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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American mathematician (1912-1989</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Emil Grosswald</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Emil_Grosswald_MFO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Emil_Grosswald_MFO.jpg/220px-Emil_Grosswald_MFO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Emil_Grosswald_MFO.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1912-12-15</span>)</span>December 15, 1912<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 11, 1989<span style="display:none">(1989-04-11)</span> (aged 76)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bucharest" title="University of Bucharest">University of Bucharest</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Rademacher" title="Hans Rademacher">Hans Rademacher</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Bressoud" title="David Bressoud">David Bressoud</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_De_Koninck" title="Jean-Marie De Koninck">Jean-Marie De Koninck</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Emil Grosswald</b> (December 15, 1912 – April 11, 1989) was a <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> who worked primarily in <a href="/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory">number theory</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_education">Life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Grosswald&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fred_van_der_Blij.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Fred_van_der_Blij.jpg/220px-Fred_van_der_Blij.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Fred_van_der_Blij.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="284" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Emil Grosswald (right) and <a href="/wiki/Fred_van_der_Blij" title="Fred van der Blij">Fred van der Blij</a> in 1968.</figcaption></figure> <p>Grosswald was born on December 15, 1912, in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>. He received a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a> in both <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bucharest" title="University of Bucharest">University of Bucharest</a> in 1933, spent six months in Italy and then received a Diplôme from <a href="/wiki/Sup%C3%A9lec" title="Supélec">École supérieure d'électricité</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UTexas_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UTexas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grosswald was <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a>. When war broke out, he fled from Paris in June, 1940 to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Montpellier" title="University of Montpellier">University of Montpellier</a>, where he began doctoral studies in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>. He fled at the end of 1941, through Spain and <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>. He moved to <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> in 1946 and then to the United States in 1948. He received his <a href="/wiki/Ph.D." class="mw-redirect" title="Ph.D.">Ph.D.</a> under <a href="/wiki/Hans_Rademacher" title="Hans Rademacher">Hans Rademacher</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-NAMS_obit_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAMS_obit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was visiting professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> in 1964–1965 and one of his books, <i>The Theory of Numbers,</i> was written that year. </p><p>He met his wife Elisabeth (Lissy) Rosenthal in Cuba, probably in 1941 or 1942. They were married in 1950 in <a href="/wiki/Saskatoon,_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Saskatoon, Canada">Saskatoon, Canada</a>, where he had his first teaching position after receiving his Ph.D. They spent two years at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a> in <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>, in 1951 and 1959. During their first stay, they met <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, with whom Emil had a correspondence, later bequeathed to the University of Texas, and formed many friendships, among others with the physicist <a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a>. </p><p>Emil and Lissy had two daughters, Blanche, who became a professor of Social Work at <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a> but died in 2003 at the age of 50, and Vivian, a professor of law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a>. Vivian was decorated in 2007 by the <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Republic of Austria</a> for her work as the United States appointee to the Austrian General Settlement Fund Committee for Nazi-era property compensation, and in 2013 by the government of France for her services in promotion of the French language and culture in the United States. Emil is the uncle of <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Ronald" title="Pamela Ronald">Pamela Ronald</a>, a member of the National Academy of Sciences, whose father Robert Ronald (né Rosenthal) describes the family's escape from the Nazis in his memoir, "Last Train to Freedom". The son of Lissy's second cousin (<a href="/wiki/Ernest_Beutler" title="Ernest Beutler">Ernest Beutler</a>) is 2011 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel</a> Laureate <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Bruce Beutler</a>. Emil was also the nephew of the French composer <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mihalovici" title="Marcel Mihalovici">Marcel Mihalovici</a>, who arrived in Paris in the 1920s with <a href="/wiki/Georges_Enesco" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges Enesco">Georges Enesco</a>. </p><p>After Grosswald's death, the American Mathematical Society held a national meeting in his honor, and in 1991 a Festschrift was published in his honor: "A Tribute to Emil Grosswald: Number Theory and Related Analysis." Of his attitude towards mathematics, <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Knopp" title="Marvin Knopp">Marvin Knopp</a> noted the following: "In Grosswald's world, mathematics is challenge demanding dedication and long hours of work; it is science combined with art, truth with beauty. It is passionate and eternal pursuit of excellence. It is humility in the face of a powerful and proud history. Above all, it is meaning, a reason to go on..."<sup id="cite_ref-bks_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bks-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mark Sheingorn wrote: "He seemed to know everything – indeed it seems to me he must always have known everything. He was supportive, enthusiastic, but also demanding ... The depth of his love for mathematics inspired us all to strive to do better."<sup id="cite_ref-bks_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bks-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grosswald died on April 11, 1989, in <a href="/wiki/Narberth,_Pennsylvania" title="Narberth, Pennsylvania">Narberth, Pennsylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UTexas_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UTexas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Grosswald&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grosswald's first three scientific papers, written while he was in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, were published under the pseudonym E. G. Garnea.<sup id="cite_ref-Tribute_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribute-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup> He published articles in English, German, French, Spanish, and Italian. </p><p>After receiving his <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> in 1950, Grosswald taught at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> until, towards the end of his life, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a> to help build its graduate department in mathematics. He also held positions at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan" title="University of Saskatchewan">University of Saskatchewan</a> (1950), <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a> (1951 and 1959), the <a href="/wiki/Technion" class="mw-redirect" title="Technion">Technion</a> (1980–1981), <a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore College</a> (1982), and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> (Institut Marie Curie). </p><p>Grosswald completed some works of his teacher <a href="/wiki/Hans_Rademacher" title="Hans Rademacher">Hans Rademacher</a>, who died in 1969. Rademacher had prepared notes for an <a href="/wiki/Earle_Raymond_Hedrick" title="Earle Raymond Hedrick">Earle Raymond Hedrick</a> Lecture in <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder, Colorado</a>, in 1963 on <a href="/wiki/Dedekind_sum" title="Dedekind sum">Dedekind sums</a>, but fell ill, and Grosswald gave the lecture for him.<sup id="cite_ref-Rademacher_collection_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rademacher_collection-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Rademacher's death, Grosswald edited and completed the notes and published them in the <a href="/wiki/Carus_Mathematical_Monographs" title="Carus Mathematical Monographs">Carus Mathematical Monographs</a> series as <i>Dedekind Sums</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rademacher_obit_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rademacher_obit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 214">: 214 </span></sup> He also edited for publication Rademacher's posthumous textbook <i>Topics in Analytic Number Theory</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-UTexas_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UTexas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He published numerous other books and countless articles. </p><p>Grosswald was elected to the Board of Governors of the <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Association_of_America" title="Mathematical Association of America">Mathematical Association of America</a> for 1965–1968.<sup id="cite_ref-AMM_Governors_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMM_Governors-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a>'s Mathematics Department annually sponsors the Emil Grosswald Memorial Lectures.<sup id="cite_ref-Grosswald_Lectures_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grosswald_Lectures-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Grosswald&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrosswaldRademacher1972" class="citation book cs1">Grosswald, Emil; <a href="/wiki/Hans_Rademacher" title="Hans Rademacher">Rademacher, Hans</a> (1972). <i>Dedekind Sums</i>. Carus Mathematical Monographs. Vol. 16. Washington, DC: Mathematical Association of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88385-016-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88385-016-9"><bdi>978-0-88385-016-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dedekind+Sums&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=Carus+Mathematical+Monographs&rft.pub=Mathematical+Association+of+America&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-88385-016-9&rft.aulast=Grosswald&rft.aufirst=Emil&rft.au=Rademacher%2C+Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Grosswald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRademacher1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Rademacher" title="Hans Rademacher">Rademacher, Hans</a> (1973). Grosswald, Emil; Lehner, Joseph; Newman, Morris (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/topicsinanalytic0000rade"><i>Topics in Analytic Number Theory</i></a></span>. Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften. Vol. 169. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-05447-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-05447-6"><bdi>978-0-387-05447-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Topics+in+Analytic+Number+Theory&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Grundlehren+der+mathematischen+Wissenschaften&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-387-05447-6&rft.aulast=Rademacher&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftopicsinanalytic0000rade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Grosswald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRademacher1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Rademacher" title="Hans Rademacher">Rademacher, Hans</a> (1974). Grosswald, Emil (ed.). <i>Collected Papers of Hans Rademacher</i>. Vol. 1. Cambridge: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-07055-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-07055-3"><bdi>978-0-262-07055-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Papers+of+Hans+Rademacher&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-262-07055-3&rft.aulast=Rademacher&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Grosswald" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRademacher1974" class="citation book cs1">Rademacher, Hans (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0262070553"><i>(View 2nd volume.)</i></a>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-07055-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-07055-3"><bdi>0-262-07055-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%28View+2nd+volume.%29&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-262-07055-3&rft.aulast=Rademacher&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D0262070553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Grosswald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrosswald1978" class="citation book cs1">Grosswald, Emil (1978). <i>Bessel Polynomials</i>. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-09104-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-09104-4"><bdi>978-0-387-09104-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bessel+Polynomials&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-387-09104-4&rft.aulast=Grosswald&rft.aufirst=Emil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Grosswald" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrosswald2008" class="citation book cs1">Grosswald, Emil (2008) [1984]. <i>Topics from the Theory of Numbers</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Birkhäuser Boston. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8176-4837-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8176-4837-4"><bdi>978-0-8176-4837-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Topics+from+the+Theory+of+Numbers&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user+Boston&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8176-4837-4&rft.aulast=Grosswald&rft.aufirst=Emil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Grosswald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrosswald1985" class="citation book cs1">Grosswald, Emil (1985). <i>Representations of Integers as Sums of Squares</i>. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-96126-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-96126-2"><bdi>978-0-387-96126-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Representations+of+Integers+as+Sums+of+Squares&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-387-96126-2&rft.aulast=Grosswald&rft.aufirst=Emil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Grosswald" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Grosswald&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UTexas-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UTexas_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UTexas_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UTexas_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utcah/00224/cah-00224.html">"A Guide to the Emil Grosswald Papers, 1942–1988"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Emil+Grosswald+Papers%2C+1942%E2%80%931988&rft.pub=University+of+Texas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.utexas.edu%2Ftaro%2Futcah%2F00224%2Fcah-00224.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Grosswald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAMS_obit-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NAMS_obit_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnopp1989" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Knopp" title="Marvin Knopp">Knopp, Marvin I.</a> (July–August 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.numbertheory.org/obituaries/OTHERS/grosswald.jpg">"Emil Grosswald 1912–1989"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Notices_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society" title="Notices of the American Mathematical Society">Notices of the American Mathematical Society</a></i>. <b>36</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">685–</span>686<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notices+of+the+American+Mathematical+Society&rft.atitle=Emil+Grosswald+1912%E2%80%931989&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E685-%3C%2Fspan%3E686&rft.date=1989-07%2F1989-08&rft.aulast=Knopp&rft.aufirst=Marvin+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.numbertheory.org%2Fobituaries%2FOTHERS%2Fgrosswald.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Grosswald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bks-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bks_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bks_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBressoudKnoppSheingorn1993" class="citation cs2">Bressoud, David; Knopp, Marvin; Sheingorn, Mark (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZoQcCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">"In appreciation of Emil Grosswald"</a>, in Knopp, Marvin; Sheingorn, Mark (eds.), <i>A Tribute to Emil Grosswald: Number Theory and Related Analysis: Number Theory and Related Analysis</i>, Contemporary Mathematics, vol. 143, American Mathematical Society, pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>8, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821851555" title="Special:BookSources/9780821851555"><bdi>9780821851555</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=In+appreciation+of+Emil+Grosswald&rft.btitle=A+Tribute+to+Emil+Grosswald%3A+Number+Theory+and+Related+Analysis%3A+Number+Theory+and+Related+Analysis&rft.series=Contemporary+Mathematics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=American+Mathematical+Society&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780821851555&rft.aulast=Bressoud&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Knopp%2C+Marvin&rft.au=Sheingorn%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZoQcCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Grosswald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tribute-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tribute_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnoppSheingorn1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Knopp" title="Marvin Knopp">Knopp, Marvin Isadore</a>; Sheingorn, Mark, eds. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nzxTVb0k8rIC"><i>A Tribute to Emil Grosswald: Number Theory and Related Analysis</i></a>. Providence: <a href="/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society" title="American Mathematical Society">American Mathematical Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-5155-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-5155-5"><bdi>978-0-8218-5155-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Tribute+to+Emil+Grosswald%3A+Number+Theory+and+Related+Analysis&rft.place=Providence&rft.pub=American+Mathematical+Society&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8218-5155-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnzxTVb0k8rIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Grosswald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rademacher_collection-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rademacher_collection_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015034200/http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/mole/r/rademacher.pdf">"Hans Rademacher Collection 1942–1963"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Philosophical Society. 2003-08-07. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/mole/r/rademacher.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 15, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hans+Rademacher+Collection+1942%E2%80%931963&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=2003-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amphilsoc.org%2Flibrary%2Fmole%2Fr%2Frademacher.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Grosswald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rademacher_obit-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rademacher_obit_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerndt1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_C._Berndt" title="Bruce C. Berndt">Berndt, Bruce C.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://matwbn.icm.edu.pl/ksiazki/aa/aa61/aa6131.pdf">"Hans Rademacher (1892–1969)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Arithmetica" title="Acta Arithmetica">Acta Arithmetica</a></i>. <b>61</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">209–</span>231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4064%2Faa-61-3-209-225">10.4064/aa-61-3-209-225</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Arithmetica&rft.atitle=Hans+Rademacher+%281892%E2%80%931969%29&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E231&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4064%2Faa-61-3-209-225&rft.aulast=Berndt&rft.aufirst=Bruce+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmatwbn.icm.edu.pl%2Fksiazki%2Faa%2Faa61%2Faa6131.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Grosswald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AMM_Governors-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AMM_Governors_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHailpern1965" class="citation journal cs1">Hailpern, Raoul (August–September 1965). "New Sectional Governors of the Association". <i>American Mathematical Monthly</i>. <b>72</b> (7): 813. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00029890.1965.11970608">10.1080/00029890.1965.11970608</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2314478">2314478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Mathematical+Monthly&rft.atitle=New+Sectional+Governors+of+the+Association&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=813&rft.date=1965-08%2F1965-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00029890.1965.11970608&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2314478%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hailpern&rft.aufirst=Raoul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Grosswald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grosswald_Lectures-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grosswald_Lectures_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After his death, the American Mathematical Society held a national meeting in his honor, and in 1991 a Festschrift was published in his honor: "A Tribute to Emil Grosswald: Number Theory and Related Analysis." Of Grosswald's attitude towards mathematics, one of the volume's editors noted the following: "In Grosswald's world, mathematics is challenge demanding dedication and long hours of work; it is science combined with art, truth with beauty. It is passionate and eternal pursuit of excellence. It is humility in the face of a powerful and proud history. Above all, it is meaning, a reason to go on..." Another colleague wrote: "He seemed to know everything - indeed it seems to me he must always have known everything. He was supportive, enthusiastic, but also demanding ... The depth of his love for mathematics inspired us all to strive to do better." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090501131444/http://www.math.temple.edu/events/grosswald/">"Department of Mathematics : Grosswald Lectures"</a>. Temple University. 2010-04-20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://math.temple.edu/events/grosswald/">the original</a> on 2009-05-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+Mathematics+%3A+Grosswald+Lectures&rft.pub=Temple+University&rft.date=2010-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmath.temple.edu%2Fevents%2Fgrosswald%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Grosswald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoas1979" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_P._Boas_Jr." title="Ralph P. Boas Jr.">Boas, Ralph P.</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.bams/1183544728">"Review: Emil Grosswald, <i>Bessel polynomials</i>"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society</i>. New Series. <b>1</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">799–</span>800. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0273-0979-1979-14678-0">10.1090/s0273-0979-1979-14678-0</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Mathematical+Society&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Emil+Grosswald%2C+Bessel+polynomials&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E799-%3C%2Fspan%3E800&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1090%2Fs0273-0979-1979-14678-0&rft.aulast=Boas&rft.aufirst=Ralph+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojecteuclid.org%2Feuclid.bams%2F1183544728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Grosswald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Grosswald&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnoppSheingorn1993" class="citation book cs1">Knopp, Marvin; Sheingorn, Mark, eds. (1993). <i>A tribute to Emil Grosswald : number theory and related analysis</i>. Providence, Rhode Island. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-7734-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-7734-0"><bdi>978-0-8218-7734-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/882237261">882237261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+tribute+to+Emil+Grosswald+%3A+number+theory+and+related+analysis&rft.place=Providence%2C+Rhode+Island&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F882237261&rft.isbn=978-0-8218-7734-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Grosswald" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span> A set of papers in honor of Grosswald; includes reminiscences, list of PhD students, and a list of papers and books.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Grosswald&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=7521">Emil Grosswald</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Grosswald.html">"Emil Grosswald"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Emil+Grosswald&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FGrosswald.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Grosswald" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119267551">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78095421">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12327031b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12327031b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071652256">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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