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id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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F. Strawson</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A._%D8%A5%D9%81._%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="بي. إف. ستروسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بي. إف. ستروسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Питър Фредерик Стросън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Питър Фредерик Стросън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Frederick_Strawson" title="Peter Frederick Strawson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Peter Frederick Strawson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Frederick_Strawson" title="Peter Frederick Strawson – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Peter Frederick Strawson" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Frederick_Strawson" title="Peter Frederick Strawson – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Peter Frederick Strawson" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Strawson" title="Peter Strawson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Peter Strawson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Strawson" title="Peter Strawson – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Peter Strawson" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Frederick_Strawson" title="Peter Frederick Strawson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Peter Frederick Strawson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Frederick_Strawson" title="Peter Frederick Strawson – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Peter Frederick Strawson" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86" title="پیتر استراوسن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیتر استراوسن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Frederick_Strawson" title="Peter Frederick Strawson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Peter Frederick Strawson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Strawson" title="Peter Strawson – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Peter Strawson" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._F._%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A8" title="P. F. 스트로슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="P. F. 스트로슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="P. F. Strawson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Frederick_Strawson" title="Peter Frederick Strawson – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Peter Frederick Strawson" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Frederick_Strawson" title="Peter Frederick Strawson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Peter Frederick Strawson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="פיטר סטרוסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיטר סטרוסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Frederick_Strawson" title="Peter Frederick Strawson – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Peter Frederick Strawson" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Frederick_Strawson" title="Peter Frederick Strawson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Peter Frederick Strawson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%87%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="ピーター・フレデリック・ストローソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピーター・フレデリック・ストローソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Frederick_Strawson" title="Peter Frederick Strawson – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Peter Frederick Strawson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Frederick_Strawson" title="Peter Frederick Strawson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Peter Frederick Strawson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Стросон, Питер Фредерик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стросон, Питер Фредерик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Frederick_Strawson" title="Peter Frederick Strawson – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Peter Frederick Strawson" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Frederick_Strawson" title="Peter Frederick Strawson – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Peter Frederick Strawson" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Frederick_Strawson" title="Peter Frederick Strawson – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Peter Frederick Strawson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Frederick_Strawson" title="Peter Frederick Strawson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Peter Frederick Strawson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Frederick_Strawson" title="Peter Frederick Strawson – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Peter Frederick Strawson" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пітер Стросон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пітер Стросон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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.infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Sir Peter Strawson</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:P._F._Strawson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/76/P._F._Strawson.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="162" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Peter Frederick Strawson</div><br />23 November 1919<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Ealing" title="Ealing">Ealing</a>, London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 February 2006<span style="display:none">(2006-02-13)</span> (aged 86)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Wolvercote_Cemetery" title="Wolvercote Cemetery">Wolvercote Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St John's College, Oxford">St John's College, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4, including <a href="/wiki/Galen_Strawson" title="Galen Strawson">Galen</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gareth_Evans_(philosopher)" title="Gareth Evans (philosopher)">Gareth Evans</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">Ordinary language philosophy</a><br />Personal reactive attitudes<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />The distinction between <a href="/wiki/Sortal" title="Sortal">sortal</a> and characterising <a href="/wiki/Universal_(metaphysics)" title="Universal (metaphysics)">universals</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />The distinction between <a href="/wiki/Particular" title="Particular">particular</a> <a href="/wiki/Individual" title="Individual">individuals</a> (such as historical events, material objects and persons) and non-particular individuals (such as qualities, properties, numbers, species)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />The "<a href="/wiki/Critical_philosophy" title="Critical philosophy">descriptive metaphysics</a>" and "revisionary metaphysics" distinction<sup id="cite_ref-SEP_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><span lang="English (Kh)" dir="ltr">Sir</span> Peter Frederick Strawson</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></span></span> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span>; 23 November 1919 – 13 February 2006) was an <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a> who spent most of his career at the University of Oxford. He was the <a href="/wiki/Waynflete_Professorship" title="Waynflete Professorship">Waynflete Professor of Metaphysical Philosophy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College, Oxford</a> from 1968 to 1987. He had previously held the positions of college lecturer and tutorial fellow at <a href="/wiki/University_College,_Oxford" title="University College, Oxford">University College, Oxford</a>, a college he returned to upon his retirement in 1987, and which provided him with rooms until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paul Snowdon and Anil Gomes, in the <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>, comment that Strawson "exerted a considerable influence on philosophy, both during his lifetime and, indeed, since his death."<sup id="cite_ref-sep_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sep-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._F._Strawson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Strawson was born in <a href="/wiki/Ealing" title="Ealing">Ealing</a>, west London, and brought up in <a href="/wiki/Finchley" title="Finchley">Finchley</a>, north London, by his parents, both of whom were teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was educated at <a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_College,_Finchley" title="Christ's College, Finchley">Christ's College, Finchley</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St John's College, Oxford">St John's College, Oxford</a>, where he read <a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_Politics_and_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy, Politics and Economics">Philosophy, Politics and Economics</a>. </p><p>During the Second World War, Strawson served first with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Artillery" title="Royal Artillery">Royal Artillery</a> from 1940, and then with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Electrical_and_Mechanical_Engineers" title="Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers">Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers</a>. He was demobilised in 1946, with the rank of captain.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his military service, he went initially to the (then) <a href="/wiki/Bangor_University" title="Bangor University">University College of North Wales</a> at Bangor, as an assistant lecturer. After winning the John Locke scholarship in 1946, and the support of <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a>, he went to University College, Oxford, initially as a lecturer, and then, from 1948, as a fellow.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophical_work">Philosophical work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._F._Strawson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Philosophical work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Strawson first became well known with his article "On Referring" (1950), a criticism of <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions" title="Theory of descriptions">theory of descriptions</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Definite_description" title="Definite description">Definite descriptions</a>) that Russell explained in the famous "<a href="/wiki/On_Denoting" title="On Denoting">On Denoting</a>" article (1905). </p><p>In philosophical methodology, there are (at least) two important and interrelated features of Strawson's work that are worthy of note.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first is the project of a 'descriptive' metaphysics, and the second is his notion of a shared conceptual scheme, composed of concepts operated in everyday life. In his book <i>Individuals</i> (1959), Strawson attempts to describe various concepts that form an interconnected web, representing (part of) our common, shared, human conceptual scheme. In particular, he examines our conceptions of basic <a href="/wiki/Particular" title="Particular">particulars</a>, and how they are variously brought under general spatio-temporal concepts. What makes this a metaphysical project is that it exhibits, in fine detail, the structural features of our thought about the world, and thus precisely delimits how we, humans, think about reality. </p><p>Strawson distinguished between 'revisionary' and 'descriptive metaphysics', he wrote: "Descriptive metaphysics is content to describe the actual structure of our thought about the world, revisionary metaphysics is concerned to produce a better structure".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purpose of the former is to "lay bare the most general features of our conceptual scheme" and to understand structures which do not "readily display itself on the structures of language but lies submerged" by analysing those metaphysical concepts which have always existed. He lists Aristotle and Kant as descriptive and Descartes and Leibniz as revisionary.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strawson was made a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a> in 1960 and a Foreign Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1971. He was president of the <a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_Society" title="Aristotelian Society">Aristotelian Society</a> from 1969 to 1970. He was <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom">knighted</a> in 1977,<sup id="cite_ref-sep_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sep-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for services to philosophy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._F._Strawson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After serving as a captain in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Electrical_and_Mechanical_Engineers" title="Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers">Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Strawson married Ann Martin in 1945. They had four children, including the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Galen_Strawson" title="Galen Strawson">Galen Strawson</a>. P.F. Strawson lived in Oxford all his adult life, and died in hospital on 13 February 2006 after a short illness. He was the elder brother of <a href="/wiki/Major_General_John_Strawson" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General John Strawson">Major General John Strawson</a>. </p><p>His obituary in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> noted that "Oxford was the world capital of philosophy between 1950 and 1970, and American academics flocked there, rather than the traffic going the other way. That golden age had no greater philosopher than Sir Peter Strawson."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In its obituary, <i>The Times</i> of London described him as a "philosopher of matchless range who made incisive, influential contributions to problems of language and metaphysics".<sup id="cite_ref-The_Times_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Times-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author went on to say: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Few scholars achieve lasting fame as dramatically as did the philosopher Sir Peter Strawson. By 1950 Strawson, then a Fellow of University College, Oxford, was already a respected tutor and a promising member of the group of younger Oxford dons whose careful attention to the workings of natural languages marked them out as 'linguistic' philosophers. [He published] extraordinary papers, which are still read and discussed more than 50 years later and which are prescribed to tyros as models of philosophical criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Times_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Times-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>His portrait was painted by the artists <a href="/wiki/Muli_Tang" class="mw-redirect" title="Muli Tang">Muli Tang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daphne_Todd" title="Daphne Todd">Daphne Todd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Partial_bibliography">Partial bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._F._Strawson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Partial bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._F._Strawson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Introduction to Logical Theory</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Methuen_Publishing" title="Methuen Publishing">Methuen</a>, 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Italian translation by A. Visalberghi (Torino: Einaudi, 1961)</li> <li>Japanese translation by S. Tsunetoshi, et al. (Kyoto: Houritsu Bunkasya, 1994)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Individuals: An Essay in Descriptive Metaphysics</i>. London: Methuen, 1959. <ul><li>German translation by F. Scholz (Stuttgart: Reclam, 1972)</li> <li>French translation by A. Shalom and P. Drong (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1973)</li> <li>Italian translation by E. Bencivenga (Milan: Feltrinelli, 1978)</li> <li>Japanese translation by H. Nakamura (Tokyo: Misuzu Shobo, 1978)</li> <li>Polish translation by B. Chwedenczuk (Warsaw: Wydawniczy Pax, 1980)</li> <li>Spanish translation by A. Suarez and L. Villanueva (Madrid: Taurus, 1989)</li> <li>Brazilian Portuguese translation by P. J. Smith (São Paulo: Editora Unesp, 2019)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bounds_of_Sense" title="The Bounds of Sense">The Bounds of Sense</a>: An Essay on Kant's Critique of Pure Reason</i>. London: Methuen, 1966. <ul><li>Spanish translation by C. Luis Andre (Madrid: Revista de Occidente, 1975)</li> <li>German translation by E. Lange (Hain, 1981)</li> <li>Italian translation by M. Palumbo (Roma-Bari: Laterza, 1985)</li> <li>Japanese translation by T. Kumagai, et al. (Tokyo: Keiso Shobo, 1987)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Logico-Linguistic Papers</i>. London: Methuen, 1971</li> <li><i>Freedom and Resentment and other Essays</i>. London: Methuen, 1974</li> <li><i>Subject and Predicate in Logic and Grammar</i>. London: Methuen, 1974</li> <li><i>Skepticism and Naturalism: Some Varieties</i>. New York: Columbia University Press, 1985.</li> <li><i><a href="//archive.org/details/analysismetaphys0000stra" class="extiw" title="iarchive:analysismetaphys0000stra">Analysis and Metaphysics: An Introduction to Philosophy</a></i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1992. <ul><li>Estonian translation by T. Hallap (Tartu: University of Tartu Press, 2016)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Entity and Identity</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.</li> <li><i>Philosophical Writings</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._F._Strawson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li>"Necessary Propositions and Entailment Statements" (<i>Mind</i>, 1948)</li> <li>"Truth" (<i>Analysis</i>, 1949) reprinted in <a href="/wiki/Margaret_MacDonald_(philosopher)" title="Margaret MacDonald (philosopher)">MacDonald, Margaret</a> (ed.) <i><a href="//archive.org/details/philosophyanalys0000macd" class="extiw" title="iarchive:philosophyanalys0000macd">Philosophy and Analysis</a></i> (1966) [1954]</li> <li>"Ethical Intuitionism" (<i>Philosophy</i>, 1949), reprinted in <i>Philosophical Writings</i> (2011) and <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Sellars" title="Wilfrid Sellars">Sellars</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">Hospers</a>, <i><a href="//archive.org/details/readingsinethica00sell" class="extiw" title="iarchive:readingsinethica00sell">Readings in Ethical Theory</a></i> (1952)</li> <li>"Truth" (<i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Aristotelian_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society">Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society</a></i> suppl. vol. xxiv, 1950), reprinted in Longworth, Guy (ed.) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/DocumentLibrary/Aristotelian/2013%20AS%20Virtual%20Issue.pdf">Virtual Issue One: Truth</a></i> (2013)</li> <li>"<a href="//archive.org/details/essaysinconceptu011140mbp/page/n38/mode/1up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:essaysinconceptu011140mbp/page/n38/mode/1up">On Referring</a>" (<i><a href="/wiki/Mind_(journal)" title="Mind (journal)">Mind</a></i>, 1950), reprinted in <a href="/wiki/Irving_Copi" title="Irving Copi">Copi, Irving</a> (ed.) <i><a href="//archive.org/details/contemporaryread0000copi" class="extiw" title="iarchive:contemporaryread0000copi">Contemporary Readings in Logical Theory</a></i> (1967)</li> <li>"Particular and General" (<i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Aristotelian_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society">Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society</a></i>, 1953</li> <li>"Wittgenstein's <i>Philosophical Investigations</i> (<i>Mind</i>, vol. 63, 1954)</li> <li>"A Logician's Landscape" (<i>Philosophy</i>, Vol. 30, 1955)</li> <li>"<a href="//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.188480/page/n100/mode/1up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.188480/page/n100/mode/1up">Construction and Analysis</a>" in A.J. Ayer et al., <i><a href="//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.188480" class="extiw" title="iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.188480">The Revolution in Philosophy</a></i>. London: Macmillan, 1956</li> <li>"Singular Terms, Ontology and Identity" (<i>Mind</i>, Vol. 65, 1956)</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hist-analytic.com/Gricestrawson.pdf">In Defence of a Dogma</a>" with <a href="/wiki/H._P._Grice" class="mw-redirect" title="H. P. Grice">H. P. Grice</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical Review">Philosophical Review</a></i>, 1956), reprinted in <i>Philosophical Writings</i> (2011)</li> <li>"Logical Subjects and Physical Objects" (<i><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_and_Phenomenological_Research" title="Philosophy and Phenomenological Research">Philosophy and Phenomenological Research</a></i>, 1957)</li> <li>"Propositions, Concepts and Logical Truths" (<i>Philosophical Quarterly</i>, Vol. 7, 1957)</li> <li>"Proper Names" (<i>Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society</i>, Supp. Vol. 31, 1957), reprinted in <i>Philosophical Writings</i> (2011)</li> <li>"On Justifying Induction" (<i>Philosophical Studies</i>, 1958)</li> <li>"The Post-Linguistic Thaw" (<i>Times Literary Supplement</i>, 1960), reprinted in <i>Philosophical Writings</i> (2011)</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240118195702/https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/4837/48p187.pdf">Freedom and Resentment"</a> (<i>Proceedings of the British Academy</i>, Vol. 48, 1960)</li> <li>"Singular Terms and Predication" (<i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Philosophy">Journal of Philosophy</a></i>, 1961), reprinted in <i><a href="//archive.org/details/philosophicallog0000stra" class="extiw" title="iarchive:philosophicallog0000stra">Philosophical Logic</a></i> (1967)</li> <li>"Perception and Identification" (<i>Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society</i>, Supp. Vol. 35, 1961)</li> <li>"Carnap's Views on Constructed Systems v. Natural Languages in Analytical Philosophy" in <i><a href="//archive.org/details/philosophyofrudo0000unse" class="extiw" title="iarchive:philosophyofrudo0000unse">The Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap</a></i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Arthur_Schilpp" title="Paul Arthur Schilpp">P.A. Schilpp</a> (La Salle Ill.: Open Court, 1963)</li> <li>" A Problem about Truth: A reply to Mr. Warnock" in <i><a href="//archive.org/details/truth0000unse_j1o3" class="extiw" title="iarchive:truth0000unse j1o3">Truth</a></i>, ed. G. Pitcher, Englewood Cliffs (N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1964)</li> <li>"Truth: A Reconsideration of Austin's Views" (<i>Philosophical Quarterly</i>, Vol. 15, 1965)</li> <li>"Self, Mind and Body" (<i>Common Factor</i>, Vol. 4, 1966)</li> <li>"Is Existence Never A Predicate" (<i>Critica</i>, Vol. 1, 1967)</li> <li>"Bennett on Kant's Analytic" (<i>Philosophical Review</i>, Vol. 77, 1968), reprinted in <i>Philosophical Writings</i> (2011)</li> <li>"<a href="//archive.org/details/meaningtruthinau0000stra" class="extiw" title="iarchive:meaningtruthinau0000stra">Meaning and Truth</a>" (<i>Proceedings of the British Academy</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969)</li> <li>"Imagination and Perception" in <i>Experience and Theory</i>, ed. L. Foster and J.W. Swanson (Amherst: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>, 1970)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.114760/page/n179/mode/1up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.114760/page/n179/mode/1up">"Categories"</a> in <i>Ryle: A Collection of Critical essays</i>, ed. O.P. Wood and G. Pitcher, (New York: Doubleday, 1970)</li> <li>"The Asymmetry of Subjects and Predicates" in <i>Language, Belief and Metaphysics</i>, ed. H.E. Kiefer and M.K. Munitz (New York: State of University of New York Press, 1970)</li> <li>"Self-Reference, Contradiction and Content-Parasitic Predicates" (<i>Indian review of Philosophy</i>, 1972)</li> <li>"Different Conceptions of Analytical Philosophy" (<i>Tijdschrift voor Filosofie</i>, 1973)</li> <li>"Austin and 'Locutionary Meaning'" in <i><a href="//archive.org/details/essaysonjlaustin0000unse" class="extiw" title="iarchive:essaysonjlaustin0000unse">Essays on J.L. Austin</a></i>, ed. I Berlin (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973)</li> <li>"On Understanding the Structure of One's Language" in <i>Freedom and Resentment and Other Essays</i></li> <li>"Positions for Quantifiers" in <i>Semantics and Philosophy</i>, ed. M.K. Munitz and P.K. Unger (New York: New York University Press, 1974)</li> <li>"Does Knowledge Have Foundations?" (<i>Conocimiento y Creencia</i>, 1974), reprinted in <i>Philosophical Writings</i> (2011)</li> <li>"Semantics, Logic and Ontology" (<i>Neue Häfte für Philosophie</i>, 1975)</li> <li>"Knowledge and Truth" (<i>Indian Philosophical Quarterly</i>, Vol. 3, No. 3, 1976), reprinted in <i>Philosophical Writings</i> (2011)</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li>"Entity and Identity" in <i>Contemporary British Philosophy Fourth Series</i>, ed. H.D. Lewis (London: Allen and Unwin, 1976)</li> <li>"Scruton and Wright on Anti-Realism" (<i>Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society</i>, Vol. 77, 1976)</li> <li>"May Bes and Might Have Beens" in <i>Meaning and Use</i>, ed. A. Margalit (London: Reidel, 1979)</li> <li>"Perception and its Objects" in <i>Perception and Identity: Essays Presented to A.J. Ayer</i>, ed. G.F. Macdonald (London: Macmillan, 1979)</li> <li>"Universals" (<i><a href="/wiki/Midwest_Studies_in_Philosophy" title="Midwest Studies in Philosophy">Midwest Studies in Philosophy</a></i>, 1979)</li> <li>"Belief, Reference and Quantification" (<i>Monist</i>, 1980)</li> <li>"P.F. Strawson Replies" in <i>Philosophical Subjects Presented to P.F. Strawson</i>, ed. Zak Van Straaten (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980)</li> <li>"Comments and Reples" (<i>Philosophia</i>, Vol. 10, 1981)</li> <li>"Logical Form and Logical Constants" in <i>Logical Form, Predication and Ontology</i>, ed. P.K. Sen (India: Macmillan, 1982)</li> <li>"Liberty and Necessity" in <i>Spinoza, His Thought & Work</i>, ed. Nathan Rotenstreich and Norma Schneider (Jerusalem: The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1983), reprinted in <i><a href="//archive.org/details/analysismetaphys0000stra" class="extiw" title="iarchive:analysismetaphys0000stra">Analysis and Metaphysics</a></i> (1992)</li> <li>"Causation and Explanation" in <i>Essays on Davidson</i>, ed. Bruce Vermazen and J. Hintikka (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), reprinted in <i><a href="//archive.org/details/analysismetaphys0000stra" class="extiw" title="iarchive:analysismetaphys0000stra">Analysis and Metaphysics</a></i> (1992)</li> <li>"Direct Singular Reference: Intended Reference and Actual Reference" in <i>Wo steht die Analytische Philosophie Heute?</i>, 1986</li> <li>"Reference and its Roots" in <i>The Philosophy of W.V. Quine</i>. ed L.E. Hahn and P.A. Schilpp (La Salle Ill.: Open Court, 1986)</li> <li>"Kant's Paralogisms: Self Consciousness and the 'Outside Observer'" in <i>Theorie der Subjektivität</i>, ed. K. Cramer, F. Fulda, R.-P. Hortsmann, U. Poshast (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1987)</li> <li>"Concepts and Properties, or Predication and Copulation" (<i>Philosophical Quarterly</i>, Vol. 37, 1987)</li> <li>"Kant's New Foundations of Metaphysics" in <i>Metaphysik nach Kant</i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Henrich" title="Dieter Henrich">Dieter Henrich</a> and R.-P. Horstmann (Stuttgart: Klett Cotta, 1988)</li> <li>"Ma Philosophie: son développement, son thème central et sa nature générale" (<i>Revue de thėologie et de philosophie</i>, Vol. 120, 1988)</li> <li>"Sensibility, Understanding and the Doctrine of Synthesis: Comments on D. Henrich and P. Guyer" in <i>Kant's Transcendental Deductions</i>, ed. E. Forster (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989)</li> <li>"Two Conceptions of Philosophy" in <i>Perspectives on Quine</i>, ed. Robert Barrett and Roger Gibson (Oxford: Blackwell: 1990)</li> <li>"The Incoherence of Empiricism" (<i>Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society</i>, Supp. Vol. 66, 1992)</li> <li>"Comments on Some Aspects of Peter Unger's <i>Identity, Consciousness and Value</i> (<i>Philosophy and Phenomenological Research</i>, Vol. 42, 1992)</li> <li>"Echoes of Kant" (<i>Times Literary Supplement</i>, 1992, "The State of Philosophy")</li> <li>"Replies" in <i>Ensayos sobre Strawson</i>, ed. Carlos E. Carosi (Montevideo: Universidad de la Republica, 1992)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/knowingfromwordswesternindianphilosophicalunderstandingtestimonybimalakrishnamat_637_w/page/n31/mode/1up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:knowingfromwordswesternindianphilosophicalunderstandingtestimonybimalakrishnamat 637 w/page/n31/mode/1up">"Knowing From Words"</a> in <i><a href="//archive.org/details/knowingfromwordswesternindianphilosophicalunderstandingtestimonybimalakrishnamat_637_w" class="extiw" title="iarchive:knowingfromwordswesternindianphilosophicalunderstandingtestimonybimalakrishnamat 637 w">Knowing From Words</a></i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/Bimal_Krishna_Matilal" title="Bimal Krishna Matilal">B. K. Matilal</a> and A. Chakrabati (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992)</li> <li>"My Philosophy" and "Replies" to critics in <i>The Philosophy of P.F. Strawson</i>, ed. P.K. Sen and R.K. Verma (New Delhi: Indian Council of Philosophical Research, 1994)</li> <li>"Individuals" in <i>Philosophical Problems Today</i>, Vol. 1, ed. G. Floistad (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994)</li> <li>"The Problem of Realism and the A Priori" in <i>Kant and Contemporary Epistemology</i>, ed. Paolo Parrini (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994)</li> <li>"Introduction", "Kant on Substance" and "Meaning and Context" in <i>Entity and Identity</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997)</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._F._Strawson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Personal reactive attitudes are reactions we display when we are hurt by the actions of an agent (see Strawson, P. F. (2008), <i>Freedom and resentment and other essays</i>, Routledge, p. 12).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Milkov, <i>A Hundred Years of English Philosophy</i>, Springer, 2013, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clifford A. Brown, <i>Peter Strawson</i>, Routledge, 2015, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SEP-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SEP_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/strawson/">Peter Frederick Strawson (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSnowdon2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Snowdon, Paul (19 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917131354/https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-97063">"Strawson, Sir Peter Frederick (1919–2006), philosopher"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F97063">10.1093/ref:odnb/97063</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-97063">the original</a> on 17 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Strawson%2C+Sir+Peter+Frederick+%281919%E2%80%932006%29%2C+philosopher&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-05-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F97063&rft.aulast=Snowdon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-97063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+F.+Strawson" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sep-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sep_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sep_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/strawson/">"Peter Frederick Strawson"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peter+Frederick+Strawson&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fstrawson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+F.+Strawson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Grady2006" class="citation news cs1">O'Grady, Jane (15 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/feb/15/guardianobituaries.booksobituaries">"Sir Peter Strawson"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sir+Peter+Strawson&rft.date=2006-02-15&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=O%27Grady&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2006%2Ffeb%2F15%2Fguardianobituaries.booksobituaries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+F.+Strawson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1510498/Sir-Peter-Strawson.html">"Sir Peter Strawson"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 15 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Sir+Peter+Strawson&rft.date=2006-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F1510498%2FSir-Peter-Strawson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+F.+Strawson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P.F. Strawson, <i>Individuals</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1967" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips, R.L. (1967). "Descriptive versus Revisionary Metaphysics and the Mind–Body Problem". <i>Philosophy</i>. <b>42</b> (160): 105–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0031819100001030">10.1017/S0031819100001030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy&rft.atitle=Descriptive+versus+Revisionary+Metaphysics+and+the+Mind%E2%80%93Body+Problem&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=160&rft.pages=105-118&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0031819100001030&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=R.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+F.+Strawson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrawson1964" class="citation book cs1">Strawson, P. F. (1964). <i>Individuals</i>. University Paperbacks. pp. 9–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Individuals&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=University+Paperbacks&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Strawson&rft.aufirst=P.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+F.+Strawson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Times-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Times_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Times_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFebruary_13,_2006" class="citation news cs1">February 13, 2006, November 23, 1919-. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20221229062009/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sir-peter-strawson-2jn08qfpvlb">"Sir Peter Strawson"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460">0140-0460</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Sir+Peter+Strawson&rft.issn=0140-0460&rft.aulast=February+13%2C+2006&rft.aufirst=November+23%2C+1919-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.today%2F20221229062009%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fsir-peter-strawson-2jn08qfpvlb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+F.+Strawson" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daphne_Todd" title="Daphne Todd">Todd, Daphne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/bill-sykes-peter-strawson-george-cawkwell-and-hartmut-pogge-von-strandmann-223892">"Bill Sykes, Peter Strawson, George Cawkwell and Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Art_UK" title="Art UK">Art UK</a></i>. UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Art+UK&rft.atitle=Bill+Sykes%2C+Peter+Strawson%2C+George+Cawkwell+and+Hartmut+Pogge+von+Strandmann&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Daphne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartuk.org%2Fdiscover%2Fartworks%2Fbill-sykes-peter-strawson-george-cawkwell-and-hartmut-pogge-von-strandmann-223892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+F.+Strawson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuine1953" class="citation journal cs1">Quine, W. V. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2251091">"Mr. Strawson on Logical Theory"</a>. <i>Mind</i>. <b>62</b> (248): 433–451. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmind%2Flxii.248.433">10.1093/mind/lxii.248.433</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-4423">0026-4423</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2251091">2251091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mind&rft.atitle=Mr.+Strawson+on+Logical+Theory&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=248&rft.pages=433-451&rft.date=1953&rft.issn=0026-4423&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2251091%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmind%2Flxii.248.433&rft.aulast=Quine&rft.aufirst=W.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2251091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+F.+Strawson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._F._Strawson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Philosophical Subjects: Essays Presented to P. F. Strawson</i>, ed. Zak Van Straaten (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980)</li> <li><i>Leibniz and Strawson: A New Essay in Descriptive Metaphysics</i>, Clifford Brown (Munich: Philosophia Verlag, 1990)</li> <li><i>Ensayos sobre Strawson</i>, ed. Carlos E. Carosi (Montevideo: Universidad de la Republica, 1992)</li> <li><i>The Philosophy of P. F. Strawson</i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/Pranab_K._Sen" title="Pranab K. Sen">Pranab Kumar Sen</a> and Roop Rekha Verma (Indian Council of Philosophical Research, 1995)</li> <li><i>The Philosophy of P. F. Strawson</i>, Lewis E. Hahn, ed. (Open Court, 1998)</li> <li><i>Theories of Truth</i>, Richard Kirkham (<a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>, 1992). (Chapter 10 contains a detailed discussion of Strawson's performative theory of truth.)</li> <li>Strawson & Kant: <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">ensaios comemorativos aos 50 anos de</i></span> The Bounds of Sense. GELAIN, Itamar Luís & CONTE, Jaimir (Org.) Pelotas: NEPFIL (On-line), 2016.</li> <li>Ensaios sobre a filosofia de Strawson. CONTE, Jaimir & GELAIN, Itamar Luís (Org.). Florianópolis: Editora UFSC, 2015.</li> <li><i>Strawson and Kant</i>, ed. Hans-Johann Glock (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003)</li> <li><i>Peter Strawson</i>, Clifford Brown (Acumen Publishing, 2006)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gzcHDAAAQBAJ&q=Free+Will+and+Reactive+Attitudes%3A+Perspectives+on+P.+F.+Strawson%27s+%27Freedom+and+Resentment%27">Free Will and Reactive Attitudes: Perspectives on P. F. Strawson's 'Freedom and Resentment'</a></i>. edited by Micheal McKenna and Paul Russell, (2016)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._F._Strawson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/P._F._Strawson" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/P. F. Strawson">P. F. Strawson</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Snowdon, Paul, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/1641/150p221.pdf">"Strawson, Peter Frederick, 1919-2006"</a>, <i>Proceedings of the British Academy, V. 150 Biographical Memoirs of Fellows, VI</i>. pp. 221–244 (2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141124023025/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/sir-peter-strawson-346189.html">Sir Peter Strawson</a> – obituary for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i> by Alan Ryan</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philosophersmag.com/essays/199-snapshot-p-f-strawson">Snapshot: P. F. Strawson</a> 2019 essay by Anil Gomes for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philosophers%27_Magazine" title="The Philosophers' Magazine">The Philosophers' Magazine</a></i></li> <li>P.F. Strawson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hardproblem.ru/en/posts/Books/the-first-edition-of-freedom-and-resentment-by-p-strawson/">The First Edition of "Freedom and Resentment"</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/37747458/peter-frederick-strawson">"Sir Peter Frederick Strawson"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Find+a+Grave&rft.atitle=Sir+Peter+Frederick+Strawson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.findagrave.com%2Fmemorial%2F37747458%2Fpeter-frederick-strawson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+F.+Strawson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas of focus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Aretaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_turn" title="Linguistic turn">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performativity" title="Performativity">Performative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Logic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_logic" title="Classical logic">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviant_logic" title="Deviant logic">Deviant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_logic" title="Mathematical logic">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-classical_logic" title="Non-classical logic">Non-classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraconsistent_logic" title="Paraconsistent logic">Paraconsistent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_logic" title="Philosophical logic">Philosophical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-order_logic" title="First-order logic">Predicate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_theory_of_reference" title="Causal theory of reference">Causal theory of reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptivist_theory_of_names" title="Descriptivist theory of names">Descriptivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotivism" title="Emotivism">Emotivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_atomism" title="Logical atomism">Logical atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Marxism" title="Analytical Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophilosophy" title="Neurophilosophy">Neurophilosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">Ordinary language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopragmatism" title="Neopragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(philosophy)" title="Quietism (philosophy)">Quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Structuralism (philosophy of science)">Scientific structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_data" title="Sense data">Sense data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_theology" title="Analytic theology">Analytic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytical Thomism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_analysis" title="Philosophical analysis">Analysis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_analysis" title="Paradox of analysis">paradox of analysis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction" title="Analytic–synthetic distinction">Analytic–synthetic distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterfactual_conditional" title="Counterfactual conditional">Counterfactual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_kind" title="Natural kind">Natural kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflective_equilibrium" title="Reflective equilibrium">Reflective equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervenience" title="Supervenience">Supervenience</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Modality" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_modality" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic modality">Modality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actualism" title="Actualism">Actualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_necessity" title="Metaphysical necessity">Necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_possibility" title="Logical possibility">Possibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possible_world" title="Possible world">Possible world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_realism" title="Modal realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigid_designator" title="Rigid designator">Rigid designator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Donnellan" title="Keith Donnellan">Keith Donnellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gettier" title="Edmund Gettier">Edmund Gettier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaakko_Hintikka" title="Jaakko Hintikka">Jaakko Hintikka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Peano" title="Giuseppe Peano">Giuseppe Peano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russ_Shafer-Landau" title="Russ Shafer-Landau">Russ Shafer-Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Sosa" title="Ernest Sosa">Ernest Sosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Stroud" title="Barry Stroud">Barry Stroud</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_realism" title="Australian realism">Australian realism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong">David Malet Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J. L. Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._C._Smart" title="J. J. C. Smart">J. J. C. Smart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cambridge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arif_Ahmed_(philosopher)" title="Arif Ahmed (philosopher)">Arif Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Broad" title="C. D. Broad">Charlie Broad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_Lewy" title="Casimir Lewy">Casimir Lewy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Malcolm" title="Norman Malcolm">Norman Malcolm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Priest" title="Graham Priest">Graham Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_P._Ramsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank P. Ramsey">Frank P. Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">Oxford</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">G. E. M. Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Austin" title="J. L. Austin">J. L. Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Michael Dummett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Foot" title="Philippa Foot">Philippa Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grice" title="Paul Grice">Paul Grice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._M._Hare" title="R. M. Hare">R. M. Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Derek Parfit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">P. F. Strawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Charles Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Bernard Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Williamson" title="Timothy Williamson">Timothy Williamson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Nagel" title="Ernest Nagel">Ernest Nagel</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Circle" title="Berlin Circle">Berlin Circle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Hempel" title="Carl Gustav Hempel">Carl Gustav Hempel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Reichenbach" title="Hans Reichenbach">Hans Reichenbach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hahn_(mathematician)" title="Hans Hahn (mathematician)">Hans Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Schlick" title="Moritz Schlick">Moritz Schlick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Waismann" title="Friedrich Waismann">Friedrich Waismann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Harvard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Chisholm" title="Roderick Chisholm">Roderick Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Donald Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Nelson Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Korsgaard" title="Christine Korsgaard">Christine Korsgaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">John Rawls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notre Dame</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Audi" title="Robert Audi">Robert Audi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh School">Pittsburgh School</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brandom" title="Robert Brandom">Robert Brandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Churchland" title="Patricia Churchland">Patricia Churchland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Churchland" title="Paul Churchland">Paul Churchland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Gr%C3%BCnbaum" title="Adolf Grünbaum">Adolf Grünbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDowell" title="John McDowell">John McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Millikan" title="Ruth Millikan">Ruth Millikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Rescher" title="Nicholas Rescher">Nicholas Rescher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Sellars" title="Wilfrid Sellars">Wilfrid Sellars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas_van_Fraassen" title="Bas van Fraassen">Bas van Fraassen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neopragmatism" title="Neopragmatism">Pragmatism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Haack" title="Susan Haack">Susan Haack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Rescher" title="Nicholas Rescher">Nicholas Rescher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_White" title="Morton White">Morton White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Princeton</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Church" title="Alonzo Church">Alonzo Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Fodor" title="Jerry Fodor">Jerry Fodor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">David Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaegwon_Kim" title="Jaegwon Kim">Jaegwon Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Richard Rorty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Salmon" title="Nathan Salmon">Nathan Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Michael Walzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(philosophy)" title="Quietism (philosophy)">Quietism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Conant" title="James F. Conant">James F. Conant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Crary" title="Alice Crary">Alice Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cora_Diamond" title="Cora Diamond">Cora Diamond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reformed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Paul Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_School" title="Stanford School">Stanford School</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Cartwright_(philosopher)" title="Nancy Cartwright (philosopher)">Nancy Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dupr%C3%A9" title="John Dupré">John Dupré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Galison" title="Peter Galison">Peter Galison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Hacking" title="Ian Hacking">Ian Hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Suppes" title="Patrick Suppes">Patrick Suppes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lwow-Warsaw</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%81ukasiewicz" title="Jan Łukasiewicz">Jan Łukasiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Tarski" title="Alfred Tarski">Alfred Tarski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Analytic_philosophy" title="Category:Analytic philosophy">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_analytic_philosophy_articles" title="Index of analytic philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Epistemology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Epistemology" title="Template:Epistemology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Epistemology" title="Template talk:Epistemology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Epistemology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Epistemology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Epistemology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_epistemologists" title="List of epistemologists">Epistemologists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Audi" title="Robert Audi">Robert Audi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_BonJour" title="Laurence BonJour">Laurence BonJour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_DeRose" title="Keith DeRose">Keith DeRose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Dretske" title="Fred Dretske">Fred Dretske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gettier" title="Edmund Gettier">Edmund Gettier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Goldman" title="Alvin Goldman">Alvin Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Nelson Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grice" title="Paul Grice">Paul Grice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Gupta_(philosopher)" title="Anil Gupta (philosopher)">Anil Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Haack" title="Susan Haack">Susan Haack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Klein" title="Peter D. Klein">Peter Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Kornblith" title="Hilary Kornblith">Hilary Kornblith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">David Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDowell" title="John McDowell">John McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Pritchard" title="Duncan Pritchard">Duncan Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Pryor" title="James Pryor">James Pryor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Thomas Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Sellars" title="Wilfrid Sellars">Wilfrid Sellars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Siegel" title="Susanna Siegel">Susanna Siegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Sosa" title="Ernest Sosa">Ernest Sosa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">P. F. Strawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Williamson" title="Timothy Williamson">Timothy Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_epistemologists" title="List of epistemologists">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Epistemological_theories" title="Category:Epistemological theories">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructivist epistemology">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contextualism" title="Contextualism">Contextualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallibilism" title="Fallibilism">Fallibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Feminist epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_holism" title="Semantic holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinitism" title="Infinitism">Infinitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innatism" title="Innatism">Innatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_realism" title="Naïve realism">Naïve realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Naturalized epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliabilism" title="Reliabilism">Reliabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism" title="Direct and indirect realism">Representational realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental idealism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Concepts_in_epistemology" title="Category:Concepts in epistemology">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori"><i>A priori</i> knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori"><i>A posteriori</i> knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_analysis" title="Philosophical analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction" title="Analytic–synthetic distinction">Analytic–synthetic distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">Common sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Descriptive knowledge">Descriptive knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploratory_thought" title="Exploratory thought">Exploratory thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_injustice" title="Epistemic injustice">Epistemic injustice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_virtue" title="Epistemic virtue">Epistemic virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettier_problem" title="Gettier problem">Gettier problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">Induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" title="Internalism and externalism">Internalism and externalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(epistemology)" title="Justification (epistemology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileged_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Privileged access">Privileged access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_induction" title="Problem of induction">Problem of induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds" title="Problem of other minds">Problem of other minds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_knowledge" title="Procedural knowledge">Procedural knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regress_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Regress argument">Regress argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity" title="Simplicity">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_epistemology_articles" title="Index of epistemology articles">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_epistemology" title="Outline of epistemology">Outline of epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_epistemology" title="Formal epistemology">Formal epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaepistemology" title="Metaepistemology">Metaepistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" title="Philosophy of perception">Philosophy of perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_epistemology" title="Social epistemology">Social epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_epistemology" title="Virtue epistemology">Virtue epistemology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Epistemology" title="Category:Epistemology">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy/Epistemology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Epistemology">Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_stubs" title="Category:Philosophy stubs">Stubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy">Discussion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_language" title="Template:Philosophy of language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_language" title="Template talk:Philosophy of language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Index_of_language_articles" title="Index of language articles">Index of language articles</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophers_of_language" title="List of philosophers of language">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cratylus" title="Cratylus">Cratylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eubulides" title="Eubulides">Eubulides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Cronus" title="Diodorus Cronus">Diodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuangzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkins" title="John Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Arnauld" title="Antoine Arnauld">Arnauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lancelot" title="Claude Lancelot">Lancelot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">von Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Mauthner" title="Fritz Mauthner">Mauthner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Ricœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">de Saussure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Frege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Boas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Sapir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bloomfield" title="Leonard Bloomfield">Bloomfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky" title="Lev Vygotsky">Vygotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Carnap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lee_Whorf" title="Benjamin Lee Whorf">Whorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Austin" title="J. L. Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">Ayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaakko_Hintikka" title="Jaakko Hintikka">Hintikka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Dummett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grice" title="Paul Grice">Grice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Ryle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Strawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">Searle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Watzlawick" title="Paul Watzlawick">Watzlawick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Theories_of_language" title="Category:Theories of language">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causal_theory_of_reference" title="Causal theory of reference">Causal theory of reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrastivism" title="Contrastivism">Contrast theory of meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrastivism" title="Contrastivism">Contrastivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventionalism" title="Conventionalism">Conventionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cratylism" title="Cratylism">Cratylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptivist_theory_of_names" title="Descriptivist theory of names">Descriptivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_reference_theory" title="Direct reference theory">Direct reference theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatism" title="Dramatism">Dramatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_semantics" title="Dynamic semantics">Dynamic semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressivism" title="Expressivism">Expressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisitive_semantics" title="Inquisitive semantics">Inquisitive semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_determinism" title="Linguistic determinism">Linguistic determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediated_reference_theory" title="Mediated reference theory">Mediated reference theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cognitivism" title="Non-cognitivism">Non-cognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phallogocentrism" title="Phallogocentrism">Phallogocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relevance_theory" title="Relevance theory">Relevance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_externalism" title="Semantic externalism">Semantic externalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_holism" title="Semantic holism">Semantic holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_semantics" title="Situation semantics">Situation semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supposition_theory" title="Supposition theory">Supposition theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosism" title="Symbiosism">Symbiosism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Theological noncognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions" title="Theory of descriptions">Theory of descriptions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Definite_description" title="Definite description">Definite description</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_language" title="Theory of language">Theory of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilalianism" title="Unilalianism">Unilalianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verification theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">Ambiguity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cant_(language)" title="Cant (language)">Cant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity" title="Linguistic relativity">Linguistic relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth-bearer" title="Truth-bearer">Truth-bearer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use%E2%80%93mention_distinction" title="Use–mention distinction">Use–mention distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categorization" class="mw-redirect" title="Categorization">Categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(mathematics)" title="Set (mathematics)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_(philosophy)" title="Class (philosophy)">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_resemblance" title="Family resemblance">Family resemblance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intension" title="Intension">Intension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_form" title="Logical form">Logical form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalanguage" title="Metalanguage">Metalanguage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modality_(natural_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modality (natural language)">Modality (natural language)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presupposition" title="Presupposition">Presupposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_compositionality" title="Principle of compositionality">Principle of compositionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)" title="Sign (semiotics)">Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_and_reference" title="Sense and reference">Sense and reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_act" title="Speech act">Speech act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">Sentence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_(logic)" title="Statement (logic)">Statement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_language_articles" title="Index of philosophy of language articles">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)">Cratylus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(n.d.)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_Grammar" title="Port-Royal Grammar">Port-Royal Grammar</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1660)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Arte_Combinatoria" title="De Arte Combinatoria">De Arte Combinatoria</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1666)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_Towards_a_Real_Character,_and_a_Philosophical_Language" title="An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language">An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1668)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alciphron_(book)" title="Alciphron (book)">Alciphron</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1732)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_Denoting" title="On Denoting">On Denoting</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1905)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tractatus_Logico-Philosophicus" title="Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus">Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1921)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Language,_Truth,_and_Logic" title="Language, Truth, and Logic">Language, Truth, and Logic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Dogmas_of_Empiricism" title="Two Dogmas of Empiricism">Two Dogmas of Empiricism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Investigations" title="Philosophical Investigations">Philosophical Investigations</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Of_Grammatology" title="Of Grammatology">Of Grammatology</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1967)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naming_and_Necessity" title="Naming and Necessity">Naming and Necessity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wittgenstein_on_Rules_and_Private_Language" title="Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language">Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1982)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Limited_Inc" title="Limited Inc">Limited Inc</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1988)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">Philosophy of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_logic" title="Philosophical logic">Philosophical logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">School of Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(natural_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantics (natural language)">Semantics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formal_semantics_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal semantics (linguistics)">Formal semantics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_language" title="Category:Philosophy of language">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy/Language" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Language">Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy">Discussion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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