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id="main-content"></a> <h1>Cases that Shaped the Federal Courts</h1> <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" > <div class="panel-panel panel-col"> <div><div class="panel-pane pane-views pane-cases-that-shaped-the-courts-landing"> <div class="view view-cases-that-shaped-the-courts-landing view-id-cases_that_shaped_the_courts_landing view-display-id-default categories-table view-dom-id-9acebc2da56f7baa235c12c9bd31bea6"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="categories-table-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-image"> <div class="field-content categories-table-cell-image"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/styles/history_famous_trials_thumbnails/public/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/categories/defining-the-judiciary.png?itok=zCHHqvP1" width="150" height="150" alt="" /></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-nothing"> <div class="field-content">Defining the Judiciary - Cases establishing what it means for a federal court to exercise “the judicial power.” </div> </div> <fieldset class="cases views-fieldset collapsible collapsed" data-module="views_fieldsets" class="cases views-fieldset collapsible collapsed"> <legend> <span class="fieldset-legend">Cases</span> </legend> <div class="fieldset-wrapper"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-cases"><div class="field-content"><div class="view view-cases-that-shaped-the-courts view-id-cases_that_shaped_the_courts view-display-id-list_of_cases not-striped view-dom-id-785b9b4b3ca1fc792fb463cf4316613a"> <div class="view-content"> <table class="views-table cols-0"> <tbody> <tr class="odd views-row-first"> <td class="views-field views-field-field-central-question"> <a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/american-insurance-co-v-canter"><em>American Insurance Co. v. Canter</em> (1828)</a>: Did the Constitution require Congress to give judges of territorial courts the same tenure and salary protections afforded to judges of federal courts located in the states? </td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td class="views-field views-field-field-central-question"> <a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/gordon-v-united-states"><em>Gordon v. United States</em> (1865)</a>: Could the Supreme Court hear an appeal from a federal court whose judgments were subject to revision by the executive branch? </td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td class="views-field views-field-field-central-question"> <a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/glidden-company-v-zdanok"><em>Glidden Company v. Zdanok</em> (1962)</a>: Were the Court of Claims and the Court of Customs Appeals “constitutional courts” exercising judicial power, or “legislative courts” exercising powers of Congress? </td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td class="views-field views-field-field-central-question"> <a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/united-states-v-allocco"><em>United States v. Allocco</em> (1962)</a>: Were presidential recess appointments to the federal courts constitutional? </td> </tr> <tr class="odd views-row-last"> <td class="views-field views-field-field-central-question"> <a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/northern-pipeline-construction-co-v-marathon-pipe"><em>Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.</em> (1982)</a>: Did the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978 violate the Constitution by granting too much judicial power to bankruptcy judges? </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div></div></div> <span><div><div class="view view-cases-that-shaped-the-courts view-id-cases_that_shaped_the_courts view-display-id-related_cases view-dom-id-3e3b7e32602d61419ebdc4bdd410d8eb"> <div class="view-header"> <p>See also:</p> </div> <div class="view-content"> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/hayburns-case"><em>Hayburn's Case</em> (1792)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/marbury-v-madison"><em>Marbury v. Madison</em> (1803)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/fletcher-v-peck"><em>Fletcher v. Peck</em> (1810)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/martin-v-hunter-s-lessee"><em>Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee</em> (1816)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/ableman-v-booth"><em>Ableman v. Booth</em> (1859)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/crowell-v-benson"><em>Crowell v. Benson</em> (1932)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/brown-v-allen"><em>Brown v. Allen</em> (1953)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/walker-v-city-birmingham"><em>Walker v. City of Birmingham</em> (1967)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/bivens-v-six-unknown-federal-narcotic-agents"><em>Bivens v. Six Unknown Federal Narcotic Agents</em> (1971)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/morrison-v-olson"><em>Morrison v. Olson</em> (1988)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/mistretta-v-united-states"><em>Mistretta v. United States</em> (1989)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/city-boerne-v-flores"><em>City of Boerne v. Flores</em> (1997)</a></span> </span> </div> </div> </div></div></span> </div> </fieldset> </div> <div class="categories-table-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-image"> <div class="field-content categories-table-cell-image"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/styles/history_famous_trials_thumbnails/public/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/categories/federal-jurisdiction.png?itok=BMp6f2Ho" width="150" height="150" alt="" /></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-nothing"> <div class="field-content">Federal Jurisdiction - Cases establishing the power of federal courts to hear certain types of controversies. </div> </div> <fieldset class="cases views-fieldset collapsible collapsed" data-module="views_fieldsets" class="cases views-fieldset collapsible collapsed"> <legend> <span class="fieldset-legend">Cases</span> </legend> <div class="fieldset-wrapper"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-cases"><div class="field-content"><div class="view view-cases-that-shaped-the-courts view-id-cases_that_shaped_the_courts view-display-id-list_of_cases not-striped view-dom-id-d6a4979bc3a75cd72c644171f2368f0b"> <div class="view-content"> <table class="views-table cols-0"> <tbody> <tr class="odd views-row-first"> <td class="views-field views-field-field-central-question"> <a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/united-states-v-hudson-and-goodwin"><em>United States v. Hudson and Goodwin</em> (1812)</a>: Did the federal courts have jurisdiction over crimes not defined by Congress? </td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td class="views-field views-field-field-central-question"> <a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/osborn-v-bank-united-states"><em>Osborn v. Bank of the United States</em> (1824)</a>: Could Congress grant the Bank of the United States the right to sue and be sued in the federal courts? </td> </tr> <tr class="odd views-row-last"> <td class="views-field views-field-field-central-question"> <a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/louisville-cincinnati-and-charleston-rail-road-co"><em>Louisville, Cincinnati, and Charleston Rail-road Co. v. Letson</em> (1844)</a>: Should a corporation be considered a citizen of a state for purposes of federal jurisdiction? </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div></div></div> <span><div><div class="view view-cases-that-shaped-the-courts view-id-cases_that_shaped_the_courts view-display-id-related_cases view-dom-id-5861547f850dfc45e3f6840382ab5713"> <div class="view-header"> <p>See also:</p> </div> <div class="view-content"> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/chisholm-v-georgia"><em>Chisholm v. Georgia</em> (1793)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/fletcher-v-peck"><em>Fletcher v. Peck</em> (1810)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/martin-v-hunter-s-lessee"><em>Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee</em> (1816)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/ex-parte-mccardle"><em>Ex parte McCardle</em> (1869)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/moore-v-dempsey"><em>Moore v. Dempsey</em> (1923)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/erie-railroad-co-v-tompkins"><em>Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins</em> (1938)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/railroad-commission-texas-v-pullman-company"><em>Railroad Commission of Texas v. Pullman Company</em> (1941)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/brown-v-allen"><em>Brown v. Allen</em> (1953)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/monroe-v-pape"><em>Monroe v. Pape</em> (1961)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/walker-v-city-birmingham"><em>Walker v. City of Birmingham</em> (1967)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/bivens-v-six-unknown-federal-narcotic-agents"><em>Bivens v. Six Unknown Federal Narcotic Agents</em> (1971)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/lujan-v-defenders-wildlife"><em>Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife</em> (1992)</a></span> </span> </div> </div> </div></div></span> </div> </fieldset> </div> <div class="categories-table-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-image"> <div class="field-content categories-table-cell-image"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/styles/history_famous_trials_thumbnails/public/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/categories/federalism.png?itok=ogIe0lM3" width="150" height="150" alt="" /></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-nothing"> <div class="field-content">Federalism - Cases framing the relationship between federal court power and states’ rights. </div> </div> <fieldset class="cases views-fieldset collapsible collapsed" data-module="views_fieldsets" class="cases views-fieldset collapsible collapsed"> <legend> <span class="fieldset-legend">Cases</span> </legend> <div class="fieldset-wrapper"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-cases"><div class="field-content"><div class="view view-cases-that-shaped-the-courts view-id-cases_that_shaped_the_courts view-display-id-list_of_cases not-striped view-dom-id-65cc2d712d1d7793ae3c383478e47729"> <div class="view-content"> <table class="views-table cols-0"> <tbody> <tr class="odd views-row-first"> <td class="views-field views-field-field-central-question"> <a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/chisholm-v-georgia"><em>Chisholm v. Georgia</em> (1793)</a>: Could states be sued in federal court by individual citizens of another state? </td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td class="views-field views-field-field-central-question"> <a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/fletcher-v-peck"><em>Fletcher v. Peck</em> (1810)</a>: Could federal courts strike down state laws that violated the U.S. Constitution? </td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td class="views-field views-field-field-central-question"> <a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/martin-v-hunter-s-lessee"><em>Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee</em> (1816)</a>: Were state courts bound to follow decisions issued by the Supreme Court of the United States? </td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td class="views-field views-field-field-central-question"> <a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/ex-parte-young"><em>Ex parte Young</em> (1908)</a>: Could a federal court stop a state official from enforcing an allegedly unconstitutional state law? </td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td class="views-field views-field-field-central-question"> <a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/erie-railroad-co-v-tompkins"><em>Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins</em> (1938)</a>: What source of law were federal courts to use in cases where no statute applied and the parties were from different states? </td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td class="views-field views-field-field-central-question"> <a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/railroad-commission-texas-v-pullman-company"><em>Railroad Commission of Texas v. Pullman Company</em> (1941)</a>: When should a federal court abstain from deciding a legal issue in order to allow a state court to resolve it? </td> </tr> <tr class="odd views-row-last"> <td class="views-field views-field-field-central-question"> <a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/walker-v-city-birmingham"><em>Walker v. City of Birmingham</em> (1967)</a>: Could civil rights protestors challenge the constitutionality of a state court injunction, having already been charged with contempt of court for violating the injunction? </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div></div></div> <span><div><div class="view view-cases-that-shaped-the-courts view-id-cases_that_shaped_the_courts view-display-id-related_cases view-dom-id-811699adbac3903db05bb31003229497"> <div class="view-header"> <p>See also:</p> </div> <div class="view-content"> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/ableman-v-booth"><em>Ableman v. Booth</em> (1859)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/moore-v-dempsey"><em>Moore v. Dempsey</em> (1923)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/brown-v-allen"><em>Brown v. Allen</em> (1953)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/monroe-v-pape"><em>Monroe v. Pape</em> (1961)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/baker-v-carr"><em>Baker v. Carr</em> (1962)</a></span> </span> </div> </div> </div></div></span> </div> </fieldset> </div> <div class="categories-table-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-image"> <div class="field-content categories-table-cell-image"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/styles/history_famous_trials_thumbnails/public/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/categories/habeas-corpus.png?itok=Z_q2tsL5" width="150" height="150" alt="" /></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-nothing"> <div class="field-content">Habeas Corpus - Cases establishing the scope, availability, and importance of the “great writ of liberty.” </div> </div> <fieldset class="cases views-fieldset collapsible collapsed" data-module="views_fieldsets" class="cases views-fieldset collapsible collapsed"> <legend> <span class="fieldset-legend">Cases</span> </legend> <div class="fieldset-wrapper"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-cases"><div class="field-content"><div class="view view-cases-that-shaped-the-courts view-id-cases_that_shaped_the_courts view-display-id-list_of_cases not-striped view-dom-id-2f3942307c28504baead6d60746972f8"> <div class="view-content"> <table class="views-table cols-0"> <tbody> <tr class="odd views-row-first"> <td class="views-field views-field-field-central-question"> <a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/ableman-v-booth"><em>Ableman v. Booth</em> (1859)</a>: Could state courts issue writs of habeas corpus against federal authorities? </td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td class="views-field views-field-field-central-question"> <a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/moore-v-dempsey"><em>Moore v. Dempsey</em> (1923)</a>: How closely should federal courts review the fairness of state criminal trials on petitions for writs of habeas corpus? </td> </tr> <tr class="odd views-row-last"> <td class="views-field views-field-field-central-question"> <a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/brown-v-allen"><em>Brown v. Allen</em> (1953)</a>: What procedures should federal courts use to evaluate the fairness of state trials in habeas corpus cases? </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div></div></div> <span><div><div class="view view-cases-that-shaped-the-courts view-id-cases_that_shaped_the_courts view-display-id-related_cases view-dom-id-9c93284a2a23685970b9b192248ac175"> <div class="view-header"> <p>See also:</p> </div> <div class="view-content"> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/ex-parte-mccardle"><em>Ex parte McCardle</em> (1869)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/ex-parte-young"><em>Ex parte Young</em> (1908)</a></span> </span> </div> </div> </div></div></span> </div> </fieldset> </div> <div class="categories-table-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-image"> <div class="field-content categories-table-cell-image"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/styles/history_famous_trials_thumbnails/public/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/categories/judicial-independence.png?itok=uDNwS4FJ" width="150" height="150" alt="" /></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-nothing"> <div class="field-content">Judicial Independence - Cases preserving judges’ insulation from political influence and outside interference. </div> </div> <fieldset class="cases views-fieldset collapsible collapsed" data-module="views_fieldsets" class="cases views-fieldset collapsible collapsed"> <legend> <span class="fieldset-legend">Cases</span> </legend> <div class="fieldset-wrapper"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-cases"><div class="field-content"><div class="view view-cases-that-shaped-the-courts view-id-cases_that_shaped_the_courts view-display-id-list_of_cases not-striped view-dom-id-c3fd2908169aa6e8d10d7e196dbc2f9a"> <div class="view-content"> <table class="views-table cols-0"> <tbody> <tr class="odd views-row-first"> <td class="views-field views-field-field-central-question"> </td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td class="views-field views-field-field-central-question"> <a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/ex-parte-mccardle"><em>Ex parte McCardle</em> (1869)</a>: Could Congress remove a pending appeal from the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction? </td> </tr> <tr class="odd views-row-last"> <td class="views-field views-field-field-central-question"> <a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/city-boerne-v-flores"><em>City of Boerne v. Flores</em> (1997)</a>: Could Congress reverse the Supreme Court’s interpretation of the Constitution through a statute purportedly enforcing the Fourteenth Amendment? </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div></div></div> <span><div><div class="view view-cases-that-shaped-the-courts view-id-cases_that_shaped_the_courts view-display-id-related_cases view-dom-id-1117d32a674c913a3714f7ce1f20987c"> <div class="view-header"> <p>See also:</p> </div> <div class="view-content"> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/related-resource-videos-judicial-independence"><em>Related resource: videos on judicial independence</em> </a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/hayburns-case"><em>Hayburn's Case</em> (1792)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/marbury-v-madison"><em>Marbury v. Madison</em> (1803)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/fletcher-v-peck"><em>Fletcher v. Peck</em> (1810)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/gordon-v-united-states"><em>Gordon v. United States</em> (1865)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/glidden-company-v-zdanok"><em>Glidden Company v. Zdanok</em> (1962)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/walker-v-city-birmingham"><em>Walker v. City of Birmingham</em> (1967)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/morrison-v-olson"><em>Morrison v. Olson</em> (1988)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/mistretta-v-united-states"><em>Mistretta v. United States</em> (1989)</a></span> </span> </div> </div> </div></div></span> </div> </fieldset> </div> <div class="categories-table-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-image"> <div class="field-content categories-table-cell-image"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/styles/history_famous_trials_thumbnails/public/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/categories/judicial-review.png?itok=yd-cwQZq" width="150" height="150" alt="" /></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-nothing"> <div class="field-content">Judicial Review - Cases establishing the federal courts’ authority to determine the constitutionality of legislation. </div> </div> <fieldset class="cases views-fieldset collapsible collapsed" data-module="views_fieldsets" class="cases views-fieldset collapsible collapsed"> <legend> <span class="fieldset-legend">Cases</span> </legend> <div class="fieldset-wrapper"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-cases"><div class="field-content"><div class="view view-cases-that-shaped-the-courts view-id-cases_that_shaped_the_courts view-display-id-list_of_cases not-striped view-dom-id-3cb36d811ee33a957ddd0fd69f99b955"> <div class="view-content"> <table class="views-table cols-0"> <tbody> <tr class="odd views-row-first"> <td class="views-field views-field-field-central-question"> <a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/marbury-v-madison"><em>Marbury v. Madison</em> (1803)</a>: Could federal courts invalidate laws that violate the Constitution? </td> </tr> <tr class="even views-row-last"> <td class="views-field views-field-field-central-question"> <a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/crowell-v-benson"><em>Crowell v. Benson</em> (1932)</a>: What standard should courts apply when reviewing the decisions of executive agencies? </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div></div></div> <span><div><div class="view view-cases-that-shaped-the-courts view-id-cases_that_shaped_the_courts view-display-id-related_cases view-dom-id-e263005eec1891fae28eb633564595f2"> <div class="view-header"> <p>See also:</p> </div> <div class="view-content"> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/fletcher-v-peck"><em>Fletcher v. Peck</em> (1810)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/martin-v-hunter-s-lessee"><em>Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee</em> (1816)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/baker-v-carr"><em>Baker v. Carr</em> (1962)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/city-boerne-v-flores"><em>City of Boerne v. Flores</em> (1997)</a></span> </span> </div> </div> </div></div></span> </div> </fieldset> </div> <div class="categories-table-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-image"> <div class="field-content categories-table-cell-image"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/styles/history_famous_trials_thumbnails/public/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/categories/justiciability.png?itok=Gy9X4KJs" width="150" height="150" alt="" /></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-nothing"> <div class="field-content">Justiciability - Cases determining whether certain controversies are appropriate for judicial resolution. </div> </div> <fieldset class="cases views-fieldset collapsible collapsed" data-module="views_fieldsets" class="cases views-fieldset collapsible collapsed"> <legend> <span class="fieldset-legend">Cases</span> </legend> <div class="fieldset-wrapper"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-cases"><div class="field-content"><div class="view view-cases-that-shaped-the-courts view-id-cases_that_shaped_the_courts view-display-id-list_of_cases not-striped view-dom-id-cbf7564554cc9dba4da5577c4f408dc8"> <div class="view-content"> <table class="views-table cols-0"> <tbody> <tr class="odd views-row-first"> <td class="views-field views-field-field-central-question"> <a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/frothingham-v-mellon"><em>Frothingham v. Mellon</em> (1923)</a>: Was being a taxpayer sufficient to give a plaintiff the right to challenge the constitutionality of a federal statute? </td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td class="views-field views-field-field-central-question"> <a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/baker-v-carr"><em>Baker v. Carr</em> (1962)</a>: Could a federal court hear a constitutional challenge to a state’s apportionment plan for the election of state legislators? </td> </tr> <tr class="odd views-row-last"> <td class="views-field views-field-field-central-question"> <a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/lujan-v-defenders-wildlife"><em>Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife</em> (1992)</a>: Could an environmental organization sue the federal government to challenge a regulation regarding protected species? </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div></div></div> <span><div><div class="view view-cases-that-shaped-the-courts view-id-cases_that_shaped_the_courts view-display-id-related_cases view-dom-id-03e355fd6fd5731cb150eadfce076f93"> <div class="view-header"> <p>See also:</p> </div> <div class="view-content"> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/hayburns-case"><em>Hayburn's Case</em> (1792)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/gordon-v-united-states"><em>Gordon v. United States</em> (1865)</a></span> </span> </div> </div> </div></div></span> </div> </fieldset> </div> <div class="categories-table-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-image"> <div class="field-content categories-table-cell-image"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/styles/history_famous_trials_thumbnails/public/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/categories/non-adjudicatory-roles.png?itok=aiRbPbNZ" width="150" height="150" alt="" /></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-nothing"> <div class="field-content">Non-Adjudicatory Roles of Federal Judges - Cases setting the parameters of judges’ work outside the context of traditional courtroom litigation. </div> </div> <fieldset class="cases views-fieldset collapsible collapsed" data-module="views_fieldsets" class="cases views-fieldset collapsible collapsed"> <legend> <span class="fieldset-legend">Cases</span> </legend> <div class="fieldset-wrapper"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-cases"><div class="field-content"><div class="view view-cases-that-shaped-the-courts view-id-cases_that_shaped_the_courts view-display-id-list_of_cases not-striped view-dom-id-1e5533859e6c8b29f62e37550e74773c"> <div class="view-content"> <table class="views-table cols-0"> <tbody> <tr class="odd views-row-first"> <td class="views-field views-field-field-central-question"> <a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/hayburns-case"><em>Hayburn's Case</em> (1792)</a>: Could Congress require the federal courts to perform nonjudicial duties? </td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td class="views-field views-field-field-central-question"> <a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/morrison-v-olson"><em>Morrison v. Olson</em> (1988)</a>: Could Congress empower federal judges to appoint independent counsel investigating executive branch officials? </td> </tr> <tr class="odd views-row-last"> <td class="views-field views-field-field-central-question"> <a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/mistretta-v-united-states"><em>Mistretta v. United States</em> (1989)</a>: Could Congress create an independent judicial agency to guide courts in setting criminal sentences? </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div></div></div> <span><div><div class="view view-cases-that-shaped-the-courts view-id-cases_that_shaped_the_courts view-display-id-related_cases view-dom-id-a423203a5d4d5608c56accc654da9cde"> <div class="view-header"> <p>See also:</p> </div> <div class="view-content"> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/glidden-company-v-zdanok"><em>Glidden Company v. Zdanok</em> (1962)</a></span> </span> </div> </div> </div></div></span> </div> </fieldset> </div> <div class="categories-table-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-image"> <div class="field-content categories-table-cell-image"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/styles/history_famous_trials_thumbnails/public/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/categories/remedies.png?itok=udqEtKxo" width="150" height="150" alt="" /></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-nothing"> <div class="field-content">Remedies - Cases outlining federal courts’ powers to resolve disputes and restore parties’ rights. </div> </div> <fieldset class="cases views-fieldset collapsible collapsed" data-module="views_fieldsets" class="cases views-fieldset collapsible collapsed"> <legend> <span class="fieldset-legend">Cases</span> </legend> <div class="fieldset-wrapper"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-cases"><div class="field-content"><div class="view view-cases-that-shaped-the-courts view-id-cases_that_shaped_the_courts view-display-id-list_of_cases not-striped view-dom-id-56ee0e93026be62afc7e62b925f8d813"> <div class="view-content"> <table class="views-table cols-0"> <tbody> <tr class="odd views-row-first"> <td class="views-field views-field-field-central-question"> <a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/monroe-v-pape"><em>Monroe v. Pape</em> (1961)</a>: Did the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 permit lawsuits in federal court against police officers who violated the constitutional rights of suspects without authorization from the state? </td> </tr> <tr class="even views-row-last"> <td class="views-field views-field-field-central-question"> <a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/bivens-v-six-unknown-federal-narcotic-agents"><em>Bivens v. Six Unknown Federal Narcotic Agents</em> (1971)</a>: Did the Fourth Amendment create an implied right to sue officials who conducted illegal searches and seizures? </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div></div></div> <span><div><div class="view view-cases-that-shaped-the-courts view-id-cases_that_shaped_the_courts view-display-id-related_cases view-dom-id-2d978e6f1cfa194f5f1f64ee1d058d71"> <div class="view-header"> <p>See also:</p> </div> <div class="view-content"> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/marbury-v-madison"><em>Marbury v. Madison</em> (1803)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/martin-v-hunter-s-lessee"><em>Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee</em> (1816)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/ableman-v-booth"><em>Ableman v. Booth</em> (1859)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/gordon-v-united-states"><em>Gordon v. United States</em> (1865)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/ex-parte-young"><em>Ex parte Young</em> (1908)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/baker-v-carr"><em>Baker v. Carr</em> (1962)</a></span> </span> </div> <div> <span> <span><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts/walker-v-city-birmingham"><em>Walker v. City of Birmingham</em> (1967)</a></span> </span> </div> </div> </div></div></span> </div> </fieldset> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="l-footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="l-region l-region--footer"> <div id="block-addtoany-addtoany-button" class="block block--addtoany block-addtoany-addtoany-button block--addtoany-addtoany-button"> <div class="block__content"> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_24 a2a_target addtoany_list" id="da2a_1"> <a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fjc.gov%2Fhistory%2Fcases%2Fcases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts&title=Cases%20that%20Shaped%20the%20Federal%20Courts"><img src="/sites/all/themes/fjc_omega/images/share-btn-18x20.png" alt="Share"/> Share this page</a> </span> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> </div> </div> <div id="block-block-26" class="block block--block block-block-26 block--block-26"> <div class="block__content"> <div id="footer-bottom"> <div class="footer-about"> <div align="center">Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary Building</div> <div align="center">One Columbus Circle NE</div> <div align="center">Washington, DC 20002-8003</div> <div align="center">202-502-4000</div> <div align="center"> </div> <div align="center"><a href="http://www.supremecourtus.gov">Supreme Court of the United States</a> <a href="http://www.uscourts.gov">USCourts.gov</a> <a href="http://www.ussc.gov">U.S. Sentencing Commission</a> <a href="https://fjcfoundation.org">Federal Judicial Center Foundation</a></div> <div align="center"> </div> <div align="center"><em>This website is produced and published at U.S. taxpayer expense.</em></div> <div align="center"> </div> <p>The Federal Judicial Center produced and maintains this site in furtherance of its statutory mission. 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