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class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="بيتر جيتش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيتر جيتش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Peter Geach" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Peter Geach" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Peter Geach" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1_%DA%AF%DB%8C%DA%86" title="پیتر گیچ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیتر گیچ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Peter Geach" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%ED%84%B0_%EA%B8%B0%EC%B9%98" title="피터 기치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피터 기치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Peter Geach" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="بيتر جيتش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيتر جيتش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Peter Geach" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC%E3%83%81" title="ピーター・ギーチ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピーター・ギーチ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Peter Geach" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Peter Geach" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Thomas_Geach" title="Peter Thomas Geach – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Peter Thomas Geach" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Peter Geach" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q725797#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Peter Geach</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Philosopher_Peter_Geach_in_1990.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3b/Philosopher_Peter_Geach_in_1990.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="204" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="204" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Geach in 1990</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Peter Thomas Geach</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1916-03-29</span>)</span>29 March 1916<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Chelsea" title="Metropolitan Borough of Chelsea">Chelsea</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_London" title="County of London">London</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 December 2013<span style="display:none">(2013-12-21)</span> (aged 97)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">G. E. M. Anscombe</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1941; died 2001)<wbr /></div><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaldane20001019_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaldane20001019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytical Thomism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">History of philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_logic" title="Philosophical logic">Philosophical logic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytical Thomism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_change" title="Cambridge change">Cambridge change</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Frege%E2%80%93Geach_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Frege–Geach problem">Frege–Geach problem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">omnipotence paradox</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Peter Thomas Geach</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></span></span> (29 March 1916 – 21 December 2013) was a British philosopher who was Professor of <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">Logic</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a>. His areas of interest were <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_logic" title="Philosophical logic">philosophical logic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">history of philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">philosophy of religion</a> and the theory of <a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">identity</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Geach&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peter Geach was born in <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Chelsea" title="Metropolitan Borough of Chelsea">Chelsea</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_London" title="County of London">London</a>, on 29 March 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeach19911Teichmann2017_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeach19911Teichmann2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the only son of George Hender Geach and his wife Eleonora Frederyka Adolfina <i><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Née">née</a></i> Sgonina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeach1991Kenny2015_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeach1991Kenny2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, who was employed in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Education_Service" title="Indian Education Service">Indian Educational Service</a>, would go on to work as a professor of philosophy in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> and later as the principal of a teacher-training college in <a href="/wiki/Peshawar_District" title="Peshawar District">Peshawar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeach1991_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeach1991-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His parents' marriage was unhappy and quickly broke up.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeach19911_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeach19911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the age of four, he lived with his maternal grandparents, who were <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> immigrants, in <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeach19911_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeach19911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this time he was placed in the care of a guardian (until his father returned to Britain) and contact with his mother and her parents ceased.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeach19911_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeach19911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended <a href="/wiki/The_Cathedral_School,_Llandaff" title="The Cathedral School, Llandaff">Llandaff Cathedral School</a> in Cardiff and, later, <a href="/wiki/Clifton_College" title="Clifton College">Clifton College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuirhead1948448_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuirhead1948448-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His father, who had studied with <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> and <a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a> at Cambridge, taught him philosophy starting with logic.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1934 Geach won a scholarship to <a href="/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a>, graduating in 1938 with <a href="/wiki/First-class_honours" class="mw-redirect" title="First-class honours">first-class honours</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Literae_humaniores" title="Literae humaniores">literae humaniores</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-leeds2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leeds2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenny2015186_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenny2015186-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Oxford, he increasingly engaged in intellectual clashes with Catholics, through which he discovered the Catholic faith, later converting to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeach19917Kenny2015186_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeach19917Kenny2015186-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later described it: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I was certainly cleverer than they, but they had the immeasurable advantage that they were right—an advantage that they did not throw away by resorting to the bad philosophy and apologetics then sometimes taught in Catholic schools. One day my defences quite suddenly collapsed: I knew that if I were to remain an honest man I must seek instruction in the Catholic Religion. I was received into the Catholic Church on May 31, 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Geach&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Academic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geach spent a year (1938–39)<sup id="cite_ref-leeds2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leeds2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a Gladstone Research Student, based at <a href="/wiki/Gladstone%27s_Library" title="Gladstone's Library">St Deiniol's Library</a>, Hawarden.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenny2015188_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenny2015188-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geach refused to join the British Army in the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> and, as a <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objector</a>, was employed in the war years in timber production.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Geach himself recounts that he did later try, unsuccessfully, to join the <a href="/wiki/Free_Polish_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Polish Army">Free Polish Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeach199112_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeach199112-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the end of the war in 1945, he undertook further research at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a>. </p><p>In 1951, Geach was appointed to his first substantive academic post, as assistant lecturer at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>, going on to become <a href="/wiki/Reader_(academic_rank)" title="Reader (academic rank)">Reader</a> in Logic. In 1966 Geach resigned in protest at the University’s decision to create an Institute of Contemporary Culture. In his resignation letter he said he had no wish to stay at a university which "preferred Pop Art to Logic".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year he was appointed Professor of Logic in the Department of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-leeds2_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leeds2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-anscombe_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anscombe-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geach retired from his Leeds chair in 1981 with the title <a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">Emeritus</a> Professor of Logic.<sup id="cite_ref-leeds_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leeds-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At various times Geach held <a href="/wiki/Visiting_scholar" title="Visiting scholar">visiting professorships</a> at the universities of <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warsaw" title="University of Warsaw">Warsaw</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-leeds2_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leeds2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophical_work">Philosophical work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Geach&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Philosophical work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His early work includes the classic texts <i>Mental Acts</i> and <i>Reference and Generality</i>, the latter defending an essentially modern conception of <a href="/wiki/Reference" title="Reference">reference</a> against medieval theories of supposition. His Catholic perspective was integral to his philosophy. He was perhaps the founder of <a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">analytical Thomism</a> (though the current of thought running through his and <a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Elizabeth Anscombe</a>'s work to the present day was only ostensibly so named forty years later by <a href="/wiki/John_Haldane_(philosopher)" title="John Haldane (philosopher)">John Haldane</a>), the aim of which is to synthesise Thomistic and analytic approaches. Geach was a student and an early follower of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a> whilst at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geach defends the Thomistic position that human beings are essentially <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rational</a> animals, each one miraculously created. He dismissed <a href="/wiki/Darwinistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwinistic">Darwinistic</a> attempts to regard reason as inessential to humanity, as "mere sophistry, laughable, or pitiable." He repudiated any capacity for <a href="/wiki/Animal_language" title="Animal language">language in animals</a> as mere "association of manual signs with things or performances."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray2002_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray2002-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geach dismissed both pragmatic and epistemic conceptions of truth, commending a version of the <a href="/wiki/Correspondence_theory_of_truth" title="Correspondence theory of truth">correspondence theory</a> proposed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>. He argues that there is one reality rooted in God himself, who is the ultimate truthmaker. God, according to Geach, <i>is</i> truth. While they lived, he saw <a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. Quine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Prior" title="Arthur Prior">Arthur Prior</a> as his allies, in that they held three truths: that there are no non-existent beings; that a proposition can occur in discourse without being there asserted; and that the sense of a term does not depend on the truth of the proposition in which it occurs. He is said to have invented the famous ethical example of the stuck potholer,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when arguing against the idea that it might be right to kill a child to save their mother. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Metaethics" title="Metaethics">metaethics</a>, a debate developed in the 1960s and 1970s as to whether it was possible to logically derive categorical 'ought' statements from 'is' statements. The debate famously involved <a href="/wiki/R._M._Hare" title="R. M. Hare">Richard Hare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Black" title="Max Black">Max Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippa_Foot" title="Philippa Foot">Philippa Foot</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a> among others. Geach made a notable contribution to this debate with a paper published in 1977, which purported to derive one categorical 'ought' from purely factual premises.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geach has famously argued that the notion of <a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">absolute identity</a> should be abandoned, to be replaced with relative identity predicates.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Geach&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geach was elected a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">Fellow of the British Academy</a> (FBA) in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenny2015200_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenny2015200-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_fellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary fellow">honorary fellow</a> of Balliol College in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenny2015200_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenny2015200-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was awarded the papal cross <i><a href="/wiki/Pro_Ecclesia_et_Pontifice" title="Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice">Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice</a></i> by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> in 1999<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenny2015201_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenny2015201-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for his philosophical work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_children">Marriage and children</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Geach&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Marriage and children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His wife and occasional collaborator was the philosopher <a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Elizabeth Anscombe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-anscombe_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anscombe-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both converts to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>, they were married at <a href="/wiki/Brompton_Oratory" title="Brompton Oratory">Brompton Oratory</a> in 1941 and went on to have seven children.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They co-authored the 1961 book <i>Three Philosophers</i>, with Anscombe contributing a section on <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and Geach one each on Aquinas and <a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-anscombe_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anscombe-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a quarter century they were leading figures in the Philosophical Enquiry Group, an annual confluence of Catholic philosophers held at Spode House in Staffordshire that was established by <a href="/wiki/Columba_Ryan" title="Columba Ryan">Columba Ryan</a> in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-times_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Geach&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peter Geach died on 21 December 2013<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenny2015203_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenny2015203-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Addenbrooke%27s_Hospital" title="Addenbrooke's Hospital">Addenbrooke's Hospital</a> in Cambridge and is buried in the same grave as his wife in (what is now) the <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Parish_Burial_Ground" title="Ascension Parish Burial Ground">Ascension Parish Burial Ground</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Geach&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Geach&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGeach,_PeterBlack,_Max1952" class="citation book cs1">Geach, Peter; Black, Max, eds. (1952). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/translationsfrom0000pete"><i>Translations from the philosophical writings of Gottlob Frege</i></a></span> (1st ed.). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Translations+from+the+philosophical+writings+of+Gottlob+Frege&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftranslationsfrom0000pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Geach" class="Z3988"></span> 2nd ed. (1960), 3rd ed. (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="//archive.org/details/philosophicalwri0000desc_b8k7" class="extiw" title="iarchive:philosophicalwri0000desc b8k7">Descartes: Philosophical Writings</a></i> (with G.E.M. Anscombe) (1954) Introduction by <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koyr%C3%A9" title="Alexandre Koyré">Alexandre Koyre</a></li> <li>"Good and Evil," <i>Analysis</i> (1956), Reprinted in <a href="/wiki/Philippa_Foot" title="Philippa Foot">Foot, Philippa</a> (<abbr>ed.</abbr>) <i><a href="//archive.org/details/theoriesofethics0000unse_s7o0/page/64/mode/1up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:theoriesofethics0000unse s7o0/page/64/mode/1up">Theories of Ethics</a></i> (1967).  United States: Oxford University Press. pp. 64–73.</li> <li><i><a href="//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.223704" class="extiw" title="iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.223704">Mental Acts: Their Content and Their Objects</a></i>, 1957/1997</li> <li><i><a href="//archive.org/details/three-philosophers-by-peter-thomas-geach-gertrude-elizabeth-margaret-anscombe" class="extiw" title="iarchive:three-philosophers-by-peter-thomas-geach-gertrude-elizabeth-margaret-anscombe">Three Philosophers: Aristotle; Aquinas; Frege</a></i> (with G.E.M. Anscombe), 1961</li> <li><i><a href="//archive.org/details/referencegeneral00geac_1" class="extiw" title="iarchive:referencegeneral00geac 1">Reference and Generality: An Examination of Some Medieval and Modern Theories</a></i>, 1962</li> <li>"Ascriptivism." <i>Philosophical Review</i> 69 (2):221-225, 1960, reprinted in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Richard Rorty</a> (ed.) <i><a href="//archive.org/details/linguisticturn0000rich" class="extiw" title="iarchive:linguisticturn0000rich">The Linguistic Turn</a></i> (1967)</li> <li>'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://studylib.net/doc/8115846/plato-s--euthyphro---an-analysis-and-commentary%7CPLATO'S">"PLATO'S EUTHYPHRO": An Analysis and Commentary<i>'</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Monist" title="The Monist">The Monist</a></i> Vol. 50, No. 3, July, 1966</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210618115827/https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/2105/51p321.pdf">"Some Problems about Time"</a> <i>Proceedings of the British Academy 51, 1965</i> ,1966</li> <li><i><a href="//archive.org/details/historyofcorrupt0000geac" class="extiw" title="iarchive:historyofcorrupt0000geac">History of the Corruptions of Logic</a></i>, inaugural lecture, University of Leeds, 1968</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/aquinascollectio00kenn/page/29" class="extiw" title="iarchive:aquinascollectio00kenn/page/29">"Form and Existence"</a> In: <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Kenny, A.</a> (eds) <i><a href="//archive.org/details/aquinascollectio00kenn" class="extiw" title="iarchive:aquinascollectio00kenn">Aquinas. Modern Studies in Philosophy</a></i>. Palgrave Macmillan, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-15356-5_3">10.1007/978-1-349-15356-5_3</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/aquinascollectio00kenn/page/139/mode/1up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:aquinascollectio00kenn/page/139/mode/1up">"Nominalism"</a> In: Kenny, A. (eds) <i><a href="//archive.org/details/aquinascollectio00kenn" class="extiw" title="iarchive:aquinascollectio00kenn">Aquinas. Modern Studies in Philosophy</a></i>. Palgrave Macmillan, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-15356-5_6">10.1007/978-1-349-15356-5_6</a> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="//archive.org/details/godsoul0000geac" class="extiw" title="iarchive:godsoul0000geac">God and the Soul</a></i>, 1969/2001</li> <li>"A Program for Syntax" (1970). <i>Synthèse</i> 22:3-17. reprinted in: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Davidson</a> & <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Harman" title="Gilbert Harman">Harman</a> (edc.) <i><a href="//archive.org/details/semanticsofnatur00davi" class="extiw" title="iarchive:semanticsofnatur00davi">Semantics of natural language</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/logicmatters0000geac" class="extiw" title="iarchive:logicmatters0000geac"><i>Logic Matters</i></a>, 1972</li> <li><i><a href="//archive.org/details/reasonargument0000geac" class="extiw" title="iarchive:reasonargument0000geac">Reason and Argument</a></i>, 1976</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://michaeljohnsonphilosophy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Geach-Saying-and-Showing-in-Frege-and-Wittgenstein.pdf">"Saying and Showing in Frege and Wittgenstein,"</a> <i>Acta Philosophica Fennica</i> 28 (1976): 54–70</li> <li><i><a href="//archive.org/details/providenceevil0000geac" class="extiw" title="iarchive:providenceevil0000geac">Providence and Evil: The Stanton Lectures 1971-2</a></i>, 1977</li> <li><i><a href="//archive.org/details/trent_0116301857813" class="extiw" title="iarchive:trent 0116301857813">The Virtues: The Stanton Lectures 1973-4</a></i>, 1977</li> <li><i><a href="//archive.org/details/truthloveimmorta0000geac" class="extiw" title="iarchive:truthloveimmorta0000geac">Truth, Love, and Immortality: An Introduction to McTaggart's Philosophy</a></i>, 1979</li> <li>"Truth and God," <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Aristotelian_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society">Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society</a>,</i> Supplementary Volume LVI, 1982, republished in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231212152903/https://academic.oup.com/DocumentLibrary/Aristotelian/2013%20AS%20Virtual%20Issue.pdf"><i>Proceedings</i> Virtual Issue No. 1, 2013</a></li> <li>(edited) <i>Wittgenstein's Lectures on Philosophical Psychology, 1946–47: Notes by P.T. Geach, K.J. Shah, and A.C. Jackson</i>, 1989</li> <li>"Whatever Happened to Deontic Logic" reprinted in <i><a href="//archive.org/details/logicethics0000unse" class="extiw" title="iarchive:logicethics0000unse">Logic and Ethics</a></i> (edited by Geach with Jacek Holowka), 1990</li> <li><i><a href="//archive.org/details/truthhopefurstfr0000geac" class="extiw" title="iarchive:truthhopefurstfr0000geac">Truth and Hope: The Furst Franz Josef und Furstin Gina Lectures Delivered at the International Academy of Philosophy in the Principality of Liechtenstein, 1998</a></i> 2001 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-268-04215-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-268-04215-2">0-268-04215-2</a>)</li></ul> <p>For more complete publication details see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bbm%3A978-94-015-7885-1%2F1.pdf">"Bibliography of works of P.T. Geach"</a> (1991) by Harry A. Lewis.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festschriften">Festschriften</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Geach&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Festschriften"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGormally1994" class="citation book cs1">Gormally, Luke, ed. (1994). <i>Moral Truth and Moral Tradition: Essays in Honour of Peter Geach and Elizabeth Anscombe</i>. Dublin: <a href="/wiki/Four_Courts_Press" title="Four Courts Press">Four Courts Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moral+Truth+and+Moral+Tradition%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Peter+Geach+and+Elizabeth+Anscombe&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Four+Courts+Press&rft.date=1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Geach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lewis, Harry A., ed. (1991). <i><a href="//archive.org/details/petergeachphilos0000unse" class="extiw" title="iarchive:petergeachphilos0000unse">Peter Geach: Philosophical Encounters</a></i>. Dordrecht. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-015-7885-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-015-7885-1">978-94-015-7885-1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-015-7885-1">10.1007/978-94-015-7885-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Geach&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox#Types_of_omnipotence" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence paradox § Types of omnipotence</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Geach&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span></span>/</a></span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Geach&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Geach&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaldane20001019-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaldane20001019_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaldane2000">Haldane 2000</a>, p. 1019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeach19911Teichmann2017-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeach19911Teichmann2017_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeach1991">Geach 1991</a>, p. 1; <a href="#CITEREFTeichmann2017">Teichmann 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeach1991Kenny2015-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeach1991Kenny2015_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeach1991">Geach 1991</a>; <a href="#CITEREFKenny2015">Kenny 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Grady2013" class="citation news cs1">O'Grady, Jane (26 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2013/dec/26/peter-geach">"Peter Geach obituary"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Peter+Geach+obituary&rft.date=2013-12-26&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=O%27Grady&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2013%2Fdec%2F26%2Fpeter-geach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Geach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeach1991-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeach1991_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeach1991">Geach 1991</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeach19911-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeach19911_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeach19911_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeach19911_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeach1991">Geach 1991</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuirhead1948448-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuirhead1948448_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMuirhead1948">Muirhead 1948</a>, p. 448.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_H._Wallgreen2023" class="citation book cs1">Thomas H. Wallgreen (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zTmcEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44"><i>The Creation of Wittgenstein: Understanding the Roles of Rush Rhees, Elizabeth Anscombe and Georg Henrik Von Wright</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350121119" title="Special:BookSources/9781350121119"><bdi>9781350121119</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creation+of+Wittgenstein%3A+Understanding+the+Roles+of+Rush+Rhees%2C+Elizabeth+Anscombe+and+Georg+Henrik+Von+Wright&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781350121119&rft.au=Thomas+H.+Wallgreen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzTmcEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Geach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leeds2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leeds2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leeds2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leeds2_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leeds2_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leeds.ac.uk/secretariat/obituaries/2014/geach_peter.html">"Emeritus Professor Peter T Geach, MA, FBA"</a>. Leeds: University of Leeds. 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emeritus+Professor+Peter+T+Geach%2C+MA%2C+FBA&rft.place=Leeds&rft.pub=University+of+Leeds&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leeds.ac.uk%2Fsecretariat%2Fobituaries%2F2014%2Fgeach_peter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Geach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenny2015186-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenny2015186_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKenny2015">Kenny 2015</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeach19917Kenny2015186-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeach19917Kenny2015186_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeach1991">Geach 1991</a>, p. 7; <a href="#CITEREFKenny2015">Kenny 2015</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/peter-geach-rip">Schwenkler, John, "Peter Geach, R.I.P., Commonweal, December 24, 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenny2015188-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenny2015188_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKenny2015">Kenny 2015</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/1529/09_Geach_1820.pdf">The British Academy, Peter Thomas Geach by Anthony Kenny, page 188</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeach199112-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeach199112_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeach1991">Geach 1991</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/1529/09_Geach_1820.pdf">The British Academy, Peter Thomas Geach by Anthony Kenny, page 195</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anscombe-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-anscombe_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anscombe_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anscombe_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoxer2001" class="citation news cs1">Boxer, Sarah (13 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518061817/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/13/world/g-e-m-anscombe-81-british-philosopher.html">"G. E. M. Anscombe, 81, British Philosopher"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. B8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/13/world/g-e-m-anscombe-81-british-philosopher.html">the original</a> on 18 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=G.+E.+M.+Anscombe%2C+81%2C+British+Philosopher&rft.pages=B8&rft.date=2001-01-13&rft.aulast=Boxer&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F01%2F13%2Fworld%2Fg-e-m-anscombe-81-british-philosopher.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Geach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leeds-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-leeds_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120926134723/http://www.leeds.ac.uk/calendar/emeritus.htm">"Emeritus Professors"</a>. Leeds: University of Leeds. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leeds.ac.uk/calendar/emeritus.htm">the original</a> on 26 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emeritus+Professors&rft.place=Leeds&rft.pub=University+of+Leeds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leeds.ac.uk%2Fcalendar%2Femeritus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Geach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Roberts, Sue (2014). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philosophynow.org/issues/100/News_January_February_2014">"News"</a></span>. <i>Philosophy Now</i>. No. 100<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+Now&rft.atitle=News&rft.issue=100&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Sue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilosophynow.org%2Fissues%2F100%2FNews_January_February_2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Geach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray2002-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray2002_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurray2002">Murray 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeach1977" class="citation journal cs1">Geach, Peter (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3749546">"Again the Logic of 'Ought'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <i>Philosophy</i>. <b>52</b> (211): 473–476. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0031819100028953">10.1017/S0031819100028953</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3749546">3749546</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170494772">170494772</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy&rft.atitle=Again+the+Logic+of+%27Ought%27&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=211&rft.pages=473-476&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170494772%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3749546%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0031819100028953&rft.aulast=Geach&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3749546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Geach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurka1980" class="citation journal cs1">Hurka, Thomas (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3750979">"Geach on Deriving Categorical 'Oughts'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <i>Philosophy</i>. <b>55</b> (211): 101–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0031819100063786">10.1017/S0031819100063786</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3750979">3750979</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170323838">170323838</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy&rft.atitle=Geach+on+Deriving+Categorical+%27Oughts%27&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=211&rft.pages=101-104&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170323838%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3750979%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0031819100063786&rft.aulast=Hurka&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3750979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Geach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxford-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oxford_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Metaphysics</i>. p. 111-112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Metaphysics&rft.pages=111-112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Geach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity/">https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenny2015200-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenny2015200_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenny2015200_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKenny2015">Kenny 2015</a>, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenny2015201-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenny2015201_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKenny2015">Kenny 2015</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605033421/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1313382/Professor-G-E-M-Anscombe.html">"Professor G E M Anscombe"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. London. 6 January 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1313382/Professor-G-E-M-Anscombe.html">the original</a> on 5 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Professor+G+E+M+Anscombe&rft.date=2001-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F1313382%2FProfessor-G-E-M-Anscombe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Geach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-times-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-times_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100602074527/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article6800925.ece?print=yes&randnum=1151003209000">"Father Columba Ryan: Priest, Teacher and University Chaplain"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. London. 19 August 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article6800925.ece?print=yes&randnum=1151003209000">the original</a> on 2 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Father+Columba+Ryan%3A+Priest%2C+Teacher+and+University+Chaplain&rft.date=2009-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fcomment%2Fobituaries%2Farticle6800925.ece%3Fprint%3Dyes%26randnum%3D1151003209000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Geach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenny2015203-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenny2015203_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKenny2015">Kenny 2015</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1991" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Harry A., ed. (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/petergeachphilos0000unse"><i>Peter Geach: Philosophical Encounters</i></a></span>. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-015-7885-1">10.1007/978-94-015-7885-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-4072-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-4072-5"><bdi>978-90-481-4072-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter+Geach%3A+Philosophical+Encounters&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-015-7885-1&rft.isbn=978-90-481-4072-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpetergeachphilos0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Geach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Geach&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDummett1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Dummett, Michael</a> (1981). <i>The Interpretation of Frege's Philosophy</i>. Duckworth.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Interpretation+of+Frege%27s+Philosophy&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Dummett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Geach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeach1991" class="citation book cs1">Geach, Peter (1991). "A Philosophical Autobiography". In Lewis, Harry A. (ed.). <i><a href="//archive.org/details/petergeachphilos0000unse" class="extiw" title="iarchive:petergeachphilos0000unse">Peter Geach: Philosophical Encounters</a></i>. Synthese Library. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp. 1–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-015-7885-1_1">10.1007/978-94-015-7885-1_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-015-7885-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-015-7885-1"><bdi>978-94-015-7885-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Philosophical+Autobiography&rft.btitle=Peter+Geach%3A+Philosophical+Encounters&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+Netherlands&rft.series=Synthese+Library&rft.pages=1-25&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-015-7885-1_1&rft.isbn=978-94-015-7885-1&rft.aulast=Geach&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Geach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaldane2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Haldane_(philosopher)" title="John Haldane (philosopher)">Haldane, John</a> (2000). "In Memoriam: G. E. M. Anscombe (1919–2001)". <i>The Review of Metaphysics</i>. <b>53</b> (4): 1019–1021. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2154-1302">2154-1302</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20131480">20131480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Metaphysics&rft.atitle=In+Memoriam%3A+G.+E.+M.+Anscombe+%281919%E2%80%932001%29&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1019-1021&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20131480%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2154-1302&rft.aulast=Haldane&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Geach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenny2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Kenny, Anthony</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/sites/default/files/09%20Geach%201820.pdf">"Peter Thomas Geach, 1916–2013"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the British Academy</i>. Vol. 14. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 185–203<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peter+Thomas+Geach%2C+1916%E2%80%932013&rft.btitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+British+Academy&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=185-203&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Kenny&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebritishacademy.ac.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F09%2520Geach%25201820.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Geach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fergus_Kerr" title="Fergus Kerr">Kerr, Fergus</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arsdisputandi.org/index.html?http://www.arsdisputandi.org/publish/articles/000034/index.html">"Review of <i>Truth and Hope</i>, by Peter Geach"</a>. <i>Ars Disputandi</i>. <b>2</b>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1566-5399">1566-5399</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120731053724/http://www.arsdisputandi.org/index.html?http://www.arsdisputandi.org/publish/articles/000034/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ars+Disputandi&rft.atitle=Review+of+Truth+and+Hope%2C+by+Peter+Geach&rft.volume=2&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=1566-5399&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arsdisputandi.org%2Findex.html%3Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.arsdisputandi.org%2Fpublish%2Farticles%2F000034%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Geach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacIntyre2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre, Alasdair</a> (2002). "Virtues in Foot and Geach". <i>The Philosophical Quarterly</i>. <b>52</b> (209): 621–631. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9213.00289">10.1111/1467-9213.00289</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1467-9213">1467-9213</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3542725">3542725</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philosophical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Virtues+in+Foot+and+Geach&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=209&rft.pages=621-631&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=1467-9213&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3542725%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-9213.00289&rft.aulast=MacIntyre&rft.aufirst=Alasdair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Geach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuirhead1948" class="citation book cs1">Muirhead, J. A. O., ed. (1948). <i>Clifton College Register</i>. Bristol, England: J. W. Arrowsmith.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clifton+College+Register&rft.place=Bristol%2C+England&rft.pub=J.+W.+Arrowsmith&rft.date=1948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Geach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2002" class="citation journal cs1">Murray, Michael J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndpr.nd.edu/news/truth-and-hope-the-furst-franz-josef-und-furstin-gina-lectures-delivered-at-the-international-academy-of-philosophy-1998/">"Review of <i>Truth and Hope: The Furst Franz Josef und Furstin Gina Lectures Delivered at the International Academy of Philosophy, 1998</i>, by Peter Geach"</a>. <i>Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1538-1617">1538-1617</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notre+Dame+Philosophical+Reviews&rft.atitle=Review+of+Truth+and+Hope%3A+The+Furst+Franz+Josef+und+Furstin+Gina+Lectures+Delivered+at+the+International+Academy+of+Philosophy%2C+1998%2C+by+Peter+Geach&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=1538-1617&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fndpr.nd.edu%2Fnews%2Ftruth-and-hope-the-furst-franz-josef-und-furstin-gina-lectures-delivered-at-the-international-academy-of-philosophy-1998%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Geach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeichmann2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Teichmann, Roger (2017). "Geach, Peter Thomas (1916–2013)". <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i> (online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F107582">10.1093/ref:odnb/107582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Geach%2C+Peter+Thomas+%281916%E2%80%932013%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F107582&rft.aulast=Teichmann&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Geach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd2011" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Patrick (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117183214/https://philpapers.org/archive/TODG.pdf">"Geachianism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Kvanvig" title="Jonathan Kvanvig">Kvanvig, Jonathan L.</a> (ed.). <i>Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Religion</i>. Vol. 3. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 222–251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199603213.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199603213.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960321-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960321-3"><bdi>978-0-19-960321-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/archive/TODG.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Geachianism&rft.btitle=Oxford+Studies+in+Philosophy+of+Religion&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=222-251&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199603213.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960321-3&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Farchive%2FTODG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Geach" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Geach&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/151438210">Peter Geach</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2013/dec/26/peter-geach">Peter Geach obituary</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210323232522/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/10572088/Peter-Geach-obituary.html">Peter Geach - obituary</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i> (Archived by <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/H._H._Price" title="H. H. Price">H. H. Price</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Howison_Lectures_in_Philosophy" title="Howison Lectures in Philosophy">Howison Lecturer in Philosophy</a></span> </b><br />1963 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">G. E. M. Anscombe</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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of focus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Aretaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_turn" title="Linguistic turn">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performativity" title="Performativity">Performative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Logic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_logic" title="Classical logic">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviant_logic" title="Deviant logic">Deviant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_logic" title="Mathematical logic">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-classical_logic" title="Non-classical logic">Non-classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraconsistent_logic" title="Paraconsistent logic">Paraconsistent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_logic" title="Philosophical logic">Philosophical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-order_logic" title="First-order logic">Predicate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_theory_of_reference" title="Causal theory of reference">Causal theory of reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptivist_theory_of_names" title="Descriptivist theory of names">Descriptivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotivism" title="Emotivism">Emotivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_atomism" title="Logical atomism">Logical atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Marxism" title="Analytical Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophilosophy" title="Neurophilosophy">Neurophilosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">Ordinary language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopragmatism" title="Neopragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(philosophy)" title="Quietism (philosophy)">Quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Structuralism (philosophy of science)">Scientific structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_data" title="Sense data">Sense data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_theology" title="Analytic theology">Analytic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytical Thomism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_analysis" title="Philosophical analysis">Analysis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_analysis" title="Paradox of analysis">paradox of analysis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction" title="Analytic–synthetic distinction">Analytic–synthetic distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterfactual_conditional" title="Counterfactual conditional">Counterfactual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_kind" title="Natural kind">Natural kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflective_equilibrium" title="Reflective equilibrium">Reflective equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervenience" title="Supervenience">Supervenience</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Modality" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_modality" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic modality">Modality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actualism" title="Actualism">Actualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_necessity" title="Metaphysical necessity">Necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_possibility" title="Logical possibility">Possibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possible_world" title="Possible world">Possible world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_realism" title="Modal realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigid_designator" title="Rigid designator">Rigid designator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Donnellan" title="Keith Donnellan">Keith Donnellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gettier" title="Edmund Gettier">Edmund Gettier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaakko_Hintikka" title="Jaakko Hintikka">Jaakko Hintikka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Peano" title="Giuseppe Peano">Giuseppe Peano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russ_Shafer-Landau" title="Russ Shafer-Landau">Russ Shafer-Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Sosa" title="Ernest Sosa">Ernest Sosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Stroud" title="Barry Stroud">Barry Stroud</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_realism" title="Australian realism">Australian realism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong">David Malet Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J. L. Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._C._Smart" title="J. J. C. Smart">J. J. C. Smart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cambridge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arif_Ahmed_(philosopher)" title="Arif Ahmed (philosopher)">Arif Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Broad" title="C. D. Broad">Charlie Broad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_Lewy" title="Casimir Lewy">Casimir Lewy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Malcolm" title="Norman Malcolm">Norman Malcolm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Priest" title="Graham Priest">Graham Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_P._Ramsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank P. Ramsey">Frank P. Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">Oxford</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">G. E. M. Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Austin" title="J. L. Austin">J. L. Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Michael Dummett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Foot" title="Philippa Foot">Philippa Foot</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grice" title="Paul Grice">Paul Grice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._M._Hare" title="R. M. Hare">R. M. Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Derek Parfit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">P. F. Strawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Charles Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Bernard Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Williamson" title="Timothy Williamson">Timothy Williamson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Nagel" title="Ernest Nagel">Ernest Nagel</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Circle" title="Berlin Circle">Berlin Circle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Hempel" title="Carl Gustav Hempel">Carl Gustav Hempel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Reichenbach" title="Hans Reichenbach">Hans Reichenbach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hahn_(mathematician)" title="Hans Hahn (mathematician)">Hans Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Schlick" title="Moritz Schlick">Moritz Schlick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Waismann" title="Friedrich Waismann">Friedrich Waismann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Harvard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Chisholm" title="Roderick Chisholm">Roderick Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Donald Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Nelson Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Korsgaard" title="Christine Korsgaard">Christine Korsgaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">John Rawls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notre Dame</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Audi" title="Robert Audi">Robert Audi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh School">Pittsburgh School</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brandom" title="Robert Brandom">Robert Brandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Churchland" title="Patricia Churchland">Patricia Churchland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Churchland" title="Paul Churchland">Paul Churchland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Gr%C3%BCnbaum" title="Adolf Grünbaum">Adolf Grünbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDowell" title="John McDowell">John McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Millikan" title="Ruth Millikan">Ruth Millikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Rescher" title="Nicholas Rescher">Nicholas Rescher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Sellars" title="Wilfrid Sellars">Wilfrid Sellars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas_van_Fraassen" title="Bas van Fraassen">Bas van Fraassen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neopragmatism" title="Neopragmatism">Pragmatism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Haack" title="Susan Haack">Susan Haack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Rescher" title="Nicholas Rescher">Nicholas Rescher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_White" title="Morton White">Morton White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Princeton</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Church" title="Alonzo Church">Alonzo Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Fodor" title="Jerry Fodor">Jerry Fodor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">David Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaegwon_Kim" title="Jaegwon Kim">Jaegwon Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Richard Rorty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Salmon" title="Nathan Salmon">Nathan Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Michael Walzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(philosophy)" title="Quietism (philosophy)">Quietism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Conant" title="James F. Conant">James F. Conant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Crary" title="Alice Crary">Alice Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cora_Diamond" title="Cora Diamond">Cora Diamond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reformed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Paul Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_School" title="Stanford School">Stanford School</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Cartwright_(philosopher)" title="Nancy Cartwright (philosopher)">Nancy Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dupr%C3%A9" title="John Dupré">John Dupré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Galison" title="Peter Galison">Peter Galison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Hacking" title="Ian Hacking">Ian Hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Suppes" title="Patrick Suppes">Patrick Suppes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lwow-Warsaw</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%81ukasiewicz" title="Jan Łukasiewicz">Jan Łukasiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Tarski" title="Alfred Tarski">Alfred Tarski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Analytic_philosophy" title="Category:Analytic philosophy">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_analytic_philosophy_articles" title="Index of analytic philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template talk:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Concepts in religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a> <ul><li>or <a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">religious belief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_veto" title="Theological veto">Theological veto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">Egoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misotheism" title="Misotheism">Misotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">God in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">For</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christological_argument" title="Christological argument">Christological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_consciousness" title="Argument from consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument" title="Kalam cosmological argument">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Argument_from_contingency" title="Cosmological argument">Contingency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_religious_experience" title="Argument from religious experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-tuned_universe" title="Fine-tuned universe">Fine-tuning of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_love" title="Argument from love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_miracles" title="Argument from miracles">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_Truthful" title="Proof of the Truthful">Necessary existent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Proper basis and Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_reason" title="Argument from reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">Teleological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker analogy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God">Transcendental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Against</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit" title="Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit">747 gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist%27s_Wager" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist's Wager">Atheist's Wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Noncognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">Inclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories about religions">Theories about religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic naturalism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possibilianism" title="Possibilianism">Possibilianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eschatological_verification" title="Eschatological verification">Eschatological verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_game_(philosophy)" title="Language game (philosophy)">Language game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_of_all_possible_worlds" title="Best of all possible worlds">Best of all possible worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inconsistent_triad" title="Inconsistent triad">Inconsistent triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_evil" title="Natural evil">Natural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophers of religion">Philosophers<br />of religion</a></div><br />(by date active)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunilo_of_Marmoutiers" title="Gaunilo of Marmoutiers">Gaunilo of Marmoutiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI and I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried W Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">William Wollaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann G Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1800<br />1850</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl C F Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W F Hegel</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikan_Spir" title="Afrikan Spir">Afrikan Spir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1880<br />1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">W K Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1920<br />postwar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Brunner" title="Emil Brunner">Emil Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J L Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I._Mavrodes" title="George I. Mavrodes">George I Mavrodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1970<br />1990<br />2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">William L Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Zephaniah_Phillips" title="Dewi Zephaniah Phillips">Dewi Z Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Anthony Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Rue" title="Loyal Rue">Loyal Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Rashad" title="Ali Akbar Rashad">Ali Akbar Rashad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">Religious philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_religion_articles" title="Index of philosophy of religion articles">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophy of religion">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ludwig_Wittgenstein" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Template:Ludwig Wittgenstein"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Template talk:Ludwig Wittgenstein"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ludwig Wittgenstein"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ludwig_Wittgenstein" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stonborough-Wittgenstein" title="Margaret Stonborough-Wittgenstein">Margaret Stonborough-Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wittgenstein" title="Karl Wittgenstein">Karl Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wittgenstein" title="Paul Wittgenstein">Paul Wittgenstein</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Works_associated_with_Paul_Wittgenstein" title="Works associated with Paul Wittgenstein">Works associated with Paul Wittgenstein</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early work</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picture_theory_of_language" title="Picture theory of language">Picture theory of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_table" title="Truth table">Truth tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wittgenstein%27s_ladder" title="Wittgenstein's ladder">Wittgenstein's ladder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Later work</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_game_(philosophy)" title="Language game (philosophy)">Language-game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_language_argument" title="Private language argument">Private language argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_resemblance" title="Family resemblance">Family resemblance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wittgenstein_on_Rules_and_Private_Language" title="Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language">Rule-following</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_of_life_(philosophy)" title="Form of life (philosophy)">Form of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wittgenstein%27s_philosophy_of_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Wittgenstein's philosophy of mathematics">Wittgenstein's philosophy of mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_approach" title="Therapeutic approach">Therapeutic approach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tractatus_Logico-Philosophicus" title="Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus">Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Some_Remarks_on_Logical_Form" title="Some Remarks on Logical Form">Some Remarks on Logical Form</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blue_and_Brown_Books" title="Blue and Brown Books">Blue and Brown Books</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_Remarks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophical Remarks (page does not exist)">Philosophical Remarks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Investigations" title="Philosophical Investigations">Philosophical Investigations</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Certainty" title="On Certainty">On Certainty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_Value" title="Culture and Value">Culture and Value</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Remarks_on_Frazer%27s_Golden_Bough" title="Remarks on Frazer's Golden Bough">Remarks on Frazer's Golden Bough</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Remarks_on_the_Foundations_of_Mathematics" title="Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics">Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zettel_(Wittgenstein_book)" title="Zettel (Wittgenstein book)">Zettel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Remarks_on_Colour" title="Remarks on Colour">Remarks on Colour</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lectures_and_Conversations_on_Aesthetics,_Psychology,_and_Religious_Belief" title="Lectures and Conversations on Aesthetics, Psychology, and Religious Belief">Lectures and Conversations on Aesthetics, Psychology, and Religious Belief</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_turn" title="Linguistic turn">Linguistic turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_language_philosophy" title="Ideal language philosophy">Ideal language philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_atomism" title="Logical atomism">Logical atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">Ordinary language philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wittgensteinian_fideism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wittgensteinian fideism">Wittgensteinian fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(philosophy)" title="Quietism (philosophy)">Quietism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Friends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">G. E. M. Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Braithwaite" title="R. B. Braithwaite">R. B. Braithwaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Engelmann" title="Paul Engelmann">Paul Engelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Malcolm" title="Norman Malcolm">Norman Malcolm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pinsent" title="David Pinsent">David Pinsent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_P._Ramsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank P. Ramsey">Frank P. Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Rhees" title="Rush Rhees">Rush Rhees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Schlick" title="Moritz Schlick">Moritz Schlick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Skinner" title="Francis Skinner">Francis Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_Sraffa" title="Piero Sraffa">Piero Sraffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Waismann" title="Friedrich Waismann">Friedrich Waismann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Winch" title="Peter Winch">Peter Winch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._H._von_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="G. H. von Wright">G. H. von Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biographers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Edmonds_(philosopher)" title="David Edmonds (philosopher)">David Edmonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Monk" title="Ray Monk">Ray Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Warren_Bartley" class="mw-redirect" title="William Warren Bartley">William Warren Bartley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secondary<br />sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Park_Baker" title="Gordon Park Baker">Gordon Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Conant" title="James F. Conant">James F. Conant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Crary" title="Alice Crary">Alice Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cora_Diamond" title="Cora Diamond">Cora Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Terry Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hacker" title="Peter Hacker">Peter Hacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Jacquette" title="Dale Jacquette">Dale Jacquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Anthony Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Goldfarb" title="Warren Goldfarb">Warren Goldfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cavell" title="Stanley Cavell">Stanley Cavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Z._Phillips" class="mw-redirect" title="D. Z. Phillips">D. Z. Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_McGinn" title="Colin McGinn">Colin McGinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaakko_Hintikka" title="Jaakko Hintikka">Jaakko Hintikka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Hanfling" title="Oswald Hanfling">Oswald Hanfling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Grayling" title="A. C. Grayling">A. C. Grayling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Read" title="Rupert Read">Rupert Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Stroud" title="Barry Stroud">Barry Stroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Toulmin" title="Stephen Toulmin">Stephen Toulmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispin_Wright" title="Crispin Wright">Crispin Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergus_Kerr" title="Fergus Kerr">Fergus Kerr</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wittgenstein%27s_Poker" title="Wittgenstein's Poker">Wittgenstein's Poker</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Apostles" title="Cambridge Apostles">Cambridge Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Moral_Sciences_Club" title="Cambridge University Moral Sciences Club">Cambridge University Moral Sciences Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haidbauer_incident" title="Haidbauer incident">Haidbauer incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haus_Wittgenstein" title="Haus Wittgenstein">Haus Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Mauthner" title="Fritz Mauthner">Fritz Mauthner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wittgenstein_(film)" title="Wittgenstein (film)"><i>Wittgenstein</i> (film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wittgenstein_Tractatus" title="Wittgenstein Tractatus">Wittgenstein Tractatus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/21px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/42px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/21px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/42px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/12px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/19px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/25px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725797#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725797#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725797#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109310716">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/108298621">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1899604/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtmpkHGckx7jYCFXY3hHC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119000954">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79145630">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12029420r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12029420r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00440663">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36578416">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub2010596585&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1122810">Spain</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1282767">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068452314">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90136819">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000116804&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810543834205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/197176">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007287720905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058612467106706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00455791?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:geach.peter-thomas">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1303060">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119000954">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/091611911">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rk29qd">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Geach&oldid=1254635768">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Geach&oldid=1254635768</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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