylvania</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_culture_depictions">Popular culture depictions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Popular culture depictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Buchanan and his legacy are central to the film <i><a href="/wiki/Raising_Buchanan" title="Raising Buchanan">Raising Buchanan</a></i> (2019). He is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Auberjonois" title="René Auberjonois">René Auberjonois</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">Historical rankings of presidents of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_sex_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political sex scandals in the United States">List of federal political sex scandals in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List of presidents of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience" title="List of presidents of the United States by previous experience">List of presidents of the United States by previous experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEllisEvans1883" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Franklin; Evans, Samuel (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yX7Ih0EQUaQC&pg=PA214"><i>History of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania</i></a>. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Everts & Peck. p. 214.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Lancaster+County%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Everts+%26+Peck&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Franklin&rft.au=Evans%2C+Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyX7Ih0EQUaQC%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Curtis, George Ticknor (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uyb7AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10"><i>Life of James Buchanan, Fifteenth President of the United States</i></a>. Vol. 1. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62376-821-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62376-821-8"><bdi>978-1-62376-821-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+James+Buchanan%2C+Fifteenth+President+of+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1883&rft.isbn=978-1-62376-821-8&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=George+Ticknor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUyb7AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlaussonSangster2006" class="citation book cs1">Olausson, Lena; Sangster, Catherine (2006). <i>Oxford BBC Guide to Pronunciation</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280710-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280710-2"><bdi>0-19-280710-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+BBC+Guide+to+Pronunciation&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-280710-2&rft.aulast=Olausson&rft.aufirst=Lena&rft.au=Sangster%2C+Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-presidents-timeline">"The Presidents Timeline"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Presidents+Timeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehousehistory.org%2Fthe-presidents-timeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker20049–12-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker20049–12_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker20049–12_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 9–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Discover Ulster-Scots: Emigration & Influence - <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> and the White House. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://discoverulsterscots.com/emigration-influence/america/1718-migration-east-donegal/ulster-and-white-house">https://discoverulsterscots.com/emigration-influence/america/1718-migration-east-donegal/ulster-and-white-house</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ulster-Scots_Agency" title="Ulster-Scots Agency">Ulster-Scots Agency</a>: News - The 'Buchanan Clan Gathering' in Co Donegal (30 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ulsterscotsagency.com/news/article/39/the-buchanan-clan-gathering-in-co-donegal/">https://www.ulsterscotsagency.com/news/article/39/the-buchanan-clan-gathering-in-co-donegal/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200412-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200412_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200413–16-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200413–16_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200413–16_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200413–16_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 13–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein19629–12-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein19629–12_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1962">Klein 1962</a>, pp. 9–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein196227-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein196227_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1962">Klein 1962</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200417–18-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200417–18_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200417–18_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein196217–18-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein196217–18_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1962">Klein 1962</a>, p. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoody2016" class="citation book cs1">Moody, Wesley (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cdgmDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23"><i>The Battle of Fort Sumter: The First Shots of the American Civil War</i></a>. New York, NY: Routledge. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3176-6718-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3176-6718-6"><bdi>978-1-3176-6718-6</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Fort+Sumter%3A+The+First+Shots+of+the+American+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-3176-6718-6&rft.aulast=Moody&rft.aufirst=Wesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcdgmDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis188322-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis188322_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurtis1883">Curtis 1883</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200418-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200418_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200422-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200422_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicole Etcheson, "General Jackson Is Dead: James Buchanan, Stephen A. Douglas, and Kansas Policy", in <i>James Buchanan and the Coming of the Civil War</i>, ed. by John W. Quist and Michael J. Birkner, (2013) pp 88–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinHoogenboom1980" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Philip Shriver; Hoogenboom, Ari (1980). <i>A History of Pennsylvania</i>. Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">135–</span>136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01934-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01934-5"><bdi>978-0-271-01934-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Pennsylvania&rft.place=Pennsylvania&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.pub=Penn+State+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-271-01934-5&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Philip+Shriver&rft.au=Hoogenboom%2C+Ari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200424–27-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200424–27_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, p. 24–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200428–30-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200428–30_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 28–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200430–31-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200430–31_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Leary2023" class="citation web cs1">O'Leary, Derek Kane (March 6, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ageofrevolutions.com/2023/03/06/james-buchanans-1832-mission-to-the-tsar-the-plight-of-poland-and-the-limits-of-americas-revolutionary-legacy-in-jacksonian-foreign-policy/">"James Buchanan's 1832 Mission to the Tsar, the Plight of Poland, and the Limits of America's Revolutionary Legacy in Jacksonian Foreign Policy"</a>. <i>Age of Revolutions</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Age+of+Revolutions&rft.atitle=James+Buchanan%27s+1832+Mission+to+the+Tsar%2C+the+Plight+of+Poland%2C+and+the+Limits+of+America%27s+Revolutionary+Legacy+in+Jacksonian+Foreign+Policy&rft.date=2023-03-06&rft.aulast=O%27Leary&rft.aufirst=Derek+Kane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fageofrevolutions.com%2F2023%2F03%2F06%2Fjames-buchanans-1832-mission-to-the-tsar-the-plight-of-poland-and-the-limits-of-americas-revolutionary-legacy-in-jacksonian-foreign-policy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200430-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200430_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200430_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200432-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200432_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200432_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200435–38-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200435–38_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200435–38_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200435–38_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 35–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinder1992" class="citation journal cs1">Binder, Frederick Moore (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24448261">"James Buchanan: Jacksonian Expansionist"</a>. <i>The Historian</i>. <b>55</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">69–</span>84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1992.tb00886.x">10.1111/j.1540-6563.1992.tb00886.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2370">0018-2370</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24448261">24448261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historian&rft.atitle=James+Buchanan%3A+Jacksonian+Expansionist&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0018-2370&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24448261%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1992.tb00886.x&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Moore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24448261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200433–34-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200433–34_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, p. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.dickinson.edu/document-descriptions/letter-james-buchanan-reuel-william">Letter from James Buchanan to Reuel William</a>" (U.S. Senator Buchanan discusses David Porter and the 1838 gubernatorial election in Pennsylvania). Carlisle, Pennsylvania: Dickinson College, Archives & Special Collections, retrieved online December 30, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phmc.state.pa.us/portal/communities/governors/1790-1876/david-porter.html">"Governor David Rittenhouse Porter | PHMC > Pennsylvania Governors"</a>. <i>www.phmc.state.pa.us</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.phmc.state.pa.us&rft.atitle=Governor+David+Rittenhouse+Porter+%7C+PHMC+%3E+Pennsylvania+Governors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phmc.state.pa.us%2Fportal%2Fcommunities%2Fgovernors%2F1790-1876%2Fdavid-porter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phmc.state.pa.us/portal/communities/governors/1790-1876/joseph-ritner.html">"Governor Joseph Ritner | PHMC > Pennsylvania Governors"</a>. <i>www.phmc.state.pa.us</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.phmc.state.pa.us&rft.atitle=Governor+Joseph+Ritner+%7C+PHMC+%3E+Pennsylvania+Governors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phmc.state.pa.us%2Fportal%2Fcommunities%2Fgovernors%2F1790-1876%2Fjoseph-ritner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSecretary_of_the_United_States_Senate" class="citation web cs1">Secretary of the United States Senate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/rules-procedures/slavery-petitions-gag-rule.htm">"Gag rule"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gag+rule&rft.pub=United+States+Senate&rft.au=Secretary+of+the+United+States+Senate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fabout%2Fpowers-procedures%2Frules-procedures%2Fslavery-petitions-gag-rule.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200438–40-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200438–40_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 38–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200440–41-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200440–41_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, p. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200441–43-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200441–43_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 41–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200446–48-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200446–48_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200446–48_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, p. 46–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200443–46-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200443–46_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 43–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962210,_415-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962210,_415_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1962">Klein 1962</a>, p. 210, 415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200449–51-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200449–51_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 49–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200452–56-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200452–56_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 52–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200457–59-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200457–59_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200457–59_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, p. 57–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200465–67-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200465–67_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200465–67_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, p. 65–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200458–64-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200458–64_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 58–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988110-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988110_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988110_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcPherson1988">McPherson 1988</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2009456–57-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2009456–57_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTucker2009">Tucker 2009</a>, pp. 456–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200467–68-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200467–68_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200467–68_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 67–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962248–252-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962248–252_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1962">Klein 1962</a>, pp. 248–252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200469-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200469_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200469–70-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200469–70_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200469–70_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 69–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200470–73-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200470–73_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200470–73_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 70–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962261–262-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962261–262_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1962">Klein 1962</a>, pp. 261–262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200477–80-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200477–80_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200477–80_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200477–80_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 77–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200480–83,_85-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200480–83,_85_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200480–83,_85_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 80–83, 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Buchanan, "Inaugural Address," Washington, D.C., March 4, 1857.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelman2007" class="citation journal cs1">Finkelman, Paul (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cklawreview/vol82/iss1/2/">"Scott v. Sandford: The Court's most dreadful case and how it changed history"</a>. <i>Chicago-Kent Law Review</i>. <b>82</b>: <span class="nowrap">3–</span>48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago-Kent+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Scott+v.+Sandford%3A+The+Court%27s+most+dreadful+case+and+how+it+changed+history&rft.volume=82&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Finkelman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu%2Fcklawreview%2Fvol82%2Fiss1%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carrafiello-A-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carrafiello-A_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrafiello2010" class="citation journal cs1">Carrafiello, Michael L. (Spring 2010). "Diplomatic Failure: James Buchanan's Inaugural Address". <i>Pennsylvania History</i>. <b>77</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">145–</span>165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5325%2Fpennhistory.77.2.0145">10.5325/pennhistory.77.2.0145</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-4528">0031-4528</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/pennhistory.77.2.0145">10.5325/pennhistory.77.2.0145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pennsylvania+History&rft.atitle=Diplomatic+Failure%3A+James+Buchanan%27s+Inaugural+Address&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E165&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=0031-4528&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5325%2Fpennhistory.77.2.0145%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5325%2Fpennhistory.77.2.0145&rft.aulast=Carrafiello&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallance2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Wallance, Gregory J. (2006). "The Lawsuit That Started the Civil War". <i>Civil War Times Illustrated</i>. Vol. 45, no. 2. pp. <span class="nowrap">47–</span>50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil+War+Times+Illustrated&rft.atitle=The+Lawsuit+That+Started+the+Civil+War&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Wallance&rft.aufirst=Gregory+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2007" class="citation journal cs1">Alexander, Roberta (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/nkenlr34&div=32&id=&page=">"Dred Scott: The Decision That Sparked a Civil War"</a>. <i>Northern Kentucky Law Review</i>. <b>34</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">643–</span>662.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northern+Kentucky+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Dred+Scott%3A+The+Decision+That+Sparked+a+Civil+War&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E643-%3C%2Fspan%3E662&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fnkenlr34%26div%3D32%26id%3D%26page%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlight2022" class="citation news cs1">Blight, David W. (December 21, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/21/magazine/civil-war-jan-6.html">"Was the Civil War Inevitable?"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Was+the+Civil+War+Inevitable%3F&rft.date=2022-12-21&rft.aulast=Blight&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F12%2F21%2Fmagazine%2Fcivil-war-jan-6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200477-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200477_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William G. Shade, "In the Midst of a Great Revolution”: The Northern Response to the Secession Crisis, in <i>James Buchanan and the Coming of the Civil War</i>, ed. by John W. Quist and Michael J. Birkner, (2013) pp 186–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel W. Crofts, "Joseph Holt, James Buchanan, and the Secession Crisis" in <i>James Buchanan and the Coming of the Civil War</i>, ed. by John W. Quist and Michael J. Birkner, (2013) pp 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200478-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200478_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200479-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200479_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200486–88-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200486–88_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200486–88_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 86–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200480-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200480_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supremecourthistory.org/history-of-the-court-timeline-of-the-justices-nathan-clifford-1858-1881/">"Nathan Clifford, 1858–1881"</a>. The Supreme Court Historical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nathan+Clifford%2C+1858%E2%80%931881&rft.pub=The+Supreme+Court+Historical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupremecourthistory.org%2Fhistory-of-the-court-timeline-of-the-justices-nathan-clifford-1858-1881%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fjc.gov/public/home.nsf/hisj">"Judges of the United States Courts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_Federal_Judges" title="Biographical Directory of Federal Judges">Biographical Directory of Federal Judges</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center" title="Federal Judicial Center">Federal Judicial Center</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+Federal+Judges&rft.atitle=Judges+of+the+United+States+Courts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fjc.gov%2Fpublic%2Fhome.nsf%2Fhisj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962271–272-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962271–272_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1962">Klein 1962</a>, pp. 271–272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200483–84-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200483–84_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 83–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2001566-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2001566_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2001">Hall 2001</a>, p. 566.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter1976287-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter1976287_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotter1976">Potter 1976</a>, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200485-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200485_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962316-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962316_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962316_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962316_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1962">Klein 1962</a>, p. 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Finkelman, "James Buchanan, Dred Scott, and the Whisper of Conspiracy" in <i>James Buchanan and the Coming of the Civil War</i>, ed. by John W. Quist and Michael J. Birkner, (2013) pp 28–32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200485–86-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200485–86_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 85–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobel1999" class="citation book cs1">Sobel, Robert (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G3ijjghNiG4C"><i>Panic on Wall Street: A History of America's Financial Disasters</i></a>. Beard Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893122-46-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893122-46-8"><bdi>978-1-893122-46-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panic+on+Wall+Street%3A+A+History+of+America%27s+Financial+Disasters&rft.pub=Beard+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-893122-46-8&rft.aulast=Sobel&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG3ijjghNiG4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200490-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200490_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200490_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200490_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael A. Morrison, "President James Buchanan, Executive Leadership and the Crisis of the Democracy" in <i>James Buchanan and the Coming of the Civil War</i>, ed. by John W. Quist and Michael J. Birkner, (2013) pp 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962314–315-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962314–315_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1962">Klein 1962</a>, pp. 314–315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200490–92-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200490–92_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 90–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William P. MacKinnon, "Prelude to Armageddon: James Buchanan, Brigham Young, and a President’s Initiation to Bloodshed", in <i>James Buchanan and the Coming of the Civil War</i>, ed. by John W. Quist and Michael J. Birkner, (2013) pp 52–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William P. MacKinnon, "Prelude to Armageddon: James Buchanan, Brigham Young, and a President’s Initiation to Bloodshed", in <i>James Buchanan and the Coming of the Civil War</i>, ed. by John W. Quist and Michael J. Birkner, (2013) pp 59–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962317-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962317_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1962">Klein 1962</a>, p. 317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William P. MacKinnon, "Prelude to Armageddon: James Buchanan, Brigham Young, and a President’s Initiation to Bloodshed", in <i>James Buchanan and the Coming of the Civil War</i>, ed. by John W. Quist and Michael J. Birkner, (2013) pp 75–78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trade1861-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trade1861_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=76HmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA232">"Manipulation of the Atlantic Telegraph Line. From August 10th to the 1st of September inclusive"</a>. <i>Report of the Joint Committee Appointed by the Lords of the Committee of Privy Council for Trade and the Atlantic Telegraph Company, to Inquire Into the Construction of Submarine Telegraph Cables: Together with the Minutes of Evidence and Appendix</i>. Eyre and Spottiswoode: Eyre. 1861. pp. <span class="nowrap">230–</span>232<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manipulation+of+the+Atlantic+Telegraph+Line.+From+August+10th+to+the+1st+of+September+inclusive&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Joint+Committee+Appointed+by+the+Lords+of+the+Committee+of+Privy+Council+for+Trade+and+the+Atlantic+Telegraph+Company%2C+to+Inquire+Into+the+Construction+of+Submarine+Telegraph+Cables%3A+Together+with+the+Minutes+of+Evidence+and+Appendix&rft.place=Eyre+and+Spottiswoode&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E230-%3C%2Fspan%3E232&rft.pub=Eyre&rft.date=1861&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D76HmAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-saw-2-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc-saw-2_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jim Al-Khalili. <i><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_Awe:_The_Story_of_Electricity" title="Shock and Awe: The Story of Electricity">Shock and Awe: The Story of Electricity</a></i>, Ep. 2 "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00kjqch">The Age of Invention</a>". October 13, 2011, BBC TV, Using Chief Engineer Bright's original notebook. Retrieved 12 June 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spencer-vol3-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spencer-vol3_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesse_Ames_Spencer1866" class="citation book cs1">Jesse Ames Spencer (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=80sUAAAAYAAJ&q=%22The+Queen%27s+message+to+the+President+of+the+United+States,+Washington%22&pg=PA542">"Chapter IX. 1857–1858. Opening of Buchanan's Administration"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Digitised eBook)</span>. <i><span></span>'THE QUEEN'S MESSAGE' and 'THE PRESIDENT'S REPLY' (full wording)</i>. Vol. 3. Johnson, Fry. p. 542<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2023</span>. <q>History of the United States: from the earliest period to the administration of President Johnson</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+IX.+1857%E2%80%931858.+Opening+of+Buchanan%27s+Administration&rft.btitle=%27THE+QUEEN%27S+MESSAGE%27+and+%27THE+PRESIDENT%27S+REPLY%27+%28full+wording%29&rft.pages=542&rft.pub=Johnson%2C+Fry&rft.date=1866&rft.au=Jesse+Ames+Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D80sUAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522The%2BQueen%2527s%2Bmessage%2Bto%2Bthe%2BPresident%2Bof%2Bthe%2BUnited%2BStates%2C%2BWashington%2522%26pg%3DPA542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200493–98-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200493–98_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 93–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200497–100-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200497–100_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 97–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004100–105-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004100–105_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004100–105_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 100–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicole Etcheson, "General Jackson Is Dead: James Buchanan, Stephen A. Douglas, and Kansas Policy", in <i>James Buchanan and the Coming of the Civil War</i>, ed. by John W. Quist and Michael J. Birkner, (2013) pp 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick200891-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick200891_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChadwick2008">Chadwick 2008</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004120–121-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004120–121_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 120–121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick2008117-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick2008117_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChadwick2008">Chadwick 2008</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter1976297–327-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter1976297–327_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotter1976">Potter 1976</a>, pp. 297–327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962286–299-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962286–299_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1962">Klein 1962</a>, pp. 286–299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962312-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962312_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1962">Klein 1962</a>, p. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004117–118-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004117–118_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, p. 117–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith197569–70-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith197569–70_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1975">Smith 1975</a>, pp. 69–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John M. Belohlavek, "In Defense of Doughface Diplomacy: A Reevaluation of Foreign Policy of James Buchanan", in <i>James Buchanan and the Coming of the Civil War</i>, ed. by John W. Quist and Michael J. Birkner, (2013) pp 112–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004107–112-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004107–112_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004107–112_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 107–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlude2012393–413-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlude2012393–413_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlude2012">Flude 2012</a>, pp. 393–413.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John M. Belohlavek, "In Defense of Doughface Diplomacy: A Reevaluation of Foreign Policy of James Buchanan", in <i>James Buchanan and the Coming of the Civil War</i>, ed. by John W. Quist and Michael J. Birkner, (2013) pp 124–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John M. Belohlavek, "In Defense of Doughface Diplomacy: A Reevaluation of Foreign Policy of James Buchanan", in <i>James Buchanan and the Coming of the Civil War</i>, ed. by John W. Quist and Michael J. Birkner, (2013) pp 126–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.battlefields.org/learn/primary-sources/lincoln-rejects-king-siams-offer-elephants">"Lincoln Rejects the King of Siam's Offer of Elephants"</a>. <i>American Battlefield Trust</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Battlefield+Trust&rft.atitle=Lincoln+Rejects+the+King+of+Siam%27s+Offer+of+Elephants&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.battlefields.org%2Flearn%2Fprimary-sources%2Flincoln-rejects-king-siams-offer-elephants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125154951/https://www.petmd.com/exotic/slideshows/seasonal/presidents-day-pictures-of-president-pets">"Top Ten Strangest Presidential Pets"</a>. <i>PetMD</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.petmd.com/exotic/slideshows/seasonal/presidents-day-pictures-of-president-pets">the original</a> on January 25, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PetMD&rft.atitle=Top+Ten+Strangest+Presidential+Pets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.petmd.com%2Fexotic%2Fslideshows%2Fseasonal%2Fpresidents-day-pictures-of-president-pets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962338-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962338_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1962">Klein 1962</a>, p. 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962338–339-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962338–339_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1962">Klein 1962</a>, pp. 338–339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossman200378-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrossman200378_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrossman200378_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrossman200378_110-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrossman2003">Grossman 2003</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004114–117-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004114–117_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, p. 114–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael A. Morrison, "President James Buchanan: Executive Leadership and the Crisis of the Democracy", in <i>James Buchanan and the Coming of the Civil War</i>, ed. by John W. Quist and Michael J. Birkner, (2013) pp 152–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004114–118-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004114–118_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 114–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962339-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962339_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1962">Klein 1962</a>, p. 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1962">Klein 1962</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004118–120-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004118–120_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 118–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962356–358-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962356–358_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962356–358_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1962">Klein 1962</a>, pp. 356–358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200476,_133-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200476,_133_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 76, 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1860message-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1860message_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1860message_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Buchanan1860">Buchanan (1860)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29501">"James Buchanan, Fourth Annual Message to Congress on the State of the Union, December 3, 1860"</a>. The American Presidency Project<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Buchanan%2C+Fourth+Annual+Message+to+Congress+on+the+State+of+the+Union%2C+December+3%2C+1860&rft.pub=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D29501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962363-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962363_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1962">Klein 1962</a>, p. 363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1860/12/14/archives/the-resignation-of-secretary-cobb-the-correspondence.html">"The Resignation of Secretary Cobb. The Correspondence"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. December 14, 1860.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Resignation+of+Secretary+Cobb.+The+Correspondence&rft.date=1860-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1860%2F12%2F14%2Farchives%2Fthe-resignation-of-secretary-cobb-the-correspondence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004132–134-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004132–134_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004132–134_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004132–134_123-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, p. 132–134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004123–134-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004123–134_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004123–134_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 123–134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962381–387-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962381–387_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1962">Klein 1962</a>, pp. 381–387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1975152–160-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1975152–160_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1975">Smith 1975</a>, p. 152–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004135–140-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004135–140_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 135–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/may11.html">"Today in History: May 11"</a>. <i>Library of Congress</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Today+in+History%3A+May+11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fammem%2Ftoday%2Fmay11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-states/oregon">"Oregon"</a>. A+E Networks Corp<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oregon&rft.pub=A%2BE+Networks+Corp.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-states%2Foregon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birkner-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birkner_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birkner_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birkner_130-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirkner2005" class="citation web cs1">Birkner, Michael (September 20, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111019153640/http://lancasterhistory.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1239&Itemid=280">"Buchanan's Civil War"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lancasterhistory.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1239&Itemid=280">the original</a> on October 19, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buchanan%27s+Civil+War&rft.date=2005-09-20&rft.aulast=Birkner&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancasterhistory.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D1239%26Itemid%3D280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004142–143-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004142–143_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004142–143_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004142–143_131-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004142–143_131-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004142–143_131-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004142–143_131-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 142–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962408–413-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962408–413_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1962">Klein 1962</a>, pp. 408–413.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962417–418-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962417–418_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1962">Klein 1962</a>, pp. 417–418.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStampp199048-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStampp199048_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStampp199048_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStampp1990">Stampp 1990</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004137–138-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004137–138_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, p. 137–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962150-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962150_136-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962150_136-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1962">Klein 1962</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106204449/http://millercenter.org/scripps/archive/speeches/detail/3734">"Third Annual Message (December 19, 1859)"</a>. The Miller Center at the University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/scripps/archive/speeches/detail/3734">the original</a> on January 6, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Third+Annual+Message+%28December+19%2C+1859%29&rft.pub=The+Miller+Center+at+the+University+of+Virginia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fscripps%2Farchive%2Fspeeches%2Fdetail%2F3734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962143-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962143_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1962">Klein 1962</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJurinski16–17-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJurinski16–17_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJurinski">Jurinski</a>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962144-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962144_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1962">Klein 1962</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962147-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962147_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962147_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1962">Klein 1962</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200419-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200419_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200428-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200428_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoertlein2010" class="citation book cs1">Boertlein, John (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=APsOt9Sj88YC&pg=PA101"><i>Presidential Confidential: Sex, Scandal, Murder and Mayhem in the Oval Office</i></a>. Cincinnati, Ohio: Clerisy Press. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57860-361-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57860-361-9"><bdi>978-1-57860-361-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presidential+Confidential%3A+Sex%2C+Scandal%2C+Murder+and+Mayhem+in+the+Oval+Office&rft.place=Cincinnati%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Clerisy+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-57860-361-9&rft.aulast=Boertlein&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAPsOt9Sj88YC%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Lost Love Of A Bachelor President | URL: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.americanheritage.com/lost-love-bachelor-president">https://www.americanheritage.com/lost-love-bachelor-president</a> | American Heritage magazine</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandburg1939" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Sandburg, Carl</a> (1939). <i>Abraham Lincoln: The War Years</i>. Vol. 1. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Harcourt,_Brace_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Harcourt, Brace & Company">Harcourt, Brace & Company</a>. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-299-11525-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-299-11525-5"><bdi>978-1-299-11525-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln%3A+The+War+Years&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+%26+Company&rft.date=1939&rft.isbn=978-1-299-11525-5&rft.aulast=Sandburg&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_147-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_147-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn1999" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, Charles (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scarletthreadofs00dunn"><i>The Scarlet Thread of Scandal: Morality and the American Presidency</i></a></span>. Lanham, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield_Publishers,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.">Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9606-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9606-2"><bdi>978-0-8476-9606-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scarlet+Thread+of+Scandal%3A+Morality+and+the+American+Presidency&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-9606-2&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscarletthreadofs00dunn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/first-families/harriet-lane/about/first-ladies/harrietlane">"Harriet Lane"</a>. The White House<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harriet+Lane&rft.pub=The+White+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fabout-the-white-house%2Ffirst-families%2Fharriet-lane%2Fabout%2Ffirst-ladies%2Fharrietlane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2025">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_149-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_149-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_149-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson2012">Watson 2012</a>, p. 247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/175-year-history-examining-bachelor-president-james-buchanans-close-friendship-william-rufus-king-180972992/">The 175-Year History of Speculating About President James Buchanan’s Bachelorhood</a>, Thomas Balcerski, Smithsonian Magazine, August 27, 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Wordsworth Book of Euphemisms</i> by Judith S. Neaman and Carole G. Silver (Wordsworth Editions Ltd., Hertfordshire)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean H. Baker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wQeVkzfTJcEC">James Buchanan: The American Presidents Series: The 15th President, 1857–1861</a>, 2004, page 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeamanSilver1995" class="citation book cs1">Neaman, Judith S.; Silver, Carole G. (1995). <i>The Wordsworth Book of Euphemisms</i>. Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853263392" title="Special:BookSources/9781853263392"><bdi>9781853263392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wordsworth+Book+of+Euphemisms&rft.place=Hertfordshire&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Editions+Ltd.&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9781853263392&rft.aulast=Neaman&rft.aufirst=Judith+S.&rft.au=Silver%2C+Carole+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loewen 1999 p. 367</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200475-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200475_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200425–26-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200425–26_156-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200425–26_156-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200426-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200426_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoewen1999" class="citation book cs1">Loewen, James W. (1999). <i>Lies across America: What our Historic Sites get Wrong</i>. New York City: The New Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-87067-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-87067-0"><bdi>978-0-684-87067-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lies+across+America%3A+What+our+Historic+Sites+get+Wrong&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=The+New+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-684-87067-0&rft.aulast=Loewen&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss198886–91-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss198886–91_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1988">Ross 1988</a>, pp. 86–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2012233-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson2012233_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson2012">Watson 2012</a>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loewen 1999 pp. 367–370</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoewen2009" class="citation book cs1">Loewen, James (2009). <i>Lies Across America</i>. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. pp. <span class="nowrap">342–</span>45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lies+Across+America&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E342-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Loewen&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-state_park-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-state_park_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110506083725/http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/stateparks/parks/buchanansbirthplace.aspx">"Buchanan's Birthplace State Park"</a>. <i>Pennsylvania State Parks</i>. Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/stateParks/parks/buchanansbirthplace.aspx">the original</a> on May 6, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pennsylvania+State+Parks&rft.atitle=Buchanan%27s+Birthplace+State+Park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcnr.state.pa.us%2FstateParks%2Fparks%2Fbuchanansbirthplace.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2021/?page=overall">"C-SPAN Survey on Presidents 2021: Total Scores/Overall Rankings"</a>. <i>C-Span</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=C-Span&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+Survey+on+Presidents+2021%3A+Total+Scores%2FOverall+Rankings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fpresidentsurvey2021%2F%3Fpage%3Doverall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2021/?category=8">"C-SPAN Survey on Presidents 2021: Vision / Setting an Agenda"</a>. <i>C-span</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=C-span&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+Survey+on+Presidents+2021%3A+Vision+%2F+Setting+an+Agenda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fpresidentsurvey2021%2F%3Fcategory%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2021/?category=5">"C-SPAN Survey on Presidents 2021: International Relations"</a>. <i>C-span</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=C-span&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+Survey+on+Presidents+2021%3A+International+Relations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fpresidentsurvey2021%2F%3Fcategory%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2021/?category=4">"C-SPAN Survey on Presidents 2021: Moral Authority"</a>. <i>C-span</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=C-span&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+Survey+on+Presidents+2021%3A+Moral+Authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fpresidentsurvey2021%2F%3Fcategory%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-12195111">"The top US presidents: First poll of UK experts"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. January 17, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+top+US+presidents%3A+First+poll+of+UK+experts&rft.date=2011-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-12195111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy1984" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy, Arthur B. (1984). "Evaluating the Presidents of the United States". <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>14</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">117–</span>126. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27550039">27550039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Evaluating+the+Presidents+of+the+United+States&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27550039%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Arthur+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1962429-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1962429_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1962">Klein 1962</a>, p. 429.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004141-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004141_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarney1997" class="citation journal cs1">Barney, William L. (1997). "Review of The Origins of the American Civil War". <i>The Journal of Southern History</i>. <b>63</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">880–</span>882. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2211745">10.2307/2211745</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2211745">2211745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Origins+of+the+American+Civil+War&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E880-%3C%2Fspan%3E882&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2211745&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2211745%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Barney&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>James Buchanan and the Political Crisis of the 1850s: A Panel Discussion</i> (Pennsylvania State University ed.). Gettysburg: Pennsylvania State University. 1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Buchanan+and+the+Political+Crisis+of+the+1850s%3A+A+Panel+Discussion&rft.place=Gettysburg&rft.edition=Pennsylvania+State+University&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University&rft.date=1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay2013" class="citation book cs1">May, Robert E. (2013). <i>Slavery, race and conquest in the tropics: Lincoln, Douglas, and the future of Latin America</i>. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13252-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13252-7"><bdi>978-0-521-13252-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery%2C+race+and+conquest+in+the+tropics%3A+Lincoln%2C+Douglas%2C+and+the+future+of+Latin+America&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-521-13252-7&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirkner1996" class="citation book cs1">Birkner, Michael J., ed. (1996). <i>James Buchanan and the political crisis of the 1850s</i>. Selinsgrove, Pa.: Susquehanna Univ. Press [u.a.] <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-945636-89-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-945636-89-2"><bdi>978-0-945636-89-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Buchanan+and+the+political+crisis+of+the+1850s&rft.place=Selinsgrove%2C+Pa.&rft.pub=Susquehanna+Univ.+Press+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-945636-89-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrouthamel1996" class="citation journal cs1">Crouthamel, James L (July 1996). "Birkner, ed., 'James Buchanan and the Political Crisis of the 1850s' (Book Review)". <i>New York History</i>. <b>77</b> (3): 350. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1297186054">1297186054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+History&rft.atitle=Birkner%2C+ed.%2C+%27James+Buchanan+and+the+Political+Crisis+of+the+1850s%27+%28Book+Review%29&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=350&rft.date=1996-07&rft.aulast=Crouthamel&rft.aufirst=James+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHan2018" class="citation book cs1">Han, Lori Cox, ed. (2018). <i>Hatred of America's presidents: personal attacks on the White House from Washington to Trump</i>. Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado: ABC-CLIO, an imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-5436-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-5436-1"><bdi>978-1-4408-5436-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hatred+of+America%27s+presidents%3A+personal+attacks+on+the+White+House+from+Washington+to+Trump&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California+Denver%2C+Colorado&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO%2C+an+imprint+of+ABC-CLIO%2C+LLC&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-5436-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss2016213-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss2016213_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrauss2016">Strauss 2016</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140422105912/http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/stateparks/findapark/buchanansbirthplace/index.htm">"Buchanan's Birthplace State Park"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/stateparks/findapark/buchanansbirthplace/index.htm">the original</a> on April 22, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buchanan%27s+Birthplace+State+Park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcnr.state.pa.us%2Fstateparks%2Ffindapark%2Fbuchanansbirthplace%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeatty2001310-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeatty2001310_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeatty2001">Beatty 2001</a>, p. 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoogterp, Edward (2006). <i>West Michigan Almanac</i>, p. 168. The University of Michigan Press & The Petoskey Publishing Company.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7304026">"Raising Buchanan on IMDB"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></i>. April 12, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Raising+Buchanan+on+IMDB&rft.date=2019-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt7304026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_H._Baker" title="Jean H. Baker">Baker, Jean H.</a> (2004). <i>James Buchanan</i>. Times Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6946-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6946-4"><bdi>978-0-8050-6946-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Buchanan&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6946-4&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Jean+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeatty2001" class="citation book cs1">Beatty, Michael A. (2001). <i>County Name Origins of the United States</i>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1025-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1025-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-1025-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=County+Name+Origins+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1025-5&rft.aulast=Beatty&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick2008" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick, Bruce (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uMMyGtjNOXMC"><i>1858: Abraham Lincoln, Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant and the War They Failed to See</i></a>. Sourcebooks, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1402209413" title="Special:BookSources/978-1402209413"><bdi>978-1402209413</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1858%3A+Abraham+Lincoln%2C+Jefferson+Davis%2C+Robert+E.+Lee%2C+Ulysses+S.+Grant+and+the+War+They+Failed+to+See&rft.pub=Sourcebooks%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1402209413&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuMMyGtjNOXMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis1883" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, George Ticknor (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=32wFAAAAQAAJ"><i>Life of James Buchanan: Fifteenth President of the United States</i></a>. Vol. 2. Harper & Brothers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-4426-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-4426-2"><bdi>978-0-8130-4426-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+James+Buchanan%3A+Fifteenth+President+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1883&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-4426-2&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=George+Ticknor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D32wFAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlude2012" class="citation journal cs1">Flude, Anthony G. (March 2012). "Manuscript XXIII: A Raiatean Petition for American Protection". <i>The Journal of Pacific History</i>. <b>47</b> (1). Canberra: Australian National University: <span class="nowrap">111–</span>121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00223344.2011.632982">10.1080/00223344.2011.632982</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/785915823">785915823</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159847026">159847026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Pacific+History&rft.atitle=Manuscript+XXIII%3A+A+Raiatean+Petition+for+American+Protection&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F785915823&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159847026%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00223344.2011.632982&rft.aulast=Flude&rft.aufirst=Anthony+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossman2003" class="citation book cs1">Grossman, Mark (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalcorrupt0000gros"><i>Political Corruption in America: An Encyclopedia of Scandals, Power, and Greed</i></a></span>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-060-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-060-4"><bdi>978-1-57607-060-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Corruption+in+America%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Scandals%2C+Power%2C+and+Greed&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-060-4&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticalcorrupt0000gros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2001" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Timothy L. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/supremecourtjust00melv"><i>Supreme Court justices: a biographical dictionary</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1176-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1176-8"><bdi>978-0-8153-1176-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supreme+Court+justices%3A+a+biographical+dictionary&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-1176-8&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Timothy+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsupremecourtjust00melv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein1955" class="citation journal cs1">Klein, Philip Shriver (December 1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/content/lost-love-bachelor-president">"The Lost Love of a Bachelor President"</a>. <i>American Heritage Magazine</i>. <b>7</b> (1)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Lost+Love+of+a+Bachelor+President&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1955-12&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Philip+Shriver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Fcontent%2Flost-love-bachelor-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein1962" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Philip S. (1962). <i>President James Buchanan: A Biography</i> (1995 ed.). American Political Biography Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-945707-11-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-945707-11-0"><bdi>978-0-945707-11-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=President+James+Buchanan%3A+A+Biography&rft.edition=1995&rft.pub=American+Political+Biography+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-945707-11-0&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Philip+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinHoogenboom1980" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Philip Shriver; Hoogenboom, Ari (1980). <i>A History of Pennsylvania</i>. Penn State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01934-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01934-5"><bdi>978-0-271-01934-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Penn+State+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-271-01934-5&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Philip+Shriver&rft.au=Hoogenboom%2C+Ari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJurinski" class="citation book cs1">Jurinski, James John (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oZHlYJLIoisC&pg=PA17"><i>Tax Reform: A Reference Handbook</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-322-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-322-4"><bdi>978-1-59884-322-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tax+Reform%3A+A+Reference+Handbook&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-322-4&rft.aulast=Jurinski&rft.aufirst=James+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoZHlYJLIoisC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">McPherson, James M.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GXfGuNAvm7AC"><i>Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974390-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974390-2"><bdi>978-0-19-974390-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+Cry+of+Freedom%3A+The+Civil+War+Era&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-974390-2&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGXfGuNAvm7AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter1976" class="citation book cs1">Potter, David Morris (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/impendingcrisis00pott"><i>The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861</i></a></span>. Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-090524-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-090524-8"><bdi>978-0-06-090524-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impending+Crisis%2C+1848%E2%80%931861&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-06-090524-8&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=David+Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimpendingcrisis00pott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span> Pulitzer prize.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuistBirkner2013" class="citation book cs1">Quist, John W.; Birkner, Michael J., eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xz24oAEACAAJ"><i>James Buchanan and the Coming of the Civil War</i></a>. University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-4426-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-4426-2"><bdi>978-0-8130-4426-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Buchanan+and+the+Coming+of+the+Civil+War&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-4426-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxz24oAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1988" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Shelley (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fallfromgracese000ross"><i>Fall from Grace: Sex, Scandal, and Corruption in American Politics from 1702 to the Present</i></a></span>. Ballantine Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-35381-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-35381-8"><bdi>978-0-345-35381-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fall+from+Grace%3A+Sex%2C+Scandal%2C+and+Corruption+in+American+Politics+from+1702+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-345-35381-8&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Shelley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffallfromgracese000ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1975" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Elbert (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofjame0000smit"><i>The Presidency of James Buchanan</i></a></span>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0132-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0132-5"><bdi>978-0-7006-0132-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+James+Buchanan&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0132-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Elbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyofjame0000smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStampp1990" class="citation book cs1">Stampp, Kenneth M. (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americain185700kenn/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-987947-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-987947-2"><bdi>978-0-19-987947-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+in+1857%3A+A+Nation+on+the+Brink&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-19-987947-2&rft.aulast=Stampp&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericain185700kenn%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauss2016" class="citation book cs1">Strauss, Robert (2016). <i>Worst. President. Ever.: James Buchanan, the POTUS Rating Game, and the Legacy of the Least of the Lesser Presidents</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4930-2484-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4930-2484-1"><bdi>978-1-4930-2484-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worst.+President.+Ever.%3A+James+Buchanan%2C+the+POTUS+Rating+Game%2C+and+the+Legacy+of+the+Least+of+the+Lesser+Presidents&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4930-2484-1&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2009" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). <i>The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History</i>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-952-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-952-8"><bdi>978-1-85109-952-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Spanish-American+and+Philippine-American+Wars%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-952-8&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2012" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Robert P. (2012). <i>Affairs of State: The Untold History of Presidential Love, Sex, and Scandal, 1789–1900</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1836-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1836-9"><bdi>978-1-4422-1836-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Affairs+of+State%3A+The+Untold+History+of+Presidential+Love%2C+Sex%2C+and+Scandal%2C+1789%E2%80%931900&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-1836-9&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalcerski2019" class="citation book cs1">Balcerski, Thomas J. (2019). <i>Bosom Friends: The Intimate World of James Buchanan and William Rufus King</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-091460-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-091460-8"><bdi>978-0-19-091460-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bosom+Friends%3A+The+Intimate+World+of+James+Buchanan+and+William+Rufus+King&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-091460-8&rft.aulast=Balcerski&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span> Review: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleves2021" class="citation journal cs1">Cleves, Rachel Hope (2021). "Bosom Friends: The Intimate World of James Buchanan and William Rufus King by Thomas J. Balcerski, and: The Worlds of James Buchanan and Thaddeus Stevens: Place, Personality, and Politics in the Civil War Era ed. by Michael J. Birkner, Randall M. Miller and John W. Quist (review)". <i>The Journal of the Civil War Era</i>. <b>11</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">108–</span>111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcwe.2021.0008">10.1353/cwe.2021.0008</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/783011">783011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Civil+War+Era&rft.atitle=Bosom+Friends%3A+The+Intimate+World+of+James+Buchanan+and+William+Rufus+King+by+Thomas+J.+Balcerski%2C+and%3A+The+Worlds+of+James+Buchanan+and+Thaddeus+Stevens%3A+Place%2C+Personality%2C+and+Politics+in+the+Civil+War+Era+ed.+by+Michael+J.+Birkner%2C+Randall+M.+Miller+and+John+W.+Quist+%28review%29&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E108-%3C%2Fspan%3E111&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcwe.2021.0008&rft.aulast=Cleves&rft.aufirst=Rachel+Hope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalcerski2016" class="citation book cs1">Balcerski, Thomas J. (2016). "Harriet Rebecca Lane Johnston". <i>A Companion to First Ladies</i>. Wiley. pp. <span class="nowrap">197–</span>213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118732250.ch12">10.1002/9781118732250.ch12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-73225-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-73225-0"><bdi>978-1-118-73225-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Harriet+Rebecca+Lane+Johnston&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+First+Ladies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E197-%3C%2Fspan%3E213&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118732250.ch12&rft.isbn=978-1-118-73225-0&rft.aulast=Balcerski&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinder1992" class="citation journal cs1">Binder, Frederick Moore (September 1992). "James Buchanan: Jacksonian Expansionist". <i>The Historian</i>. <b>55</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">69–</span>84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1992.tb00886.x">10.1111/j.1540-6563.1992.tb00886.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historian&rft.atitle=James+Buchanan%3A+Jacksonian+Expansionist&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=1992-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1992.tb00886.x&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Moore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Binder, Frederick Moore (1994). <i>James Buchanan and the American Empire</i>. Susquehanna University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-945636-64-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-945636-64-9"><bdi>978-0-945636-64-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Buchanan+and+the+American+Empire&rft.pub=Susquehanna+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-945636-64-9&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Moore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Birkner, Michael J., ed. (1996). <i>James Buchanan and the Political Crisis of the 1850s</i>. Susquehanna University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-945636-89-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-945636-89-2"><bdi>978-0-945636-89-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Buchanan+and+the+Political+Crisis+of+the+1850s&rft.pub=Susquehanna+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-945636-89-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Birkner, Michael J., et al. eds. <i>The Worlds of James Buchanan and Thaddeus Stevens: Place, Personality, and Politics in the Civil War Era</i> (Louisiana State University Press, 2019)</li> <li>Horrocks, Thomas A. <i>President James Buchanan and the Crisis of National Leadership</i> (Hauppauge, N.Y.: Nova Science Publisher's, Inc., 2011.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeerse1995" class="citation journal cs1">Meerse, David E. (1995). "Buchanan, the Patronage, and the Lecompton Constitution: A Case Study". <i>Civil War History</i>. <b>41</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">291–</span>312. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcwh.1995.0017">10.1353/cwh.1995.0017</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143955378">143955378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil+War+History&rft.atitle=Buchanan%2C+the+Patronage%2C+and+the+Lecompton+Constitution%3A+A+Case+Study&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E312&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcwh.1995.0017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143955378%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Meerse&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Nevins, Allan</a> (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emergenceoflinco01nevi"><i>The Emergence of Lincoln: Douglas, Buchanan, and Party Chaos, 1857–1859</i></a>. Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-10415-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-10415-7"><bdi>978-0-684-10415-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Lincoln%3A+Douglas%2C+Buchanan%2C+and+Party+Chaos%2C+1857%E2%80%931859&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=978-0-684-10415-7&rft.aulast=Nevins&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Femergenceoflinco01nevi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Franklin_Nichols" title="Roy Franklin Nichols">Nichols, Roy Franklin</a>; <i>The Democratic Machine, 1850–1854</i> (1923), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=1112776">detailed narrative; online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100526133204/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=1112776">Archived</a> May 26, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Rhodes, James Ford (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5G9KAAAAYAAJ"><i>History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the End of the Roosevelt Administration</i></a>. Vol. 2. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+United+States+from+the+Compromise+of+1850+to+the+End+of+the+Roosevelt+Administration&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=James+Ford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5G9KAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberger1957" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Rosenberger, Homer T. (1957). "Inauguration of President Buchanan a Century Ago". <i>Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C</i>. 57/59: <span class="nowrap">96–</span>122. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40067189">40067189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Records+of+the+Columbia+Historical+Society%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.atitle=Inauguration+of+President+Buchanan+a+Century+Ago&rft.volume=57%2F59&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E96-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.date=1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40067189%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rosenberger&rft.aufirst=Homer+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilbey2014" class="citation book cs1">Silbey, Joel H., ed. (2014). <i>A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents 1837–1861</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118609330">10.1002/9781118609330</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3912-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3912-3"><bdi>978-1-4443-3912-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Antebellum+Presidents+1837%E2%80%931861&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118609330&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3912-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">Updike, John</a> (2013) [1974]. <i>Buchanan Dying: A Play</i>. Random House Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-8491-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-8491-0"><bdi>978-0-8129-8491-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buchanan+Dying%3A+A+Play&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-8491-0&rft.aulast=Updike&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span>, fictional.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"2. Douglas and Goliath". <i>Stephen Douglas</i>. University of Texas Press. 1971. pp. <span class="nowrap">12–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7560%2F701182-005">10.7560/701182-005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-74198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-74198-0"><bdi>978-0-292-74198-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243794146">243794146</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.+Douglas+and+Goliath&rft.btitle=Stephen+Douglas&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243794146%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7560%2F701182-005&rft.isbn=978-0-292-74198-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Buchanan, James. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29501">Fourth Annual Message to Congress.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180912131435/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29501">Archived</a> September 12, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (December 3, 1860).</li> <li>Buchanan, James. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deila.dickinson.edu/theirownwords/title/0010.htm">Mr Buchanan's Administration on the Eve of the Rebellion</a></i> (1866)</li> <li><i>National Intelligencer</i> (1859)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:James_Buchanan" class="extiw" title="s:Author:James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/James_Buchanan" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" class="extiw" title="commons:James Buchanan"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">James Buchanan</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Buchanan,_James" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Buchanan, James">Buchanan, James</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B001005">"James Buchanan (id: B001005)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=James+Buchanan+%28id%3A+B001005%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DB001005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/buchanan/index.html">James Buchanan: A Resource Guide</a> from the Library of Congress</li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.hsp.org/collections/manuscripts/b/Buchanan0091.html">James Buchanan papers</a>, spanning the entirety of his legal, political and diplomatic career, are available for research use at the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Society_of_Pennsylvania" title="Historical Society of Pennsylvania">Historical Society of Pennsylvania</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080726185412/http://www.americanpresident.org/history/jamesbuchanan/">University of Virginia article: Buchanan biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wheatland.org/">Wheatland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tulane.edu/~sumter/Buchanan.html">James Buchanan</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070501064751/http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/index.php/academic/americanpresident/buchanan">Essay on James Buchanan and his presidency</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs" title="Miller Center of Public Affairs">Miller Center of Public Affairs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dcnr.pa.gov/StateParks/FindAPark/BuchanansBirthplaceStatePark/Pages/default.aspx">Buchanan's Birthplace State Park, Franklin County, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?125214-1/life-portrait-james-buchanan">"Life Portrait of James Buchanan"</a>, from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/American_Presidents:_Life_Portraits" title="American Presidents: Life Portraits">American Presidents: Life Portraits</a></i>, June 21, 1999</li></ul> <p><b>Primary sources</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1648">Works by James Buchanan</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/11288">Works by James Buchanan</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Buchanan%2C%20James%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22James%20Buchanan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Buchanan%2C%20James%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22James%20Buchanan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Buchanan%2C%20J%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22James%20Buchanan%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Buchanan%2C%20James%22%20OR%20description%3A%22James%20Buchanan%22%29%20OR%20%28%221791-1868%22%20AND%20Buchanan%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about James Buchanan</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Presidents/Buchanan-James">James Buchanan Ill with Dysentery Before Inauguration: Original Letters</a> Shapell Manuscript Foundation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050308114924/http://kdl.kyvl.org/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=kyetexts"><i>Mr. Buchanans Administration on the Eve of the Rebellion</i>. President Buchanans memoirs.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809152928/http://www.usa-presidents.info/inaugural/buchanan.html">Inaugural Address</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29501">Fourth Annual Message to Congress, December 3, 1860</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="James_Buchanan1060" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:James_Buchanan" title="Template:James Buchanan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:James_Buchanan" title="Template talk:James Buchanan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:James_Buchanan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:James Buchanan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="James_Buchanan1060" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Buchanan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">15th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1857–1861)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">17th</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> (1845–1849)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of United States senators from Pennsylvania">U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania</a> (1834–1845)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district">PA–4</a> (1823–1831)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district">PA–3</a> (1821–1823)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_James_Buchanan" title="Electoral history of James Buchanan">Electoral history of James Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheatland_(James_Buchanan_House)" title="Wheatland (James Buchanan House)">Wheatland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doughface" title="Doughface">Doughface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostend_Manifesto" title="Ostend Manifesto">Ostend Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodward_Hill_Cemetery" title="Woodward Hill Cemetery">Woodward Hill Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_James_Buchanan" title="Inauguration of James Buchanan">Inauguration of James Buchanan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_James_Buchanan" title="List of federal judges appointed by James Buchanan">List of federal judges appointed by James Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecompton_Constitution" title="Lecompton Constitution">Lecompton Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1858_United_States_elections" title="1858 United States elections">1858 United States elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay_expedition" title="Paraguay expedition">Paraguay expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_to_Investigate_Alleged_Corruptions_in_Government" title="United States House Select Committee to Investigate Alleged Corruptions in Government">United States House Select Committee to Investigate Alleged Corruptions in Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corwin_Amendment" title="Corwin Amendment">Corwin Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidential transition of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln transition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Memorial" title="James Buchanan Memorial">James Buchanan Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanan%27s_Birthplace_State_Park" title="Buchanan's Birthplace State Park">Buchanan's Birthplace State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanan,_Michigan" title="Buchanan, Michigan">Buchanan, Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanan,_Georgia" title="Buchanan, Georgia">Buchanan, Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanan,_Missouri" title="Buchanan, Missouri">Buchanan, Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_High_School" title="James Buchanan High School">James Buchanan High School</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raising_Buchanan" title="Raising Buchanan">Raising Buchanan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Lane" title="Harriet Lane">Harriet Lane</a> (niece, acting First Lady)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Henry" title="James Buchanan Henry">James Buchanan Henry</a> (nephew)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">← Franklin Pierce</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:James_Buchanan" title="Category:James Buchanan">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Hibshman" title="Jacob Hibshman">Jacob Hibshman</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania">House of Representatives</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district">Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Seat 1</span> </b><br />1821–1823 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Miller" title="Daniel H. Miller">Daniel H. Miller</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_S._Mitchell" title="James S. Mitchell">James S. Mitchell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania">House of Representatives</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district">Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Seat 1</span> </b><br />1823–1831 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Muhlenberg_Hiester" title="William Muhlenberg Hiester">William Muhlenberg Hiester</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Philip P. Barbour</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">House Judiciary Committee</a> </b><br />1829–1831 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Warren_R._Davis" title="Warren R. Davis">Warren R. Davis</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">John Randolph</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Russia">United States Minister to Russia</a> </b><br />1832–1833 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(American_politician)" title="William Wilkins (American politician)">William Wilkins</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Reed_Ingersoll" title="Joseph Reed Ingersoll">Joseph Reed Ingersoll</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom">United States Minister to the United Kingdom</a> </b><br />1853–1856 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wilkins (U.S. politician)">William Wilkins</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of United States senators from Pennsylvania">United States Senator (Class 3) from Pennsylvania</a> </b><br />1834–1845 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Samuel_McKean" title="Samuel McKean">Samuel McKean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sturgeon" title="Daniel Sturgeon">Daniel Sturgeon</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> </b><br />1845–1849 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_M._Clayton" title="John M. Clayton">John M. Clayton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> </b><br />1857–1861 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for President of the United States </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a>¹<br /><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;"><small><b>Notes and references</b></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><small>1. The Democratic Party split in <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>, producing two presidential candidates. Douglas was nominated by Northern Democrats; Breckinridge was nominated by Southern Democrats.</small> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_James_Buchanan101" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_James_Buchanan101" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to James Buchanan</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_United_States390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Presidents of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Presidents of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents and<br />presidencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display:flex"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;flex:1;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield#Presidency_(1881)" title="James A. Garfield">1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#First_presidency_(1885–1889)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#Second_presidency_(1893–1897)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">2021–2025</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">2025–present</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency<br />timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_Adams_presidency" title="Timeline of the John Adams presidency">J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_McKinley_presidency" title="Timeline of the William McKinley presidency">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Warren_G._Harding_presidency" title="Timeline of the Warren G. Harding presidency">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_presidency" title="Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">L. B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Richard_Nixon_presidency" title="Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_presidency" title="Timeline of the Ronald Reagan presidency">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic_Party1299" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;;background:#3333FF; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_Party1299" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Democratic Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">National<br />conventions</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">presidential<br />tickets</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">presidential<br />primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election#Democratic_Party_nomination" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">1835 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<i>None</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buchanan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">1860 (Charleston/Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Douglas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Herschel_V._Johnson" title="Herschel V. Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">SD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">1864 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">1872 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a>/<a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">1876 (St. Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">1880 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">1888 (St. Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">1892 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">1904 (St. Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_G._Davis" title="Henry G. Davis">H. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">1908 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916 (St. Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">J. Davis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">C. Bryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 (Atlantic City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a>/(<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Eagleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Ferraro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988 (Atlanta)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">1992 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">1996 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">2000 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Lieberman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 (Boston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">Edwards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">2012 (Charlotte)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020 (Milwaukee/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">2024 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a> (1829–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a> (1853–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Buchanan</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">A. Johnson</a> (1868–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> (1885–1889; 1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li>Roosevelt (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">1933–1941</a>; <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">1941–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> (1945–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> (1993–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden</a> (2021–2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />leaders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Caucus<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">A. Stevenson</a> (1827–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a> (1834–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1835–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">J. W. Jones</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Davis" title="John Wesley Davis">Davis</a> (1845–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a> (1849–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Boyd</a> (1851–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)" title="George Washington Jones (Tennessee politician)">G. W. Jones</a> (1855–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">Orr</a> (1857–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a> (1859–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1869–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Kerr" title="Michael C. Kerr">Kerr</a> (1875–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1876–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Holman" title="William S. Holman">Holman</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Crisp</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">D. B. Culberson</a> (1895–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Richardson" title="James D. Richardson">Richardson</a> (1897–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_Williams" title="John Sharp Williams">Williams</a> (1903–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Clark</a> (1909–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Kitchin</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finis_J._Garrett" title="Finis J. Garrett">Garrett</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Rainey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Rainey">Rainey</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Byrns" title="Jo Byrns">Byrns</a> (1935–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">Bankhead</a> (1936–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1940–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a> (1962–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Albert</a> (1971–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Wright</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Gephardt</a> (1995–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2003–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Jeffries</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate<br />leaders</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Caucus<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stevenson" title="John W. Stevenson">J. W. Stevenson</a> (1873–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wallace" title="William A. Wallace">Wallace</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Beck" title="James B. Beck">Beck</a> (1885–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1890–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turpie" title="David Turpie">Turpie</a> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">J. K. Jones</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1903–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (1906–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Culberson" title="Charles A. Culberson">C. A. Culberson</a> (1907–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_Money" title="Hernando Money">Money</a> (1909–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a> (1913–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1917–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Underwood</a> (1920–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> (1923–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> (1937–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">McFarland</a> (1951–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a> (1961–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (1977–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a> (1995–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a> (2005–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a> (2017–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Chairs of<br />the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">DNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Hallett" title="Benjamin F. Hallett">Hallett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Smalley" title="David Allen Smalley">Smalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Schell" title="Augustus Schell">Schell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Hewitt" title="Abram Hewitt">Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barnum" title="William Barnum">Barnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_S._Brice" title="Calvin S. Brice">Brice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Harrity" title="William F. Harrity">Harrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taggart" title="Thomas Taggart">Taggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_E._Mack" title="Norman E. Mack">Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._McCombs" title="William F. McCombs">McCombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_C._McCormick" title="Vance C. McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_White_(Ohio_politician)" title="George White (Ohio politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clem_L._Shaver" title="Clem L. Shaver">Shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Raskob" title="John J. Raskob">Raskob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Boyle" title="William M. Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._McKinney" title="Frank E. McKinney">McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Mitchell_(politician)" title="Stephen A. Mitchell (politician)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Paul Butler (lawyer)">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moran_Bailey" title="John Moran Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Westwood_(politician)" title="Jean Westwood (politician)">Westwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Curtis" title="Kenneth M. Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coyle_White" title="John Coyle White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manatt" title="Charles Manatt">Manatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk" title="Paul G. Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilhelm" title="David Wilhelm">Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_DeLee" title="Debra DeLee">DeLee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a>/<a href="/wiki/Donald_Fowler" title="Donald Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Romer" title="Roy Romer">Romer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Steven_Grossman_(politician)" title="Steven Grossman (politician)">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Rendell" title="Ed Rendell">Rendell</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Andrew" title="Joe Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Wasserman Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Harrison" title="Jaime Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Martin" title="Ken Martin">Martin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)">State and<br />territorial<br />parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Democratic_Party" title="Alabama Democratic Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Democratic_Party" title="Alaska Democratic Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Democratic_Party" title="Arizona Democratic Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Democratic Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party" title="Colorado Democratic Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Democratic Party of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Democratic_Party" title="Delaware Democratic Party">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Democratic_Party" title="Florida Democratic Party">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Party of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Democratic Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Democratic_Party" title="Idaho Democratic Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Illinois" title="Democratic Party of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Democratic_Party" title="Indiana Democratic Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Democratic_Party" title="Iowa Democratic Party">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Democratic_Party" title="Kansas Democratic Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Democratic_Party" title="Kentucky Democratic Party">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Democratic_Party" title="Louisiana Democratic Party">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Democratic_Party" title="Maine Democratic Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Democratic_Party" title="Maryland Democratic Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_Party" title="Massachusetts Democratic Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Democratic_Party" title="Michigan Democratic Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Democratic Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Democratic_Party" title="Missouri Democratic Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Democratic_Party" title="Montana Democratic Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Democratic_Party" title="Nebraska Democratic Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Democratic_Party" title="Nevada Democratic Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Democratic_Party" title="New Hampshire Democratic Party">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Democratic_State_Committee" title="New Jersey Democratic State Committee">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Democratic Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Democratic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Democratic Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="North Carolina Democratic Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Democratic%E2%80%93Nonpartisan_League_Party" title="North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Democratic_Party" title="Ohio Democratic Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Democratic_Party" title="Oklahoma Democratic Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Oregon" title="Democratic Party of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Democratic_Party" title="Pennsylvania Democratic Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Democratic_Party" title="Rhode Island Democratic Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="South Carolina Democratic Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Democratic_Party" title="South Dakota Democratic Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Democratic_Party" title="Tennessee Democratic Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Democratic_Party" title="Texas Democratic Party">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Democratic_Party" title="Utah Democratic Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Democratic_Party" title="Vermont Democratic Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Virginia" title="Democratic Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Democratic_Party" title="Washington State Democratic Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Democratic_Party" title="West Virginia Democratic Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Democratic Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Democratic_Party" title="Wyoming Democratic Party">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Democratic_Party" title="American Samoa Democratic Party">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Democratic_State_Committee" title="District of Columbia Democratic State Committee">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Guam" title="Democratic Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Democratic Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated<br />groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Senate Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee">Steering and Outreach Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">House Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squad_(U.S._Congress)" title="Squad (U.S. Congress)">Squad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Democrats" title="Justice Democrats">Justice Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition" title="New Democrat Coalition">New Democrat Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Fundraising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Democratic Attorneys General Association">Democratic Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Governors_Association" title="Democratic Governors Association">Democratic Governors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Legislative_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee">Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Democratic_Mayors" title="National Conference of Democratic Mayors">National Conference of Democratic Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee" title="National Democratic Redistricting Committee">National Democratic Redistricting Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Sectional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Democrats_of_America" title="College Democrats of America">College Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Democratic_Women" title="National Federation of Democratic Women">National Federation of Democratic Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Democrats" title="Stonewall Democrats">Stonewall Democrats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Young_Democrats" title="Stonewall Young Democrats">Stonewall Young Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Democrats_of_America" title="High School Democrats of America">High School Democrats of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential candidates">Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="Democratic Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li> <li>Chairmanship elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2005 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2021 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2025 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2025</a></li></ul></li> <li>House caucus leadership elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2006 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2018 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Democratic_Address" title="Weekly Democratic Address">Weekly Democratic Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_state321" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_secretaries_of_state" title="Template:United States secretaries of state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_secretaries_of_state" title="Template talk:United States secretaries of state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_secretaries_of_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States secretaries of state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_state321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">United States secretaries of state</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">Foreign affairs</a><br />1781–1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston" title="Robert R. Livingston">R. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">State</a><br />1789–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">J. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Livingston" title="Edward Livingston">E. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Upshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Clayton" title="John M. Clayton">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Washburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">Evarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Foster" title="John W. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Gresham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Olney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacon" title="Robert Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lansing" title="Robert Lansing">Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bainbridge_Colby" title="Bainbridge Colby">Colby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stettinius_Jr." title="Edward Stettinius Jr.">Stettinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">G. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Acheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">Dulles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">Herter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Rusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Kissinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">Shultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Eagleburger" title="Lawrence Eagleburger">Eagleburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Christopher" title="Warren Christopher">Christopher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Warren_Christopher_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Warren Christopher as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Albright</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Madeleine_Albright_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Madeleine Albright as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Powell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Colin_Powell_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Colin Powell as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Rice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Condoleezza Rice's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Condoleezza_Rice_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Condoleezza Rice as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Hillary Clinton's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Hillary_Clinton_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Hillary Clinton as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_John_Kerry_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by John Kerry as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Tillerson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Rex_Tillerson_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Rex Tillerson as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Pompeo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Mike_Pompeo_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Mike Pompeo as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Blinken</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Antony_Blinken_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Antony Blinken as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Marco_Rubio_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Marco Rubio as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States">List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania112" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania" title="Template:United States senators from Pennsylvania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania" title="Template talk:United States senators from Pennsylvania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from Pennsylvania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of United States senators from Pennsylvania">United States senators from Pennsylvania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Maclay_(Pennsylvania_senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Maclay (Pennsylvania senator)">W. Maclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Gallatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ross_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="James Ross (Pennsylvania politician)">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Maclay" title="Samuel Maclay">S. Maclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Leib" title="Michael Leib">Leib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Roberts_(politician)" title="Jonathan Roberts (politician)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Findlay_(governor)" title="William Findlay (governor)">Findlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_D._Barnard" title="Isaac D. Barnard">Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_McKean" title="Samuel McKean">McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sturgeon" title="Daniel Sturgeon">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Brodhead" title="Richard Brodhead">Brodhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">S. Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilmot_(politician)" title="David Wilmot (politician)">Wilmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Buckalew" title="Charles R. Buckalew">Buckalew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_(Pennsylvania_politician,_born_1824)" title="John Scott (Pennsylvania politician, born 1824)">J. Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wallace" title="William A. Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I._Mitchell" title="John I. Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_T._Oliver" title="George T. Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Crow" title="William E. Crow">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Reed" title="David A. Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Guffey" title="Joseph F. Guffey">Guffey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Martin_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="Edward Martin (Pennsylvania politician)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">H. Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Heinz" title="John Heinz">Heinz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_Wofford" title="Harris Wofford">Wofford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Casey_Jr." title="Bob Casey Jr.">Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_McCormick" title="Dave McCormick">McCormick</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bingham" title="William Bingham">Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Muhlenberg" title="Peter Muhlenberg">Muhlenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Logan_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="George Logan (Pennsylvania politician)">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gregg" title="Andrew Gregg">Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abner_Lacock" title="Abner Lacock">Lacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lowrie_(politician)" title="Walter Lowrie (politician)">Lowrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Marks_(politician)" title="William Marks (politician)">Marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(American_politician)" title="William Wilkins (American politician)">Wilkins</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">S. Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cooper_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="James Cooper (Pennsylvania politician)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bigler" title="William Bigler">Bigler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Cowan" title="Edgar Cowan">Cowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">S. Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">J. Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boies_Penrose" title="Boies Penrose">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Pepper" title="George W. Pepper">Pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scott_Vare" title="William Scott Vare">Vare</a><sup><a href="#Notes">†</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Grundy" title="Joseph R. Grundy">Grundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Davis" title="James J. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_J._Myers" title="Francis J. Myers">Myers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Duff" title="James H. Duff">Duff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._Clark_Jr." title="Joseph S. Clark Jr.">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Schweiker" title="Richard Schweiker">Schweiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlen_Specter" title="Arlen Specter">Specter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Toomey" title="Pat Toomey">Toomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fetterman" title="John Fetterman">Fetterman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><sup>†</sup> Never officially seated</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_James_K._Polk_(1845–1849)462" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polk_cabinet" title="Template:Polk cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polk_cabinet" title="Template talk:Polk cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polk_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polk cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_James_K._Polk_(1845–1849)462" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> (1845–1849)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Buchanan</a> (1845–1849)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Polkpolk.jpg/100px-Polkpolk.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Polkpolk.jpg/150px-Polkpolk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Polkpolk.jpg/200px-Polkpolk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="597" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Walker" title="Robert J. Walker">Robert J. Walker</a> (1845–1849)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">William L. Marcy</a> (1845–1849)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Y._Mason" title="John Y. Mason">John Y. Mason</a> (1845–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Clifford" title="Nathan Clifford">Nathan Clifford</a> (1846–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Toucey" title="Isaac Toucey">Isaac Toucey</a> (1848–1849)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Johnson" title="Cave Johnson">Cave Johnson</a> (1845–1849)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a> (1845–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Y._Mason" title="John Y. Mason">John Y. Mason</a> (1846–1849)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_James_Buchanan_(1857–1861)532" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buchanan_cabinet" title="Template:Buchanan cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buchanan_cabinet" title="Template talk:Buchanan cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buchanan_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buchanan cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_James_Buchanan_(1857–1861)532" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Buchanan</a> (1857–1861)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a> (1857–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Jeremiah S. Black</a> (1860–1861)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/James_Buchanan.jpg/100px-James_Buchanan.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/James_Buchanan.jpg/150px-James_Buchanan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/James_Buchanan.jpg/200px-James_Buchanan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="714" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Howell Cobb</a> (1857–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Francis_Thomas" title="Philip Francis Thomas">Philip Francis Thomas</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">John Adams Dix</a> (1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Floyd" title="John B. Floyd">John B. Floyd</a> (1857–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Holt" title="Joseph Holt">Joseph Holt</a> (1860–1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Jeremiah S. Black</a> (1857–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a> (1860–1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_V._Brown" title="Aaron V. Brown">Aaron V. Brown</a> (1857–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Holt" title="Joseph Holt">Joseph Holt</a> (1859–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_King" title="Horatio King">Horatio King</a> (1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Toucey" title="Isaac Toucey">Isaac Toucey</a> (1857–1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Thompson" title="Jacob Thompson">Jacob Thompson</a> (1857–1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ambassadors_of_the_United_States_of_America_to_the_Court_of_St._James&#039;s421" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_ambassadors_to_the_UK" title="Template:US ambassadors to the UK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_ambassadors_to_the_UK" title="Template talk:US ambassadors to the UK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_ambassadors_to_the_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US ambassadors to the UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ambassadors_of_the_United_States_of_America_to_the_Court_of_St._James&#039;s421" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom">Ambassadors of the United States of America to the Court of St. James's</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers Plenipotentiary to<br />the Court of St. James's<br />(1785–1811)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pinckney" title="Thomas Pinckney">Pickney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pinkney" title="William Pinkney">Pinkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Russell" title="Jonathan Russell">Russell</a> (<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Envoys Extraordinary and <br />Ministers Plenipotentiary to<br />the Court of St. James's<br />(1815–1893)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">J. Q. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Gallatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beach_Lawrence" title="William Beach Lawrence">Lawrence</a> (<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Vail" title="Aaron Vail">Vail</a> (<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">Stevenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Lawrence" title="Abbott Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Reed_Ingersoll" title="Joseph Reed Ingersoll">Ingersoll</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">C. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverdy_Johnson" title="Reverdy Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lothrop_Motley" title="John Lothrop Motley">Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Schenck" title="Robert C. Schenck">Schenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwards_Pierrepont" title="Edwards Pierrepont">Pierrepont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Welsh_(diplomat)" title="John Welsh (diplomat)">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_John_Phelps" title="Edward John Phelps">Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln" title="Robert Todd Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ambassadors Extraordinary<br />and Plenipotentiary to <br />the Court of St. James's<br />(1893–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hodges_Choate" title="Joseph Hodges Choate">Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hines_Page" title="Walter Hines Page">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brinton_McClellan_Harvey" title="George Brinton McClellan Harvey">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alanson_B._Houghton" title="Alanson B. Houghton">Houghton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Dawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mellon" title="Andrew Mellon">Mellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Worth_Bingham" title="Robert Worth Bingham">Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gilbert_Winant" title="John Gilbert Winant">Winant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">Harriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Williams_Douglas" title="Lewis Williams Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Sherman_Gifford" title="Walter Sherman Gifford">Gifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop_W._Aldrich" title="Winthrop W. Aldrich">Aldrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hay_Whitney" title="John Hay Whitney">Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_K._E._Bruce" title="David K. E. Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Annenberg" title="Walter Annenberg">Annenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Brewster_Jr." title="Kingman Brewster Jr.">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Louis_Jr." title="John J. Louis Jr.">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Price_II" title="Charles H. Price II">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_E._Catto_Jr." title="Henry E. Catto Jr.">Catto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_G._H._Seitz" title="Raymond G. H. Seitz">Seitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Crowe" title="William J. Crowe">Crowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Lader" title="Philip Lader">Lader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stamps_Farish_III" title="William Stamps Farish III">Farish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Tuttle" title="Robert H. Tuttle">Tuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Susman" title="Louis Susman">Susman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Barzun" title="Matthew Barzun">Barzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Johnson" title="Woody Johnson">W. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_D._Hartley" title="Jane D. Hartley">Hartley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_ambassadors_to_Russia542" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_ambassadors_to_Russia" title="Template:US ambassadors to Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_ambassadors_to_Russia" title="Template talk:US ambassadors to Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_ambassadors_to_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US ambassadors to Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_ambassadors_to_Russia542" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Russia" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Russia">United States ambassadors to Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a><br /> (1780–1917)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Dana" title="Francis Dana">Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pinkney" title="William Pinkney">Pinkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Middleton_(governor)" title="Henry Middleton (governor)">Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(American_politician)" title="William Wilkins (American politician)">Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_Clay" title="John Randolph Clay">J. Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_C._Cambreleng" title="Churchill C. Cambreleng">Cambreleng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Todd" title="Charles Stewart Todd">Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Isaacs_Ingersoll" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph Isaacs Ingersoll">Ingersoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Bagby" title="Arthur P. Bagby">Bagby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neill_S._Brown" title="Neill S. Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Seymour" title="Thomas H. Seymour">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Wilkinson_Pickens" title="Francis Wilkinson Pickens">Pickens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Appleton" title="John Appleton">Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Marcellus_Clay_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassius Marcellus Clay (politician)">C. Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Marcellus_Clay_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassius Marcellus Clay (politician)">C. Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gregg_Curtin" title="Andrew Gregg Curtin">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">Orr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Jewell" title="Marshall Jewell">Jewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Boker" title="George Henry Boker">Boker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_W._Stoughton" title="Edwin W. Stoughton">Stoughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Foster" title="John W. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Hunt" title="William H. Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonso_Taft" title="Alphonso Taft">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V._N._Lothrop" title="George V. N. Lothrop">Lothrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_Tree" title="Lambert Tree">Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Emory_Smith" title="Charles Emory Smith">C. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dickson_White" title="Andrew Dickson White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_R._Breckinridge" title="Clifton R. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_A._Hitchcock_(Interior)" title="Ethan A. Hitchcock (Interior)">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_Tower_Jr." title="Charlemagne Tower Jr.">Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sanderson_McCormick" title="Robert Sanderson McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_von_Lengerke_Meyer" title="George von Lengerke Meyer">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Riddle" title="John W. Riddle">Riddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Woodville_Rockhill" title="William Woodville Rockhill">Rockhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Guild_Jr." title="Curtis Guild Jr.">Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_T._Marye_Jr." title="George T. Marye Jr.">Marye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_R._Francis" title="David R. Francis">Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a><br /> (1933–1991)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Christian_Bullitt_Jr." title="William Christian Bullitt Jr.">Bullitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Davies" title="Joseph E. Davies">Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Steinhardt" title="Laurence Steinhardt">Steinhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harrison_Standley" title="William Harrison Standley">Standley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">Harriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bedell_Smith" title="Walter Bedell Smith">W. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Goodrich_Kirk" title="Alan Goodrich Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Kennan" title="George F. Kennan">Kennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Bohlen" title="Charles E. Bohlen">Bohlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llewellyn_Thompson" title="Llewellyn Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foy_D._Kohler" title="Foy D. Kohler">Kohler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llewellyn_Thompson" title="Llewellyn Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_D._Beam" title="Jacob D. Beam">Beam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Dubs" title="Adolph Dubs">Dubs</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Stoessel_Jr." title="Walter J. Stoessel Jr.">Stoessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Toon" title="Malcolm Toon">Toon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Watson_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Watson Jr.">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_A._Hartman" title="Arthur A. Hartman">Hartman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Matlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Strauss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a><br /> (1991–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Pickering" title="Thomas R. Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Franklin_Collins" title="James Franklin Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vershbow" title="Alexander Vershbow">Vershbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Burns_(diplomat)" title="William J. Burns (diplomat)">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Beyrle" title="John Beyrle">Beyrle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_McFaul" title="Michael McFaul">McFaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Tefft" title="John F. Tefft">Tefft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Huntsman_Jr." title="Jon Huntsman Jr.">Huntsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Sullivan_(diplomat)" title="John J. Sullivan (diplomat)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_M._Tracy" title="Lynne M. Tracy">Tracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations69" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Foreign_Relations_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Foreign Relations chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Foreign_Relations_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Foreign Relations chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Foreign_Relations_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Foreign Relations chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations69" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Brown_(Louisiana_politician)" title="James Brown (Louisiana politician)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">R. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littleton_Waller_Tazewell" title="Littleton Waller Tazewell">Tazewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(American_politician)" title="William Wilkins (American politician)">Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">Rives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Archer" title="William S. Archer">Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Allen_(governor)" title="William Allen (governor)">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Hundley_Sevier" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrose Hundley Sevier">Sevier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Hannegan" title="Edward A. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">W. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Foote" title="Henry S. Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Mason" title="James M. Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Eaton" title="William W. Eaton">Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Burnside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">Edmunds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Windom_(politician)" title="William Windom (politician)">Windom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Miller_(senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Franklin Miller (senator)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Morgan" title="John T. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cushman_K._Davis" title="Cushman K. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_M._Cullom" title="Shelby M. Cullom">Cullom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_O._Bacon" title="Augustus O. Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Stone" title="William J. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Borah" title="William Borah">Borah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Pittman" title="Key Pittman">Pittman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Connally" title="Tom Connally">Connally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Vandenberg" title="Arthur Vandenberg">Vandenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Connally" title="Tom Connally">Connally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wiley" title="Alexander Wiley">Wiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_F._Green" title="Theodore F. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._William_Fulbright" title="J. William Fulbright">Fulbright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Church" title="Frank Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Percy" title="Charles H. Percy">Percy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Lugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claiborne_Pell" title="Claiborne Pell">Pell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Lugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Menendez" title="Bob Menendez">Menendez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Corker" title="Bob Corker">Corker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Risch" title="Jim Risch">Risch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Menendez" title="Bob Menendez">Menendez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Cardin" title="Ben Cardin">Cardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Risch" title="Jim Risch">Risch</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary64" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_House_Judiciary_chairs" title="Template:US House Judiciary chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_House_Judiciary_chairs" title="Template talk:US House Judiciary chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_House_Judiciary_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US House Judiciary chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary64" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">United States House Committee on the Judiciary</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jared_Ingersoll" title="Charles Jared Ingersoll">C. Ingersoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Nelson_(Virginia_politician)" title="Hugh Nelson (Virginia politician)">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sergeant_(politician)" title="John Sergeant (politician)">Sergeant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Nelson_(Virginia_politician)" title="Hugh Nelson (Virginia politician)">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_R._Davis" title="Warren R. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Flournoy_Foster" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Flournoy Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beardsley" title="Samuel Beardsley">Beardsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Thomas" title="Francis Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sergeant_(politician)" title="John Sergeant (politician)">Sergeant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Barnard" title="Daniel D. Barnard">Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(American_politician)" title="William Wilkins (American politician)">Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Mitchell_Saunders" class="mw-redirect" title="Romulus Mitchell Saunders">Saunders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_O._Rathbun" title="George O. Rathbun">Rathbun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Reed_Ingersoll" title="Joseph Reed Ingersoll">J. Ingersoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Thompson_(jurist)" title="James Thompson (jurist)">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Xavier_McLanahan" class="mw-redirect" title="James Xavier McLanahan">McLanahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Perry_Stanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Perry Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Simmons" title="George A. Simmons">Simmons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hickman_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="John Hickman (Pennsylvania politician)">Hickman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Wilson" title="James F. Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bingham" title="John Bingham">Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Proctor_Knott" title="J. Proctor Knott">Knott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">T. Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_Tucker_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Randolph Tucker (politician)">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">Culberson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_B._Taylor" title="Ezra B. Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">Culberson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Ray" title="George W. Ray">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Jenkins" title="John J. Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_W._Parker" title="Richard W. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_De_Lamar_Clayton_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Henry De Lamar Clayton Jr.">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Y._Webb" title="Edwin Y. Webb">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Volstead" title="Andrew Volstead">Volstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Scott_Graham" class="mw-redirect" title="George Scott Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatton_W._Sumners" title="Hatton W. Sumners">Sumners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_C._Michener" title="Earl C. Michener">Michener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Celler" title="Emanuel Celler">Celler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauncey_W._Reed" title="Chauncey W. Reed">C. Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Celler" title="Emanuel Celler">Celler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_W._Rodino" title="Peter W. Rodino">Rodino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Brooks_(American_politician)" title="Jack Brooks (American politician)">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hyde" title="Henry Hyde">Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Sensenbrenner" title="Jim Sensenbrenner">Sensenbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">Conyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Smith" title="Lamar Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Goodlatte" title="Bob Goodlatte">Goodlatte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nadler" title="Jerry Nadler">Nadler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States House of Representatives"><img alt="Seal of the United States House of Representatives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1840)_1844_United_States_presidential_election_(1848_→)537" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1844 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1844 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1844 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1840)_1844_United_States_presidential_election_(1848_→)537" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">← 1840</a>) <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees24" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk_1844_presidential_campaign" title="James K. Polk 1844 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F0C862;"><b><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1844_Whig_National_Convention" title="1844 Whig National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees24" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Frelinghuysen" title="Theodore Frelinghuysen">Theodore Frelinghuysen</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>for Vice President:</b> <a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(Massachusetts_governor)" title="John Davis (Massachusetts governor)">John Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sergeant_(politician)" title="John Sergeant (politician)">John Sargeant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates188" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00DDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1840)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1840)">Liberty Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morris_(Ohio_politician)" title="Thomas Morris (Ohio politician)">Thomas Morris</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 silver;"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(Mormon)" title="Reform Party (Mormon)">Reform Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President:</b> <s><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a></s> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_1844_presidential_campaign" title="Joseph Smith 1844 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Vice President:</b> <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Rigdon" title="Sidney Rigdon">Sidney Rigdon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1844 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1844_and_1845_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1844 and 1845 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_and_1845_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1844 and 1845 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1844)_1848_United_States_presidential_election_(1852_→)628" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1848 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1848 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1848 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1844)_1848_United_States_presidential_election_(1852_→)628" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">← 1844</a>) <a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F0C862;"><b><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1848_Whig_National_Convention" title="1848 Whig National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Clayton" title="John M. Clayton">John M. Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">William O. Butler</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Levi Woodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CCCC66;"><b><a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1848_Free_Soil_%26_Liberty_national_conventions" title="1848 Free Soil & Liberty national conventions">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Charles F. Adams</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">John P. Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reed_Giddings" title="Joshua Reed Giddings">Joshua R. Giddings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1848 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1848_and_1849_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_and_1849_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1848)_1852_United_States_presidential_election_(1856_→)562" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1852 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1852 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1852 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1848)_1852_United_States_presidential_election_(1856_→)562" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">← 1848</a>) <a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William R. King</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">William L. Marcy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F0C862;"><b><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1852_Whig_National_Convention" title="1852 Whig National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham" title="William Alexander Graham">William A. Graham</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" title="Edward Bates">Edward Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Choate" title="Rufus Choate">Rufus Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (incumbent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CCCC66;"><b><a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">John P. Hale</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Julian" title="George W. Julian">George W. Julian</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1852 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1852_and_1853_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1852 and 1853 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_and_1853_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1852)_1856_United_States_presidential_election_(1860_→)592" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1856 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1856 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1856 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1852)_1856_United_States_presidential_election_(1860_→)592" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">← 1852</a>) <a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b> President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Buchanan</a></b></li> <li><b> Vice President: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b> President: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a></b></li> <li><b> Vice President: <a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">William L. Dayton</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Nathaniel P. Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">John McLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Stockton" title="Robert F. Stockton">Robert F. Stockton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D99FE8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b> President: <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a></b></li> <li><b> Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Donelson" title="Andrew Jackson Donelson">Andrew J. Donelson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Law_(financier)" title="George Law (financier)">George Law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1856 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1856_and_1857_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1856 and 1857 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_and_1857_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1856 and 1857 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/19px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/29px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/38px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1875" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pennsylvania" title="Portal:Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/21px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/32px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/41px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12325#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3171" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12325#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3171" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12325#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000008243382X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/59878120">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/29121/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfh9fWHgVm33dDR43dqQq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11866784X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Buchanan, James, 1791-1868"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78095586">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119512507">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119512507">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35023308">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2015860023&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070356149">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/86lnngss1gwdbsl">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810696979305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/116715">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007301873905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511328706706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04285605?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500126241">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="James Buchanan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/0f240446-d988-431c-b5fb-0372127ac6b2">MusicBrainz</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B001005">US Congress</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/797274">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11866784X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/115988238">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582993">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rw1bnn">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65d8qxb">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&oldid=1276125735">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&oldid=1276125735</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:James_Buchanan" title="Category:James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1791_births" title="Category:1791 births">1791 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1868_deaths" title="Category:1868 deaths">1868 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1850s_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1850s in the United States">1850s in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1860s_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1860s in the United States">1860s in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:19th-century presidents of the United States">19th-century presidents of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_Russian_Empire" title="Category:Ambassadors of the United States to the Russian Empire">Ambassadors of the United States to the Russian Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom">Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_memoirists" title="Category:19th-century American memoirists">19th-century American memoirists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_militiamen_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Category:American militiamen in the War of 1812">American militiamen in the War of 1812</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Scotch-Irish_descent" title="Category:American people of Scotch-Irish descent">American people of Scotch-Irish descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Presbyterians" title="Category:American Presbyterians">American Presbyterians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Woodward_Hill_Cemetery" title="Category:Burials at Woodward Hill Cemetery">Burials at Woodward Hill Cemetery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_respiratory_failure" title="Category:Deaths from respiratory failure">Deaths from respiratory failure</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Party_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Democratic Party presidents of the United States">Democratic Party presidents of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic-Republican_Party_United_States_senators" title="Category:Democratic-Republican Party United States senators">Democratic-Republican Party United States senators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dickinson_College_alumni" title="Category:Dickinson College alumni">Dickinson College alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Party_members_of_the_Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives" title="Category:Democratic Party members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives">Democratic Party members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Mercersburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Category:People from Mercersburg, Pennsylvania">People from Mercersburg, Pennsylvania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pennsylvania_lawyers" title="Category:Pennsylvania lawyers">Pennsylvania lawyers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Category:Politicians from Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Politicians from Lancaster, Pennsylvania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polk_administration_cabinet_members" title="Category:Polk administration cabinet members">Polk administration cabinet members</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Union_(American_Civil_War)_political_leaders" title="Category:Union (American Civil War) political leaders">Union (American Civil War) political leaders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candidates_in_the_1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="Category:Candidates in the 1852 United States presidential election">Candidates in the 1852 United States presidential election</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candidates_in_the_1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="Category:Candidates in the 1856 United States presidential election">Candidates in the 1856 United States presidential election</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_secretaries_of_state" title="Category:United States secretaries of state">United States secretaries of state</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Utah_War" title="Category:People of the Utah War">People of the Utah War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Category:Writers from Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Writers from Lancaster, Pennsylvania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_diplomats" title="Category:19th-century American diplomats">19th-century American diplomats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Presbyterians" title="Category:19th-century Presbyterians">19th-century Presbyterians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Federalist_Party_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_from_Pennsylvania" title="Category:Federalist Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania">Federalist Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jacksonian_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_from_Pennsylvania" title="Category:Jacksonian members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania">Jacksonian members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Party_United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania" title="Category:Democratic Party United States senators from Pennsylvania">Democratic Party United States senators from Pennsylvania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buchanan_County,_Iowa" title="Category:Buchanan County, Iowa">Buchanan County, Iowa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buchanan_County,_Missouri" title="Category:Buchanan County, Missouri">Buchanan County, Missouri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buchanan_County,_Virginia" title="Category:Buchanan County, Virginia">Buchanan County, Virginia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Party_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_from_Pennsylvania" title="Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania">Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chairmen_of_the_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Category:Chairmen of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Chairmen of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jacksonian_United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania" title="Category:Jacksonian United States senators from Pennsylvania">Jacksonian United States senators from Pennsylvania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pennsylvania_Democrats" title="Category:Pennsylvania Democrats">Pennsylvania Democrats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_figures_with_ambiguous_or_disputed_sexuality" title="Category:Historical figures with ambiguous or disputed sexuality">Historical figures with ambiguous or disputed sexuality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_members_of_the_Pennsylvania_General_Assembly" title="Category:19th-century members of the Pennsylvania General Assembly">19th-century members of the Pennsylvania General Assembly</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_United_States_senators" title="Category:19th-century United States senators">19th-century United States senators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Category:19th-century members of the United States House of Representatives">19th-century members of the United States House of Representatives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States_who_were_Freemasons" title="Category:Presidents of the United States who were Freemasons">Presidents of the United States who were Freemasons</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_January_2025" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from January 2025">Articles with dead external links from January 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_August_2020" title="Category:Use American English from August 2020">Use American English from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_August_2020" title="Category:Use mdy dates from August 2020">Use mdy dates from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_officeholder_with_ambassador_from_or_minister_from" title="Category:Pages using infobox officeholder with ambassador from or minister from">Pages using infobox officeholder with ambassador from or minister from</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_July_2022" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from July 2022">Articles lacking reliable references from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons link from Wikidata">Commons link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Project_Gutenberg_links" title="Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links">Articles with Project Gutenberg links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links" title="Category:Articles with LibriVox links">Articles with LibriVox links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 February 2025, at 00:59<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanan&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">James Buchanan</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>128 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-nk29v","wgBackendResponseTime":192,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.899","walltime":"3.468","ppvisitednodes":{"value":41621,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":737282,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":218791,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":26,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":508217,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2863.369 1 -total"," 17.42% 498.730 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 17.26% 494.187 2 Template:Navboxes"," 15.31% 438.246 144 Template:Sfn"," 15.29% 437.827 1 Template:Reflist"," 11.68% 334.465 45 Template:Cite_book"," 9.46% 270.967 24 Template:Navbox"," 7.73% 221.433 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 5.66% 162.017 192 Template:Main_other"," 3.87% 110.714 23 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.574","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21252204,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlexander2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalcerski2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalcerski2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarney1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeatty2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBinder1992\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBirkner1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirkner2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlight2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoertlein2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrafiello2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChadwick2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCleves2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrouthamel1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurtis1883\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllisEvans1883\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkelman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlude2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrossman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJesse_Ames_Spencer1866\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJurinski\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlein1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlein1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinHoogenboom1980\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLoewen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoewen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMay2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcPherson1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeerse1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoody2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeamanSilver1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Leary2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlaussonSangster2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotter1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuistBirkner2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenberger1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandburg1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSecretary_of_the_United_States_Senate\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilbey2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSobel1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStampp1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrauss2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallance2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2012\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"1844 United States presidential election\"] = 1,\n [\"1848 United States presidential election\"] = 1,\n [\"1852 United States presidential election\"] = 1,\n [\"1856 United States presidential election\"] = 1,\n [\"About other people\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Buchanan cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 45,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 22,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"CongBio\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Buchanan, James\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911 poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox U.S. Cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox designation list\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"James Buchanan\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 5,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 2,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 6,\n [\"Polk cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"Project MUSE\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 9,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 9,\n [\"S-dip\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-par\"] = 2,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ref\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 9,\n [\"SenForeignRelationsCommitteeChairmen\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 144,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 2,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"US Ambassadors to Russia\"] = 1,\n [\"US Ambassadors to the UK\"] = 1,\n [\"US House Judiciary chairs\"] = 1,\n [\"US Presidents\"] = 1,\n [\"USDemPresNominees\"] = 1,\n [\"USS\"] = 1,\n [\"USSecState\"] = 1,\n [\"USSenPA\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Ushr\"] = 2,\n [\"Usurped\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource author\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n3\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","380","20.0"],["?","380","20.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","6.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","6.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","120","6.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","6.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","4.2"],["type","60","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::protectionLevels","40","2.1"],["[others]","400","21.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-786d8bd985-2dgb8","timestamp":"20250217005954","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"James Buchanan","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Buchanan","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q12325","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q12325","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-08-22T21:33:42Z","dateModified":"2025-02-17T00:59:47Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/fd\/James_Buchanan.jpg","headline":"president of the United States from 1857 to 1861"}</script> </body> </html>