CINXE.COM

Magistrate Judgeships | Federal Judicial Center

<!DOCTYPE html> <!--[if IEMobile 7]><html class="no-js ie iem7" lang="en" dir="ltr"><![endif]--> <!--[if lte IE 6]><html class="no-js ie lt-ie9 lt-ie8 lt-ie7" lang="en" dir="ltr"><![endif]--> <!--[if (IE 7)&(!IEMobile)]><html class="no-js ie lt-ie9 lt-ie8" lang="en" dir="ltr"><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js ie lt-ie9" lang="en" dir="ltr"><![endif]--> <!--[if (gte IE 9)|(gt IEMobile 7)]><html class="no-js ie" lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"><![endif]--> <!--[if !IE]><!--><html class="no-js" lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"><!--<![endif]--> <head><script src="/Vauld-by-hauen-tothe-Cap-Yes-Shaftessations-too-" async></script> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/favicon%281%29.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <link rel="profile" href="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta http-equiv="cleartype" content="on" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/all/themes/omega/omega/apple-touch-icon-precomposed-114x114.png" sizes="114x114" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/all/themes/omega/omega/apple-touch-icon-precomposed-72x72.png" sizes="72x72" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/all/themes/omega/omega/apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/all/themes/omega/omega/apple-touch-icon-precomposed-144x144.png" sizes="144x144" /> <meta name="description" content="Biographies of judges include birth/death, Article III judicial service, other federal judicial service, education, professional career, research resources, and other information…" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" /> <meta name="generator" content="Drupal 7 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/magistrate-judgeships" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.fjc.gov/node/7501" /> <title>Magistrate Judgeships | Federal Judicial Center</title> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_v5HTreSNy4wCjMcxsiXqFth10OYVeKmnf2wVcx7hBlo.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_TVctrc-teFA9IK1pZzFtGHgmnTvUGNYmzWyhfx-bzFs.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/qtip2/3.0.3/jquery.qtip.min.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_Us7vGmrqnZdSesDNksSJVdnEgDwtWrMUPQA8mW-X7Lo.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_50HrxBdywP3ZDF1zLbJ4AJ8XvjS3FciTunjpl6tsWX0.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_-23VW-mOgaxPj1IBwITzh4MtqON-zZPP7qRrim4OyXc.css" media="print" /> <!--[if lte IE 8]> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_taR5g4clL96AqREhJQZ-u-o9kGbXBs7_52Ma1BmOA9A.css" media="all" /> <![endif]--> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_x4NcdcWzQVFGj1lrvYvAxxqBSU_bRMps-ks7XWv59AU.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Droid+Sans:700|Muli:regular&amp;subset=latin" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/css/css__zyLjpQx2RLBQig3lozo7-U6tLLU1iK5ReuQZnhgMMc.css" media="all" /> <script src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_XsSxoTOBDPOtLH-Q6kQ8ccMnoKhlI6agpyGWt0YyFAc.js"></script> <script src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_graahBFY8kvzRYNrqXD_IsD48WUuXz5e_o3rGqlSL4M.js"></script> <script src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_r30sqM-3Oa3HiL00gdZSrb3OiDoDUkvHnBWZYzOGu3Q.js"></script> <script src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_-7oTPO4_ktG5FdE3vZ_SADET4rAFrvsT9udcU8sCbnA.js"></script> <script src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/qtip2/3.0.3/jquery.qtip.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_OTl_VqF8-r5E9Zxe6Z3v7ZOXZghVySEJzstcpHwRqpY.js"></script> <script>var _paq = _paq || [];(function(){var u=(("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? "https://fjc.piwik.pro/" : "http://fjc.piwik.pro/");_paq.push(["setSiteId", "3"]);_paq.push(["setTrackerUrl", u+"matomo.php"]);_paq.push(["setDoNotTrack", 1]);_paq.push(["trackPageView"]);_paq.push(["setIgnoreClasses", ["no-tracking","colorbox"]]);_paq.push(["enableLinkTracking"]);var d=document,g=d.createElement("script"),s=d.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];g.type="text/javascript";g.defer=true;g.async=true;g.src=u+"matomo.js";s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s);})();</script> <script src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_8boUMQVNbOAH70o8HuL9rOFlG6-hRdVmVaeo0dvlBCU.js"></script> <script>window.a2a_config=window.a2a_config||{};window.da2a={done:false,html_done:false,script_ready:false,script_load:function(){var a=document.createElement('script'),s=document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];a.type='text/javascript';a.async=true;a.src='https://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js';s.parentNode.insertBefore(a,s);da2a.script_load=function(){};},script_onready:function(){da2a.script_ready=true;if(da2a.html_done)da2a.init();},init:function(){for(var i=0,el,target,targets=da2a.targets,length=targets.length;i<length;i++){el=document.getElementById('da2a_'+(i+1));target=targets[i];a2a_config.linkname=target.title;a2a_config.linkurl=target.url;if(el){a2a.init('page',{target:el});el.id='';}da2a.done=true;}da2a.targets=[];}};(function ($){Drupal.behaviors.addToAny = {attach: function (context, settings) {if (context !== document && window.da2a) {if(da2a.script_ready)a2a.init_all();da2a.script_load();}}}})(jQuery);a2a_config.callbacks=a2a_config.callbacks||[];a2a_config.callbacks.push({ready:da2a.script_onready});a2a_config.overlays=a2a_config.overlays||[];a2a_config.templates=a2a_config.templates||{};a2a_config.no_3p=1;a2a_config.exclude_services = ["myspace", "linkedin", "whatsapp", "pinterest", "reddit", "tumblr"]; a2a_config.num_services = 4; a2a_config.icon_color = "#2559a6";</script> <script src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_UvX6dPDClEtRepdiwQxSkd_7IH2LMMlfcw3i_mo41qI.js"></script> <script src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_jcAJ00FHQRRYppEK8MgXRaT0yp8oefAoIezCUr6kS4A.js"></script> <script>jQuery.extend(Drupal.settings, {"basePath":"\/","pathPrefix":"","setHasJsCookie":0,"ajaxPageState":{"theme":"fjc_omega","theme_token":"tKpz_ntH8w-OCsMq5Pyrtrtsd3sA3eE7pncNaRhcORI","jquery_version":"1.12","jquery_version_token":"kEePULhkZrnnp8A9IOp2sFI5gjGW3j6t1vz3iS30N1M","js":{"0":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/replace\/jquery\/1.12\/jquery.min.js":1,"misc\/jquery-extend-3.4.0.js":1,"misc\/jquery-html-prefilter-3.5.0-backport.js":1,"misc\/jquery.once.js":1,"misc\/drupal.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/js\/no-js.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/js\/jquery_browser.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/beautytips\/js\/jquery.bt.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/beautytips\/js\/beautytips.min.js":1,"misc\/form-single-submit.js":1,"misc\/ajax.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/js\/jquery_update.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/apachesolr_sort\/apachesolr_sort.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/ckeditor_accordion\/js\/ckeditor-accordion.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/entityreference\/js\/entityreference.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/colorbox\/jquery.colorbox-min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/colorbox\/js\/colorbox.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/colorbox\/styles\/default\/colorbox_style.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/colorbox\/js\/colorbox_load.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/colorbox\/js\/colorbox_inline.js":1,"\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/qtip2\/3.0.3\/jquery.qtip.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/responsive_menus\/styles\/responsive_menus_simple\/js\/responsive_menus_simple.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/matomo\/matomo.js":1,"1":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/antibot\/js\/antibot.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/extlink\/js\/extlink.js":1,"2":1,"misc\/progress.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/qtip\/js\/qtip.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/colorbox_node\/colorbox_node.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/superfish\/jquery.hoverIntent.minified.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/superfish\/sfautomaticwidth.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/superfish\/sfsmallscreen.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/superfish\/supposition.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/superfish\/superfish.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/superfish\/supersubs.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/superfish\/superfish.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/fjc_omega\/js\/fjc-omega.behaviors.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/fjc_omega\/js\/mobile-menu.js":1},"css":{"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/css\/modules\/system\/system.base.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/css\/modules\/system\/system.menus.theme.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/css\/modules\/system\/system.messages.theme.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/css\/modules\/system\/system.theme.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/ckeditor_accordion\/css\/ckeditor-accordion.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/colorbox_node\/colorbox_node.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/field_hidden\/field_hidden.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/css\/modules\/book\/book.theme.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/patched\/footnotes\/footnotes.css":1,"modules\/node\/node.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/css\/modules\/comment\/comment.theme.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/css\/modules\/field\/field.theme.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/extlink\/css\/extlink.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/views\/css\/views.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/css\/modules\/search\/search.theme.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/css\/modules\/user\/user.base.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/css\/modules\/user\/user.theme.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/ckeditor\/css\/ckeditor.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/colorbox\/styles\/default\/colorbox_style.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/ctools\/css\/ctools.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/panels\/css\/panels.css":1,"\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/qtip2\/3.0.3\/jquery.qtip.min.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/qtip\/css\/qtip.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/panels\/plugins\/layouts\/flexible\/flexible.css":1,"public:\/\/ctools\/css\/ed7b96232ebd98b0207ed7d6b7e6a2f0.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/responsive_menus\/styles\/responsive_menus_simple\/css\/responsive_menus_simple.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/addtoany\/addtoany.css":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/superfish\/css\/superfish.css":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/superfish\/css\/superfish-smallscreen.css":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/superfish\/css\/superfish-navbar.css":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/superfish\/style\/space.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/fjc_omega\/css\/fjc-omega.normalize.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/fjc_omega\/css\/fjc-omega.hacks.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/fjc_omega\/css\/fjc-omega.styles.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/fjc_omega\/css\/fjc-omega.print.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/fjc_omega\/css\/fjc-omega.no-query.css":1,"sites\/default\/files\/fontyourface\/font.css":1,"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css?family=Droid+Sans:700|Muli:regular\u0026subset=latin":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_21.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_121.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_156.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_161.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_171.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_176.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_191.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_211.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_221.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_246.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_256.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_306.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_316.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_321.css":1}},"beautytipStyles":{"default":{"fill":"#F4F4F4","strokeStyle":"#666666","spikeLength":20,"spikeGirth":10,"width":350,"overlap":0,"centerPointY":1,"cornerRadius":0,"cssStyles":{"fontFamily":"\u0026quot;Lucida Grande\u0026quot;,Helvetica,Arial,Verdana,sans-serif","fontSize":"12px","padding":"10px 14px"},"shadow":"1","shadowColor":"rgba(0,0,0,.5)","shadowBlur":8,"shadowOffsetX":4,"shadowOffsetY":4},"plain":[],"netflix":{"positions":["right","left"],"fill":"#FFF","padding":5,"shadow":true,"shadowBlur":12,"strokeStyle":"#B9090B","spikeLength":50,"spikeGirth":60,"cornerRadius":10,"centerPointY":0.1,"overlap":-8,"cssStyles":{"fontSize":"12px","fontFamily":"arial,helvetica,sans-serif"}},"facebook":{"fill":"#F7F7F7","padding":8,"strokeStyle":"#B7B7B7","cornerRadius":0,"cssStyles":{"fontFamily":"\u0022lucida grande\u0022,tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif","fontSize":"11px"}},"transparent":{"fill":"rgba(0, 0, 0, .8)","padding":20,"strokeStyle":"#CC0","strokeWidth":3,"spikeLength":40,"spikeGirth":40,"cornerRadius":40,"cssStyles":{"color":"#FFF","fontWeight":"bold"}},"big-green":{"fill":"#00FF4E","padding":20,"strokeWidth":0,"spikeLength":40,"spikeGirth":40,"cornerRadius":15,"cssStyles":{"fontFamily":"\u0022lucida grande\u0022,tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif","fontSize":"14px"}},"google-maps":{"positions":["top","bottom"],"fill":"#FFF","padding":15,"strokeStyle":"#ABABAB","strokeWidth":1,"spikeLength":65,"spikeGirth":40,"cornerRadius":25,"centerPointX":0.9,"cssStyles":[]},"hulu":{"fill":"#F4F4F4","strokeStyle":"#666666","spikeLength":20,"spikeGirth":10,"width":350,"overlap":0,"centerPointY":1,"cornerRadius":0,"cssStyles":{"fontFamily":"\u0022Lucida Grande\u0022,Helvetica,Arial,Verdana,sans-serif","fontSize":"12px","padding":"10px 14px"},"shadow":true,"shadowColor":"rgba(0,0,0,.5)","shadowBlur":8,"shadowOffsetX":4,"shadowOffsetY":4}},"beautytips":{"beautytips_manager_custom_1":{"cssSelect":"#edit-apachesolr-panels-search-form","style":"default","trigger":["focus","submit"],"shrinkToFit":false,"ajaxDisableLink":false,"animate":{"on":"fadeIn","off":"fadeOut"},"positions":["bottom"],"text":"\u003Cp\u003EYou can:\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E- use quotes (\u0026quot; \u0026quot;) for an exact string match,\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n- use filters in the right-hand side panels to narrow the search results, and\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n- use Boolean search operators AND and OR to focus your search, or use the operators + or - as Boolean operators.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","list":["trigger","shrinkToFit","positions"]},"beautytips_manager_custom_6":{"cssSelect":"#edit-apachesolr-panels-search-form--3","style":"default","trigger":["focus","submit"],"shrinkToFit":false,"ajaxDisableLink":false,"animate":{"on":"fadeIn","off":"fadeOut"},"positions":["bottom"],"text":"\u003Cp\u003EYou can:\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E- use quotes (\u0026quot; \u0026quot;) for an exact string match,\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n- use filters in the right-hand side panels to narrow the search results, and\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n- use Boolean search operators AND and OR to focus your search, or use the operators + or - as Boolean operators.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","list":["trigger","shrinkToFit","positions"]}},"colorbox":{"opacity":"0.85","current":"{current} of {total}","previous":"\u00ab Prev","next":"Next \u00bb","close":"Close","maxWidth":"98%","maxHeight":"98%","fixed":true,"mobiledetect":true,"mobiledevicewidth":"480px","file_public_path":"\/sites\/default\/files","specificPagesDefaultValue":"admin*\nimagebrowser*\nimg_assist*\nimce*\nnode\/add\/*\nnode\/*\/edit\nprint\/*\nprintpdf\/*\nsystem\/ajax\nsystem\/ajax\/*"},"instances":"{\u0022default\u0022:{\u0022content\u0022:{\u0022text\u0022:\u0022\u0022},\u0022style\u0022:{\u0022tip\u0022:false,\u0022classes\u0022:\u0022\u0022},\u0022position\u0022:{\u0022at\u0022:\u0022bottom right\u0022,\u0022adjust\u0022:{\u0022method\u0022:\u0022\u0022},\u0022my\u0022:\u0022top left\u0022,\u0022viewport\u0022:false},\u0022show\u0022:{\u0022event\u0022:\u0022mouseenter \u0022},\u0022hide\u0022:{\u0022event\u0022:\u0022mouseleave \u0022}},\u0022history_user_guide\u0022:{\u0022content\u0022:{\u0022text\u0022:\u0022\u0022},\u0022style\u0022:{\u0022tip\u0022:false,\u0022classes\u0022:\u0022qtip-bootstrap\u0022},\u0022position\u0022:{\u0022at\u0022:\u0022bottom center\u0022,\u0022adjust\u0022:{\u0022method\u0022:\u0022\u0022},\u0022my\u0022:\u0022top center\u0022,\u0022viewport\u0022:false},\u0022show\u0022:{\u0022event\u0022:\u0022mouseenter \u0022},\u0022hide\u0022:{\u0022event\u0022:\u0022mouseleave \u0022,\u0022fixed\u0022:1,\u0022delay\u0022:\u00223\u0022}}}","qtipDebug":"{\u0022leaveElement\u0022:0}","ckeditor_accordion":{"collapseAll":1},"responsive_menus":[{"toggler_text":"\u2630 Menu","selectors":["#main-menu"],"media_size":"768","media_unit":"px","absolute":"1","remove_attributes":"1","responsive_menus_style":"responsive_menus_simple"}],"matomo":{"trackMailto":1,"trackColorbox":1},"antibot":{"forms":{"apachesolr-panels-search-block":{"action":"\/history\/judges\/magistrate-judgeships","key":"38191be5a69cd05374dacb5fad1b63f1"}}},"urlIsAjaxTrusted":{"\/history\/judges\/magistrate-judgeships":true},"superfish":{"1":{"id":"1","sf":{"pathClass":"active-trail","delay":"1200","animation":{"opacity":"show","height":"show"},"speed":50},"plugins":{"automaticwidth":true,"smallscreen":{"mode":"window_width","breakpointUnit":"px","title":"Main menu"},"supposition":true,"supersubs":true}}},"extlink":{"extTarget":"_blank","extClass":"ext","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":0,"extIconPlacement":"append","extSubdomains":1,"extExclude":"(fjc\\.gov|fjc\\.dcn)","extInclude":"([^\\s]+(\\.(pdf|xls|doc|docx|ppt|pptx|rtf|jpg|png|jpeg))$)","extCssExclude":".a2a_target","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":0,"extAlertText":"This link will take you to an external web site.","mailtoClass":"mailto","mailtoLabel":"(link sends e-mail)","extUseFontAwesome":false},"colorbox_node":{"width":"600px","height":"600px"}});</script> <script src="https://use.fontawesome.com/7f9292eb50.js"></script> </head> <body class="html not-front not-logged-in page-node page-node- page-node-7501 node-type-history-page section-history"> <a href="#main-content" class="element-invisible element-focusable">Skip to main content</a> <div class="l-page"> <header class="l-header" role="banner"> <div class="l-branding"> <a href="/" title="Home" rel="home" class="site-logo"><img src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/FJCLogo_4.png" alt="Home" /></a> <h1 class="site-name"> <a href="/" title="Home" rel="home"><span>Federal Judicial Center</span></a> </h1> <div class="l-region l-region--branding"> <div id="block-block-86" class="block block--block search-tips block-block-86 block--block-86"> <div class="block__content"> <p><a href="/search-tips">Search tips</a></p> </div> </div> <noscript> <style>form.antibot { display: none !important; }</style> <div class="antibot-no-js antibot-message antibot-message-warning messages warning"> You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. </div> </noscript> <div id="block-apachesolr-panels-search-form" class="block block--apachesolr-panels search-form-placement block-apachesolr-panels-search-form block--apachesolr-panels-search-form"> <div class="block__content"> <form class="apachesolr-panels-search-block antibot" action="/antibot" method="post" id="apachesolr-panels-search-block" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div class="form-item form-type-textfield form-item-apachesolr-panels-search-form"> <label class="element-invisible" for="edit-apachesolr-panels-search-form">Search </label> <input title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." type="text" id="edit-apachesolr-panels-search-form" name="apachesolr_panels_search_form" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" class="form-text" /> </div> <input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-UXgMY6xhTSgGcZmFdJSvcYe_qS2qhOqijqIDkjubu_U" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="apachesolr_panels_search_block" /> <input type="hidden" name="antibot_key" value="" /> <div class="form-actions form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"><input type="submit" id="edit-submit" name="op" value="Search" class="form-submit" /></div></div></form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="l-region l-region--navigation"> <div id="block-superfish-1" class="block block--superfish block-superfish-1 block--superfish-1"> <div class="block__content"> <ul id="superfish-1" class="menu sf-menu sf-main-menu sf-navbar sf-style-space sf-total-items-7 sf-parent-items-5 sf-single-items-2"><li id="menu-1141-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-1 sf-no-children"><a href="/" class="sf-depth-1">Home</a></li><li id="menu-7466-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-7 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-7 menuparent"><a href="/about" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">About the FJC</a><ul><li id="menu-8436-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/statute" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Statute</a></li><li id="menu-8441-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/fjc-and-what-it-does" class="sf-depth-2">The FJC and What It Does</a></li><li id="menu-13391-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/annual-reports" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Annual Reports</a></li><li id="menu-23526-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/content/321301/board-members" class="sf-depth-2">Board Members</a></li><li id="menu-8461-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/senior-staff" class="sf-depth-2">Senior Staff</a></li><li id="menu-8466-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/job-vacancies" class="sf-depth-2">Job Vacancies</a></li><li id="menu-8471-1" class="last odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/contact-us" class="sf-depth-2">Contact Us</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-7471-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-4 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-4 menuparent"><a href="/research" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Research About the Courts</a><ul><li id="menu-7496-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/research/reports-and-studies" class="sf-depth-2">Reports &amp; Studies</a></li><li id="menu-27836-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/research/manuals-monographs-guides" class="sf-depth-2">Manuals, Monographs &amp; Guides</a></li><li id="menu-28296-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/content/386497/research-webpages" class="sf-depth-2">Research Webpages</a></li><li id="menu-7506-1" class="last even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/research/idb" class="sf-depth-2">Federal Court Cases: FJC Integrated Database (IDB)</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-7476-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-4 sf-parent-children-2 sf-single-children-2 menuparent"><a href="/education" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Education for the Courts</a><ul><li id="menu-7516-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-8 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-8 menuparent"><a href="/education/education-programs" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Education Programs</a><ul><li id="menu-14921-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/education/programs-and-resources-judges" class="sf-depth-3">Programs and Resources for Judges</a></li><li id="menu-14926-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/education/programs-and-resources-court-attorneys" class="sf-depth-3">Programs and Resources for Court Attorneys</a></li><li id="menu-14936-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/education/programs-and-resources-federal-defenders" class="sf-depth-3">Programs and Resources for Federal Defenders</a></li><li id="menu-14931-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/education/programs-and-resources-executives" class="sf-depth-3">Programs and Resources for Executives</a></li><li id="menu-14941-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/education/programs-and-resources-supervisors-and-managers" class="sf-depth-3">Programs and Resources for Supervisors and Managers</a></li><li id="menu-14946-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/education/programs-and-resources-experienced-probation-and-pretrial-services-officers" class="sf-depth-3">Programs and Resources for Experienced Probation and Pretrial Services Officers</a></li><li id="menu-14951-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/education/programs-and-resources-all-court-employees" class="sf-depth-3">Programs and Resources for All Court Employees</a></li><li id="menu-14956-1" class="last even sf-item-8 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/education/programs-and-resources-trainers" class="sf-depth-3">Programs and Resources for Trainers</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-7521-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-4 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-4 menuparent"><a href="/education/civic-education-about-courts" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Civic Education About the Courts</a><ul><li id="menu-8401-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/talking/talking-points-federal-judicial-history-constitutional-origins-federal-judiciary" class="sf-depth-3">Talking Points on Judicial History</a></li><li id="menu-8411-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials" class="sf-depth-3">Famous Federal Trials</a></li><li id="menu-14636-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/publications/state-and-federal-jurisdiction" title="" class="sf-depth-3">State and Federal Courts</a></li><li id="menu-15776-1" class="last even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/education/inside-federal-courts" class="sf-depth-3">Inside the Federal Courts</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-9441-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/education/manuals-monographs-guides" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Manuals, Monographs, &amp; Guides</a></li><li id="menu-13406-1" class="last even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/education/fjc-videos-podcasts" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Videos &amp; Podcasts</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-7481-1" class="active-trail middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-8 sf-parent-children-8 sf-single-children-0 menuparent"><a href="/history" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">History of the Federal Judiciary</a><ul><li id="menu-2016-1" class="active-trail first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-8 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-8 menuparent"><a href="/history/judges" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Judges</a><ul><li id="menu-2901-1" class="active-trail first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/judges" class="sf-depth-3">Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges</a></li><li id="menu-2906-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/judges/bankruptcy-judgeships" class="sf-depth-3">Bankruptcy Judgeships</a></li><li id="menu-2911-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/judges/magistrate-judgeships" class="sf-depth-3 active">Magistrate Judgeships</a></li><li id="menu-2921-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/judges/diversity-bench" class="sf-depth-3">Diversity on the Bench</a></li><li id="menu-2931-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/judges/judicial-salaries-supreme-court-justices" class="sf-depth-3">Judicial Salaries</a></li><li id="menu-2976-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/judges/unsuccessful-nominations-and-recess-appointments" class="sf-depth-3">Unsuccessful Nominations and Recess Appointments</a></li><li id="menu-2916-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/judges/impeachments-federal-judges" class="sf-depth-3">Impeachments of Federal Judges</a></li><li id="menu-26681-1" class="last even sf-item-8 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/judges/judgeship-reassignments" class="sf-depth-3">Judgeship Reassignments</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2021-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-6 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-6 menuparent"><a href="/history/courts" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Courts</a><ul><li id="menu-2981-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/courts/supreme-court-united-states-and-federal-judiciary" class="sf-depth-3">Supreme Court of the United States</a></li><li id="menu-2986-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/courts/us-courts-appeals-and-federal-judiciary" class="sf-depth-3">U.S. Courts of Appeals</a></li><li id="menu-2991-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/courts/u.s.-district-courts-and-federal-judiciary" class="sf-depth-3">U.S. District Courts</a></li><li id="menu-2996-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/courts/us-circuit-courts-and-federal-judiciary" class="sf-depth-3">U.S. Circuit Courts, 1789-1911</a></li><li id="menu-14561-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/courts/other-federal-courts" class="sf-depth-3">Other Federal Courts</a></li><li id="menu-14566-1" class="last even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/courts/courts-brief-overview" class="sf-depth-3">Courts: A Brief Overview</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-27771-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-7 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-7 menuparent"><a href="/history/work-courts" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Work of the Courts</a><ul><li id="menu-3001-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/work-courts/caseloads-history-federal-caseload-reporting" class="sf-depth-3">Caseloads</a></li><li id="menu-26726-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/work-courts/contempt-power-federal-courts" class="sf-depth-3">The Contempt Power of the Federal Courts</a></li><li id="menu-30246-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/work-courts/foreign-treaties-in-federal-courts" class="sf-depth-3">Foreign Treaties in the Federal Courts</a></li><li id="menu-30414-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/work-courts/juries-in-federal-judicial-system" class="sf-depth-3">Juries</a></li><li id="menu-3006-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/work-courts/jurisdiction-federal-courts" class="sf-depth-3">Jurisdiction</a></li><li id="menu-26656-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/work-courts/Role-of-the-Courts-of-Appeals" class="sf-depth-3">The Role of the U.S. Courts of Appeals in the Federal Judiciary</a></li><li id="menu-23776-1" class="last odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/work-courts/rules-practice-and-procedure-in-federal-courts" class="sf-depth-3">Rules</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2026-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-6 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-6 menuparent"><a href="/history/administration" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Judicial Branch</a><ul><li id="menu-3151-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/administration/administrative-bodies-judicial-conference-united-states-1948-present" class="sf-depth-3">Administrative Bodies</a></li><li id="menu-8396-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/legislation/congress-and-courts-landmark-legislation" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Congress and the Courts</a></li><li id="menu-24566-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/administration/executive-branch-and-courts" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Executive Branch and the Courts</a></li><li id="menu-3171-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/administration/court-officers-and-staff-bailiffs-0" class="sf-depth-3">Court Officers and Staff</a></li><li id="menu-8391-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/administration/federal-judicial-circuits" class="sf-depth-3">Federal Judicial Circuits</a></li><li id="menu-23531-1" class="last even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/talking/talking-points-federal-judicial-history-constitutional-origins-federal-judiciary" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Talking Points on Federal Judicial History</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3661-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-3 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-3 menuparent"><a href="/history/courthouses" title="Historic Federal Courthouses" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Courthouses</a><ul><li id="menu-7306-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/courthouses/gallery" class="sf-depth-3">Gallery</a></li><li id="menu-7311-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/courthouses/descriptions" class="sf-depth-3">Detailed List</a></li><li id="menu-7316-1" class="last odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/courthouses/list" class="sf-depth-3">List by State</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2031-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-2 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-2 menuparent"><a href="/history/cases" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Cases</a><ul><li id="menu-3111-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Cases that Shaped the Federal Courts</a></li><li id="menu-22541-1" class="last even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Famous Federal Trials</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-4116-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-8 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-8 menuparent"><span class="sf-depth-2 menuparent nolink" tabindex="0">Exhibits</span><ul><li id="menu-7871-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/timeline" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Timelines</a></li><li id="menu-9436-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/exhibits/graphs-and-maps/demography-article-iii-judges-1789-2020-introduction" class="sf-depth-3">Graphs: Demographics</a></li><li id="menu-16771-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/exhibits/graphs-and-maps/federal-judicial-caseloads-1789-2016-introduction" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Graphs: Caseloads</a></li><li id="menu-20996-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/exhibits/graphs-and-maps/federal-judicial-circuits" class="sf-depth-3">Maps</a></li><li id="menu-23951-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/exhibits/graphs-and-maps/notable-federal-trials" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Notable Federal Trials</a></li><li id="menu-27776-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/exhibits/snapshots-federal-judicial-history-1790-1990" class="sf-depth-3">Snapshots of Federal Judicial History, 1790-1990</a></li><li id="menu-24551-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/spotlight-judicial-history" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Spotlight on Judicial History</a></li><li id="menu-26301-1" class="last even sf-item-8 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/exhibits/circuit-court-opinions" title="" class="sf-depth-3">The Justices&#039; Circuit Court Opinions</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-21811-1" class="last even sf-item-8 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-6 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-6 menuparent"><a href="/history/for-further-study" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">For Further Study</a><ul><li id="menu-21831-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/programs/federal-court-historical-programs-and-sites" class="sf-depth-3">Court History Programs</a></li><li id="menu-26416-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/content/guide-research-federal-judicial-history-0" class="sf-depth-3">Guide to Research</a></li><li id="menu-21841-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/further-study/published-papers-of-federal-judges" class="sf-depth-3">Judges&#039; Published Papers</a></li><li id="menu-21821-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/programs/oral-history-resources" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Oral History Resources</a></li><li id="menu-21826-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/programs/published-court-histories" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Published Court Histories</a></li><li id="menu-21836-1" class="last even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/further-study/historical-scholarship-related-federal-judges" class="sf-depth-3">Scholarship on Judges</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-7486-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-4 sf-parent-children-3 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/international" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">International Office</a><ul><li id="menu-22971-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-1 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/content/349006/about-international-office" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">About IO</a><ul><li id="menu-23996-1" class="firstandlast odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/content/349007/history" class="sf-depth-3">History</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-24001-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-1 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/content/349008/international-programs" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">International Programs</a><ul><li id="menu-24006-1" class="firstandlast odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/content/349009/international-visitors-global-perspective" class="sf-depth-3">Global Reach</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-22986-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-1 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/content/349014/briefing-materials" title="" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Briefing Materials</a><ul><li id="menu-23991-1" class="firstandlast odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/content/349628/translated-materials" class="sf-depth-3">Translated Materials</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-24016-1" class="last even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/content/349011/contact-us" class="sf-depth-2">Contact Us</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-7491-1" class="last odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-1 sf-no-children"><a href="/publications" class="sf-depth-1">Publications Catalog</a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="l-main"> <div class="l-content" role="main"> <h2 class="element-invisible">You are here</h2><ul class="breadcrumb"><li><a href="/">Home</a></li><li><a href="/history">History of the Federal Judiciary</a></li><li><a href="/history/judges">Judges</a></li><li><a href="/history/judges">Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges, 1789-present</a></li></ul> <a id="main-content"></a> <h1>Magistrate Judgeships</h1> <div class="panel-flexible panels-flexible-flexible_66_33 clearfix" > <div class="panel-flexible-inside panels-flexible-flexible_66_33-inside"> <div class="panels-flexible-column panels-flexible-column-flexible_66_33-main panels-flexible-column-first"> <div class="inside panels-flexible-column-inside panels-flexible-column-flexible_66_33-main-inside panels-flexible-column-inside-first"> <div class="panels-flexible-region panels-flexible-region-flexible_66_33-center panels-flexible-region-first panels-flexible-region-last region-two-66-33-first h2.block-title"> <div class="inside panels-flexible-region-inside panels-flexible-region-flexible_66_33-center-inside panels-flexible-region-inside-first panels-flexible-region-inside-last"> <div class="panel-pane pane-entity-view pane-node"> <div about="/history/judges/magistrate-judgeships" typeof="sioc:Item foaf:Document" class="ds-1col node node--history-page view-mode-full legislative-history-table node--full node--history-page--full clearfix"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden"><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item even" property="content:encoded"><p><strong>See also: <a href="/history/judges/authorized-magistrate-judgeships-location" target="_blank">Authorized Magistrate Judgeships by Location</a> and <a href="/history/judges/authorized-magistrate-judgeships-fiscal-year" target="_blank">Authorized Magistrate Judgeships by Fiscal Year</a></strong></p> <p>Magistrate judges serve as judicial officers of the U.S. district courts and exercise the jurisdiction delegated to them by law and assigned by the district judges. Magistrate judges may be authorized to preside in almost every type of federal trial proceeding except for felony cases.</p> <p>The position of magistrate was established by Congress in 1968 to replace the position of commissioner, a position that had served the federal judiciary since the 1790s. In the mid-1960s members of the congressional judiciary committees and judges on the Judicial Conference of the United States recognized the need for revisions to the commissioner system. Commissioners were still paid by a fee system, the appointment process varied from court to court, and there were no uniform criteria for selection. Members of Congress and federal judges also wanted to relieve the congestion of the federal court dockets by expanding the judicial responsibilities of the commissioners.</p> <p>The Federal Magistrates Act of 1968 (82 Stat. 1107) created the new title and expanded the magistrates' authority to conduct misdemeanor trials with the consent of the defendants, to serve as special masters in civil actions, and to assist district judges in pre-trial and discovery proceedings as well as appeals for post-trial relief. The act also authorized a majority of district judges on any court to assign to magistrates "additional duties as are not inconsistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States."</p> <p>Under the act of 1968, magistrates are appointed by the district judges of each district court and are required to be members of the bar of the highest court within the state where they serve. Full-time magistrates serve for a renewable term of eight years and part-time magistrates for a renewable term of four years. All magistrates are paid by salary. The Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts was made responsible for the administration of the magistrate system, and the act charged the Federal Judicial Center with providing training for magistrates. After implementation of a pilot program in five districts and the completion of surveys to determine the necessary number of magistrates, the new system was in place throughout the federal judiciary by July 1971.</p> <p>The district courts' broad application of the grant of "additional duties" soon led to conflicting interpretations in the courts of appeals. In 1974 the Supreme Court ruled that magistrates could not conduct evidentiary hearings in habeas corpus actions. Congress responded in 1976 with an act (90 Stat. 2729) that further defined the magistrates' authority and granted them the power to conduct habeas proceedings. In the Federal Magistrates Act of 1979 (93 Stat. 643), Congress again expanded the authority of the magistrates by granting them so-called consent jurisdiction, which authorized them to conduct all civil trials as long as the parties consented. Magistrates were also allowed to preside over all misdemeanor trials as long as the defendants waived their right to a trial before a district judge. The act of 1979 also provided for merit selection panels to assist district judges in the appointment of magistrates.</p> <p>The Judicial Improvements Act of 1990 (104 Stat. 5089) changed the office title from magistrate to magistrate judge. The number of magistrate judgeships is determined by the Judicial Conference of the United States, on the advice of district judges, the circuit councils, and the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, and is subject to congressional funding of the requested positions.</p> </div></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panels-flexible-column panels-flexible-column-flexible_66_33-1 panels-flexible-column-last "> <div class="inside panels-flexible-column-inside panels-flexible-column-flexible_66_33-1-inside panels-flexible-column-inside-last"> <div class="panels-flexible-region panels-flexible-region-flexible_66_33-right panels-flexible-region-first panels-flexible-region-last region-two-66-33-second"> <div class="inside panels-flexible-region-inside panels-flexible-region-flexible_66_33-right-inside panels-flexible-region-inside-first panels-flexible-region-inside-last"> <div class="panel-pane pane-custom pane-1 history-sidebar-block"> <h2 class="pane-title">Judges</h2> <p class="last leaf"><a href="/node/7946">Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges</a><br /> <a href="/node/7486">Bankruptcy Judgeships</a><br /> <a href="/node/7501">Magistrate Judgeships</a><br /> <a href="/node/7491">Diversity on the Bench</a><br /> <a href="/node/7441">Judicial Salaries</a><br /> <a href="/node/7511">Unsuccessful Nominations and Recess Appointments</a><br /> <a href="/node/7496">Impeachments of Federal Judges</a><br /> <a href="/node/12037046">Judgeship Reassignments</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="l-footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="l-region l-region--footer"> <div id="block-addtoany-addtoany-button" class="block block--addtoany block-addtoany-addtoany-button block--addtoany-addtoany-button"> <div class="block__content"> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_24 a2a_target addtoany_list" id="da2a_1"> <a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fjc.gov%2Fhistory%2Fjudges%2Fmagistrate-judgeships&amp;title=Magistrate%20Judgeships"><img src="/sites/all/themes/fjc_omega/images/share-btn-18x20.png" alt="Share"/> Share this page</a> </span> <script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- if(window.da2a)da2a.script_load(); //--><!]]> </script> </div> </div> <div id="block-block-26" class="block block--block block-block-26 block--block-26"> <div class="block__content"> <div id="footer-bottom"> <div class="footer-about"> <div align="center">Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary Building</div> <div align="center">One Columbus Circle NE</div> <div align="center">Washington, DC 20002-8003</div> <div align="center">202-502-4000</div> <div align="center"> </div> <div align="center"><a href="http://www.supremecourtus.gov">Supreme Court of the United States</a>  <a href="http://www.uscourts.gov">USCourts.gov</a>  <a href="http://www.ussc.gov">U.S. Sentencing Commission</a>  <a href="https://fjcfoundation.org">Federal Judicial Center Foundation</a></div> <div align="center"> </div> <div align="center"><em>This website is produced and published at U.S. taxpayer expense.</em></div> <div align="center"> </div> <p>The Federal Judicial Center produced and maintains this site in furtherance of its statutory mission. The Center regards the contents of this site to be responsible and valuable, but these contents do not reflect official policy or recommendation of the Board of the Federal Judicial Center. The site also contains links to relevant information on websites maintained by other organizations; providing these external links is for the convenience of this site's users and does not constitute verification or endorsement of the information or the sites to which the links are produced. Opinions expressed in the materials found on this site are those of the authors, and not necessarily those of the Federal Judicial Center.</p> </div> <p><a href="/sitemap">Site Map</a> | <a href="mailto:webmaster@fjc.gov">Contact Webmaster</a> | <a href="/node/947711">Privacy and Security Notice</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <script>da2a.targets=[ {title:"Magistrate Judgeships",url:"https:\/\/www.fjc.gov\/history\/judges\/magistrate-judgeships"}]; da2a.html_done=true;if(da2a.script_ready&&!da2a.done)da2a.init();da2a.script_load();</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_Incapsula_Resource?SWJIYLWA=719d34d31c8e3a6e6fffd425f7e032f3&ns=1&cb=958609822" async></script></body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10