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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Fiqh and Islamic economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiqh_and_Islamic_economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-modern_Muslim_thought_on_economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-modern_Muslim_thought_on_economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Pre-modern Muslim thought on economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-modern_Muslim_thought_on_economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Early modern period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_"Islamic_economics"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_"Islamic_economics""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Development of "Islamic economics" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_"Islamic_economics"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Similarity_of_Islamic_economy_with_other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similarity_of_Islamic_economy_with_other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Similarity of Islamic economy with other countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similarity_of_Islamic_economy_with_other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_an_academic_discipline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_an_academic_discipline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 As an academic discipline </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-As_an_academic_discipline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle As an academic discipline subsection </button> <ul id="toc-As_an_academic_discipline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Achievements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Achievements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Achievements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Achievements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Challenges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Property </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Property-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Property subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Public property </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 State property </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Private property </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Markets </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Markets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Markets subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Interference </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banking_and_finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banking_and_finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Banking and finance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Banking_and_finance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Banking and finance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Banking_and_finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Interest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_public_finance_(Bayt-al-Mal)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_public_finance_(Bayt-al-Mal)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Islamic public finance (Bayt-al-Mal) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_public_finance_(Bayt-al-Mal)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Proposals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Savings_and_investment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Savings_and_investment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Savings and investment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Savings_and_investment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 Hybrids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_and_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_and_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Criticism and dispute </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_and_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books,_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books,_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Books, articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books,_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Torts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Torts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Torts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Torts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Islamic economics</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" > 27 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" title="اقتصاد إسلامي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اقتصاد إسلامي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="ইসলামি অর্থনীতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইসলামি অর্থনীতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomi_syariah" title="Ekonomi syariah – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Ekonomi syariah" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_en_l%27islam" title="Economia en l'islam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Economia en l'islam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C3%A1msk%C3%A1_ekonomie" title="Islámská ekonomie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Islámská ekonomie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamisches_Finanzwesen" title="Islamisches Finanzwesen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Islamisches Finanzwesen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econom%C3%ADa_isl%C3%A1mica" title="Economía islámica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Economía islámica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="اقتصاد اسلامی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اقتصاد اسلامی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine_%C3%A9conomique_islamique" title="Doctrine économique islamique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Doctrine économique islamique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%AC%EB%9E%8C%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%ED%95%99" title="이슬람경제학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이슬람경제학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Իսլամական տնտեսագիտություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իսլամական տնտեսագիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomi_syariah" title="Ekonomi syariah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ekonomi syariah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finanza_islamica" title="Finanza islamica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Finanza islamica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%89" title="اقتصاد اسلامى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اقتصاد اسلامى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_ekonomi_Islam" title="Sistem ekonomi Islam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sistem ekonomi Islam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="အစ္စလာမ်မစ် စီးပွားရေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အစ္စလာမ်မစ် စီးပွားရေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88" title="イスラム経済 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イスラム経済" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islom_iqtisodiyoti" title="Islom iqtisodiyoti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Islom iqtisodiyoti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="اسلامی معاشیات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اسلامی معاشیات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%88%D9%BC%D9%87" title="اسلامي وټه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اسلامي وټه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_isl%C3%A2mica" title="Economia islâmica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Economia islâmica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Исламская экономика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Исламская экономика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomia_islame" title="Ekonomia islame – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ekonomia islame" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="เศรษฐศาสตร์อิสลาม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เศรษฐศาสตร์อิสลาม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slam_ekonomisi" title="İslam ekonomisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İslam ekonomisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Category:Islamic jurisprudence">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-top:0.2em; display:block;margin-bottom:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:ALFiqh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/125px-ALFiqh.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/188px-ALFiqh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/250px-ALFiqh.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="576" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ibadah" title="Ibadah">Ritual</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rakat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakat">Raka'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbah" title="Turbah">Turbah</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Sunnah_prayer" title="Sunnah prayer">Sunnah prayer</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Tarawih" title="Tarawih">Tarawih</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tahajjud" title="Tahajjud">Tahajjud</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witr" title="Witr">Witr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafl_prayer" title="Nafl prayer">Nafl prayer</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Sawm</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ihram" title="Ihram">Ihram</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ihram_clothing" title="Ihram clothing">clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mut%27ah_of_Hajj" title="Mut'ah of Hajj">Mut'ah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawaf">Tawaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mut%27ah_of_Hajj" title="Mut'ah of Hajj">and Hajj</a>)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Islamic leadership</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majlis-ash-Shura" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis-ash-Shura">Majlis-ash-Shura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Wilayat al-faqih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">Bay'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aman_(Islam)" title="Aman (Islam)">Aman</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Marriage</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misyar_marriage" title="Misyar marriage">Misyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_halala" title="Nikah halala">Halala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_%27urfi" title="Nikah 'urfi">Urfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Mut‘ah</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_Islam" title="Polygyny in Islam">Polygyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khula" class="mw-redirect" title="Khula">Khula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zihar" title="Zihar">Zihar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddah" title="Iddah">Iddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafa%27ah" title="Kafa'ah">Kafa'ah</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_adoptional_jurisprudence" title="Islamic adoptional jurisprudence">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_in_Islam" title="Breastfeeding in Islam">Breastfeeding</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam" title="Sexuality in Islam">Sexual</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_parts_in_Islam" title="Intimate parts in Islam">Awrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Islam">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam#Purification_and_hygiene" title="Sexuality in Islam">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Islamic_law" title="Rape in Islamic law">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_masturbation" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and masturbation">Masturbation</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir">Maisir  (gambling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina  (illicit sex)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirabah" title="Hirabah">Hirabah  (unlawful warfare and banditry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasad" title="Fasad">Fasad  ("mischief")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofsed-e-filarz" title="Mofsed-e-filarz">Mofsed-e-filarz</a>  ("spreading corruption")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">Fitna</a>  ("sedition")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajm">Rajm  (stoning)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tazir" title="Tazir">Tazir  (discretionary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas" title="Qisas">Qisas  (retaliation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diya_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diya (Islam)">Diya  (compensation)</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Adab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">Purdah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Economic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">History</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisab" title="Nisab">Nisab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">Khums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">Waqf</a>)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-mal" title="Bayt al-mal">Bayt al-mal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></th></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam#Hygienical_Jurisprudence" title="Ritual purity in Islam">Hygiene</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual hygienical jurisprudence">Sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam" title="Ritual purity in Islam">Taharah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihram" title="Ihram">Ihram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masah" title="Masah">Masah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istinja" title="Istinja">Istinja</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Dietary</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabihah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws#Intoxicants" title="Islamic dietary laws">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws#Pork" title="Islamic dietary laws">Pork</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Islamic_and_Jewish_dietary_laws" title="Comparison of Islamic and Jewish dietary laws">Comparison with kashrut</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanimah" title="Ghanimah">Ghanimah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudna" title="Hudna">Hudna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istijarah" title="Istijarah">Istijarah (asylum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_prisoners_of_war" title="Islamic views on prisoners of war">Prisoners of war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #dcf5dc;border-bottom:1px solid #dcf5dc;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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solid #060;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_studies" title="Category:Islamic studies">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist" style="white-space:nowrap;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Theology</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.1em 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Early historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_social_changes_under_Islam" title="Early social changes under Islam">Early social changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a> / <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Modern philosophy</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Concept of God</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid (Islamic monotheism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Mysticism (Sufism)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.1em 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquettical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim hygienical jurisprudence">Hygienical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Science in medieval times</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.1em 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a>)</div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.1em 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-bottom:0.2em;"> Other topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.1em 0.7em;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">Islamization of knowledge</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_studies_sidebar" title="Template:Islamic studies sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_studies_sidebar" title="Template talk:Islamic studies sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_studies_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic studies sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_systems" title="Category:Economic systems">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;padding:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Major types</div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">By ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associative_economics" title="Associative economics">Associative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomercantilism" title="Neomercantilism">Neomercantilist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green</a></li> <li>Religious <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_finance" title="Christian finance">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabbath_economics" title="Sabbath economics">Sabbath economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(movement)" title="Mutualism (movement)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Socialist-oriented market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_credit" title="Social credit">Social credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_economy" title="Traditional economy">Traditionalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">By coordination</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">Closed (autarky)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_planning_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized planning (economics)">Decentralized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_economy" title="Digital economy">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_economy" title="Dual economy">Dual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informal_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal sector">Informal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_economy" title="Natural economy">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_economy" title="Open economy">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_economy" title="Robinson Crusoe economy">Robinson Crusoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_economy" title="Subsistence economy">Subsistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_archipelago" title="Vertical archipelago">Vertical archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_economy" title="Virtual economy">Virtual</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">By regional model</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li>Asian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_model_of_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian model of capitalism">East Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Consensus" title="Beijing Consensus">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Singapore" title="Economy of Singapore">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_model" title="Kerala model">Keralan</a></li></ul></li> <li>European <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_model" title="Anglo-Saxon model">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_model" title="German model">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polder_model" title="Polder model">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Rhenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet</a></li></ul></li> <li>Latin America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Sectors</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_sector" title="Voluntary sector">Voluntary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Property types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">Collective ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">State ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Transition</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatization" title="Corporatization">Corporatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demutualization" title="Demutualization">Demutualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">Deregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expropriation" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriation">Expropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financialization" title="Financialization">Financialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">Liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketization" title="Marketization">Marketization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalization" title="Municipalization">Municipalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutualization">Mutualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialization (economics)">Socialization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(Marxism)" title="Socialization (Marxism)">Marxist</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Coordination</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">Market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_market" title="Open market">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulated_market" title="Regulated market">Regulated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calculation_in_kind" title="Calculation in kind">In kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indicative_planning" title="Indicative planning">Indicative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_balance_planning" title="Material balance planning">Material balancing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_system" title="Price system">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-managed economy">Self-managed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_peer-to-peer_processes#P2P_economic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Social peer-to-peer processes">Peer-to-peer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Other types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_economics" title="Expeditionary economics">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">Hunter-gatherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Democracy">Inclusive Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_economy" title="Information economy">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialized_country" title="Newly industrialized country">Newly industrialized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_economy" title="Palace economy">Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_economy" title="Plantation economy">Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonomy" title="Plutonomy">Plutonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-industrial_economy" title="Post-industrial economy">Post-industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-scarcity_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-scarcity economy">Post-scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource-based_economy" title="Resource-based economy">Resource-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_economy" title="Token economy">Token</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_economy" title="Traditional economy">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_economy" title="Transition economy">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">World</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Business and economics">Business and economics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economic_systems_sidebar" title="Template:Economic systems sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economic_systems_sidebar" title="Template talk:Economic systems sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economic_systems_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economic systems sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Islamic economics (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الاقتصاد الإسلامي) refers to the knowledge of economics or economic activities and processes in terms of Islamic principles and teachings.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Islam has a set of specific moral norms and values about individual and social economic behavior. Therefore, it has its own economic system, which is based on its philosophical views and is compatible with the Islamic organization of other aspects of human behavior: social and political systems.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Islamic economics is a broad field, related to the more specific subset of Islamic commercial jurisprudence (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: فقه المعاملات, <a href="/wiki/Muamalat" class="mw-redirect" title="Muamalat">fiqh al-mu'āmalāt</a>). It is also an <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> of economics similar to the <a href="/wiki/Labour_theory_of_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour theory of value">labour theory of value</a>, which is "labour-based exchange and exchange-based labour".<a href="#cite_note-roy-133-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-idea-philipp-4">[4]</a> While there are differences between the two, Islamic economics still tends to be closer to <a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_value" title="Labor theory of value">labor theory</a>, than <a href="/wiki/Subjective_theory_of_value" title="Subjective theory of value">subjective theory</a>. Islamic commercial jurisprudence entails the rules of transacting finance or other economic activity in a <a href="/wiki/Shari%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shari'a">Shari'a</a> compliant manner,<a href="#cite_note-mat-5">[5]</a> i.e., a manner conforming to <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripture">scripture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">sunnah</a>). Islamic jurisprudence (<a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a>) has traditionally dealt with determining what is required, prohibited, encouraged, discouraged, or just permissible.<a href="#cite_note-saleem-6">[6]</a> according to the revealed word of God (<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>) and the religious practices established by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">sunnah</a>). This applied to issues like property, money, employment, taxes, loans, along with everything else. The social science of <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-saleem-6">[6]</a> on the other hand, works to describe, analyse and understand <a href="/wiki/Production_(economics)" title="Production (economics)">production</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distribution_(economics)" title="Distribution (economics)">distribution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)">consumption</a> of <a href="/wiki/Goods_and_services" title="Goods and services">goods and services</a>,<a href="#cite_note-mw-7">[7]</a> and, studied how to best achieve policy goals, such as full employment, price stability, economic equity and productivity growth.<a href="#cite_note-goals-8">[8]</a> Early forms of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> are thought to have been developed in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a><a href="#cite_note-Banaji-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> from the 9th century and later became dominant in European Muslim territories like <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Sicily">Emirate of Sicily</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The Islamic economic concepts taken and applied by the <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_empires" title="Gunpowder empires">gunpowder empires</a> and various Islamic kingdoms and sultanates led to systemic changes in their economy. particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> its wealthiest region of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Bengal">Bengal</a>, a major trading nation of the medieval world, signaled the period of <a href="/wiki/Proto-industrialization" title="Proto-industrialization">proto-industrialization</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> making direct contribution to the world's first <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">British conquests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tong-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-esposito-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-rayB-20">[20]</a> In the mid-twentieth century, campaigns began promoting the idea of specifically Islamic patterns of economic thought and behavior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuran2004x-21">[21]</a> By the 1970s, "Islamic economics" was introduced as an academic discipline in a number of institutions of higher learning throughout the Muslim world and in the West.<a href="#cite_note-mat-5">[5]</a> The central features of an Islamic <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a> are often summarized as: (1) the "behavioral norms and moral foundations" derived from the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a>; (2) collection of <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Islamic_taxes" title="Islamic taxes">Islamic taxes</a>, (3) <a href="/wiki/Riba#Prohibition_of_riba" title="Riba">prohibition of interest</a> (<a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">riba</a>) charged on loans.<a href="#cite_note-KuranEconSys-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Advocates of Islamic economics generally describe it as neither <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a>, but as a "third way", an ideal mean with none of the drawbacks of the other two systems.<a href="#cite_note-allacademic.com-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-gemsofislamism.tripod.com-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ishaque-28">[28]</a> Among the assertions made for an Islamic economic system by Islamic activists and revivalists are that the <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">gap between the rich and the poor</a> will be reduced and prosperity enhanced<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-IBSSCE-203-30">[30]</a> by such means as the discouraging of the <a href="/wiki/Hoarding" title="Hoarding">hoarding</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> taxing wealth (through <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a>) but not trade, exposing <a href="/wiki/Lender" class="mw-redirect" title="Lender">lenders</a> to risk through <a href="/wiki/Profit_sharing" title="Profit sharing">profit sharing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capital</a>,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-IBSSCE-202-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> discouraging of <a href="/wiki/Hoarding" title="Hoarding">hoarding</a> of <a href="/wiki/Food_speculation" title="Food speculation">food for speculation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> and other activities that Islam regards as sinful such as unlawful confiscation of land.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Complementing Islamic economics, Islamic entrepreneurship has gained traction, focusing on Muslim entrepreneurs, ventures, and contextual factors at the intersection of Islamic faith and entrepreneurship.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions_and_descriptions">Definitions and descriptions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_economics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions and descriptions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;font-size:88%; line-height:200%">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamism" title="Category:Islamism">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Fundamentals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamism" title="History of Islamism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_secularism" title="Islam and secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">Salafism by country/region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Principlism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Principlism in Iran">Shia Islamism</a> </li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy in Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">Takfir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_governance" title="Islamic governance">Islamic governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_monarchy" title="Islamic monarchy">Islamic monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">of knowledge</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">Political Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">aspects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Influences</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;">Scholastic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawat-e-Islami" title="Dawat-e-Islami">Dawat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_movement" title="Nur movement">Nurcu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">by country/region</a></li></ul></li></ul> Political <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafist_Call" title="Salafist Call">Salafist Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafist_Front" title="Salafist Front">Salafist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehreek-e-Labbaik_Pakistan" title="Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan">Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">List of Islamic political parties</a></li></ul> Militant <ul><li>Militant Islamism based in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Militant Islamism in the Middle East">MENA region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Caliphate_or_the_Supreme_Imamate_(book)" title="The Caliphate or the Supreme Imamate (book)">The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rashid_Rida" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Rashid Rida">Rashīd Rīďha 1922</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam">Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal 1930s</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_State_and_Government_in_Islam" title="The Principles of State and Government in Islam">Principles of State and Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Asad 1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestones_(book)" title="Milestones (book)">Ma'alim fi al-Tariq ("Milestones")</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb 1965</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government:_Governance_of_the_Jurist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist">Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist ("Velayat-e faqih")</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini 1970</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Heads of state</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia_ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia ul-Haq">Zia ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mohammed Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">House of Saud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Thani" title="House of Thani">House of Thani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key ideologues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamza_al-Masri" title="Abu Hamza al-Masri">Abu Hamza al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam%C4%81l_al-D%C4%ABn_al-Afgh%C4%81n%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī">Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmad">Qazi Hussain Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Nasiruddin_al-Albani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani">Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rached_Ghannouchi" title="Rached Ghannouchi">Rached Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwat_Hegazi" title="Safwat Hegazi">Safwat Hegazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necip_Faz%C4%B1l_K%C4%B1sak%C3%BCrek" title="Necip Fazıl Kısakürek">Necip Fazıl Kısakürek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Nadwi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Hasan Nadwi">Abul Hasan Nadwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Nabhani" title="Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani">Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ramadan" title="Tariq Ramadan">Tariq Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Abu_Rashta" title="Ata Abu Rashta">Ata Abu Rashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navvab_Safavi" title="Navvab Safavi">Navvab Safavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Shariatullah" title="Haji Shariatullah">Haji Shariatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Al-Turabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Al-Turabi">Hassan Al-Turabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Criticism of Islamism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism of Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberal and reform movements within Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_Europe" title="Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe">in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_North_America" title="Liberal and progressive Islam in North America">in North America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abu_al-Fadl" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaled Abu al-Fadl">Khaled Abu al-Fadl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farag_Foda" title="Farag Foda">Farag Foda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelwahab_Meddeb" title="Abdelwahab Meddeb">Abdelwahab Meddeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Namazie" title="Maryam Namazie">Maryam Namazie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maajid_Nawaaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Maajid Nawaaz">Maajid Nawaaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Harris (author)">Sam Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Roy_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivier Roy (professor)">Olivier Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassam_Tibi" title="Bassam Tibi">Bassam Tibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Sa%27id_al-Ashmawi" title="Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi">Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Gilles Kepel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_Maher" title="Shiraz Maher">Shiraz Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Ranstorp" title="Magnus Ranstorp">Magnus Ranstorp</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islam and modernity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">Modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Islam and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism_sidebar" title="Template:Islamism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Islamism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> According to Hasan Raza, after more than six decades of its formal/ informal existence, a consensus on the definition of Islamic economics has not yet emerged.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Some definitions that have been offered include: <ul><li>"that branch of knowledge which helps to realize human well-being through an allocation and distribution of scarce resources that is in conformity with Islamic teachings without unduly curbing individual freedom or creating continued macroeconomic and ecological imbalances." (<a href="/wiki/Umar_Chapra" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar Chapra">Umar Chapra</a>)<a href="#cite_note-WIEE-44">[44]</a> (similarly, the "study of human behavior with regard to acquiring and using resources for the satisfaction of necessities, needs, and other desires," but "based on the assumptions" of the Islamic "outlook on life and humanity". (Monzer Kahf))<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahf200325-45">[45]</a></li> <li>"the study of an ... economy which abides by the rules of the Shariah", i.e. an Islamic economy. (A definition used by some, according to M. Anas Zarqa)<a href="#cite_note-zarqa-2008-30-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan20134-47">[47]</a></li> <li>a discipline that goes beyond the practice of Western economics—which seeks to make "positive analysis" and give an objective description of what is—to provide normative policy prescriptions of what ought to be and can be.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan201566-48">[48]</a> And which seeks to achieve a "transformation of human beings from followers of base desires to people concerned with achieving higher goals".<a href="#cite_note-Zaman_2008_28-49">[49]</a> (Feisal Khan<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan201566-48">[48]</a> describing the ideas of M.R. Zaman,<a href="#cite_note-Zaman_2008_28-49">[49]</a> M.U. Chapra,<a href="#cite_note-Chapra_2008-50">[50]</a> and M.N. Khan & M.I. Bhatti.<a href="#cite_note-Khan_and_Bhatti_2008-51">[51]</a>)</li> <li>"a discipline that is guided by the Shariah and studies all human societies" (A definition used by others, according to M. Anas Zarqa)<a href="#cite_note-zarqa-2008-30-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan20134-47">[47]</a></li> <li>"restatements of Islamic economic teachings", using "modern economic jargon". (What most of the knowledge content in the body of Islamic economics amounts to according to economist Muhammad Akram Khan)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2013xv-52">[52]</a></li> <li>an ideology <ul><li>"a revolutionary ideology" to change "the corrupt reality ... into a pure one", and "not a science of political economy" or "an objective analysis of existing reality". (Ayatollah Murtaza Mutahhari)<a href="#cite_note-PTAM-90-53">[53]</a></li> <li>an "ideological construct" developed by 20th century Islamists (by <a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a>, Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Baqir_al-Sadr" title="Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr">Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abolhassan_Banisadr" title="Abolhassan Banisadr">Abolhassan Banisadr</a>, etc.) taking basic prescriptions from <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> (Islamic law), and systematizing and conceptualizing them "to construct a coherent and functional ensemble offering a middle ground between the two systems of the twentieth century, Marxism and capitalism." (Social scientist <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Roy_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivier Roy (professor)">Olivier Roy</a>)<a href="#cite_note-roy-133-3">[3]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Zaman (2015)<a href="#cite_note-Zaman2014-54">[54]</a> argues that confusion regarding appropriate definition of Islamic economics has arisen because of attempts to mix Western economics concepts with Islamic ideals, when the two are diametrically opposed to each other in many dimensions. He proposes a definition based on purely Islamic sources: "Islamic Economics is the EFFORT/STRUGGLE to implement the orders of Allah pertaining to economic affairs in our individual lives (Micro), in our communities (Meso), and at the level of Ummah (Macro)."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiqh_and_Islamic_economics">Fiqh and Islamic economics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_economics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fiqh and Islamic economics">edit</a>]</div> Fiqh (religious law) has developed several traditional concepts having to do with economics. These included: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a> – the "<a href="/wiki/Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">charitable</a> taxing of certain assets, such as <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvest</a>, with an eye to allocating these taxes to eight expenditures that are also explicitly defined in the Quran, such as aid to those in need."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gharar" title="Gharar">Gharar</a>—"uncertainty". The presence of any element of excessive uncertainty, in a <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contract</a> is prohibited.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a>—"referred to as <a href="/wiki/Usury" title="Usury">usury</a> (modern Islamic economists reached consensus that Riba is any kind of interest, rather than just usury)"<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> is prohibited.</li></ul> Another source lists "general rules" include prohibition of Riba, Gharar, and also <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qimar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qimar">Qimar</a> (gambling)<a href="#cite_note-tabari-56">[56]</a> and</li> <li>the encouragement of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taa%E2%80%99won&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taa’won (page does not exist)">Taa’won</a> (mutual cooperation),<a href="#cite_note-tabari-56">[56]</a></li> <li>"the overriding doctrine of fairness in commercial dealings is established."<a href="#cite_note-tabari-56">[56]</a></li></ul> These concepts, like others in Islamic law, came from study of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">ahadith</a>—or as one observer put it, were <blockquote>constructed on the basis of isolated prescriptions, anecdotes, examples, words of the Prophet, all gathered together and systematized by commentators according to an inductive, casuistic method."<a href="#cite_note-roy-13-57">[57]</a></blockquote> In addition to <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">ahadith</a>, sometimes other sources such as <a href="/wiki/Al-urf" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-urf">al-urf</a> (custom), or al-<a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">ijma</a> (consensus of the <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">jurists</a>) are employed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchirazi1997170-58">[58]</a> to create laws that determine whether actions were <a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">forbidden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makruh" title="Makruh">discouraged</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mubah" title="Mubah">allowed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustahabb" title="Mustahabb">encouraged</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fard" title="Fard">obligatory</a> for Muslims. The different school of fiqh (<a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhhab</a>) vary slightly in their rulings. Works of fiqh are typically divided into different "books" such as a Book of <a href="/wiki/Iman_(concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iman (concept)">Iman</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">Taqwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a>, but not `economics` or `economy`.<a href="#cite_note-roy-133-3">[3]</a> Some brief works might contain almost nothing related to matters of property, sales, finance <a href="#cite_note-60">[Note 1]</a> Others do not gather questions on economic issues in one heading, the case in Tawzih al-masa'il, a work of <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatawa</a> by Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a>, who although a pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">political Islam</a> approached the subject of economy <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">as the classical ulamas do ... the chapter on selling and buying (Kharid o forush) comes after the one on pilgrimage and present economic questions as individual acts open to moral analysis: `To lend [without interest, on a note from the lender] is among the good works that are particularly recommended in the verses of the Quran and in the Traditions.`<a href="#cite_note-roy-133-3">[3]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ruhollah Khomeini, Tawzih al-masa'il, p. 543</cite></div></blockquote> Other works divided the subjects of fiqh into four "quarters":<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalizRamliShahwan20148-61">[60]</a> typically worship (al-`Ibadat), marriage and family law (al-Munakahat), criminal law (Jinayat), commercial transaction law (<a href="/wiki/Muamalat" class="mw-redirect" title="Muamalat">Mu'amalat</a>).<a href="#cite_note-ODI-muamala-62">[61]</a> At least one author (M. Kahf) writes that Mu'amalat is "closely related" to Islamic Economics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahf200346-63">[62]</a> (However even with the "quarters" division of fiqh topics mu'amalat would not include inheritance or wedding dower (<a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">mahr</a>) (which at least often comes under marriage and family law),<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> or calculation of alms (<a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a>, which comes under al-`Ibadat)). A number of scholars (<a href="/wiki/Olivier_Roy_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivier Roy (professor)">Olivier Roy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timur_Kuran" title="Timur Kuran">Timur Kuran</a>, Omar Norman) have noted the recentness of reflecting on economic issues in the Islamic world,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuran2004x-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-roy-133-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-norman-74-66">[65]</a> and the difference between economics the social science based on data, and Islamic jurisprudence based on revealed truth. Salman Ahmed Shaikh and Monzer Kahf insist on a clear distinction between the roles of Fiqh and Islamic Economics, Shaikh saying <blockquote>to be meritorious as a separate field of inquiry, Islamic economics cannot confine itself just to explaining and deducing laws in economic matters based on core principles. Since this function is already performed by the discipline of Islamic jurisprudence ...<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> </blockquote> M. Kahf writes that mu'amalat and Islamic economics "often intermingle",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahf200347-68">[67]</a> mu'amalat "sets terms and conditions of conduct for economic and financial relationships in the Islamic economy" and provides the "grounds on which new instruments" of Islamic financing are developed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahf200346-63">[62]</a> but that the "nature of Fiqh imposes a concern about individual transactions and their minute legalistic characteristics", so that analyzing Islamic economics in terms of Fiqh" risks losing "the ability to provide a macro economic theory".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahf200349-69">[68]</a> According to economist Muhammad Akram Khan the "main plank" of Islamic economics is the "theory of riba", while "another landmark" is <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a>, a tax on wealth and income.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2013xv–xvi-70">[69]</a> According to another contemporary writer Salah El-Sheikh, "Islamic economic principles" (what he calls a "FiqhiConomic model") utilize the <a href="/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh" title="Faqīh">Faqīh</a> (Islamic jurisprudence) as supporting material, but are grounded upon the ethical teachings within the Qu'rān. Sharīah's basic tenets involve gharar and (fadl māl bilā 'iwad). Gharar insists all knowledge about a trade or transaction is known before two individuals complete a transaction and (fadl māl bilā 'iwad) warns against unjustified enrichment through trade and business. These tenets were "among the first economic regulations" and their philosophy can be seen today in modern Capitalism. Within Sharīah, El-Sheikh states, Gharar functions as a divine deterrent against asymmetric information and allows trade to prosper. Riba, ensures each transaction is conducted at a fair price, not allowing one party to benefit exceedingly, which shares a parallel philosophy with Karl Marx "Das Kapital": seeking a greater outcome for the community.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_economics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">History of Islamic economics</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-modern_Muslim_thought_on_economics">Pre-modern Muslim thought on economics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_economics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-modern Muslim thought on economics">edit</a>]</div> Classical scholars in the Muslim world did however, make valuable contributions to Islamic thought on issues involving production, consumption, income, wealth, property, taxation, land ownership, etc. are <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf" title="Abu Yusuf">Abu Yusuf</a> (d. 798), <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Shaybani" title="Muhammad al-Shaybani">Muhammad bin al-Hasan</a> (d. 805), <a href="/wiki/Al-Mawardi" title="Al-Mawardi">Al-Mawardi</a> (d. 1058), <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a> (d. 1064), <a href="/wiki/Al-Sarakhsi" title="Al-Sarakhsi">Sarakhsi</a> (d. 1090), <a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Tusi</a> (d. 1093), <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Ghazali</a> (d. 1111), <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Fadl_Ja%27far_ibn_%27Ali_al-Dimashqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Fadl Ja'far ibn 'Ali al-Dimashqi">Al-Dimashqi</a> (d. after 1175), <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Rushd" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Rushd">Ibn Rushd</a> (d. 1187), <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a> (d.1328), Ibn al-Ukhuwwah (d. 1329), <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Qayyim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Qayyim">Ibn al-Qayyim</a> (d. 1350), <a href="/wiki/Mir_Sayyid_Ali_Hamadani" title="Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani">Sayyid Ali Hamadani</a> (d. 1384), <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Shatibi" title="Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi">Al-Shatibi</a> (d. 1388), <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> (d. 1406), <a href="/wiki/Al-Maqrizi" title="Al-Maqrizi">Al-Maqrizi</a> (d. 1442), <a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_al-Dawani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal al-Din al-Dawani">Dawwani</a> (d. 1501), <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir</a> (d. 1707).<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf" title="Abu Yusuf">Abu Yusuf</a> (d. 798) was author of the book al Kharaj—literally "the return or revenue" but was used by the author to mean "public revenues and taxation"—which was a policy guide to <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a>, the fifth <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliph</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahf20032-74">[73]</a> Muhammad bin al-Hasan (d.805) wrote al Iktisab fi al Rizq al Mustatab [Earned Desired income], intended as advice to businessmen "in their endeavors to create income opportunities".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahf20032-74">[73]</a> Abu 'Ubaid al Qasim bin Sallam (d.839) was the author of al-Amwal (plural of "wealth").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahf20032-74">[73]</a> Perhaps the most well-known Islamic scholar who wrote about economical issues was <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>,<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[Note 2]</a> who has been called "the father of modern economics" by I.M. Oweiss.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> Ibn Khaldun wrote on what is now called economic and political theory in the introduction, or <a href="/wiki/Muqaddimah" title="Muqaddimah">Muqaddimah</a> (Prolegomena), of his History of the World (<a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Ibar" title="Kitab al-Ibar">Kitab al-Ibar</a>). He discussed what he called asabiyya (social cohesion), which he cited as the cause of the advancement of some civilizations. Ibn Khaldun felt that many social forces are cyclic, although there could be sudden sharp turns that break the pattern.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> His ideas about the benefits of the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Division of labor">division of labor</a> also relate to asabiyya, the greater the social cohesion, the more complex the successful division may be, the greater the economic growth. He noted that growth and development positively stimulates both <a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">supply and demand</a>, and that the forces of supply and demand are what determines the prices of goods.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> He also noted <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroeconomic">macroeconomic</a> forces of population growth, <a href="/wiki/Human_capital" title="Human capital">human capital</a> development, and technological developments effects on development.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> In fact, Ibn Khaldun thought that population growth was directly a function of wealth.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> Medieval Islamic economics appears to have somewhat resembled a form of capitalism, some arguing that it laid the foundations for the development of modern capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_economics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early modern period">edit</a>]</div> Economic policies based on <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> were introduced throughout the <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_empires" title="Gunpowder empires">gunpowder empires</a>, which led to their commercial expansion. Chiefly the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mughal_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal India">Mughal India</a> underwent substantial increases in per capita income and population, and a sustained pace of technological innovation. A significant event was the creation of <a href="/wiki/Muslim_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim India">Muslim India</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fatawa_%27Alamgiri" title="Fatawa 'Alamgiri">Fatawa 'Alamgiri</a>, compiled by <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb_Alamgir" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurangzeb Alamgir">Aurangzeb Alamgir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi" title="Shah Waliullah Dehlawi">Shah Waliullah Dehlawi</a>'s family, through which the Indian subcontinent surpassed <a href="/wiki/Qing_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing China">Qing China</a> to become the world's largest economy, valued 25% of world GDP, while the region of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Bengal">Mughal Bengal</a> entered a period of <a href="/wiki/Proto-industrialization" title="Proto-industrialization">proto-industrialization</a>,<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> making direct contribution to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>'s first <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> after English dominance was established following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tong-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-esposito-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-rayB-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_"Islamic_economics"">Development of "Islamic economics"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_economics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Development of "Islamic economics"">edit</a>]</div> According to Turkish-American economist <a href="/wiki/Timur_Kuran" title="Timur Kuran">Timur Kuran</a>, "not until the mid-twentieth century" was there any body of thought that could be called "Islamic economics", that was "recognizable as a coherent or self-contained doctrine". But around 1950 "campaigns launched to identify self-consciously, if not also exclusively, Islamic patterns of economic thought and behavior".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuran2004x-21">[21]</a> The famous early-20th Century Muslim nationalist and author <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a>, for example, did not refer to religion in his treatise on economics.<a href="#cite_note-norman-74-66">[65]</a> Islamic economics grew naturally from the Islamic revival and political Islam whose adherents considered Islam to be a complete system of life in all its aspects, rather than a spiritual formula<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> and believed that it logically followed that Islam must have an economic system, unique from and superior to non-Islamic economic systems.<a href="#cite_note-91">[Note 3]</a> "Islamic economics" "emerged" in the 1940s according to the Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World.<a href="#cite_note-EoIMW-596-92">[89]</a> Maulana ala Maududi's 1941 address "The economic problem of man and its Islamic solution" (Insaan ka Maashi Maslah aur aus ka Islami Hul) is "generally considered to be one of the founding documents of modern Islamic economics"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan201557-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nasr_1996-94">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuran200484–86-95">[92]</a> More conservative salafi have shown less interest in socioeconomic issues, asking the question, "the prophet and his companions didn't study 'laws' of economics, look for patterns, strive for understanding of what happens in commerce, production, consumption. Why should we?"<a href="#cite_note-roy-133-3">[3]</a> Maududi himself also dismissed the need for a "new science of economics, embodied in voluminous books, with high-sounding terminology and large organisation", as the true "economic problem of man"—along with all his social, political and other problems—"can be easily understood" and is simply the failure to follow Islamic law.<a href="#cite_note-EPoM-1941-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaududin.d.[httpsarchiveorgdetailsMaulanaMaududiEconomicSystemOfIslampagen14_8]–9-97">[94]</a> <dl><dt>1960, 70s</dt></dl> In the 1960s and 1970s, Shi'a thinkers worked to describe Islamic economics' "own answers to contemporary economic problems." Several works were particularly influential: <ul><li>Eslam va Malekiyyat (Islam and Property) by Mahmud Taleqani (1951),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqtisaduna" title="Iqtisaduna">Iqtisaduna</a> (Our Economics) by <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Baqir_al-Sadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr">Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr</a> (1961) and</li> <li>Eqtesad-e Towhidi (The Economics of Divine Harmony) by <a href="/wiki/Abolhassan_Banisadr" title="Abolhassan Banisadr">Abolhassan Banisadr</a> (1978)</li> <li>Some Interpretations of Property Rights, Capital and Labor from Islamic Perspective by Habibullah Peyman (1979).<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-international.ucla.edu-99">[96]</a></li></ul> Al-Sadr in particular was described as having "almost single-handedly developed the notion of Islamic economics".<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> In their writings, Sadr and the other authors "sought to depict Islam as a religion committed to social justice, the equitable distribution of wealth, and the cause of the deprived classes," with doctrines "acceptable to Islamic jurists," while refuting existing non-Islamic theories of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Baqir_al-Sadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr">Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr</a> and also cleric <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Taleghani" title="Mahmoud Taleghani">Mahmoud Taleghani</a> developed an "Islamic economics" emphasizing a major role for the state in matters such as circulation and equitable distribution of wealth, and a reward to participants in the marketplace for being exposed to risk or liability. This version of Islamic economics, which influenced the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>, called for public ownership of land and of large "industrial enterprises," while private economic activity continued "within reasonable limits."<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> These ideas informed the large public sector and public subsidy policies of the Iranian Revolution. Sunni cleric <a href="/wiki/Taqiuddin_al-Nabhani" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqiuddin al-Nabhani">Taqiuddin al-Nabhani</a> proposed economic system (Nidham ul-Iqtisad fil Islam (The Economic System of Islam) by Taqiuddin Nabhani (1953)) combined public ownership of large chunks of the economy (utilities, public transport, health care, energy resources such as oil, and unused farm land), with use of the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> and specific instructions for the gold and silver weights of coins, arguing this would "demolish ... American control and the control of the dollar as an international currency."<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> Likewise, Sunni imam <a href="/wiki/Imran_N._Hosein" title="Imran N. Hosein">Imran Nazar Hosein</a> preached a similar system to <a href="/wiki/Taqiuddin_al-Nabhani" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqiuddin al-Nabhani">al-Nabhani</a>, advocating for a syncretic system with a gold / silver standard, while also having heavy government regulations of the market. Hosein is notable for being among a faction of Islamic scholars with a strict interpretation of riba prohibitions in the Qur'an, with the general definition of interest being as broad as money increasing over time for a single purchase. In the Sunni world the first international conference on Islamic economics was held at the King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah in 1976. Since then the <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Association_for_Islamic_Economics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Association for Islamic Economics (page does not exist)">International Association for Islamic Economics</a> in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Development_Bank" title="Islamic Development Bank">Islamic Development Bank</a> has held conferences in Islamabad (1983), Kuala Lumpur (1992), Loughborough (2000), Bahrain (2003), Jakarta (2005) and Jeddah (2008), Iqbal (2008).<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> In addition there have been hundreds of seminars, workshops and discussion groups around the world on Islamic economics and finance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan20136-104">[101]</a> In the U.S. a small number of <a href="/wiki/Patent_application" title="Patent application">patent applications</a> have been filed for Sharia compliant financial service methods.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> <dl><dt>Khomeini era</dt></dl> What has been called one of "two versions" of "Islamic economy" existed during the first ten years (1979–1989) of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a> during the life of <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">revolution</a> founder) <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a>. This was an "Islamist <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a>, and state-run": It was "little by little supplanted" by a more liberal economic policy.<a href="#cite_note-roy-138-106">[103]</a> <dl><dt>Post-socialist trend</dt></dl> In the 1980s and 1990s, as the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran#Iran's_economy_and_human_development" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic revolution</a> failed to reach the <a href="/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income">per capita income</a> level achieved by the regime it overthrew, and communist states and socialist parties in the non-Muslim world turned away from <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, Muslim interest shifted away from government ownership and regulation. In Iran, "eqtesad-e Eslami (meaning both Islamic economics and economy) ... once a revolutionary shibboleth, is indubitably absent in all official documents and the media. It disappeared from Iranian political discourse" about 1990.<a href="#cite_note-international.ucla.edu-99">[96]</a> During the era of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a>, several Islamic economic concepts and practices were introduced into the domestic economy, as part of Zia's Islamisation reforms (see <a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics_in_Pakistan" title="Islamic economics in Pakistan">Islamic economics in Pakistan</a>). The term lived on in the Muslim world, shifting form to the less ambitious goal of interest-free banking. Some Muslim bankers and religious leaders suggested ways to integrate Islamic law on usage of money with modern concepts of <a href="/wiki/Ethical_investing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical investing">ethical investing</a>. In banking this was done through the use of sales transactions (focusing on the fixed rate return modes) to support investing without interest-bearing debt. Many modern writers have strongly criticized this approach as a means of covering conventional banking with an Islamic facade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2013216–-107">[104]</a> (Sohrab Behada has argued that the economic system proposed by Islam is essentially a capitalist one.<a href="#cite_note-Behada-108">[105]</a>) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Similarity_of_Islamic_economy_with_other_countries">Similarity of Islamic economy with other countries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_economics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Similarity of Islamic economy with other countries">edit</a>]</div> In an interview with Professor Hossein Askari, a professor at George Washington University, the German newspaper "Suddeutsche" prepared a report on the ranking of countries that "respect Islamic values". Ireland, Luxembourg and Denmark are at the top of the said ranking table in relation to "Islamic economy in non-Islamic countries". No Muslim-majority country is among the top 25 countries in this ranking. Israel is in 27th place and thus much higher than Saudi Arabia which is in 91st place. Germany is in 26th place in this table. In the research conducted by Shahrzad Rahman and Hossein Askari, two professors of George Washington University, an estimate of the extent of Islamic economy of 208 countries around the world was made, the results of which are very interesting and according to that, many countries that, although are not Islamic (such as Ireland, Denmark, Luxembourg and Sweden); But their economy has similarities with the economic model of Islam or the Islamic economy.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_an_academic_discipline">As an academic discipline</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_economics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: As an academic discipline">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Achievements">Achievements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_economics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Achievements">edit</a>]</div> In 1998, Javed Ahmad Khan compiled Islamic Economics and Finance: A Bibliography, and listed 1600 items published over 20 years, including books, articles, dissertations, theses and conference papers. As of 2008 there were: <ul><li>Eight magazines recently started "exclusively devoted to Islamic economics and finance",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAli2008155-113">[110]</a></li> <li>484 research projects in various universities of ten countries including the US, the UK and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAli2008164-114">[111]</a></li> <li>200 Ph.D. dissertations completed at different universities of the world,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAli2008164-114">[111]</a> literature published English, Arabic, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, Bahasa Malaysia, Turkish and other regional languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan20135-115">[112]</a></li> <li>"Over a thousand unique titles on Islamic economics and finance" in IFP databank<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAli2008164-114">[111]</a></li> <li>1500 conferences (whose proceedings are available in IFP databank)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan20135-115">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAli2008155-113">[110]</a></li> <li>One school—the Kulliyyah of Economics and Management Sciences of International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM)—has produced over 2000 graduates in 25 years as of 2009.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaneef20094-116">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan20137-117">[114]</a></li></ul> King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah hosted the first international conference on Islamic economics in 1976. Thereafter the International Association for Islamic Economics in collaboration with the Islamic Development Bank has held conferences in Islamabad (1983), Kuala Lumpur (1992), Loughborough (2000), Bahrain (2003), Jakarta (2005), Jeddah (2008) and Iqbal (2008).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan20136-104">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Challenges">Challenges</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_economics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Challenges">edit</a>]</div> Along with these achievements, some Islamic economists have complained of problems in the academic discipline: a shift in interest away from Islamic Economics to Islamic Finance since the 1980s, a shortage of university courses, reading materials that are "either scant or of poor quality",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan20138-118">[115]</a> lack of intellectual freedom,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan201311-119">[116]</a> "narrow focus" on interest-free banking and <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a> without data-based research to substantiate claim made for them—that interest causes economic problems or that zakat solves them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan201314–15-120">[117]</a> A number of economists have lamented that while <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Finance">Islamic Finance</a> was originally a "<a href="/wiki/Subset" title="Subset">subset</a>" of Islamic Economics, economics and research in pure Islamic economics has been "shifted to the back burner".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKayed2008193-121">[118]</a> Funding for research has gone to Islamic Finance<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaneef20092-122">[119]</a> despite the lack of "scientific knowledge to back" the claims made for Islamic Finance.<a href="#cite_note-Tahir_2009-71-123">[120]</a> Enrollment has subsided in classes<a href="#cite_note-siddiqi_2008-b-124">[121]</a> and second and third generation Islamic economists are scarce,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaneef20092-122">[119]</a> some institutions have "lost their real direction and some have even been closed".<a href="#cite_note-Iqbal_2008-80-125">[122]</a> and interest of economists in the field's "grand idea" of providing an alternative to capitalism and socialism has "yielded" to the "needs" of the "industry" of Islamic Finance.<a href="#cite_note-siddiqi_2008-b-124">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan201313–14-126">[123]</a> According to economist Rasem Kayed, while a number of universities and institutes of higher learning now offer courses on Islamic economics and finance "most of the courses offered by these institutions pertain to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic finance">Islamic finance</a> rather than Islamic economics."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKayed2008190–191-127">[124]</a> Surveying Islamic economics and finance courses being offered as of 2008 by 14 universities in Muslim countries, Kayed found 551 courses in conventional economics and finance, and only 12 courses in Islamic economics and finance (only 2% of the total).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKayed2008190–191-127">[124]</a> This "appalling and intolerable ... negligence" was made worse by the curriculum of the courses which failed to debate "the issues" the discipline or give "due thought to ... the future development of Islamic financial industry" but rather attempted "to squeeze as much abstract information" as possible in their courses, according to Kayed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKayed2008193-121">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan20136–7-128">[125]</a> Another economist (Muhammad Akram Khan) lamented that "the real problem is that despite efforts for developing a separate discipline of Islamic economics, there is not much that can be genuinely called `economics`. Most of Islamic economics consists of theology on economic matters."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan20137-117">[114]</a> Another (M.N. Siddiqi) notes Islamic economics has been teaching "conventional economics from an Islamic perspective", rather than Islamic economics.<a href="#cite_note-Hasan-2005-30-129">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> Despite its start in 1976, as of 2009, 2013 Islamic economics was called still in its infancy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaneef20094-116">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan20137-117">[114]</a> its "curricula frames, course structures, reading materials, and research", "mostly" anchored in the "mainstream tradition",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan20137-117">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hasan-2005-30-129">[126]</a> "lacking sufficiency, depth, coordination and direction," with teaching faculties in many cases ... found short of the needed knowledge, scholarship, and commitment."<a href="#cite_note-Hasan_2009_81-131">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan20137–8-132">[129]</a> "Distinct textbooks and teaching materials" required have been found to "neither exist" nor be "easy to create."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan20138-118">[115]</a> Despite shortcomings in academic writing—most of the books are "not cohesive" and are "at best no more than extended papers on specific topics"—constructive evaluations are not common and response to what there is even less common.<a href="#cite_note-Hasan_2009_92-3-133">[130]</a> The lack of an Islamic economics textbook "looms large" for Muslim economists and scholars. Despite the holding of a workshop in November 2010 to arrange the writing of such a textbook, the participation of "a number of eminent Muslim economists", (at the International Institute of Islamic Thought in London) and the appointment of "a noted Muslim economist" to coordinate the production of the textbook, as of 2015 "no standard textbook of Islamic economics was available."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan20139–10-134">[131]</a> Islamic economic institutes are not known for their intellectual freedom, and according to Muhammad Akram Khan are unlikely to allow criticism of the ideas or policies of their founding leaders or governments. The Centre for Research in Islamic Economics, an organ of the Jeddah University in Saudi Arabia, for example, "cannot allow publication of any work that goes against the orthodox thinking of the influential" Saudi religious leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan201311-119">[116]</a> Despite "tall talk about ijtehad", Islamic economists "are shy" about "suggesting innovative ideas" for fear of antagonizing religious clerics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan201311-119">[116]</a> Use of Islamic terminology not only for distinctive Islamic concepts such as riba, zakat, mudaraba but also for concepts that do not have specific Islamic connotation—adl for justice, hukuma for government—locking out non-Muslim and even not Arabic speaking readers from the content of Islamic economics and even "giving legitimacy" to "pendantry" in the field.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan201312-135">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Property">Property</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_economics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Property">edit</a>]</div> According to authors F. Nomani and A. Rahnema, the Qur'an states that God is the sole owner of all matter in the heavens and the earth,<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> but man is God's viceregent on earth and holds God's possessions in trust (amanat). Islamic jurists divide properties into public, state, private categories.<a href="#cite_note-NomaniP1-137">[134]</a> Some Muslims believe that the Shariah provides "specific laws and standards regarding the use and allocation of resources including land, water, animals, minerals, and manpower."<a href="#cite_note-hamed-138">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_property">Public property</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_economics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Public property">edit</a>]</div> According to M. A. Khan, "Islam introduced the distinction between <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">public property</a> and made the rulers accountable to the people".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan199420-139">[136]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Scholars F. Nomani and A. Rahnema state that public property in Islam refers to natural resources (<a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pastures</a>, uncultivated land, <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean#Economy" title="Ocean">oceanic resources</a> etc.) to which all humans have equal right. Such resources are considered the <a href="/wiki/The_commons" class="mw-redirect" title="The commons">common</a> property of the community. Such property is placed under the guardianship and control of the Islamic state, and can be used by any citizen, as long as that use does not undermine the rights of other citizens, according to Nomani and Rahnema.<a href="#cite_note-NomaniP1-137">[134]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The owner of previously public property that is privatized pays zakat and, according to Shi'ite scholars, <a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">khums</a> as well. In general, the <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> of public property is subject to debate amongst Islamic scholars. According to an analysis by Walid El-Malik in 1993, only the Maliki school took the position that all kinds of natural resources are state-owned; the Hanafi school took the opposite view and held that mineral ownership followed surface ownership, while the other two schools, Shafi'i and Hanbali, drew a distinction between "hidden" and "unhidden" minerals.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_property">State property</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_economics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: State property">edit</a>]</div> State property includes certain natural resources, as well as other property that cannot immediately be privatized. Islamic state property can be movable, or immovable, and can be acquired through conquest or peaceful means. Unclaimed, unoccupied and heir-less properties, including uncultivated land (mawat), can be considered state property.<a href="#cite_note-NomaniP1-137">[134]</a> During the life of Muhammad, one fifth of military equipment captured from the enemy in the battlefield was considered state property. During his reign, <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> (on the recommendation of <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>) considered conquered land to be state rather than private property (as was usual practice). The purported reason for this was that privatizing this property would concentrate resources in the hands of a few, and prevent it from being used for the general good. The property remained under the occupation of the cultivators, but taxes were collected on it for the state treasury.<a href="#cite_note-NomaniP1-137">[134]</a> Muhammad said "Old and fallow lands are for God and His Messenger (i.e. state property), then they are for you". Jurists draw from this the conclusion that, ultimately, private ownership takes over state property.<a href="#cite_note-NomaniP1-137">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_property">Private property</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_economics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Private property">edit</a>]</div> There is consensus amongst Islamic jurists and social scientists that Islam recognizes and upholds the individual's right to private ownership. The Qur'an extensively discusses taxation, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">inheritance</a>, prohibition against stealing, legality of ownership, recommendation to give charity and other topics related to private property. Islam also guarantees the protection of private property by imposing stringent punishments on thieves. Muhammad said that he who dies defending his property was like a <a href="/wiki/Shahid" title="Shahid">martyr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NomaniP2-141">[138]</a> Islamic economists classify the acquisition of private property into involuntary, contractual and non-contractual categories. Involuntary means are inheritances, bequests, and gifts. Non-contractual acquisition involves the collection and <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">exploitation of natural resources</a> that have not previously been claimed as private property. Contractual acquisition includes activities such as trading, buying, renting, hiring labor etc.<a href="#cite_note-NomaniP2-141">[138]</a> A tradition attributed to Muhammad, with which both Sunni and Shi'a jurists agree, in cases where the right to private ownership causes harm to others, then Islam favors curtailing the right in those cases. <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> jurists argue that if private ownership endangers public interest, then the state can limit the amount an individual is allowed to own. This view, however, is debated by others.<a href="#cite_note-NomaniP2-141">[138]</a> When Muhammad migrated to Madinah many of the Muslims owned agricultural land. Muhammad confirmed this ownership and allocated land to individuals. The land allotted would be used for housing, farming or gardening. For example, Bilal b. Harith was given land with mineral deposits at 'Aqiq Valley,<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> Hassan b. Thabit was afforded the garden of Bayruha<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> and Zubayr received oasis land at Khaybar and Banu Nadir.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> During the reign of Caliph Umar, a vast expanse of Persian royal family terrain had been acquired, this lead his successor Caliph Uthman to accelerate the allotment of land to individuals in return for a portion of the crop yield.<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Markets">Markets</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_economics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Markets">edit</a>]</div> According to M. S. Naz, regulation of markets is among the main functions of <a href="/wiki/Hisbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisbah">hisbah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaman,_Asad2008111-146">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> the "semi-judicial institution" operational from the "earliest days of Islam". It was "charged with responsibility of carrying out the spirit of the system, setting conditions that preserve and enhance the public health and interests, protect the consumers, solve business and labor disputes, promote good market behavior, and ensure their observance."<a href="#cite_note-Kahf_(1996,_Chapter_6,_p.55)-148">[145]</a> M. A. Khan states, institution of Hisbah as established to "supervise markets, to provide municipal services, and to settle petty disputes".<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan199483-150">[147]</a> In the contemporary era, Pakistan has attempted to re-create this institution, although it has jurisdiction only over the administrative excesses of the federal government departments and agencies, not provincial ones or private companies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan199483-150">[147]</a> According to Nomani and Rahnema, Islam accepts markets as the basic coordinating mechanism of the economic system. Islamic teaching holds that the market, given perfect competition, allows consumers to obtain desired goods and producers to sell their goods at a mutually acceptable price.<a href="#cite_note-NomaniM1-151">[148]</a> Three necessary conditions for an operational market are said (by Nomani and Rahnema) to be upheld in Islamic primary sources:<a href="#cite_note-NomaniM1-151">[148]</a> <ul><li>Freedom of exchange: the Qur'an calls on believers to engage in trade, and rejects the contention that trade is forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a></li> <li>Private ownership (see <a href="#Private_property">above</a>).</li> <li>Security of contract: the Qur'an calls for the fulfillment and observation of contracts.<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> The longest verse of the Qur'an deals with commercial contracts involving immediate and future payments.<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a></li></ul> Another author (Nima Mersadi Tabari) claims that the general doctrine of fairness in sharia law creates "an ethical economic model" and forbids <a href="/wiki/Market_manipulation" title="Market manipulation">market manipulation</a> such as "inflating the price of commodities by creating artificial shortages (Ihtekar), overbidding for the sole purpose of driving the prices up (Najash) and concealment of vital information in a transaction from the other party (Ghish)".<a href="#cite_note-tabari-56">[56]</a> Further, "uninformed speculation" not based on a proper analysis of available information is forbidden because it is a form of Qimar, or gambling, and results in accumulating Maysir (unearned income).<a href="#cite_note-tabari-56">[56]</a> Commercial contracting under conditions of "excessive uncertainty" (however that is defined) is a form of <a href="/wiki/Gharar" title="Gharar">Gharar</a> and so also forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-tabari-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interference">Interference</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_economics&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Interference">edit</a>]</div> Proponents such as M. A. Khan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan199410-155">[152]</a> Nomani and Rahnema also contend that the "Islamic economy" forbids or at least discourages market manipulation such as <a href="/wiki/Price_fixing" title="Price fixing">price fixing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoarding" title="Hoarding">hoarding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">bribery</a>. Government intervention in the economy is tolerated under specific circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-NomaniM1-151">[148]</a> Another author (Nima Mersadi Tabari) states that in Islam "everything is <a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">Halal</a> (allowed) unless it has been declared <a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">Haram</a> (forbidden)", consequently "the Islamic economic model is based on the freedom of trade and freedom of contract so far as the limits of Shari’ah allow".<a href="#cite_note-tabari-56">[56]</a> Nomani and Rahnema say that Islam prohibits price fixing by a dominating handful of buyers or sellers. During the days of Muhammad, a small group of merchants met agricultural producers outside the city and bought the entire crop, thereby gaining a <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> over the market. The produce was later sold at a higher price within the city. Muhammad condemned this practice since it caused injury both to the producers (who in the absence of numerous customers were forced to sell goods at a lower price) and the inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-NomaniM1-151">[148]</a> The above-mentioned reports are also used to justify the argument that the Islamic market is characterized by free information. Producers and consumers should not be denied information on demand and supply conditions. Producers are expected to inform consumers of the quality and quantity of goods they claim to sell. Some scholars hold that if an inexperienced buyer is swayed by the seller, the consumer may nullify the transaction upon realizing the seller's unfair treatment. The Qur'an also forbids discriminatory transactions.<a href="#cite_note-NomaniM1-151">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> Bribery is also forbidden in Islam and can therefore not be used to secure a deal or gain favor in a transaction, it was narrated that Muhammad cursed the one who offers the bribe, the one who receives it, and the one who arranges it.<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> Nomani and Rahnema say government interference in the market is justified in exceptional circumstances, such as the protection of public interest. Under normal circumstances, governmental non-interference should be upheld. When Muhammad was asked to set the price of goods in a market he responded, "I will not set such a precedent, let the people carry on with their activities and benefit mutually."<a href="#cite_note-NomaniM1-151">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Banking_and_finance">Banking and finance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_economics&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Banking and finance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Islamic banking and finance</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">History of Islamic economics</a></div> Islamic banking has been called "the most visible practical achievement" of Islamic economics,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuran2004x-21">[21]</a> and the "most visible mark" of Islamic revivalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarooq200533-158">[155]</a> By 2009, there were over 300 "shariah compliant <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">banks</a> and 250 <a href="/wiki/Mutual_fund" title="Mutual fund">mutual funds</a> around the world,<a href="#cite_note-economist-2009-159">[156]</a> and around $2 trillion were sharia-compliant by 2014.<a href="#cite_note-The_Economist-160">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-BLME_Company_Profile-161">[158]</a> However, the domination of the industry by debt-like instruments such as <a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">murabaha</a> rather than risk-sharing products, has driven even some leading advocates and experts in Islamic banking (such as <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Nejatullah_Siddiqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Nejatullah Siddiqi">Muhammad Nejatullah Siddiqi</a>) to talk about "a crisis of identity of the Islamic financial movement."<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interest">Interest</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_economics&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Interest">edit</a>]</div> The most noticeable and/or important objective of Islamic Banking has been a ban on the charging of interest on loans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuran2004x-21">[21]</a> The Quran (3: 130) condemns riba (which is usually translated as "interest"): "O, you who believe! Devour not riba, doubled and redoubled, and be careful of Allah; but fear Allah that you may be successful." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_public_finance_(Bayt-al-Mal)">Islamic public finance (Bayt-al-Mal)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_economics&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Islamic public finance (Bayt-al-Mal)">edit</a>]</div> The only financial institution under Islamic Governance (Prophethood and Caliph Period) was Baitulmaal (public treasury) wherein the wealths were distributed instantly on the basis of need. During Prophethood the last receipt was tribute from Bahrain amounting eight hundred thousands dirham which was distributed in just one sitting. Though the first Caliph earmarked a house for Baitulmaal where all money was kept on receipt. As all money was distributed immediately the treasury generally remained locked up. At the time of his death there was only one dirham in the Baitulmaal. The second caliph besides developing the Central Baitulmaal also opened Baitulmaal at state and headquarters levels. He also carried census during his caliphate; and provisioned salaries to Government employees, stipend to poor and needy people along with social security to unemployed and retirement pensions. The concept of a public financial institution played a historic role in the Islamic economy. The idea of state collected wealth being made available to the needy general public was relatively new. The resources in the Bayt-al-Mal were considered God's resources and a trust, money paid into the shared bank was common property of all the Muslims and the ruler was just the trustee.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The shared bank was treated as a financial institution and therefore subjected to the same prohibitions regarding interest.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> Caliph Umar spoke on the shared bank saying: "I did not find the betterment of this wealth except in three ways: (i) it is received by right, (ii) it is given by right, and (iii) it is stopped from wrong. As regards my own position vis-a-vis this wealth of yours; it is like that of a guardian of an orphan. If I am well-off, I shall leave it, but if I am hard-pressed I shall take from it as is genuinely permissible."<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposals">Proposals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_economics&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Proposals">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Savings_and_investment">Savings and investment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_economics&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Savings and investment">edit</a>]</div> An alternative Islamic savings-investment model can be built around <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capital</a>; <a href="/wiki/Investment_banks" class="mw-redirect" title="Investment banks">investment banks</a>; restructured corporations; and restructured <a href="/wiki/Stock_market" title="Stock market">stock market</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> This model looks at removing the interest-based banking and in replacing market inefficiencies such as subsidization of loans over profit-sharing investments due to double taxation and restrictions on investment in private equity.<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hybrids">Hybrids</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_economics&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Hybrids">edit</a>]</div> Islamic banks have grown recently in the Muslim world, but are a very small share of the global economy compared to the Western debt banking paradigm. Hybrid approaches, which applies classical Islamic values but uses conventional lending practices, are much lauded by some proponents of modern <a href="/wiki/Human_development_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Human development theory">human development theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_and_dispute">Criticism and dispute</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_economics&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Criticism and dispute">edit</a>]</div> Islamic economics has been criticised for <ul><li>its alleged "incoherence, incompleteness, impracticality, and irrelevance", driven by "<a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural identity</a>" rather than <a href="/wiki/Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">problem solving</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timur_Kuran" title="Timur Kuran">Timur Kuran</a>, John Foster);<a href="#cite_note-FosterMM2010-168">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-tobin-2014-139-171">[168]</a></li> <li>being "a hodgepodge of populist and socialist ideas" in theory, and "nothing more than inefficient state control of the economy and some almost equally ineffective redistribution policies" in practice (<a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a>);<a href="#cite_note-Halliday,_Fred_p._89-172">[169]</a></li></ul> <blockquote>In a political and regional context where <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulema</a> claim to have an opinion about everything, it is striking how little they have to say about this most central of human activities, beyond repetitious pieties about how their model is neither <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Halliday,_Fred_p._89-172">[169]</a></blockquote> <ul><li>being little more than a mimicry of conventional economics embellished with verses of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">sunnah</a> (Muhammad Akram Khan);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2013xv-52">[52]</a></li> <li>claiming to call for a return to Islamic practices that are actually an "<a href="/wiki/Invented_tradition" title="Invented tradition">invented tradition</a>" (Timur Kuran);<a href="#cite_note-173">[Note 4]</a></li> <li>failing to achieve its goals of abolishing interest on money, establishing economic equality, and a superior business ethic;<a href="#cite_note-Pipes-26-09-07-174">[170]</a> but nonetheless "spared critical scrutiny out of ignorance, misguided tolerance", and because its methods and objectives are considered "too unrealistic to threaten prevailing economic structures" (<a href="/wiki/Timur_Kuran" title="Timur Kuran">Timur Kuran</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuran2004x-21">[21]</a></li></ul> On economic reforms, Timur Kuran said it is a "vehicle for asserting the primacy of Islam" with reforms being a secondary motive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuran20045-175">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan201588-176">[172]</a> <dl><dt>Islamic banking and finance</dt></dl> One significant result of Islamic economics (and target of criticism) is the creation of Islamic banking and finance industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarooq200534-177">[173]</a> According to several scholars it has bred a new "Power Alliance" of "wealth and Shari'ah scholarship",<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarooq200527-179">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2013317-180">[176]</a>—wealthy banks and clients paying Islamic scholars to provide bank products with Islamic "shariah compliance". Journalist John Foster, quotes an investment banker based in the Islamic Banking hub of <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> on the practice of "<a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> shopping", <blockquote>We create the same type of products that we do for the conventional markets. We then phone up a Sharia scholar for a Fatwa [seal of approval, confirming the product is Shari'ah compliant]. If he doesn't give it to us, we phone up another scholar, offer him a sum of money for his services and ask him for a Fatwa. We do this until we get Sharia compliance. Then we are free to distribute the product as Islamic.<a href="#cite_note-FosterMM2010-168">[165]</a></blockquote> Foster explains that the fee for services provided by "top" scholars is "often" in six-figures, i.e. over US$100,000.<a href="#cite_note-FosterMM2010-168">[165]</a> One critic (Muhammad O. Farooq) argues that this unfortunate situation has arisen because the "preoccupation" among supporters of Islamic Economics that any and all interest on loans is <a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">riba</a> and forbidden by Islam, and because <a href="/wiki/Profit_and_loss_sharing" title="Profit and loss sharing">risk-sharing alternatives</a> to interest bearing loans originally envisioned for Islamic banking have not proven feasible. With the elimination of interest being both the basis of the industry and impractical, shari'a scholars have become "entrapped in a situation" where they are forced to approve transactions fundamentally similar to conventional loans but using "<a href="/wiki/Hiyal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiyal">hiyal</a>" manipulation to "maintain an Islamic veneer".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarooq200536-181">[177]</a> <dl><dt>Justice</dt></dl> Instead of "fixating" on interest, Farooq urges a focus on "the larger picture" of "justice", and in economics on fighting exploitation from "greed and profit," and the concentration of wealth. He quotes an ayat in support: "What God has bestowed on his Messenger (and taken away) from the people of the townships, - belongs to God, - to his Messenger and to kindred and orphans, the needy and the wayfarer; in order that it may not (merely) make a circuit between the wealthy among you. ..." Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/59?startingVerse=7">59:7</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarooq200533-158">[155]</a> As an example of the neglect of this issue, Farooq complains that one "rather comprehensive" bibliography of Islamic economics and finance, contains "not a single citation for exploitation or injustice" among its 700 entries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarooq200531-182">[178]</a> A former director of Pakistan Institute of Development Economics and the head of Pakistan's Economic Affairs Division, Syed <a href="/wiki/Nawab_Haider_Naqvi" title="Nawab Haider Naqvi">Nawab Haider Naqvi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-183">[Note 5]</a> also called for "comprehensive Islamic reform to establish an exploitation-free economic system" and not just "mechanical substitution of profit for interest."<a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a> <dl><dt>Zakat</dt></dl> On the issue of <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a>, one of the pillars of Islam, M.A.Khan also criticizes the conservatism of Islamic Economics, complaining that "the insistence of Muslim scholars in implementing it in the same form as it was common practice in the days of the Prophet and the first four caliphs ... has made it irrelevant to the needs of a contemporary society."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2013xvi-185">[180]</a> <dl><dt>Practicality</dt></dl> A supporter of Islamic economics (<a href="/wiki/Asad_Zaman" title="Asad Zaman">Asad Zaman</a>) describes a "major difficulty" faced by Islamic reformers of Islamic economics and pointed out by other authors, namely that because a financial system is an "integrated and coherent structure", to create an Islamic system "based on trust, community and no interest" requires "changes and interventions on several different fronts simultaneously".&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaman,_Asad2008[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-186">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_economics&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics_in_Pakistan" title="Islamic economics in Pakistan">Islamic economics in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy of the OIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_labor_force_in_the_Muslim_world" title="Female labor force in the Muslim world">Female labor force in the Muslim world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">Economics of fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malaysia" title="Economy of Malaysia">Economy of Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brunei" title="Economy of Brunei">Economy of Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Azerbaijan" title="Economy of Azerbaijan">Economy of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kazakhstan" title="Economy of Kazakhstan">Economy of Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jordan" title="Economy of Jordan">Economy of Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Economy of Saudi Arabia">Economy of Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Islamic banking and finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Economic history of the Ottoman Empire">Economic history of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_finance" title="Christian finance">Christian finance</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>People</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Taqi_Usmani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Taqi Usmani">Muhammad Taqi Usmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathif_Jama_Adam" title="Nathif Jama Adam">Nathif Jama Adam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_economics&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_economics&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> such as The Essential Hanafi Handbook of Fiqh by Qazi Thanaa Ullah).<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> also called the father of modern Historiography and Sociology.<a href="#cite_note-glasse-2005-138-76">[75]</a> Schumpeter (1954) p 136 mentions his sociology, others, including Hosseini (2003) emphasize him as well </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> M.T. Usmani, for example states: "Unlike other religions, Islam is not confined to some moral teachings, some rituals or some modes of worship. It rather contains guidance in every sphere of life including socio-economic fields. The obedience from servants of Allah is required not only in worship, but also in their economic activities, ..."<a href="#cite_note-IIFTU1998:10-90">[88]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Islamic economics itself exemplifies what has been called an `invented tradition.` ... not until the mid-twentieth century were campaigns launched to identify self-consciously, if not also exclusively, Islamic patterns of economic thought and behavior. Until that time the economic content of discourses grounded in Islam's traditional sources lacked systematization; they hardly formed a body of thought recognizable as a coherent or self-contained doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuran2004x-21">[21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> During an "earlier phase" of the Islamic Banking movement in 1981 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_economics&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">صدر، اقتصادنا، ۱۴۲۴ق، ص۴۲۱.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%8C+%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%8C+%DB%B1%DB%B4%DB%B2%DB%B4%D9%82%D8%8C+%D8%B5%DB%B4%DB%B2%DB%B1.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Monzer, Al Iqtisad al Islami [The Islamic Economy], pp 90 - 28 , 1981 ,.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monzer%2C+Al+Iqtisad+al+Islami+%5BThe+Islamic+Economy%5D%2C+pp+90+-+28+%2C+1981+%2C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-roy-133-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roy-133_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roy-133_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roy-133_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roy-133_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roy-133_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roy-133_3-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoy1994">Roy 1994</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/failureofpolitic00royo/page/133">133</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-idea-philipp-4"><a href="#cite_ref-idea-philipp_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilipp1990" class="citation journal cs1">Philipp, Thomas (1990). "The Idea of Islamic Economics". Die Welt des Islams. 30 (1/4): 117–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1571048">10.2307/1571048</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1571048">1571048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt+des+Islams&rft.atitle=The+Idea+of+Islamic+Economics&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=117-139&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1571048&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1571048%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Philipp&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mat-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mat_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mat_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatIsmail" class="citation web cs1">Mat, Ismail; Ismail, Yusof. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150123045408/http://www.kantakji.com/media/6426/op57.pdf">"A Review of Fiqh al-Mua'malat Subjects in Economics and Related Programs at International Islamic University Malaysia and University of Brunei Darussalam"</a> (PDF). kantakji.com. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kantakji.com/media/6426/op57.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kantakji.com&rft.atitle=A+Review+of+Fiqh+al-Mua%27malat+Subjects+in+Economics+and+Related+Programs+at+International+Islamic+University+Malaysia+and+University+of+Brunei+Darussalam&rft.pages=1&rft.aulast=Mat&rft.aufirst=Ismail&rft.au=Ismail%2C+Yusof&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kantakji.com%2Fmedia%2F6426%2Fop57.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-saleem-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-saleem_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-saleem_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaleemn.d." class="citation web cs1">Saleem, Muhammad Yusuf (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150122212325/http://www.kantakji.com/media/6423/op54.pdf">"Methods and Methodologies in Fiqh and Islamic Economics"</a> (PDF). kantakji.com. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kantakji.com/media/6423/op54.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2015. <q>The paper argues that the methods used in Fiqh are mainly designed to find out whether or not a certain act is permissible or prohibited. Islamic economics, on the other hand, is a social science. 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Retrieved 6 April 2017. <q>Fiqh al-Munakahat: it deals with marriage, divorce, inheritance, guardianship and related matters</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jams92.org&rft.atitle=The+Originality+of+Qard+and+its+Implication+on+the+Loan+Theory%3A+Does+Intention+Matter%3F&rft.pages=13&rft.aulast=Wan+Yussof&rft.aufirst=Wan+Nor+Aisyah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjams92.org%2Fpdf%2FMSJ04%2Fmsj04%28013%29_wannoraisyah.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-norman-74-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-norman-74_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-norman-74_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman2006" class="citation book cs1">Norman, Omar (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagobooth.edu/~/media/E49831A1165C49EBA902C83648F0CE36.pdf">"5. The Profit Motive in Islam: Religion and Economics in the Muslim World"</a> (PDF). In Hathaway, Robert M.; Lee, Wilson (eds.). Islamization and the Pakistani Economy. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. p. 74. Retrieved 13 August 2012. <q>Indeed it is worth noting that "Islamic economics" is of modern 20th century origin. Even at the turn of the 19th century, the phrase was not used by major Islamic thinkers. The great philosopher Iqbal, who was inspirational to the movement for Pakistan, did not refer to religion in his treatise on economics. Iqbal's Ilm–ul–Iqtesaad, published in 1902, was notable in its absence of religion in the understanding of the economy. The intellectual father of Islamic economics is Maulana Maudoodi, the scholar whose views have shaped the Jamaat-e-Islami</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5.+The+Profit+Motive+in+Islam%3A+Religion+and+Economics+in+the+Muslim+World&rft.btitle=Islamization+and+the+Pakistani+Economy&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Woodrow+Wilson+International+Center+for+Scholars&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Omar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagobooth.edu%2F~%2Fmedia%2FE49831A1165C49EBA902C83648F0CE36.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaikh2014" class="citation web cs1">Shaikh, Salman Ahmed (2014-03-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamiceconomicsproject.wordpress.com/2014/03/11/difference-between-islamic-economics-and-islamic-law/">"Difference between Islamic Economics and Islamic Law"</a>. Islamic Economics Project. Retrieved 2017-04-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Economics+Project&rft.atitle=Difference+between+Islamic+Economics+and+Islamic+Law&rft.date=2014-03-11&rft.aulast=Shaikh&rft.aufirst=Salman+Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamiceconomicsproject.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F03%2F11%2Fdifference-between-islamic-economics-and-islamic-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahf200347-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahf200347_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahf2003">Kahf 2003</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahf200349-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahf200349_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahf2003">Kahf 2003</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2013xv–xvi-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan2013xv–xvi_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhan2013">Khan 2013</a>, pp. xv–xvi. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Sheikh2008" class="citation journal cs1">El-Sheikh, Salah (2008). "The Moral Economy of Classical Islam: A FiqhiConomic Model". The Muslim World. 98 (1): 116–144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.2008.00213.x">10.1111/j.1478-1913.2008.00213.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Muslim+World&rft.atitle=The+Moral+Economy+of+Classical+Islam%3A+A+FiqhiConomic+Model&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=116-144&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.2008.00213.x&rft.aulast=El-Sheikh&rft.aufirst=Salah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapra2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chapra, M. Umar (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609123906/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/chapra.islamic">"Islamic Economics: What It Is and How It Developed"</a>. In Whaples, Robert (ed.). EH.net: Encyclopedia of Economic and Business History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/chapra.islamic">the original</a> on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islamic+Economics%3A+What+It+Is+and+How+It+Developed&rft.btitle=EH.net%3A+Encyclopedia+of+Economic+and+Business+History&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Chapra&rft.aufirst=M.+Umar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feh.net%2Fencyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fchapra.islamic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2010" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Roy (2010). Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136950360" title="Special:BookSources/9781136950360"><bdi>9781136950360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mawlana+Mawdudi+and+Political+Islam%3A+Authority+and+the+Islamic+State&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781136950360&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahf20032-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahf20032_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahf20032_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahf20032_74-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahf2003">Kahf 2003</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sobhi_Mahmassani" title="Sobhi Mahmassani">Mahmassani, Sobhi</a> (1932). 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Oweiss (1988), "Ibn Khaldun, the Father of Economics", Arab Civilization: Challenges and Responses, <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88706-698-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88706-698-4">0-88706-698-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoulakia1971" class="citation journal cs1">Boulakia, Jean David C. (1971). "Ibn Khaldûn: A Fourteenth-Century Economist". 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January 8, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87+%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C+%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2&rft.atitle=%D9%8A%D9%83+%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%3A+%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C&rft.date=2015-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baharnews.ir%2Fnews%2F65680%2F%25D9%258A%25D9%2583-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AD%25D9%2582%25D9%258A%25D9%2582-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2582%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A-%25D9%2585%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2583-%25D8%25BA%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25DB%258C-%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25DB%258C-%25D8%25A8%25DB%258C%25D8%25B4%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA-%25D9%2585%25DB%258C-%25DA%25A9%25D9%2586%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.binanews.ir/%D9%8A%D9%83-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83-%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84/">"ممالك غیراسلامی "عدالت اسلامی" را بیشتر رعایت می‌کنند! 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Islamic Economic Studies 16 (1–2): 71 </li> <li id="cite_note-siddiqi_2008-b-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-siddiqi_2008-b_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-siddiqi_2008-b_124-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islamiccenter.kaau.edu.sa/7iecon/index.html">Siddiqi, Muhammad Nejatullah, 2008 Obstacles to Islamic economics research. Paper presented at 7th International Conference on Islamic Economics, King Abdulaziz University, 1–3 April, Jeddah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090513210320/http://islamiccenter.kaau.edu.sa/7iecon/index.html">Archived</a> May 13, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iqbal_2008-80-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Iqbal_2008-80_125-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islamiccenter.kaau.edu.sa/7iecon/index.html">Iqbal, Munawar. 2008. Contributions of the last six conferences. 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Jeddah: King Abdulaziz University, Centre for Research in Islamic Economics </li> <li id="cite_note-Hasan_2009_81-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Hasan_2009_81_131-0">^</a> Hasan, Zubair (January 2009) "Islamic finance education at the graduate level: Current state and challenges." Islamic Economic Studies, 16 (1–2):81 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan20137–8-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan20137–8_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhan2013">Khan 2013</a>, pp. 7–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hasan_2009_92-3-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Hasan_2009_92-3_133-0">^</a> Hasan, Zubair (January 2009) "Islamic finance education at the graduate level: Current state and challenges." 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Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 6 (2): 145–164. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993JAEE....6..145H">1993JAEE....6..145H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01965481">10.1007/BF01965481</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153324104">153324104</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arch.ttu.edu/scienceandspirituality/hamed_sands_colloquium_paper.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Environmental+Ethics&rft.atitle=SEEING+THE+ENVIRONMENT+THROUGH+ISLAMIC+EYES%3A+Application+of+Shariah+to+Natural+Resources+Planning+and+Management&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=145-164&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153324104%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01965481&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993JAEE....6..145H&rft.aulast=Hamed&rft.aufirst=Safei-Eldin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arch.ttu.edu%2Fscienceandspirituality%2Fhamed_sands_colloquium_paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan199420-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan199420_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhan1994">Khan 1994</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaintith2010" class="citation book cs1">Daintith, Terence (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g1G52SwFjeQC&q=maliki+natural+resources+hanafi&pg=PA316">Finders Keepers?: How the Law of Capture Shaped the World Oil Industry</a>. Earthscan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781936331765" title="Special:BookSources/9781936331765"><bdi>9781936331765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finders+Keepers%3F%3A+How+the+Law+of+Capture+Shaped+the+World+Oil+Industry&rft.pub=Earthscan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781936331765&rft.aulast=Daintith&rft.aufirst=Terence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg1G52SwFjeQC%26q%3Dmaliki%2Bnatural%2Bresources%2Bhanafi%26pg%3DPA316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NomaniP2-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NomaniP2_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NomaniP2_141-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NomaniP2_141-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNomaniRahnema1994">Nomani & Rahnema 1994</a>, pp. 71–77 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> al-Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Sahih al-Bukhari, 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Futuh al-Buldan, Abu Ubayd </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> al-Maqrizi, al-Mawa'iz wa'l-I'tibar </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaman,_Asad2008111-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaman,_Asad2008111_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZaman,_Asad2008">Zaman, Asad 2008</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> M.S. Naz (1991) Islami Riyasat men Muhtasib ka Kirdar IRI. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kahf_(1996,_Chapter_6,_p.55)-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Kahf_(1996,_Chapter_6,_p.55)_148-0">^</a> Monzer Kahf (1996) Principles of Islamic Economics, IIUM. 41, 115, 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Ibn Tamiyah, Public Duties in Islam, Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, 1981. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan199483-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan199483_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan199483_150-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhan1994">Khan 1994</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-NomaniM1-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NomaniM1_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NomaniM1_151-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NomaniM1_151-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NomaniM1_151-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NomaniM1_151-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NomaniM1_151-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFNomaniRahnema1994">Nomani & Rahnema 1994</a>, pp. 55–58 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNomaniRahnema1994">Nomani & Rahnema 1994</a> cite Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=29">4:29</a>, Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=275">2:275</a> and Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=279">2:279</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNomaniRahnema1994">Nomani & Rahnema 1994</a> cite Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=1">5:1</a>, Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/16?startingVerse=91">16:91</a>, Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/23?startingVerse=8">23:8</a>, Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/17?startingVerse=34">17:34</a> and Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/70?startingVerse=32">70:32</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNomaniRahnema1994">Nomani & Rahnema 1994</a> cite Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=282">2:282</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan199410-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan199410_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhan1994">Khan 1994</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNomaniRahnema1994">Nomani & Rahnema 1994</a> cite Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/55?startingVerse=9">55:9</a>, Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/26?startingVerse=181">26:181-183</a>, Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/11?startingVerse=84">11:84-85</a>. They also point out that a chapter is devoted to such fraudulent practices: Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/83?startingVerse=1">83:1-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Reported by Ahmad and al-Hakim </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarooq200533-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarooq200533_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarooq200533_158-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarooq2005">Farooq 2005</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-economist-2009-159"><a href="#cite_ref-economist-2009_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14859353">"Sharia calling"</a>. The Economist. 2009-11-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Sharia+calling&rft.date=2009-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D14859353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Economist-160"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Economist_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21617014-market-islamic-financial-products-growing-fast-big-interest-no-interest">"Islamic finance: Big interest, no interest"</a>. The Economist. The Economist Newspaper Limited. Sep 13, 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Islamic+finance%3A+Big+interest%2C+no+interest&rft.date=2014-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Ffinance-and-economics%2F21617014-market-islamic-financial-products-growing-fast-big-interest-no-interest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BLME_Company_Profile-161"><a href="#cite_ref-BLME_Company_Profile_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zawya.com/middle-east/company/profile/1007422/">"Bank of London and the Middle East"</a>. Zawya.com. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bank+of+London+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Zawya.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zawya.com%2Fmiddle-east%2Fcompany%2Fprofile%2F1007422%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> referring to Siddiqi, 1983 (Mohammad Nejatullah SIDDIQI. Issues in Islamic Banking [Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, UK, 1983), in Munawar IQBAL and Philip Molyneux. Thirty Years of Islamic Banking: History, Performance and Prospects [Palgrave, 2005], p. 125 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> K-al-Mabsut, Al-Sarakhsi, Shamsuddin </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Uyun-al-Akhbar, ad-Dinawri </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeinhaj_Hussain2010" class="citation web cs1">Meinhaj Hussain (June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130124185733/http://www.grandestrategy.com/2010/01/21st-century-islamic-state-economic.html">"Economic Model"</a>. 2.0. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grandestrategy.com/2010/01/21st-century-islamic-state-economic.html">the original</a> on 2013-01-24. 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Retrieved 23 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Is+it+really+Islamic%3F&rft.btitle=Production%2C+Consumption%2C+Business+and+the+Economy%3A+Structural+Ideals+And+%E2%80%A6&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Emerald+Group+Publishing.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781784410551&rft.aulast=Tobin&rft.aufirst=Sarah+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJGStBAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522incoherence%2C%2Bincompleteness%2C%2Bimpracticality%2C%2Band%2Birrelevance%2522%2Bfinance%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halliday,_Fred_p._89-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halliday,_Fred_p._89_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halliday,_Fred_p._89_172-1">b</a> Halliday, Fred, 100 Myths about the Middle East, Saqi Books, 2005 p. 89 </li> <li id="cite_note-Pipes-26-09-07-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Pipes-26-09-07_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes2007" class="citation news cs1">Pipes, Daniel (September 26, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danielpipes.org/4973/islamic-economics-what-does-it-mean">"Islamic Economics: What Does It Mean?"</a>. Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 5 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Islamic+Economics%3A+What+Does+It+Mean%3F&rft.date=2007-09-26&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.danielpipes.org%2F4973%2Fislamic-economics-what-does-it-mean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuran20045-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuran20045_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuran2004">Kuran 2004</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan201588-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan201588_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhan2015">Khan 2015</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarooq200534-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarooq200534_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarooq2005">Farooq 2005</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Monzer KAHF. "Islamic Banks: The Rise of a New Power Alliance of Wealth and Shari'ah Scholarship," in Clement HENRY and Rodney WILSON (eds.). The Politics of Islamic Finance [Edinburgh University Press, 2004], pp. 17-36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarooq200527-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarooq200527_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarooq2005">Farooq 2005</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2013317-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan2013317_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhan2013">Khan 2013</a>, p. 317. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarooq200536-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarooq200536_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarooq2005">Farooq 2005</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarooq200531-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarooq200531_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarooq2005">Farooq 2005</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Syed Nawab Haider NAQVI. Ethics and Economics: An Islamic Synthesis [U.K.: The Islamic Foundation, 1981], p.124 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2013xvi-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan2013xvi_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhan2013">Khan 2013</a>, p. xvi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaman,_Asad2008[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaman,_Asad2008[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZaman,_Asad2008">Zaman, Asad 2008</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books,_articles">Books, articles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_economics&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Books, articles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAddas2008" class="citation book cs1">Addas, Waleed (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8264/">Methodology of Economics: Secular versus Islamic</a>. IIUM. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-3855-28-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-3855-28-5"><bdi>978-983-3855-28-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methodology+of+Economics%3A+Secular+versus+Islamic&rft.pub=IIUM&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-983-3855-28-5&rft.aulast=Addas&rft.aufirst=Waleed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de%2F8264%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Amine2008" class="citation book cs1">Al-Amine, Muhammad al-Bashir Muhammad (2008). Risk Management in Islamic Finance: An Analysis of Derivatives Instruments in Commodity Markets. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15246-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15246-5"><bdi>978-90-04-15246-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Risk+Management+in+Islamic+Finance%3A+An+Analysis+of+Derivatives+Instruments+in+Commodity+Markets&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15246-5&rft.aulast=Al-Amine&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+al-Bashir+Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ali, S. Nazim (2008). "Islamic finance and economics as reflected in research and publications". Review of Islamic Economics. 12 (1): 151–168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Islamic+Economics&rft.atitle=Islamic+finance+and+economics+as+reflected+in+research+and+publications&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=151-168&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=S.+Nazim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakhash1984" class="citation book cs1">Bakhash, Shaul (1984). The Reign of the Ayatollahs. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+the+Ayatollahs&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Bakhash&rft.aufirst=Shaul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehdadNomani2006" class="citation book cs1">Behdad, Sohrab; Nomani, Farhad, eds. (2006). Islam and the Everyday World: Public Policy Dilemmas. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36823-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36823-0"><bdi>978-0-415-36823-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+Everyday+World%3A+Public+Policy+Dilemmas&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-36823-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarvalhoIyerRubin2019" class="citation book cs1">Carvalho, J.P.; Iyer, S.; Rubin, J., eds. (2019). Advances in the Economics of Religion. International Economic Association Series. Palgrave Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advances+in+the+Economics+of+Religion&rft.series=International+Economic+Association+Series&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Chaney, E. "Religion, Political Power and Human Capital Formation: Evidence from Islamic History". In <a href="#CITEREFCarvalhoIyerRubin2019">Carvalho, Iyer & Rubin (2019)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapra" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Umar_Chapra" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar Chapra">Chapra, M. Umar</a>. Islam and the Economic Challenge. Leicester, UK: Islamic Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+Economic+Challenge&rft.place=Leicester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Islamic+Foundation&rft.aulast=Chapra&rft.aufirst=M.+Umar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarooq2005" class="citation book cs1">Farooq, Mohammad Omar (November 2005). The Riba-Interest Equation and Islam: Re-examination of the Traditional Arguments. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1579324">1579324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Riba-Interest+Equation+and+Islam%3A+Re-examination+of+the+Traditional+Arguments&rft.date=2005-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1579324%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Farooq&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Omar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Gamal2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">El-Gamal, Mahmoud (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2009_I000309&edition=current&q=Islamic&topicid=&result_number=1">"Islamic finance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics" title="The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics">The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</a>, Online Edition.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islamic+finance&rft.btitle=The+New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics%2C+Online+Edition&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=El-Gamal&rft.aufirst=Mahmoud&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionaryofeconomics.com%2Farticle%3Fid%3Dpde2009_I000309%26edition%3Dcurrent%26q%3DIslamic%26topicid%3D%26result_number%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalliday2005" class="citation book cs1">Halliday, Fred (2005). 100 Myths about the Middle East. Saqi Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Myths+about+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Saqi+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Halliday&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaneef2009" class="citation conference cs1">Haneef, Mohamed A. (2009). Research in Islamic economics: The missing fard 'ayn component. 3rd Islamic Economics Congress, 12–14 January, Kuala Lumpur.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Research+in+Islamic+economics%3A+The+missing+fard+%27ayn+component&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Haneef&rft.aufirst=Mohamed+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJalizRamliShahwan2014" class="citation book cs1">Jaliz, Abdullaah; Ramli, Asharaf Mohd; Shahwan, Syahidawati (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comaif.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/2014-02-19-the-4-intro-theories-of-fm-master-copy.pdf">The Four Introductory Theories of FiQh Muamalat</a> (PDF). Nilai, Negeri Sembilan: Wisdom Publication.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Four+Introductory+Theories+of+FiQh+Muamalat&rft.place=Nilai%2C+Negeri+Sembilan&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publication&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Jaliz&rft.aufirst=Abdullaah&rft.au=Ramli%2C+Asharaf+Mohd&rft.au=Shahwan%2C+Syahidawati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcomaif.files.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F02%2F2014-02-19-the-4-intro-theories-of-fm-master-copy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahf2003" class="citation web cs1">Kahf, Monzer (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monzer.kahf.com/papers/english/methodology_malaysia.pdf">"1. Relevance definition and methodology of Islamic Economics"</a> (PDF). monzer.kahf.com. Retrieved 7 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=monzer.kahf.com&rft.atitle=1.+Relevance+definition+and+methodology+of+Islamic+Economics&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Kahf&rft.aufirst=Monzer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonzer.kahf.com%2Fpapers%2Fenglish%2Fmethodology_malaysia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKayed2008" class="citation conference cs1">Kayed, Rasem N. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islmiccenter.kaau.edu.sa/7iecon/index.html">Appraisal of the status of research on labor economics in the Islamic framework</a>. 7th International Conference on Islamic Economics, King Abdulaziz University, 1–3 April, Jeddah.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Appraisal+of+the+status+of+research+on+labor+economics+in+the+Islamic+framework&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Kayed&rft.aufirst=Rasem+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislmiccenter.kaau.edu.sa%2F7iecon%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2015" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Feisal (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dqlACwAAQBAJ&q=islamic+modernism+and+financial+interest&pg=PA80">Islamic Banking in Pakistan: Shariah-Compliant Finance and the Quest to Make Pakistan More Islamic</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317366539" title="Special:BookSources/9781317366539"><bdi>9781317366539</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Banking+in+Pakistan%3A+Shariah-Compliant+Finance+and+the+Quest+to+Make+Pakistan+More+Islamic&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317366539&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Feisal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdqlACwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dislamic%2Bmodernism%2Band%2Bfinancial%2Binterest%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan1994" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Muhammad Akram (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslim-library.com/dl/books/English_An_Introduction_to_Islamic_Economics_.pdf">Introduction to Islamic Economics</a> (PDF). Islamabad, Pakistan: THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ISLAMIC THOUGHT and INSTITUTE OF POLICY STUDIES. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56564-079-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56564-079-5"><bdi>978-1-56564-079-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Islamic+Economics&rft.place=Islamabad%2C+Pakistan&rft.pub=THE+INTERNATIONAL+INSTITUTE+OF+ISLAMIC+THOUGHT+and+INSTITUTE+OF+POLICY+STUDIES&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56564-079-5&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Akram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muslim-library.com%2Fdl%2Fbooks%2FEnglish_An_Introduction_to_Islamic_Economics_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2013" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Muhammad Akram (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fr36Gd1X_rcC&pg=PA178">What Is Wrong with Islamic Economics?: Analysing the Present State and Future Agenda</a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782544159" title="Special:BookSources/9781782544159"><bdi>9781782544159</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Is+Wrong+with+Islamic+Economics%3F%3A+Analysing+the+Present+State+and+Future+Agenda&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781782544159&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Akram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFr36Gd1X_rcC%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoehler2014" class="citation book cs1">Koehler, Benedikt (2014). Early Islam and the Birth of Capitalism. 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Social Research. 64 (2): 301–338. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40971187">40971187</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Research&rft.atitle=The+Genesis+of+Islamic+Economics%3A+A+Chapter+in+the+Politics+of+Muslim+Identity&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=301-338&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40971187%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kuran&rft.aufirst=Timur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuran2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timur_Kuran" title="Timur Kuran">Kuran, Timur</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VkIJGPNzVIIC">Islam and Mammon: The Economic Predicaments of Islamism</a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400837359" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400837359"><bdi>978-1400837359</bdi></a>. 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Leicester, UK: Islamic Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethics+and+Economics%3A+An+Islamic+Synthesis&rft.place=Leicester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Islamic+Foundation&rft.aulast=Naqi&rft.aufirst=Syed+Nawab+Haider&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNomaniRahnema1994" class="citation book cs1">Nomani, Farhad; Rahnema, Ali. (1994). Islamic Economic Systems. New Jersey: Zed books limited. pp. 7–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85649-058-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85649-058-0"><bdi>978-1-85649-058-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Economic+Systems&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pages=7-9&rft.pub=Zed+books+limited&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-85649-058-0&rft.aulast=Nomani&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft.au=Rahnema%2C+Ali.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Platteau, J.P. "Strategic Interactions Between Religion and Politics: The Case of Islam". 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Leicester, UK: Islamic Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Economic+Thinking&rft.place=Leicester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Islamic+Foundation&rft.aulast=Siddiqui&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Nejatullah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenardos" class="citation book cs1">Venardos, Angelo M. Islamic Banking & Finance in South-East Asia: Its Development & Future. <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>: World Scientific Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Banking+%26+Finance+in+South-East+Asia%3A+Its+Development+%26+Future&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=World+Scientific+Publishing&rft.aulast=Venardos&rft.aufirst=Angelo+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss1995" class="citation journal cs1">Weiss, Dieter (1995). "Ibn Khaldun on Economic Transformation". <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Middle_East_Studies" title="International Journal of Middle East Studies">International Journal of Middle East Studies</a>. 27 (1): 29–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800061560">10.1017/S0020743800061560</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162022220">162022220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Ibn+Khaldun+on+Economic+Transformation&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-37&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743800061560&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162022220%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaman,_Asad2008" class="citation journal cs1">Zaman, Asad (June 2008). "Islamic Economics: A Survey of the Literature". University of Birmingham: Religions and Development Research Programme. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.1282786">10.2139/ssrn.1282786</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30936591">30936591</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1282786">1282786</a>. Working Paper No. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Islamic+Economics%3A+A+Survey+of+the+Literature&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30936591%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1282786%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.1282786&rft.au=Zaman%2C+Asad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">——— (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/11024/1/MPRA_paper_11024.pdf">"Islamic Economics: A Survey of the Literature"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 29 September 2016 – via Munich Personal RePEc Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamic+Economics%3A+A+Survey+of+the+Literature&rft.date=2008-06&rft.au=Zaman%2C+Asad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de%2F11024%2F1%2FMPRA_paper_11024.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+economics" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Torts">Torts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_economics&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Torts">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>A. Basir Bin Mohamad. "The Islamic Law of Tort: A Study of the Owner and Possessor of Animals with Special Reference to the Civil Codes of the United Arab Emirates, Lebanon, Tunisia, Morocco, Sudan and Iraq" in <a href="/wiki/Arab_Law_Quarterly" title="Arab Law Quarterly">Arab Law Quarterly</a> V.16, N.4 2001</li> <li>"Vicarious Liability: A Study of the Liability of the Guardian and his Ward in the Islamic Law of Tort" Arab Law Quarterly V. 17, N.1 2002</li> <li>Immanuel Naveh. "The Tort of Injury and Dissolution of Marriage at the Wife's Initiative in Egyptian Mahkamat al-Naqd Rulings" in Islamic Law and Society Volume 9, Number 1, 2002</li> <li>Islamic law of tort Liaquat Ali Khan Niazi, 1988</li> <li>An outline of Islamic law of tort Abdul-Qadir Zubair, 1990</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_economics&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021070819/http://www.grandestrategy.com/2012/06/economic-insaf-islamic-economic.html">Economic Insaf, An Islamic Economics Framework</a> from GrandeStrategy.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100102055924/http://hsbcnet.com/country/ae/islamic_banking.html">Putting Faith into Finance</a>, <a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a> article on Islamic finance.</li> <li>Shamshad Akhtar et al., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbr.org/publication/understanding-islamic-finance-local-innovation-and-global-integration/">"Understanding Islamic Finance: Local Innovation and Global Integration"</a>, Asia Policy, July 2008.</li> <li>Mohammad Omar Farooq, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1528770">Riba, Interest and Six Hadiths: Do We Have a Definition or a Conundrum?</a></li> <li>Mahmoud el-Gamal, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruf.rice.edu/%7Eelgamal/files/riba.pdf">"An Economic Explanation of the Prohibition of Riba in Classical Islamic Jurisprudence"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a>, Houston, Texas.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8264/">Methodology of Economics: Secular versus Islamic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031004094929/http://www.soundvision.com/Info/money/booklistislamiceconomics.asp">Islamic Economics booklist</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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economic thought">Ancient schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Medieval Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameralism" title="Cameralism">Cameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_modern_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Late modern philosophy">Late modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American (National)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_School_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham School (economics)">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ricardian_economics" title="Ricardian economics">Ricardian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne_School" title="Lausanne School">Lausanne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary (20th and 21st centuries)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capability_approach" title="Capability approach">Capability approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_School" title="Carnegie School">Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a> <ul><li><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_synthesis" title="Neoclassical synthesis">Neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_circuit_theory" title="Monetary circuit theory">Circuitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_Keynesianism#Heterodoxy_and_Keynes–Marx_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism and Keynesianism">Keynes–Marx synthesis</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Market_monetarism" title="Market monetarism">Market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Malthusianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Malthusianism">Neo-Malthusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Marxian economics">Neo-Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ricardianism" title="Neo-Ricardianism">Neo-Ricardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Schumpeterian_economics" title="Neo-Schumpeterian economics">Neo-Schumpeterian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_classical_macroeconomics" title="New classical macroeconomics">New classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rational_expectations" title="Rational expectations">Rational expectations theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_business-cycle_theory" title="Real business-cycle theory">Real business-cycle theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">New institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_neoclassical_synthesis" title="New neoclassical synthesis">New neoclassical 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economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Heterodox economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-autistic_economics" title="Post-autistic economics">Post-autistic economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_studies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_studies" title="Template:Islamic studies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_studies" title="Template talk:Islamic studies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_studies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic studies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawala" title="Hawala">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Islam" title="Capitalism and Islam">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_poverty" title="Islam and poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Usury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-mal" title="Bayt al-mal">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Islamic history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_social_changes_under_Islam" title="Early social changes under Islam">Early social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_world_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe" title="Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe">Contributions to Medieval Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_of_Islam_in_early_modern_Europe" title="Reception of Islam in early modern Europe">Reception in early modern Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">consultation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">use of analogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">decision-making</a></li> <li><a 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title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">dialectic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_social_changes_under_Islam" title="Early social changes under Islam">Early sociology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asabiyyah" title="Asabiyyah">solidarity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_science_and_engineering_in_the_Muslim_world" title="Timeline of science and engineering in the Muslim world">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">cosmology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">ophthalmology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ijazah" title="Ijazah">Ijazah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">elementary school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_studies" title="Sufi studies">Sufi studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">philosophy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islam_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_topics" title="Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_topics" title="Template talk:Islam topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Islam" title="Outline of Islam">Outline of Islam</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">In Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Judgement Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holiest sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Sawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_leaders" title="Islamic religious leaders">Leaders</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Islam" title="Timeline of the history of Islam">Timeline of the history of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shi'a Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Religious texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Seerah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Story of Prophets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Bektashi Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a></li> <li>Moderate Kharijites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam#Wahbi_school" title="Ibadi Islam">Wahbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="LawJurisprudence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marriage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Sex</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Marriage contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Nikah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">Death penalty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabiĥa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war in Islam">POWs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Schools of islamic jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Islamic_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Theological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Creationism (evolution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion to mosques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Relationship_with_Muslims" title="Druze">Druzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims" title="List of former Muslims">List of former Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" title="List of ex-Muslim organisations">List of ex-Muslim organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Muslim">Cultural Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">Islamic view of miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Islam" title="Nursing in Islam">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_and_miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and miracles">Quran and miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Islam" title="Symbols of Islam">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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[\"CITEREFDavari2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEl-Gamal2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEl-Sheikh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarooq2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoster2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiorgio_Riello,_Tirthankar_Roy2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGlasse2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGümüsay2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalliday2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamed1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaneef2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHassan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeck2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFILYASLI2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndrajit_Ray2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIqbalSyed_AliMuljawan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIshaque1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJalizRamliShahwan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_L._Esposito2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJunie_T._Tong2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahf2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarim,_Shafiel_A.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKayed2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhanBhatti2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoehler2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuran1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuran1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuran2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuran2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuran2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLabib1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatIsmail\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaududi1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaududin.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeinhaj_Hussain2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMersadi_Tabari2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMirakhor\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaghavi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaqi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasr1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNolan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNomaniRahnema1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilipp1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPipes1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPipes2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlatteau2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPresleySessions1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamadaniDanaGërguri-RashitiRatten2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuggles2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaleemn.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanjay_Subrahmanyam1998\"] = 2,\n 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1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Qref\"] = 21,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Schools of economic thought\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 76,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Verify source\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","280","22.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","9.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","120","9.7"],["dataWrapper 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