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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coats_of_arms_and_emblems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Coats of arms and emblems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coats_of_arms_and_emblems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siena_She-Wolf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siena_She-Wolf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Siena She-Wolf</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siena_She-Wolf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_coins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_coins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Notes and coins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_coins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lupercalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/220px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/330px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/440px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7489" data-file-height="4876" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Wolf" title="Capitoline Wolf">The Capitoline Wolf</a>, arguably the most famous statue of the She-Wolf.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_lupa_con_Romolo_e_Remo_di_Domenico_Parodi_e_Francesco_Biggi_(detail).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/La_lupa_con_Romolo_e_Remo_di_Domenico_Parodi_e_Francesco_Biggi_%28detail%29.png/350px-La_lupa_con_Romolo_e_Remo_di_Domenico_Parodi_e_Francesco_Biggi_%28detail%29.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/La_lupa_con_Romolo_e_Remo_di_Domenico_Parodi_e_Francesco_Biggi_%28detail%29.png/525px-La_lupa_con_Romolo_e_Remo_di_Domenico_Parodi_e_Francesco_Biggi_%28detail%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/La_lupa_con_Romolo_e_Remo_di_Domenico_Parodi_e_Francesco_Biggi_%28detail%29.png/700px-La_lupa_con_Romolo_e_Remo_di_Domenico_Parodi_e_Francesco_Biggi_%28detail%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2917" data-file-height="2389" /></a><figcaption><i>The She-Wolf with <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a></i>, sculpture by Francesco Biggi and <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Parodi" title="Domenico Parodi">Domenico Parodi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Rosso_(Genoa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo Rosso (Genoa)">Palazzo Rosso</a> of <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roma,_repubblica,_moneta_di_p._satrienus,_77_ac..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Roma%2C_repubblica%2C_moneta_di_p._satrienus%2C_77_ac..JPG" decoding="async" width="302" height="284" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption>The she-wolf on a coin of the late Roman republic (c.77 BC)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Roman foundation myth</a>, the <b>she-wolf</b> (<b><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">lupa</i></span></b> in Latin) was an <a href="/wiki/Italian_wolf" title="Italian wolf">Italian wolf</a> who nursed and sheltered the twins <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a> after they were abandoned in the wild by decree of <a href="/wiki/Amulius" title="Amulius">King Amulius</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alba_Longa" title="Alba Longa">Alba Longa</a>. She cared for the infants at her den, a cave known as the <a href="/wiki/Lupercal" title="Lupercal">Lupercal</a>, until they were discovered by a shepherd, <a href="/wiki/Faustulus" title="Faustulus">Faustulus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a> would later become the founder and first king of Rome. The image of the she-wolf suckling the twins has been a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> since ancient times and is one of the most recognizable icons of ancient mythology.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is evidence that the wolf held a special place in the world of the ancient peoples of Italy. One legend claims that the <a href="/wiki/Hirpini" title="Hirpini">Hirpini</a> people were so-called because, when they set out to find their first colony, they were led to its location by a wolf (from the <a href="/wiki/Osco-Umbrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Osco-Umbrian">Osco-Umbrian</a> word for wolf: <i>hirpus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tale of the Lupercal is central to that of the twins, and probably predates theirs. To the Roman god <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a>, the wolf is a sacred animal. There is an ongoing debate about a connection to the ancient Roman festival of the <a href="/wiki/Lupercalia" title="Lupercalia">Lupercalia</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>'s mother <a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a> is reported to have given birth to him as a she-wolf, to evade <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_sources">Literary sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Literary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 3 "canonical" versions of the myth—those of <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a>—all draw heavily on <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Quintus Fabius Pictor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is considered one of Rome's earliest historians and his now lost work describes the she-wolf and her episode with the twins. The twins were abandoned at the order of Amulius. Some tales claim that they were to be left along the riverbank, others that they were to be cast into the water. The servant charged with the task either thought better of it, or could not get close enough to do the deed because of the flooding. Instead, he left them in the standing water that had formed at the foot of <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine Hill</a>. The twins were found either after their basket had been left at the foot of the fig tree, or came to rest there after floating in the water. In each case, the she-wolf rescued them and gently cared for them in or near the Lupercal. Later, they were discovered by local shepherds. </p><p>Dionysius reports that the rains had raised the water so much so that Amulius' servant had to abandon the twins, before the intended spot (where the current was stronger). The basket, containing the twins, gently went with the receding water until it struck a stone, flipping the twins and the basket into the mud. The she-wolf then arrived and lowered her teats to the crying babes, and licked them clean of the mud. </p><p>After a shepherd happened upon the scene in the course of tending his flock, he ran to tell his companions, and a group gathered to witness the remarkable sight. The twins were clinging to her as she was their true mother. The she-wolf was nonplussed when the men began making a ruckus to scare her off. She withdrew into a cave that was sacred to the <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(ancient_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcadia (ancient region)">Greek colonists</a> who had formerly lived in the area and held an altar to the nature god <a href="/wiki/Pan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan (mythology)">Pan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Livy claims that the servants of Amulius dropped the twins in the standing water out of simple laziness. The fig tree just happened to be the first spot they came to and they figured the twins would drown no matter what. The twins cried in their basket until the waters receded and left them back on land. The she-wolf arrived from the hills looking for a drink of water when she heard their cries.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The servant was too afraid of the torrential waters to fully carry out the king's orders, according to Plutarch. After being left on the bank, the waters rose further and swept the twins away. It gently carried them along and then dropped them at the fig tree.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three relay accounts wherein the term "lupa" refers not to a she-wolf, but is a slang word for <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Rome" title="Prostitution in ancient Rome">prostitute</a>. Plutarch tells two other stories not involving the she-wolf or abandonment. In one, the twins are fathered by <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a> after he wins a dice game. Their mother is the unwitting "prize". In another, the twins are switched at birth by their grandfather for a different pair of infants and secreted out of the city to be raised by shepherds and later, educated in nearby <a href="/wiki/Gabii" title="Gabii">Gabii</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scan_of_Figurehead_from_Geschichte_der_Kunst_des_Alterhums_band_1_(1776).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Scan_of_Figurehead_from_Geschichte_der_Kunst_des_Alterhums_band_1_%281776%29.png/220px-Scan_of_Figurehead_from_Geschichte_der_Kunst_des_Alterhums_band_1_%281776%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Scan_of_Figurehead_from_Geschichte_der_Kunst_des_Alterhums_band_1_%281776%29.png/330px-Scan_of_Figurehead_from_Geschichte_der_Kunst_des_Alterhums_band_1_%281776%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Scan_of_Figurehead_from_Geschichte_der_Kunst_des_Alterhums_band_1_%281776%29.png/440px-Scan_of_Figurehead_from_Geschichte_der_Kunst_des_Alterhums_band_1_%281776%29.png 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>Figurehead from the title page of <i>Geschichte der Kunst des Alterhums</i> Vol. 1 (1776) by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Johann Joachim Winckelmann</a>. Winckelmann was a pioneer in the study of Graeco-Roman art and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman art">ancient Roman art</a> in particular. He is center, with the she-wolf suckling the twins and <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> closest to him. The <a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan vase</a> are in the background.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earliest_representation">Earliest representation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Earliest representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Etruscan "Bolsena Mirror" features a depiction of the she-wolf and the twins surrounded by human and animal figures. Differences in interpretation have precluded virtually any consensus regarding many of its features.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes its age. However, it is consistent with other such mirrors, made as bridal gifts, in 4th century BC Euritria, perhaps circa 330–340. The famous <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Wolf" title="Capitoline Wolf">Capitoline Wolf</a> may be of <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Old Latin</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But, a discovery during its restoration in 2000 and <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a> has cast doubt on an ancient origin.<sup id="cite_ref-laregina2006_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laregina2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Etruscan <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, dated to between 350 and 400 BC, depicts an animal, possibly a wolf, nursing a single infant. By 269 BC, the silver <a href="/wiki/Drachm" class="mw-redirect" title="Drachm">didrachm</a> is the earliest depiction of the complete icon, with the characteristic "turning of the she-wolf's head" backward and downward at the twins.<sup id="cite_ref-Rissanen_p.336_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rissanen_p.336-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The distinctive imagery of the she-wolf and the twins made it more recognizable than other symbols of the city, such as <a href="/wiki/Roma_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma (mythology)">Roma</a>, the patron deity of the city, or the <a href="/wiki/Aquila_(Roman)" title="Aquila (Roman)">Roman eagle</a>. That was useful as the Roman world expanded and symbols of Rome became more important in maintaining unity.<sup id="cite_ref-Rissanen_p.336_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rissanen_p.336-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1st century AD, the she-wolf was common in both Rome and the provinces. She and the twins were featured on the elaborate <a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a>, built in honor of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> and dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Pax_(goddess)" title="Pax (goddess)">Pax</a>, the goddess of peace.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coins with their depiction were minted and widely circulated. They were also produced in Roman Colonies as a way to express their own "Roman-ness".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have been found on personal items such as swords, buckles, lamps and statuettes as well as monuments, mosaic floors and funerary stones that date from the 1st through the 3rd centuries AD.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1115px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolsena_mirror_Roscher_Lexikon_p1465.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The controversial Mirror of Bolsena."><img alt="The controversial Mirror of Bolsena." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bolsena_mirror_Roscher_Lexikon_p1465.jpg/140px-Bolsena_mirror_Roscher_Lexikon_p1465.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bolsena_mirror_Roscher_Lexikon_p1465.jpg/210px-Bolsena_mirror_Roscher_Lexikon_p1465.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bolsena_mirror_Roscher_Lexikon_p1465.jpg/281px-Bolsena_mirror_Roscher_Lexikon_p1465.jpg 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="791" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The controversial Mirror of Bolsena.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cr_20-1-Reverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Romulus and Remus. An early silver didrachm (6.44 g). c. 269–266 BC[16]"><img alt="Romulus and Remus. An early silver didrachm (6.44 g). c. 269–266 BC[16]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Cr_20-1-Reverse.jpg/180px-Cr_20-1-Reverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Cr_20-1-Reverse.jpg/270px-Cr_20-1-Reverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Cr_20-1-Reverse.jpg/360px-Cr_20-1-Reverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Romulus and Remus. An early silver didrachm (6.44 g). c. 269–266 BC<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:She-wolf_suckles_Romulus_and_Remus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Capitoline Wolf. Its ancient origin is now in doubt."><img alt="Capitoline Wolf. Its ancient origin is now in doubt." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/She-wolf_suckles_Romulus_and_Remus.jpg/180px-She-wolf_suckles_Romulus_and_Remus.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/She-wolf_suckles_Romulus_and_Remus.jpg/270px-She-wolf_suckles_Romulus_and_Remus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/She-wolf_suckles_Romulus_and_Remus.jpg/360px-She-wolf_suckles_Romulus_and_Remus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Wolf" title="Capitoline Wolf">Capitoline Wolf</a>. Its ancient origin is now in doubt.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_middle_ages">Early middle ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early middle ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Franks_Casket" title="Franks Casket">Franks Casket</a>, an ornately carved <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> chest from the 8th–9th century, probably crafted in Northumbria, features the she-wolf and twins, along with a <a href="/wiki/Rune" title="Rune">Runic</a> account of the Romulus and Remus story.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Anglo-Saxon <a href="/wiki/Undley_bracteate" title="Undley bracteate">artifacts</a> and coins from the same period also feature them.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantines</a> continued to use the image, and coins attributed to them have been found in various locations in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">central Asia</a> at sites located in modern <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> along with an 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Sogdiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdiana">Sogdian</a> painted mural with a she-wolf, head turned back and down, suckling two infants.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Italian <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football clubs</a> <a href="/wiki/A.S._Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="A.S. Roma">A.S. Roma</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/S.S._Robur_Siena" class="mw-redirect" title="S.S. Robur Siena">S.S. Robur Siena</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> use the imagery in their respective team logos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mussolini">Mussolini</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mussolini"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> used the she-wolf as a symbol while in power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coats_of_arms_and_emblems">Coats of arms and emblems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Coats of arms and emblems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1115px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Es_famille_Ari%C3%B1o_(Navarre).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The coat of arms of the Basque Family Ariño of Navarre[22]"><img alt="The coat of arms of the Basque Family Ariño of Navarre[22]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Blason_Es_famille_Ari%C3%B1o_%28Navarre%29.svg/142px-Blason_Es_famille_Ari%C3%B1o_%28Navarre%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="142" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Blason_Es_famille_Ari%C3%B1o_%28Navarre%29.svg/213px-Blason_Es_famille_Ari%C3%B1o_%28Navarre%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Blason_Es_famille_Ari%C3%B1o_%28Navarre%29.svg/284px-Blason_Es_famille_Ari%C3%B1o_%28Navarre%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="763" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basque</a> Family Ariño of <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a><sup id="cite_ref-SVN-3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SVN-3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Es_famille_Artolaguirre_(Donostia).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The coat of arms of the Basque Family Artolaguirre of Donostia[22]"><img alt="The coat of arms of the Basque Family Artolaguirre of Donostia[22]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Blason_Es_famille_Artolaguirre_%28Donostia%29.svg/142px-Blason_Es_famille_Artolaguirre_%28Donostia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="142" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Blason_Es_famille_Artolaguirre_%28Donostia%29.svg/213px-Blason_Es_famille_Artolaguirre_%28Donostia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Blason_Es_famille_Artolaguirre_%28Donostia%29.svg/284px-Blason_Es_famille_Artolaguirre_%28Donostia%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="763" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basque</a> Family Artolaguirre of <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">Donostia</a><sup id="cite_ref-SVN-3_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SVN-3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CoA_mil_ITA_grp_artiglieria_009.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The coat of arms of the 9th Self-propelled Field Artillery Group ("Brennero") of the Italian Army"><img alt="The coat of arms of the 9th Self-propelled Field Artillery Group ("Brennero") of the Italian Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/CoA_mil_ITA_grp_artiglieria_009.png/135px-CoA_mil_ITA_grp_artiglieria_009.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/CoA_mil_ITA_grp_artiglieria_009.png/203px-CoA_mil_ITA_grp_artiglieria_009.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/CoA_mil_ITA_grp_artiglieria_009.png/271px-CoA_mil_ITA_grp_artiglieria_009.png 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The coat of arms of the 9th Self-propelled Field Artillery Group ("Brennero") of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Army" title="Italian Army">Italian Army</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Caudebec-l%C3%A8s-Elbeuf.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The coat of arms of the Commune of Caudebec-lès-Elbeuf, Normandy, France[23]"><img alt="The coat of arms of the Commune of Caudebec-lès-Elbeuf, Normandy, France[23]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Blason_Caudebec-l%C3%A8s-Elbeuf.svg/164px-Blason_Caudebec-l%C3%A8s-Elbeuf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="164" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Blason_Caudebec-l%C3%A8s-Elbeuf.svg/245px-Blason_Caudebec-l%C3%A8s-Elbeuf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Blason_Caudebec-l%C3%A8s-Elbeuf.svg/327px-Blason_Caudebec-l%C3%A8s-Elbeuf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_France" title="Communes of France">Commune</a> of <a href="/wiki/Caudebec-l%C3%A8s-Elbeuf" title="Caudebec-lès-Elbeuf">Caudebec-lès-Elbeuf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, France<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Actual_Cluj_county_CoA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The coat of arms of Cluj County, Romania[24]"><img alt="The coat of arms of Cluj County, Romania[24]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Actual_Cluj_county_CoA.svg/152px-Actual_Cluj_county_CoA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="152" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Actual_Cluj_county_CoA.svg/228px-Actual_Cluj_county_CoA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Actual_Cluj_county_CoA.svg/304px-Actual_Cluj_county_CoA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="38" data-file-height="45" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Cluj_County" title="Cluj County">Cluj County</a>, Romania<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Antoine_Dubois_(1756-1837).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The emblem of surgeon and obstetrician to Napoleon, Baron Antoine Dubois, (1756–1837)[citation needed]"><img alt="The emblem of surgeon and obstetrician to Napoleon, Baron Antoine Dubois, (1756–1837)[citation needed]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Blason_Antoine_Dubois_%281756-1837%29.svg/164px-Blason_Antoine_Dubois_%281756-1837%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="164" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Blason_Antoine_Dubois_%281756-1837%29.svg/245px-Blason_Antoine_Dubois_%281756-1837%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Blason_Antoine_Dubois_%281756-1837%29.svg/327px-Blason_Antoine_Dubois_%281756-1837%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The emblem of <a href="/wiki/Surgeon" title="Surgeon">surgeon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Obstetrician" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstetrician">obstetrician</a> to <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_the_First_French_Empire" title="Nobility of the First French Empire">Baron</a> <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Dubois" title="Antoine Dubois">Antoine Dubois</a>, (1756–1837)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Estillac.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The coat of arms of the Commune of Estillac, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France[25]"><img alt="The coat of arms of the Commune of Estillac, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France[25]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Blason_Estillac.svg/164px-Blason_Estillac.svg.png" decoding="async" width="164" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Blason_Estillac.svg/245px-Blason_Estillac.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Blason_Estillac.svg/327px-Blason_Estillac.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_France" title="Communes of France">Commune</a> of <a href="/wiki/Estillac" title="Estillac">Estillac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nouvelle-Aquitaine" title="Nouvelle-Aquitaine">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</a>, France<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CoA_mil_ITA_rgt_fanteria_080.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The coat of arms of the 80° Infantry Regiment of the Italian Army."><img alt="The coat of arms of the 80° Infantry Regiment of the Italian Army." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/CoA_mil_ITA_rgt_fanteria_080.png/135px-CoA_mil_ITA_rgt_fanteria_080.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/CoA_mil_ITA_rgt_fanteria_080.png/203px-CoA_mil_ITA_rgt_fanteria_080.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/CoA_mil_ITA_rgt_fanteria_080.png/271px-CoA_mil_ITA_rgt_fanteria_080.png 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The coat of arms of the 80° Infantry Regiment of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Army" title="Italian Army">Italian Army</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CommunesBelgique-La-Louviere.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The coat of arms of La Louviere, Wallonia, Belgium"><img alt="The coat of arms of La Louviere, Wallonia, Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/CommunesBelgique-La-Louviere.svg/148px-CommunesBelgique-La-Louviere.svg.png" decoding="async" width="148" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/CommunesBelgique-La-Louviere.svg/223px-CommunesBelgique-La-Louviere.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/CommunesBelgique-La-Louviere.svg/297px-CommunesBelgique-La-Louviere.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/La_Louviere" class="mw-redirect" title="La Louviere">La Louviere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Interbelic_Nasaud_County_CoA.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The coat of arms of Năsăud County, Romania"><img alt="The coat of arms of Năsăud County, Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Interbelic_Nasaud_County_CoA.png/156px-Interbelic_Nasaud_County_CoA.png" decoding="async" width="156" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Interbelic_Nasaud_County_CoA.png/233px-Interbelic_Nasaud_County_CoA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Interbelic_Nasaud_County_CoA.png/311px-Interbelic_Nasaud_County_CoA.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="694" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/N%C4%83s%C4%83ud_County" title="Năsăud County">Năsăud County</a>, Romania</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antico_Stemma_Piacenza.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The ancient coat of arms of the city of Piacenza, Emilia-Romagna, Italy"><img alt="The ancient coat of arms of the city of Piacenza, Emilia-Romagna, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Antico_Stemma_Piacenza.jpg/150px-Antico_Stemma_Piacenza.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Antico_Stemma_Piacenza.jpg/225px-Antico_Stemma_Piacenza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Antico_Stemma_Piacenza.jpg/300px-Antico_Stemma_Piacenza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2058" data-file-height="2472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The ancient coat of arms of the city of <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>, Italy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CoA_mil_ITA_rgt_genio_08.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The coat of arms of the 8° Engineer Regiment of the Italian Army"><img alt="The coat of arms of the 8° Engineer Regiment of the Italian Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/CoA_mil_ITA_rgt_genio_08.png/135px-CoA_mil_ITA_rgt_genio_08.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/CoA_mil_ITA_rgt_genio_08.png/203px-CoA_mil_ITA_rgt_genio_08.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/CoA_mil_ITA_rgt_genio_08.png/271px-CoA_mil_ITA_rgt_genio_08.png 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The coat of arms of the 8° Engineer Regiment of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Army" title="Italian Army">Italian Army</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_lupa_municipale_051214-01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the Capital Police of the Municipality of Rome[26]"><img alt="Emblem of the Capital Police of the Municipality of Rome[26]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/La_lupa_municipale_051214-01.JPG/180px-La_lupa_municipale_051214-01.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/La_lupa_municipale_051214-01.JPG/270px-La_lupa_municipale_051214-01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/La_lupa_municipale_051214-01.JPG/360px-La_lupa_municipale_051214-01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emblem of the Capital Police of the Municipality of Rome<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_ville_Rome-Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reconstruction of the coat of arms of Rome under Napoleon"><img alt="Reconstruction of the coat of arms of Rome under Napoleon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Blason_ville_Rome-Empire.svg/164px-Blason_ville_Rome-Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="164" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Blason_ville_Rome-Empire.svg/245px-Blason_ville_Rome-Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Blason_ville_Rome-Empire.svg/327px-Blason_ville_Rome-Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reconstruction of the coat of arms of Rome under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CoA_mil_ITA_scuola_genio.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The coat of arms of the Combat Engineer School of the Italian Army."><img alt="The coat of arms of the Combat Engineer School of the Italian Army." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/CoA_mil_ITA_scuola_genio.png/135px-CoA_mil_ITA_scuola_genio.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/CoA_mil_ITA_scuola_genio.png/203px-CoA_mil_ITA_scuola_genio.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/CoA_mil_ITA_scuola_genio.png/271px-CoA_mil_ITA_scuola_genio.png 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The coat of arms of the Combat Engineer School of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Army" title="Italian Army">Italian Army</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CoA_mil_ITA_scuola_trasmissioni.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The emblem of the Italian Army Signal School"><img alt="The emblem of the Italian Army Signal School" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CoA_mil_ITA_scuola_trasmissioni.png/135px-CoA_mil_ITA_scuola_trasmissioni.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CoA_mil_ITA_scuola_trasmissioni.png/203px-CoA_mil_ITA_scuola_trasmissioni.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CoA_mil_ITA_scuola_trasmissioni.png/271px-CoA_mil_ITA_scuola_trasmissioni.png 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The emblem of the Italian Army Signal School</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_ville_fr_Villeloin-Coulang%C3%A9_(Indre-et-Loire).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The coat of arms of the Commune of Villeloin-Coulangé, Centre-Val de Loire, France"><img alt="The coat of arms of the Commune of Villeloin-Coulangé, Centre-Val de Loire, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Blason_ville_fr_Villeloin-Coulang%C3%A9_%28Indre-et-Loire%29.svg/164px-Blason_ville_fr_Villeloin-Coulang%C3%A9_%28Indre-et-Loire%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="164" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Blason_ville_fr_Villeloin-Coulang%C3%A9_%28Indre-et-Loire%29.svg/246px-Blason_ville_fr_Villeloin-Coulang%C3%A9_%28Indre-et-Loire%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Blason_ville_fr_Villeloin-Coulang%C3%A9_%28Indre-et-Loire%29.svg/328px-Blason_ville_fr_Villeloin-Coulang%C3%A9_%28Indre-et-Loire%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="656" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_France" title="Communes of France">Commune</a> of <a href="/wiki/Villeloin-Coulang%C3%A9" title="Villeloin-Coulangé">Villeloin-Coulangé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centre-Val_de_Loire" title="Centre-Val de Loire">Centre-Val de Loire</a>, France </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siena_She-Wolf">Siena She-Wolf</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Siena She-Wolf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Sienese</a> have a traditional tale that the city was founded by <a href="/wiki/Senius_and_Aschius" title="Senius and Aschius">Senius and Aschius</a>, another pair of twins who were also suckled by a she-wolf. They were the sons of Remus and fled Rome after his death at the hands of their uncle Romulus. The legend cannot be attested to prior to the Renaissance. However, depictions of a she-wolf and twins are common in the city and some can be dated earlier. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1115px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toscana_Siena6_tango7174.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruota della Fortuna "The Wheel of Fortune" is the Centerpiece of the mosaic inlaid floor of the Siena Cathedral (c.1372)"><img alt="Ruota della Fortuna "The Wheel of Fortune" is the Centerpiece of the mosaic inlaid floor of the Siena Cathedral (c.1372)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Toscana_Siena6_tango7174.jpg/180px-Toscana_Siena6_tango7174.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Toscana_Siena6_tango7174.jpg/270px-Toscana_Siena6_tango7174.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Toscana_Siena6_tango7174.jpg/360px-Toscana_Siena6_tango7174.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Ruota della Fortuna</i> "The Wheel of Fortune" is the Centerpiece of the mosaic inlaid floor of the <a href="/wiki/Siena_Cathedral" title="Siena Cathedral">Siena Cathedral</a> (c.1372)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes_and_coins">Notes and coins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes and coins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The she-wolf and twins appeared on what may have been the earliest silver coin ever minted in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1115px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sextans_2710029.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sextans from c.215 BC"><img alt="Sextans from c.215 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sextans_2710029.jpg/180px-Sextans_2710029.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sextans_2710029.jpg/270px-Sextans_2710029.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sextans_2710029.jpg/360px-Sextans_2710029.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="395" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sextans from c.215 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Satriena1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The she-wolf on a coin from c.77 BC With the head of Mars on the other side."><img alt="The she-wolf on a coin from c.77 BC With the head of Mars on the other side." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Satriena1.jpg/180px-Satriena1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Satriena1.jpg/270px-Satriena1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Satriena1.jpg/360px-Satriena1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1082" data-file-height="596" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The she-wolf on a coin from c.77 BC With the head of Mars on the other side.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Romania_LeuBanknote_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1 Romanian leu banknote, 1915."><img alt="1 Romanian leu banknote, 1915." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Romania_LeuBanknote_1915.jpg/180px-Romania_LeuBanknote_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Romania_LeuBanknote_1915.jpg/270px-Romania_LeuBanknote_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Romania_LeuBanknote_1915.jpg/360px-Romania_LeuBanknote_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="277" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1 <a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">Romanian leu</a> banknote, 1915.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lupercalia">Lupercalia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lupercalia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lupercalia" title="Lupercalia">Lupercalia</a> was a very ancient festival even during Roman times. Roman historians speculated as to its origins. It may be associated with the god <a href="/wiki/Lupercus_(mythology)" title="Lupercus (mythology)">Lupercus</a>, the god of <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">shepherds</a> and protector of flocks. Some historians link it to the she-wolf and the Lupercal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depictions_in_art">Depictions in art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Depictions in art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tevere_-_le_lupe_a_Tevere_07.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Tevere_-_le_lupe_a_Tevere_07.JPG/220px-Tevere_-_le_lupe_a_Tevere_07.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Tevere_-_le_lupe_a_Tevere_07.JPG/330px-Tevere_-_le_lupe_a_Tevere_07.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Tevere_-_le_lupe_a_Tevere_07.JPG/440px-Tevere_-_le_lupe_a_Tevere_07.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The she-wolf on the embankments of the Tiber</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_antiquity">Late antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Late antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1115px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaic_depicting_the_She-wolf_with_Romulus_and_Remus,_from_Aldborough,_about_300-400_AD,_Leeds_City_Museum_(16025914306).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosaic depicting the She-wolf with Romulus and Remus, from Aldborough (c.300 AD), Leeds City Museum (16025914306)"><img alt="Mosaic depicting the She-wolf with Romulus and Remus, from Aldborough (c.300 AD), Leeds City Museum (16025914306)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mosaic_depicting_the_She-wolf_with_Romulus_and_Remus%2C_from_Aldborough%2C_about_300-400_AD%2C_Leeds_City_Museum_%2816025914306%29.jpg/180px-Mosaic_depicting_the_She-wolf_with_Romulus_and_Remus%2C_from_Aldborough%2C_about_300-400_AD%2C_Leeds_City_Museum_%2816025914306%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mosaic_depicting_the_She-wolf_with_Romulus_and_Remus%2C_from_Aldborough%2C_about_300-400_AD%2C_Leeds_City_Museum_%2816025914306%29.jpg/270px-Mosaic_depicting_the_She-wolf_with_Romulus_and_Remus%2C_from_Aldborough%2C_about_300-400_AD%2C_Leeds_City_Museum_%2816025914306%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mosaic_depicting_the_She-wolf_with_Romulus_and_Remus%2C_from_Aldborough%2C_about_300-400_AD%2C_Leeds_City_Museum_%2816025914306%29.jpg/360px-Mosaic_depicting_the_She-wolf_with_Romulus_and_Remus%2C_from_Aldborough%2C_about_300-400_AD%2C_Leeds_City_Museum_%2816025914306%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="1170" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mosaic depicting the She-wolf with Romulus and Remus, from Aldborough (c.300 AD), Leeds City Museum (16025914306)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_ages">Middle ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Middle ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1115px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perugia_-_Fontana_Maggiore_-_6_-_La_lupa_e_la_Vestale_(copie)_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_5_ago_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Replica of Fontana Maggiore of Perugia, Nocolai and Giovanni Pisano (1275), photo by G. Dall'Orto (August 5, 2006)"><img alt="Replica of Fontana Maggiore of Perugia, Nocolai and Giovanni Pisano (1275), photo by G. Dall'Orto (August 5, 2006)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Perugia_-_Fontana_Maggiore_-_6_-_La_lupa_e_la_Vestale_%28copie%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_5_ago_2006.jpg/180px-Perugia_-_Fontana_Maggiore_-_6_-_La_lupa_e_la_Vestale_%28copie%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_5_ago_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Perugia_-_Fontana_Maggiore_-_6_-_La_lupa_e_la_Vestale_%28copie%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_5_ago_2006.jpg/270px-Perugia_-_Fontana_Maggiore_-_6_-_La_lupa_e_la_Vestale_%28copie%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_5_ago_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Perugia_-_Fontana_Maggiore_-_6_-_La_lupa_e_la_Vestale_%28copie%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_5_ago_2006.jpg/360px-Perugia_-_Fontana_Maggiore_-_6_-_La_lupa_e_la_Vestale_%28copie%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_5_ago_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Replica of <i>Fontana Maggiore</i> of Perugia, <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Pisano" title="Nicola Pisano">Nocolai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pisano" title="Giovanni Pisano">Giovanni</a> Pisano (1275), photo by G. Dall'Orto (August 5, 2006)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Romulus_and_Remus_-_British_Library_Royal_MS_19_E_v_f32r_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="From Romuleon, an illuminated manuscript (British Library (1480)"><img alt="From Romuleon, an illuminated manuscript (British Library (1480)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Romulus_and_Remus_-_British_Library_Royal_MS_19_E_v_f32r_%28detail%29.jpg/147px-Romulus_and_Remus_-_British_Library_Royal_MS_19_E_v_f32r_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Romulus_and_Remus_-_British_Library_Royal_MS_19_E_v_f32r_%28detail%29.jpg/221px-Romulus_and_Remus_-_British_Library_Royal_MS_19_E_v_f32r_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Romulus_and_Remus_-_British_Library_Royal_MS_19_E_v_f32r_%28detail%29.jpg/295px-Romulus_and_Remus_-_British_Library_Royal_MS_19_E_v_f32r_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="718" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">From <i>Romuleon</i>, an illuminated manuscript (British Library (1480)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1115px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Romulus_and_Remus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Romulus and Remus, Peter Paul Rubens (1616)"><img alt="Romulus and Remus, Peter Paul Rubens (1616)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Romulus_and_Remus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/178px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Romulus_and_Remus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Romulus_and_Remus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/267px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Romulus_and_Remus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Romulus_and_Remus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/356px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Romulus_and_Remus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2890" data-file-height="2919" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Romulus and Remus</i>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> (1616)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Romulus_and_Remus,_after_Giulio_Romano.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Romulus and Remus Wenceslas Hollar after Giulio Romano, (16c.)"><img alt="Romulus and Remus Wenceslas Hollar after Giulio Romano, (16c.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Romulus_and_Remus%2C_after_Giulio_Romano.jpg/180px-Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Romulus_and_Remus%2C_after_Giulio_Romano.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Romulus_and_Remus%2C_after_Giulio_Romano.jpg/270px-Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Romulus_and_Remus%2C_after_Giulio_Romano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Romulus_and_Remus%2C_after_Giulio_Romano.jpg/360px-Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Romulus_and_Remus%2C_after_Giulio_Romano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6492" data-file-height="4741" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Romulus and Remus</i> <a href="/wiki/Wenceslas_Hollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenceslas Hollar">Wenceslas Hollar</a> after <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Romano" title="Giulio Romano">Giulio Romano</a>, (16c.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quattro_Fontane_-_The_River_Tiber.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The River Tiber from the Quattro Fontane by Muzio Mattei and Domenico Fontana (late 16c.). The she-wolf can be seen peeking from behind Father Tiber on the right."><img alt="The River Tiber from the Quattro Fontane by Muzio Mattei and Domenico Fontana (late 16c.). The she-wolf can be seen peeking from behind Father Tiber on the right." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Quattro_Fontane_-_The_River_Tiber.jpg/115px-Quattro_Fontane_-_The_River_Tiber.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Quattro_Fontane_-_The_River_Tiber.jpg/173px-Quattro_Fontane_-_The_River_Tiber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Quattro_Fontane_-_The_River_Tiber.jpg/230px-Quattro_Fontane_-_The_River_Tiber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3408" data-file-height="5320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The River Tiber</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Quattro_Fontane" title="Quattro Fontane">Quattro Fontane</a> by <a href="/wiki/Muzio_Mattei" title="Muzio Mattei">Muzio Mattei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Fontana" title="Domenico Fontana">Domenico Fontana</a> (late 16c.). The she-wolf can be seen peeking from behind <a href="/wiki/Father_Tiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Tiber">Father Tiber</a> on the right.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th-20th_Centuries">18th-20th Centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 18th-20th Centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1115px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_lupa_con_Romolo_e_Remo_di_Domenico_Parodi_e_Francesco_Biggi.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="La lupa con Romolo e Remo "The She-Wolf with Romulus and Remus", Domenico Parodi and Francesco Biggi (1874)"><img alt="La lupa con Romolo e Remo "The She-Wolf with Romulus and Remus", Domenico Parodi and Francesco Biggi (1874)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/La_lupa_con_Romolo_e_Remo_di_Domenico_Parodi_e_Francesco_Biggi.JPG/135px-La_lupa_con_Romolo_e_Remo_di_Domenico_Parodi_e_Francesco_Biggi.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/La_lupa_con_Romolo_e_Remo_di_Domenico_Parodi_e_Francesco_Biggi.JPG/202px-La_lupa_con_Romolo_e_Remo_di_Domenico_Parodi_e_Francesco_Biggi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/La_lupa_con_Romolo_e_Remo_di_Domenico_Parodi_e_Francesco_Biggi.JPG/270px-La_lupa_con_Romolo_e_Remo_di_Domenico_Parodi_e_Francesco_Biggi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4352" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>La lupa con Romolo e Remo</i> "The She-Wolf with Romulus and Remus", <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Parodi" title="Domenico Parodi">Domenico Parodi</a> and Francesco Biggi (1874)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rome_Liddell_1860_Lupa_Capitolina.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scanned from "History of Rome", published 1860, by Henry Liddell (6 February 1811 – 18 January 1898) with illustrations provided by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (5 October 1797 – 29 October 1875). Scanned by Man vyi"><img alt="Scanned from "History of Rome", published 1860, by Henry Liddell (6 February 1811 – 18 January 1898) with illustrations provided by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (5 October 1797 – 29 October 1875). Scanned by Man vyi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Rome_Liddell_1860_Lupa_Capitolina.jpg/180px-Rome_Liddell_1860_Lupa_Capitolina.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Rome_Liddell_1860_Lupa_Capitolina.jpg/270px-Rome_Liddell_1860_Lupa_Capitolina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Rome_Liddell_1860_Lupa_Capitolina.jpg/360px-Rome_Liddell_1860_Lupa_Capitolina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="502" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scanned from "History of Rome", published 1860, by Henry Liddell (6 February 1811 – 18 January 1898) with illustrations provided by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (5 October 1797 – 29 October 1875). Scanned by Man vyi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Ozeransky_from_Ten_Tribes_(1932).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Romulus and Remus from Ten Tribes, sculptor: Eric Gill, photo by David Ozeransky (1932)"><img alt="Romulus and Remus from Ten Tribes, sculptor: Eric Gill, photo by David Ozeransky (1932)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/David_Ozeransky_from_Ten_Tribes_%281932%29.jpg/178px-David_Ozeransky_from_Ten_Tribes_%281932%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/David_Ozeransky_from_Ten_Tribes_%281932%29.jpg/267px-David_Ozeransky_from_Ten_Tribes_%281932%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/David_Ozeransky_from_Ten_Tribes_%281932%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="275" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Romulus and Remus</i> from Ten Tribes, sculptor: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Gill" title="Eric Gill">Eric Gill</a>, photo by David Ozeransky (1932)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Comic_History_of_Rome_Table_01_Romulus_and_Remus_discovered_by_a_gentle_shepherd.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Comic History of Rome Table 01, featuring a matronly she-wolf and Picus, the woodpecker overhead. John Leech (c.1850)"><img alt="Comic History of Rome Table 01, featuring a matronly she-wolf and Picus, the woodpecker overhead. John Leech (c.1850)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Comic_History_of_Rome_Table_01_Romulus_and_Remus_discovered_by_a_gentle_shepherd.jpg/180px-Comic_History_of_Rome_Table_01_Romulus_and_Remus_discovered_by_a_gentle_shepherd.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Comic_History_of_Rome_Table_01_Romulus_and_Remus_discovered_by_a_gentle_shepherd.jpg/270px-Comic_History_of_Rome_Table_01_Romulus_and_Remus_discovered_by_a_gentle_shepherd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Comic_History_of_Rome_Table_01_Romulus_and_Remus_discovered_by_a_gentle_shepherd.jpg/360px-Comic_History_of_Rome_Table_01_Romulus_and_Remus_discovered_by_a_gentle_shepherd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2683" data-file-height="2014" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Comic History of Rome Table 01</i>, featuring a matronly she-wolf and <a href="/wiki/Picus" title="Picus">Picus</a>, the woodpecker overhead. <a href="/wiki/John_Leech_(caricaturist)" title="John Leech (caricaturist)">John Leech</a> (c.1850)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wolves" title="List of wolves">List of wolves</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wiseman <i>Remus</i> preface p. xiii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo Book V Ch.12 (<i>Loeb</i> p. 467)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAristotle1965" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aristotle-history_animals/1965/pb_LCL438.345.xml?rskey=9mJ3UR&result=1&mainRsKey=S0vjOz">"History of Animals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4159%2FDLCL.Aristotle-history_animals.1965">10.4159/DLCL.Aristotle-history_animals.1965</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=History+of+Animals&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4159%2FDLCL.Aristotle-history_animals.1965&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loebclassics.com%2Fview%2Faristotle-history_animals%2F1965%2Fpb_LCL438.345.xml%3Frskey%3D9mJ3UR%26result%3D1%26mainRsKey%3DS0vjOz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShe-wolf+%28Roman+mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>  – via <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">digital Loeb Classical Library</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dionysius I 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dionysius I ch.79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy I pp.17-19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch <i>Romulus</i> IV pp.99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch <i>Romulus</i> IV pp.101-105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mazzoni pp173-178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tennant p.81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-laregina2006-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-laregina2006_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adriano La Regina,"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repubblica.it/2006/11/sezioni/spettacoli_e_cultura/lupa-scultura-roma/lupa-scultura-roma/lupa-scultura-roma.html"><i>Roma, l'inganno della Lupa è "nata" nel Medioevo</i></a> "Rome: the phony She-Wolf wasn't born until the Middle-ages" La Republica. 17 November 2006, accessed 1 December 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rissanen_p.336-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rissanen_p.336_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rissanen_p.336_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rissanen p.336</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rissanen p.336-8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rissanen p.339</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rissanen p.343-7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crawford-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crawford_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crawford_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford1985" class="citation cs2">Crawford, Michael Hewson (1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=84_G_8q6WQcC"><i>Coinage and Money Under the Roman Republic: Italy and the Mediterranean Economy</i></a>, University of California Press, p. 31, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05506-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05506-3"><bdi>978-0-520-05506-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coinage+and+Money+Under+the+Roman+Republic%3A+Italy+and+the+Mediterranean+Economy&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05506-3&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Michael+Hewson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D84_G_8q6WQcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShe-wolf+%28Roman+mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rassanen pg.356 fn.148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rassanen pg.357</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compareti p.304</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asroma.com/en">"Official Website of Associazione Sportiva Roma"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Website+of+Associazione+Sportiva+Roma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asroma.com%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShe-wolf+%28Roman+mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://robursiena.it/">"Robur Siena"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robur+Siena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frobursiena.it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShe-wolf+%28Roman+mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SVN-3-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SVN-3_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SVN-3_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>El Solar Vasco-Navarro</i>, A. et A. Garcia Caraffa, 6 vol. San Sebastian, 1966–1967</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> La Banque du blason - 76165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cjcluj.ro/">"Cluj County Council"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discover+the+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fville-estillac.fr%2Fpage%2Fson-histoire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShe-wolf+%28Roman+mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/dip_polizia_mun_hp.page">"Local Police Force of Rome"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Local+Police+Force+of+Rome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.comune.roma.it%2Fpcr%2Fit%2Fdip_polizia_mun_hp.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShe-wolf+%28Roman+mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCompareti2012" class="citation cs2">Compareti, Matteo (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283346297">"Classical Elements in Sogdian Art:Aesop's Fables Represented in the Mural Paintings at Penjikent"</a>, <i>Iranica Antiqua</i>, <b>XLVII</b>: 303–316, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2143%2FIA.47.0.2141966">10.2143/IA.47.0.2141966</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranica+Antiqua&rft.atitle=Classical+Elements+in+Sogdian+Art%3AAesop%27s+Fables+Represented+in+the+Mural+Paintings+at+Penjikent&rft.volume=XLVII&rft.pages=303-316&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2143%2FIA.47.0.2141966&rft.aulast=Compareti&rft.aufirst=Matteo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F283346297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShe-wolf+%28Roman+mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDionysius_of_Halicarnassus1937" class="citation journal cs1">Dionysius of Halicarnassus (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/dionysius_halicarnassus-roman_antiquities/1937/pb_LCL319.3.xml?mainRsKey=RapDr1&result=1&rskey=kwodaD">"Roman Antiquities"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4159%2FDLCL.dionysius_halicarnassus-roman_antiquities.1937">10.4159/DLCL.dionysius_halicarnassus-roman_antiquities.1937</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Roman+Antiquities&rft.date=1937&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4159%2FDLCL.dionysius_halicarnassus-roman_antiquities.1937&rft.au=Dionysius+of+Halicarnassus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loebclassics.com%2Fview%2Fdionysius_halicarnassus-roman_antiquities%2F1937%2Fpb_LCL319.3.xml%3FmainRsKey%3DRapDr1%26result%3D1%26rskey%3DkwodaD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShe-wolf+%28Roman+mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">digital Loeb Classical Library</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivy1919" class="citation journal cs1">Livy (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/livy-history_rome_1/1919/pb_LCL114.59.xml?result=1&rskey=YrZTGC">"History of Rome"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4159%2FDLCL.livy-history_rome_1.1919">10.4159/DLCL.livy-history_rome_1.1919</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=History+of+Rome&rft.date=1919&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4159%2FDLCL.livy-history_rome_1.1919&rft.au=Livy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.loebclassics.com%2Fview%2Flivy-history_rome_1%2F1919%2Fpb_LCL114.59.xml%3Fresult%3D1%26rskey%3DYrZTGC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShe-wolf+%28Roman+mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">digital Loeb Classical Library</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzoni2010" class="citation book cs1">Mazzoni, Cristina (29 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4cq1XH0L3GUC"><i>She-Wolf: The Story of a Roman Icon</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19456-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19456-3"><bdi>978-0-521-19456-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=She-Wolf%3A+The+Story+of+a+Roman+Icon&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-03-29&rft.isbn=978-0-521-19456-3&rft.aulast=Mazzoni&rft.aufirst=Cristina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4cq1XH0L3GUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShe-wolf+%28Roman+mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRissanen2014" class="citation cs2">Rissanen, Mika (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.akademiai.com/doi/pdf/10.1556/AArch.65.2014.2.4">"The Lupa Romana in the Roman provinces"</a>, <i>Acta Archaeologica</i>, <b>65</b> (2): 335–360, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1556%2FAArch.65.2014.2.4">10.1556/AArch.65.2014.2.4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Archaeologica&rft.atitle=The+Lupa+Romana+in+the+Roman+provinces&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=335-360&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1556%2FAArch.65.2014.2.4&rft.aulast=Rissanen&rft.aufirst=Mika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.akademiai.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1556%2FAArch.65.2014.2.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShe-wolf+%28Roman+mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrabo1917" class="citation book cs1">Strabo (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL049/1917/volume.xml"><i>Geography, Volume I Books 1-2</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4159%2FDLCL.strabo-geography.1917">10.4159/DLCL.strabo-geography.1917</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674990555" title="Special:BookSources/9780674990555"><bdi>9780674990555</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography%2C+Volume+I+Books+1-2&rft.date=1917&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4159%2FDLCL.strabo-geography.1917&rft.isbn=9780674990555&rft.au=Strabo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.loebclassics.com%2Fview%2FLCL049%2F1917%2Fvolume.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShe-wolf+%28Roman+mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">digital Loeb Classical Library</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTennant1988" class="citation journal cs1">Tennant, PMW (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510133423/http://www.casa-kvsa.org.za/1988/AC31-08-Tennant.pdf">"The Lupercalia and the Romulus and Remus Legend"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Acta Classica</i>. <b>XXXI</b>: 81–93. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-1141">0065-1141</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Classica&rft.atitle=The+Lupercalia+and+the+Romulus+and+Remus+Legend&rft.volume=XXXI&rft.pages=81-93&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0065-1141&rft.aulast=Tennant&rft.aufirst=PMW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.casa-kvsa.org.za%2F1988%2FAC31-08-Tennant.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShe-wolf+%28Roman+mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiseman1995" class="citation cs2">Wiseman, Timothy Peter (25 August 1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7LPNHRUlWacC"><i>Remus: A Roman Myth</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48366-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48366-7"><bdi>978-0-521-48366-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remus%3A+A+Roman+Myth&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995-08-25&rft.isbn=978-0-521-48366-7&rft.aulast=Wiseman&rft.aufirst=Timothy+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7LPNHRUlWacC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShe-wolf+%28Roman+mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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