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class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History and Definitions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ethnic groups subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mestizo_Mexicans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mestizo_Mexicans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Mestizo Mexicans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mestizo_Mexicans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_Mexicans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_Mexicans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 White Mexicans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_Mexicans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_Mexicans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_Mexicans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Indigenous Mexicans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_Mexicans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afro-Mexicans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afro-Mexicans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Afro-Mexicans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afro-Mexicans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_ethno-cultural_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_ethno-cultural_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Other ethno-cultural communities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_ethno-cultural_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jewish_Mexicans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_Mexicans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Jewish Mexicans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_Mexicans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_Mexicans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_Mexicans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 German Mexicans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_Mexicans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_Mexicans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_Mexicans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.3 Arab Mexicans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_Mexicans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romani_Mexicans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romani_Mexicans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.4 Romani Mexicans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romani_Mexicans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asian_Mexicans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asian_Mexicans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.5 Asian Mexicans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asian_Mexicans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_censuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_censuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Official censuses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_censuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1793_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1793_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 1793 census </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1793_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1921_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1921_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2 1921 census </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1921_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.3 Present day </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Genetic studies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genetic_studies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Genetic studies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Genetic_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etiological_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etiological_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Etiological studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etiological_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phenotypical_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phenotypical_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Phenotypical research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phenotypical_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Visual arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Holidays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mexicans</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" > 40 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="مكسيكيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مكسيكيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksikal%C4%B1lar" title="Meksikalılar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Meksikalılar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksikanci" title="Meksikanci – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Meksikanci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexi%C4%8Dan%C3%A9" title="Mexičané – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mexičané" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naak%C3%A1%C3%AD_din%C3%A9%CA%BCi%CA%BC" title="Naakáí dinéʼiʼ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naakáí dinéʼiʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehhiklased" title="Mehhiklased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mehhiklased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%AF" title="Μεξικανοί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεξικανοί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicanos" title="Mexicanos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mexicanos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexikar" title="Mexikar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mexikar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicains" title="Mexicains – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mexicains" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%95%EC%8B%9C%EC%BD%94%EC%9D%B8" title="멕시코인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="멕시코인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մեքսիկացիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեքսիկացիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksikanci" title="Meksikanci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Meksikanci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Meksiko" title="Orang Meksiko – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messicani_(etnia)" title="Messicani (etnia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Messicani (etnia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מקסיקנים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקסיקנים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მექსიკელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მექსიკელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мексикалықтар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мексикалықтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksiken" title="Meksiken – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Meksiken" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мексикалыктар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мексикалыктар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksik%C4%81%C5%86i" title="Meksikāņi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Meksikāņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksikie%C4%8Diai" title="Meksikiečiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Meksikiečiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicane" title="Mexicane – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mexicane" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="მექსიკარეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მექსიკარეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%89" title="الشعب المكسيكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الشعب المكسيكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksikanlar" title="Meksikanlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Meksikanlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksykanie" title="Meksykanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Meksykanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicanos" title="Mexicanos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mexicanos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Мексиканцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мексиканцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicans" title="Mexicans – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mexicans" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksikan%C3%ABt" title="Meksikanët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Meksikanët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicans" title="Mexicans – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mexicans" 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nationals of the United Mexican States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mexicanos" redirects here. For the suburb of San Salvador, El Salvador, see <a href="/wiki/Mejicanos" title="Mejicanos">Mejicanos</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a specific analysis of the population of Mexico, see <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mexico" title="Demographics of Mexico">Demographics of Mexico</a>. For a more precise analysis on the nationality and identity of Mexico, see <a href="/wiki/Mexican_nationality_law" title="Mexican nationality law">Mexican nationality law</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Mexicans Mexicanos</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Mexican_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Map_of_the_Mexican_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/220px-Map_of_the_Mexican_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Map_of_the_Mexican_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/330px-Map_of_the_Mexican_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Map_of_the_Mexican_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/440px-Map_of_the_Mexican_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="265" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a> 137.2 million<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Mexican diaspora: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a> 12 million 1.9% of the world's population</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> 129,875,529<a href="#cite_note-2020_Census-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">37,414,772</a><a href="#cite_note-ACS-B03001-2022-3">[3]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Canadians" title="Mexican Canadians">155,380</a><a href="#cite_note-2021_Ethnic_Origin-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mexican_immigration_to_Spain" title="Mexican immigration to Spain">61,194</a><a href="#cite_note-IME2020Es-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_in_Germany" title="Mexicans in Germany">41,000</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_in_France" title="Mexicans in France">40,000</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Brazilians" title="Mexican Brazilians">24,214</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></th><td class="infobox-data">18,000<a href="#cite_note-auto2-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mexicans in the United Kingdom">16,050</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mexican_immigration_to_Chile" title="Mexican immigration to Chile">14,402</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Australians" title="Mexican Australians">10,754</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mexican_immigration_to_Costa_Rica" title="Mexican immigration to Costa Rica">10,188</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9,797<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8,252<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7,828<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7,789<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,321<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,000<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_in_Panama" title="Mexicans in Panama">5,188</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,767<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,155<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_in_Japan" title="Mexicans in Japan">3,504</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,361<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,084<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,050<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,745<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,654<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,437<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,080<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /> <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,805<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,744<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,579<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /> <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,543<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /> <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,503<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,468<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,298<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,177<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,159<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mexican_immigration_to_Cuba" title="Mexican immigration to Cuba">1,058</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Other countries combined</th><td class="infobox-data">370,633<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, numerous indigenous languages, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mexico" title="Languages of Mexico">languages of Mexico</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mexico" title="Catholic Church in Mexico">Roman Catholic</a>; religious minorities including: <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Mexico" title="Protestantism in Mexico">Protestants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Mexico" title="Irreligion in Mexico">atheists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnostics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">others exist</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Hispanos (<a href="/wiki/Californios" title="Californios">Californios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neomexicanos" class="mw-redirect" title="Neomexicanos">Neomexicanos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tejanos" title="Tejanos">Tejanos</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mestizos" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestizos">Mestizos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Mexicans" title="Afro-Mexicans">Afro-Mexicans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Indigenous peoples of Mexico</a></li><li>other <a href="/wiki/Latin_Americans" title="Latin Americans">Latin Americans</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> Mexicans (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Mexicanos) are the citizens and nationals of the <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">United Mexican States</a>. The Mexican people have varied origins with the most spoken language being <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, but many also speak languages from 68 different <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mexico" title="Languages of Mexico">Indigenous linguistic groups</a> and other languages brought to Mexico by <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriates</a> or recent immigration. In 2020, 19.4% of Mexico's population identified as <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Indigenous</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2020_Census-2">[2]</a> There are currently about 12 million Mexican nationals residing outside Mexico, with about 11.7 million<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> living in the United States. The larger Mexican <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> can also include individuals that trace ancestry to Mexico and <a href="/wiki/Self-concept" title="Self-concept">self-identify</a> as Mexican but are not necessarily <a href="/wiki/Mexican_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican citizenship">Mexican by citizenship</a>. The United States has the largest Mexican population in the world after Mexico at 37,186,361 in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The modern nation of Mexico achieved independence from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> in 1821, after a decade-long war for independence starting in 1810; this began the process of forging a national identity that fused the cultural traits of Indigenous pre-Columbian origin with those of Spanish and African ancestry. This led to what has been termed "a peculiar form of multi-ethnic nationalism"<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated115-49">[49]</a> which was more invigorated and developed after the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico" title="Constitution of Mexico">Constitution of 1917</a> officially established Mexico as an indivisible pluricultural nation founded on its indigenous roots.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_Definitions">History and Definitions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and Definitions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">History of Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_la_Conquista_a_1930_(2011).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/De_la_Conquista_a_1930_%282011%29.jpg/250px-De_la_Conquista_a_1930_%282011%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/De_la_Conquista_a_1930_%282011%29.jpg/375px-De_la_Conquista_a_1930_%282011%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/De_la_Conquista_a_1930_%282011%29.jpg/500px-De_la_Conquista_a_1930_%282011%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mexican_muralism" title="Mexican muralism">Mural</a> by <a href="/wiki/Diego_Rivera" title="Diego Rivera">Diego Rivera</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Palace_(Mexico)" title="National Palace (Mexico)">National Palace</a> depicting the history of Mexico from the Conquest to early 20th century</figcaption></figure> Mexicano (Mexican) is derived from the word <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> itself.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In the principal model to create <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonyms</a> in Spanish, the suffix -ano is added to the name of the place of origin. However, in <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> language, the original demonym becomes <a href="/wiki/Mexica" title="Mexica">Mexica</a>. The area that is now modern-day Mexico has cradled many predecessor civilizations, going back as far as the <a href="/wiki/Olmec" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmec">Olmec</a> which influenced the latter civilizations of <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a> (200 BC to 700 AD) and the much debated <a href="/wiki/Toltec" title="Toltec">Toltec</a> people who flourished around the 10th and 12th centuries AD, and ending with the last great indigenous civilization before the Nahuatl language was a common tongue in the region of modern Central Mexico during the Aztec Empire, but after the arrival of Europeans and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Conquest" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Conquest">Spanish Conquest</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">conquest of the Aztec empire</a> (13 March 1325 to 13 August 1521) the common language of the region became Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The Spanish re-administered the land and expanded their own empire beyond the former boundaries of the Aztec, adding more territory to the Mexican sphere of influence which remained under the Spanish Crown for 300 years. It has been suggested that the name of the country is derived from <a href="/wiki/Mextli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mextli">Mextli</a> or Mēxihtli, a secret name for the god of war and patron of the Mexicas, <a href="/wiki/Huitzilopochtli" class="mw-redirect" title="Huitzilopochtli">Huitzilopochtli</a>, in which case Mēxihco means "Place where Huitzilopochtli lives".<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Another hypothesis<a href="#cite_note-edomex-55">[55]</a> suggests that Mēxihco derives from the Nahuatl words for "Moon" (Mētztli) and navel (xīctli). This meaning ("Place at the Center of the Moon") might then refer to Tenochtitlan's position in the middle of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Texcoco" title="Lake Texcoco">Lake Texcoco</a>. The system of interconnected lakes, of which Texcoco formed the center, had the form of a rabbit, which the Mesoamericans <a href="/wiki/Pareidolia" title="Pareidolia">pareidolically</a> associated with the <a href="/wiki/Moon_rabbit" title="Moon rabbit">Moon</a>. Still another hypothesis suggests that it is derived from Mēctli, the goddess of <a href="/wiki/Agave_americana" title="Agave americana">maguey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-edomex-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mexico#Ethnography" title="Demographics of Mexico">Ethnography of Mexico</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mestizo_Mexicans">Mestizo Mexicans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mestizo Mexicans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mestizos_in_Mexico" title="Mestizos in Mexico">Mestizos in Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/General_Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz.JPG/170px-General_Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/General_Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz.JPG/255px-General_Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/General_Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz.JPG/340px-General_Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz.JPG 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a> was of partial Mestizo descent.</figcaption></figure> The majority of Mexicans have varying degrees of <a href="/wiki/Spaniard" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaniard">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Mesoamerican</a> ancestry and have been classified as "Mestizos". In the modern meaning of the term this means that they identify fully neither with any indigenous culture nor with a Spanish cultural heritage, but rather identify with the uniquely Mexican identity which incorporates elements from both Spanish and indigenous traditions. By the deliberate efforts of post-revolutionary governments the "Mestizo identity" was constructed as the base of the modern Mexican national identity, through a process of cultural synthesis referred to as mestizaje <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[mestiˈsaxe]</a>. Mexican politicians and reformers such as <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vasconcelos" title="José Vasconcelos">José Vasconcelos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gamio" title="Manuel Gamio">Manuel Gamio</a> were instrumental in building a Mexican national identity based on the aforementioned cultural policies,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade198132-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight199078–85-57">[57]</a> which were designed with the main goal of "helping" indigenous peoples to achieve the same level of progress as the rest of society by transforming indigenous communities into Mestizo ones, eventually assimilating them into the Mestizo Mexican society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolomé19965-58">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melissa_Barrera_in_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Barrera performing in 2013" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Melissa_Barrera_in_2013.jpg/200px-Melissa_Barrera_in_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Melissa_Barrera_in_2013.jpg/300px-Melissa_Barrera_in_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Melissa_Barrera_in_2013.jpg/400px-Melissa_Barrera_in_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Melissa_Barrera" title="Melissa Barrera">Melissa Barrera</a> is a Mexican actress.</figcaption></figure> As the Mestizo identity promoted by the government is more of a cultural identity, it has achieved a strong influence in the country and has caused many people who may not qualify as "Mestizos" in its original sense to be counted as such in Mexico's demographic investigations and censuses, with many people who may be considered "<a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a>" being historically classified as Mestizos.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> A similar situation occurs regarding the distinctions between Indigenous peoples and Mestizos: while the term Mestizo in English has the meaning of a person with mixed indigenous and European ancestry, this usage does not conform to the Mexican social reality where a person of pure Indigenous genetic heritage would be considered Mestizo either by rejecting his indigenous culture or by not speaking an indigenous language,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolomé19962-60">[60]</a> and a person with none or a very low percentage of indigenous genetic heritage would be considered fully indigenous either by speaking an indigenous language or by identifying with a particular indigenous cultural heritage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight199073-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-63">[63]</a> In certain areas of Mexico the word Mestizo has a different meaning: in the Yucatán peninsula it has been used to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Yucatec_Maya_language" title="Yucatec Maya language">Maya</a>-speaking populations living in traditional communities, because during the <a href="/wiki/Caste_War_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Caste War of Yucatán">caste war</a> of the late 19th century those Maya who did not join the rebellion were classified as Mestizos<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolomé19962-60">[60]</a> whereas in the state of Chiapas the word "Ladino" is used instead of "mestizo".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade199744–47-64">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alejandro_Fernandez_en_concierto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Alejandro_Fernandez_en_concierto.jpg/220px-Alejandro_Fernandez_en_concierto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Alejandro_Fernandez_en_concierto.jpg/330px-Alejandro_Fernandez_en_concierto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Alejandro_Fernandez_en_concierto.jpg/440px-Alejandro_Fernandez_en_concierto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Mexican singer <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Fernandez" class="mw-redirect" title="Alejandro Fernandez">Alejandro Fernandez</a> in concert</figcaption></figure> Since the word Mestizo has had different definitions through Mexico's history, estimates of the Mexican Mestizo population vary widely. According to the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, which uses a biology-based approach, about three-fifths of the Mexican population is Mestizo.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-65">[65]</a> A culture-based criteria estimates the percentage of Mestizos as high as 90%.<a href="#cite_note-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES-66">[66]</a> Paradoxically, the word "Mestizo" has long been dropped from popular Mexican vocabulary with the word even having pejorative connotations, further complicating attempts to quantify Mestizos via self-identification,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolomé19962-60">[60]</a> recent research based on self-identification indeed has observed that many Mexicans do not actually identify as mestizos and would not agree to be labeled as such<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> with "static" racial labels such as White, Indian, Black etc. being more commonly used.<a href="#cite_note-mestizajeenmexico-68">[68]</a> While for most of its history the concept of Mestizo and mestizaje has been lauded by Mexico's intellectual circles, in recent times it has been target of criticism, with its detractors claiming that it delegitimizes the importance of race in Mexico under the idea of racism "not existing here [in Mexico], as everybody is Mestizo".<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In general, the authors conclude that Mexico introducing a real racial classification and accepting itself as a multicultural country opposed to a monolithic Mestizo country would bring benefits to the Mexican society as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_Mexicans">White Mexicans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: White Mexicans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/White_Mexicans" title="White Mexicans">White Mexicans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General%C3%ADsimo_Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/General%C3%ADsimo_Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla.png/170px-General%C3%ADsimo_Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/General%C3%ADsimo_Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla.png/255px-General%C3%ADsimo_Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/General%C3%ADsimo_Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla.png/340px-General%C3%ADsimo_Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla.png 2x" data-file-width="1788" data-file-height="2220" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla" title="Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla">Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla</a> leader of the Mexican War of Independence.</figcaption></figure> White Mexicans are <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizens</a> who trace all or most of their ancestry to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-huffpost2-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-ElUniversal-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Economiahoy-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tomatazos-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-MMSI1-77">[77]</a> Europeans begun arriving in Mexico during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire</a>; while during the colonial period most European immigration was Spanish, in the 19th and 20th centuries European and European-derived populations from <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> did immigrate to the country. According to 20th- and 21st-century academics, large scale intermixing between the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European immigrants</a> and the native <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">indigenous peoples</a> would produce a Mestizo group which would become the overwhelming majority of Mexico's population by the time of <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fnavarrete-78">[78]</a> However, according to church registers from the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">colonial times</a>, the majority of Spanish men married with Spanish women. Said registers also put in question other narratives held by contemporary academics, such as European immigrants who arrived to Mexico being almost exclusively men or that "pure Spanish" people were all part of a small powerful elite, as Spaniards were often the most numerous ethnic group in the colonial cities<a href="#cite_note-EnsayospoblaciónMéxico-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> and there were menial workers and people in poverty who were of complete Spanish origin.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paulina_Rubio_Latin_Billboards_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Paulina_Rubio_Latin_Billboards_2009.jpg/170px-Paulina_Rubio_Latin_Billboards_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Paulina_Rubio_Latin_Billboards_2009.jpg/255px-Paulina_Rubio_Latin_Billboards_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Paulina_Rubio_Latin_Billboards_2009.jpg/340px-Paulina_Rubio_Latin_Billboards_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Mexican singer <a href="/wiki/Paulina_Rubio" title="Paulina Rubio">Paulina Rubio</a> is of Spanish descent.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guillermo_del_Toro_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Guillermo_del_Toro_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg/170px-Guillermo_del_Toro_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Guillermo_del_Toro_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg/255px-Guillermo_del_Toro_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Guillermo_del_Toro_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg/340px-Guillermo_del_Toro_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2384" data-file-height="3352" /></a><figcaption>Mexican filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro" title="Guillermo del Toro">Guillermo del Toro</a> at <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Comic-Con" title="San Diego Comic-Con">San Diego Comic-Con</a> in 2015</figcaption></figure> Estimates of Mexico's white population differ greatly in both methodology and percentages given. Extra-official sources such as the CIA World Factbook which use the 1921 census results as the base of their estimations calculate Mexico's white population as only 9%,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> the results of the 1921 census however, have been contested by various historians and are deemed inaccurate nowadays.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Other sources suggest higher percentages: Encyclopædia Britannica estimates them at around 30% of the population;<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> field surveys that use the presence of <a href="/wiki/Blond_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Blond hair">blond hair</a> as reference to classify a Mexican as white such as one by the <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_Metropolitana" title="Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana">Metropolitan Autonomous University of Mexico</a> calculated the percentage of said ethnic group at 23%,<a href="#cite_note-Ortiz-Hernández_et_al_2011-86">[86]</a> with a similar methodology the <a href="/wiki/American_Sociological_Association" title="American Sociological Association">American Sociological Association</a> obtained a percentage of 18.8%, having its higher frequency on the North region (22.3%–23.9%) followed by the Center region (18.4%–21.3%) and the South region (11.9%).<a href="#cite_note-jstor20799484-87">[87]</a> Another study made by the <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> in collaboration with Mexico's <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_e_Historia" title="Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia">National Institute of Anthropology and History</a> found that the frequencies of blond hair and light eyes in Mexicans are 18% and 28% respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Linares_et_al,_2014-88">[88]</a> Surveys that use as reference skin color such as those made by Mexico's <a href="/wiki/National_Council_to_Prevent_Discrimination" title="National Council to Prevent Discrimination">National Council to Prevent Discrimination</a> and Mexico's <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_and_Geography" title="National Institute of Statistics and Geography">National Institute of Statistics and Geography</a> report percentages that range from 27%<a href="#cite_note-ENADIS2017-1-89">[89]</a> to 47%.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-conapred.org.mx-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-DISC-RACIAL_2011-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-MMSI2-93">[93]</a> The use of skin color palettes as the primary criteria to estimate the ethnoracial groups that inhabit a given country has its origin in the investigations produced by Princeton and Vanderbilt Universities, which found it to be more accurate than self-identification particularly in Latin America, where the different discourses that exist in regards to national identity have rendered previous attempts to estimate ethnic groups unreliable.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-94">[94]</a> Mexico's northern and western regions have the highest percentages of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Europe">European</a> population, with the majority of the people not having native admixture or being of predominantly European ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In the north and west of Mexico the indigenous tribes were substantially smaller and unlike those found in central and southern Mexico they were mostly nomadic, therefore remaining isolated from colonial population centers, with hostilities between them and Mexican colonists often taking place.<a href="#cite_note-MesoZac-96">[96]</a> This eventually led the northeast region of the country to become the region with the highest proportion of whites during the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Spanish colonial period</a> albeit recent migration waves have been changing its demographic trends.<a href="#cite_note-Transición-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_Mexicans">Indigenous Mexicans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Indigenous Mexicans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Indigenous peoples of Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benito-Juarez-pic_loc_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Benito-Juarez-pic_loc_1.jpg/170px-Benito-Juarez-pic_loc_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Benito-Juarez-pic_loc_1.jpg/255px-Benito-Juarez-pic_loc_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Benito-Juarez-pic_loc_1.jpg/340px-Benito-Juarez-pic_loc_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="1074" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a> was the first President of Indigenous descent in Mexico</figcaption></figure> The 2003 <a href="/wiki/Ley_General_de_Derechos_Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADsticos_de_los_Pueblos_Ind%C3%ADgenas" title="Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas">General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples</a> recognizes 62 <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mexico" title="Languages of Mexico">indigenous languages</a> as "national languages" which have the same validity as Spanish in all territories in which they are spoken.<a href="#cite_note-diputados.gob.mx-98">[98]</a> The recognition of indigenous languages and the protection of indigenous cultures is granted not only to the ethnic groups indigenous to modern-day Mexican territory, but also to other North American indigenous groups that migrated to Mexico from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kikap%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Kikapú">Kikapú</a><a href="#cite_note-Kikapú-99">[99]</a> in the 19th century and those who immigrated from <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-cdi.gob.mx-100">[100]</a> The category of indigena (indigenous) in Mexico has been defined based on different criteria through history; this means that the percentage of the Mexican population defined as "indigenous" varies according to the definition applied. It can be defined narrowly according to linguistic criteria including only persons that speak an indigenous language. Based on this criterion, approximately 5.4% of the population is Indigenous.<a href="#cite_note-inegi1-101">[101]</a> Nonetheless, activists for the rights of indigenous peoples have referred to the usage of this criterion for census purposes as "statistical genocide".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight199073–74-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolomé19964-103">[103]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yalitza_Aparicio_Oscars_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Yalitza_Aparicio_Oscars_2019.jpg/220px-Yalitza_Aparicio_Oscars_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Yalitza_Aparicio_Oscars_2019.jpg/330px-Yalitza_Aparicio_Oscars_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Yalitza_Aparicio_Oscars_2019.jpg/440px-Yalitza_Aparicio_Oscars_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="782" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yalitza_Aparicio" title="Yalitza Aparicio">Yalitza Aparicio</a></figcaption></figure> Other surveys made by the Mexican government do count as Indigenous all persons who speak an indigenous language and persons who neither speak indigenous languages nor live in indigenous communities but self-identify as Indigenous. According to this criterion, the <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_for_the_Development_of_Indigenous_Peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples">National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples</a> (Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas, or CDI in Spanish) and the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_and_Geography_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Statistics and Geography (Mexico)">INEGI</a> (Mexico's National Institute of Statistics and Geography), stated that there are 15.7 million indigenous people in Mexico of many different ethnic groups,<a href="#cite_note-CDI1-104">[104]</a> which constitute 14.9% of the population in the country.<a href="#cite_note-107">[a]</a> According to the latest intercensal survey carried out by the Mexican government in 2015, Indigenous people make up 21.5% of Mexico's population. In this occasion, people who self-identified as "Indigenous" and people who self-identified as "partially Indigenous" were classified in the "Indigenous" category altogether.<a href="#cite_note-Encuesta_Intercensal_2015-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> In the 2020 Mexican census 19.4% of the country's population self-identified as indigenous<a href="#cite_note-2020_Census-2">[2]</a> and 9.36% were reported to live in Indigenous households.<a href="#cite_note-Informeanual-110">[109]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tenoch_Huerta_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Tenoch_Huerta_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Tenoch_Huerta_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Tenoch_Huerta_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Tenoch_Huerta_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Tenoch_Huerta_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Tenoch_Huerta_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="1716" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tenoch_Huerta" title="Tenoch Huerta">Tenoch Huerta</a>, Mexican actor</figcaption></figure> The absolute indigenous population is growing, but at a slower rate than the rest of the population so that the percentage of indigenous peoples is nonetheless falling.<a href="#cite_note-inegi1-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> The majority of the indigenous population is concentrated in the central-southern and south-eastern states, with the majority of the indigenous population living in rural areas. Some indigenous communities have a degree of autonomy under the legislation of "usos y costumbres" (usages and customs), which allows them to regulate some internal issues under <a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">customary law</a>. According to the CDI, the <a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Political divisions of Mexico">states</a> with the greatest percentage of indigenous population are<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yucatán (state)">Yucatán</a>, with 62.7%, <a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo" title="Quintana Roo">Quintana Roo</a> with 33.8% and <a href="/wiki/Campeche" title="Campeche">Campeche</a> with 32% of the population being indigenous, most of them <a href="/wiki/Maya_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya people">Maya</a>; <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a> with 58% of the population, the most numerous groups being the <a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapotec people">Zapotec peoples</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a> has 32.7%, the majority being <a href="/wiki/Tzeltal_people" title="Tzeltal people">Tzeltal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tzotzil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzotzil people">Tzotzil</a> Maya; <a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidalgo (Mexico)">Hidalgo</a> with 30.1%, the majority being <a href="/wiki/Otomi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Otomi people">Otomi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a> with 25.2%, and <a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero">Guerrero</a> with 22.6%, mostly <a href="/wiki/Nahua_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahua people">Nahua people</a> and the states of <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a> both home to a population of 19% indigenous people, mostly from the <a href="/wiki/Totonac" title="Totonac">Totonac</a>, Nahua and <a href="/wiki/Huastec_people" title="Huastec people">Teenek (Huastec)</a> groups.<a href="#cite_note-inegi.org.mx-114">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afro-Mexicans">Afro-Mexicans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Afro-Mexicans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afro-Mexicans" title="Afro-Mexicans">Afro-Mexicans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SXSW_2019_4_-_Lupita_Nyong%27o_(47282558132).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/SXSW_2019_4_-_Lupita_Nyong%27o_%2847282558132%29.jpg/220px-SXSW_2019_4_-_Lupita_Nyong%27o_%2847282558132%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/SXSW_2019_4_-_Lupita_Nyong%27o_%2847282558132%29.jpg/330px-SXSW_2019_4_-_Lupita_Nyong%27o_%2847282558132%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/SXSW_2019_4_-_Lupita_Nyong%27o_%2847282558132%29.jpg/440px-SXSW_2019_4_-_Lupita_Nyong%27o_%2847282558132%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2001" data-file-height="1941" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lupita_Nyong%27o" title="Lupita Nyong'o">Lupita Nyong'o</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan">Kenyan</a>-Mexican actress,</figcaption></figure> Afro-Mexicans are an ethnic group that predominate in certain areas of Mexico such as the <a href="/wiki/Costa_Chica_of_Oaxaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Costa Chica of Oaxaca">Costa Chica of Oaxaca</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Costa_Chica_of_Guerrero" title="Costa Chica of Guerrero">Costa Chica of Guerrero</a>, Veracruz (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Yanga,_Veracruz" title="Yanga, Veracruz">Yanga</a>) and in some towns in northern Mexico, mainly in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAzquiz_Municipality" title="Múzquiz Municipality">Múzquiz Municipality</a>, Coahuila. The existence of individuals of African descent in Mexico has its origins in the slave trade that took place during colonial times and that did not end until 1829. Historically, the presence of this ethnic group within the country has been difficult to assess for a number of reasons: their small numbers, heavy intermarriage with other ethnic groups, and Mexico's tradition of defining itself as a Mestizo society or mixing of European and indigenous only.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> Nowadays this ethnic group also includes recent immigrants from Africa, the Caribbean and elsewhere in the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-Transición-97">[97]</a> The majority of Mexico's Afro-descendants are Afromestizos, i.e. "mixed-race". According to the intercensal survey carried out in 2015, 1.2% of the population self-identified as Afro-Mexican<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> with 64.9% (896,829) of them also identifying as indigenous and 9.3% being speakers of <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mexico" title="Languages of Mexico">indigenous languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encuesta_Intercensal_2015-108">[107]</a> In the 2020 census survey carried out by the Mexican government, Afro-Mexicans were reported to make up 2.04% of the country's population.<a href="#cite_note-2020_Census-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_ethno-cultural_communities">Other ethno-cultural communities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other ethno-cultural communities">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jewish_Mexicans">Jewish Mexicans</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Jewish Mexicans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">History of the Jews in Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaz_Alazraki_Cuervos_Red_Carpet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gaz_Alazraki_Cuervos_Red_Carpet.jpg/220px-Gaz_Alazraki_Cuervos_Red_Carpet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gaz_Alazraki_Cuervos_Red_Carpet.jpg/330px-Gaz_Alazraki_Cuervos_Red_Carpet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gaz_Alazraki_Cuervos_Red_Carpet.jpg/440px-Gaz_Alazraki_Cuervos_Red_Carpet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>Mexican director <a href="/wiki/Gary_Alazraki" title="Gary Alazraki">Gary Alazraki</a></figcaption></figure> A Jewish, specifically <a href="/wiki/Sephardic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic">Sephardic</a>, population has existed in Mexico since the start of the Spanish invasion and occupation of Mexico. The current Jewish population in Mexico mostly consists of those who have descended from immigrants from the 19th and early 20th centuries with nationwide totals estimated between 80,000 and 90,000, about 75% of whom are in Mexico City.<a href="#cite_note-bokser-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-2slenchek-118">[117]</a> The exact numbers are not known. One main source for figures is the Comité Central Israelita in Mexico City but its contact is limited to <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> congregations with no contact with Jews that may be affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> movement or those who consider themselves secular. The Mexican government census lists religion but its categories are confusing, confusing those of some Protestant sects which practice Judaic rituals with Jewish groups. There is also controversy as to whether to count those <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-Jews">crypto-Jews</a> who have converted (back) to Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-2slenchek-118">[117]</a> Sixty-two percent of the population over fifteen is married, three percent divorced and four percent widowed. However, younger Jewish women are more likely to be employed outside the home (only 18% of women are housewives) and fertility rates are dropping from 3.5 children of women over 65 to 2.7 for the overall population now. There is a low level of intermarriage with the general Mexican population, with only 3.1% of marriages being mixed.<a href="#cite_note-bokser-117">[116]</a> Although the Jewish community is less than one percent of Mexico's total population, Mexico is one of the few countries whose Jewish population is expected to grow.<a href="#cite_note-palate-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-mmedina-120">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German_Mexicans">German Mexicans</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: German Mexicans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_Mexicans" title="German Mexicans">German Mexicans</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marion_Reimers_por_Itzel_Navarrete_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Marion_Reimers_por_Itzel_Navarrete_%28cropped%29.png/175px-Marion_Reimers_por_Itzel_Navarrete_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Marion_Reimers_por_Itzel_Navarrete_%28cropped%29.png/263px-Marion_Reimers_por_Itzel_Navarrete_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Marion_Reimers_por_Itzel_Navarrete_%28cropped%29.png/350px-Marion_Reimers_por_Itzel_Navarrete_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2172" data-file-height="2922" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marion_Reimers" title="Marion Reimers">Marion Reimers</a> is a prominent Mexican sports journalist known for her extensive work in football broadcasting and sports commentary.</figcaption></figure> German Mexicans (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Deutschmexikaner<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> or Deutsch-Mexikanisch, Spanish: germano-mexicano or alemán-mexicano) are Mexicans of <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> descent or origin. Most ethnic Germans arrived in Mexico during the mid-to-late 19th century, spurred by government policies of <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a>. Although a good number of them took advantage of the liberal policies then valid in Mexico and went into merchant, industrial and educational ventures, others arrived with no or limited capital, as employees or farmers.<a href="#cite_note-DuránMerk2012-122">[121]</a> Most settled in Mexico City, Veracruz, Yucatán, and <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>. Significant numbers of German immigrants also arrived during and after the First and Second World Wars. The <a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Plautdietsch language">Plautdietsch language</a> is also spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Mennonites" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Mennonites">Mexican Mennonites</a>, descendants of German and Dutch immigrants in the states of <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zacatecas" title="Zacatecas">Zacatecas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aguascalientes" title="Aguascalientes">Aguascalientes</a>. Other German towns lie in the states of <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Yucatán">Yucatán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo" title="Quintana Roo">Quintana Roo</a>, and other parts of Puebla, where the German culture and language have been preserved to different extents. The German Mexican community has largely integrated into Mexican society as a whole whilst retaining some cultural traits and in turn exerted cultural and industrial influences on Mexican society. Especially after the First World War intense processes of transculturation can be observed, particularly in Mexico City, <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a>, Puebla and, notably, with the <a href="/wiki/Mayan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayan people">Maya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a>. These include social, cultural and identity aspects.<a href="#cite_note-DuránMerk2012-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arab_Mexicans">Arab Mexicans</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Arab Mexicans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arab_Mexicans" title="Arab Mexicans">Arab Mexicans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlos_Slim_Hel%C3%BA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Carlos_Slim_Hel%C3%BA.jpg/170px-Carlos_Slim_Hel%C3%BA.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Carlos_Slim_Hel%C3%BA.jpg/255px-Carlos_Slim_Hel%C3%BA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Carlos_Slim_Hel%C3%BA.jpg/340px-Carlos_Slim_Hel%C3%BA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="2572" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Slim" title="Carlos Slim">Carlos Slim</a> is of <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Mexican" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese Mexican">Lebanese descent</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Yazpik_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Yazpik_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Yazpik_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Yazpik_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Yazpik_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Yazpik_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Yazpik_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="1109" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Yazpik" title="José María Yazpik">José María Yazpik</a> is a Mexican actor of Lebanese origin.</figcaption></figure> An Arab Mexican is a Mexican citizen of <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> origin who can be of various ancestral origins. The vast majority of 450,000 Mexicans who have at least partial Arab descent trace their ancestry to what is now <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-123">[122]</a> Immigration of Arabs in Mexico has influenced Mexican culture, in particular food, where they have introduced <a href="/wiki/Kibbeh" title="Kibbeh">kibbeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabbouleh" title="Tabbouleh">tabbouleh</a>, and even created recipes such as <a href="/wiki/Tacos_%C3%A1rabes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacos árabes">tacos árabes</a>. By 1765, <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_dactylifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix dactylifera">dates</a>, which originated from the Middle East, were introduced into Mexico by the Spaniards. The fusion between Arab and Mexican food has highly influenced the <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yucatán (state)">Yucatecan</a> cuisine.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> Arab immigration to Mexico started in the 19th and early 20th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> Roughly 100,000 Arabs settled in Mexico during this time period. They came mostly from <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, Syria, <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and settled in significant numbers in <a href="/wiki/Nayarit" title="Nayarit">Nayarit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, and the Northern part of the country, mainly in the states of <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Leon" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuevo Leon">Nuevo Leon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a>, Chihuahua, <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a>, as well as the city of <a href="/wiki/Tampico" title="Tampico">Tampico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a>. During the Israel–Lebanon war in 1948 and during the Six-Day War, thousands of Lebanese left Lebanon and went to Mexico. They first arrived in Veracruz. The majority of Arab-Mexicans are Christians who belong to the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Churches">Eastern Orthodox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rite_Catholic_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Rite Catholic Churches">Eastern Rite Catholic Churches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> A scant number are <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> as well as indigenous Muslims which are most common in southern states like Chiapas or Oaxaca. And <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> of Middle Eastern origins. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romani_Mexicans">Romani Mexicans</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Romani Mexicans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romani_Mexicans" title="Romani Mexicans">Romani Mexicans</a></div> The first wave of <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> arrived in Mexico in the 1890s, when they came to the Americas from <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and mainly settled in the United States and Brazil, but also in Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Uruguay and Venezuela. There are Romani communities in the cities of Mexico City, Veracruz, Puebla, Guadalajara and Monterrey. There is also a large Romani community in San Luís Potosí.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asian_Mexicans">Asian Mexicans</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Asian Mexicans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Asian_Mexicans" title="Asian Mexicans">Asian Mexicans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comunidad_japonesa_de_Monterrey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Comunidad_japonesa_de_Monterrey.jpg/220px-Comunidad_japonesa_de_Monterrey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Comunidad_japonesa_de_Monterrey.jpg/330px-Comunidad_japonesa_de_Monterrey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Comunidad_japonesa_de_Monterrey.jpg/440px-Comunidad_japonesa_de_Monterrey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Mexican" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Mexican">Japanese Mexican</a> youths in <a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a></figcaption></figure> Although Asian Mexicans make up less than 1% of the total population of modern Mexico, they are nonetheless a notable minority. Due to the historical and contemporary perception in Mexican society of what constitutes Asian culture (associated with the Far East rather than the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>), Asian Mexicans typically refers to those of <a href="/wiki/East_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian">East Asian</a> descent, and may also include those of <a href="/wiki/South_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian">South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian">Southeast Asian</a> descent while Mexicans of <a href="/wiki/West_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="West Asian">West Asian</a> descent are referred to as <a href="#Arab_Mexicans">Arab Mexicans</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Sanjaya_Rajaram_WFP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Dr._Sanjaya_Rajaram_WFP.jpg/220px-Dr._Sanjaya_Rajaram_WFP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Dr._Sanjaya_Rajaram_WFP.jpg/330px-Dr._Sanjaya_Rajaram_WFP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Dr._Sanjaya_Rajaram_WFP.jpg/440px-Dr._Sanjaya_Rajaram_WFP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="2576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sanjaya_Rajaram" title="Sanjaya Rajaram">Sanjaya Rajaram</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a>-born <a href="/wiki/Mexican_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican people">Mexican</a> scientist and winner of the 2014 <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Prize" title="World Food Prize">World Food Prize</a>.</figcaption></figure> Asian immigration began with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a> to Mexico during the colonial period. For two and a half centuries, between 1565 and 1815, many Filipinos and Mexicans sailed back and forth between Mexico and the Philippines as crews, prisoners, adventurers and soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/Manila-Acapulco_Galleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila-Acapulco Galleon">Manila-Acapulco Galleon</a> assisting Spain in its trade between Asia and the Americas. Also, on these voyages, thousands of Asian individuals (mostly males) were brought to Mexico as slaves and were called "Chino",<a href="#cite_note-Seijas-128">[127]</a> which means Chinese, although in reality they were of diverse origins, including Koreans, Japanese, Malays, Filipinos, Javanese, Cambodians, Timorese, and people from Bengal, India, Ceylon, Makassar, Tidore, Terenate, and China.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> A notable example is the story of <a href="/wiki/Catarina_de_San_Juan" title="Catarina de San Juan">Catarina de San Juan</a> (Mirra), an <a href="/wiki/Demography_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of India">Indian</a> girl captured by the Portuguese and sold into slavery in Manila. She arrived in <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> and eventually she gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/China_Poblana" class="mw-redirect" title="China Poblana">China Poblana</a>. The reverse was also true, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_settlement_in_the_Philippines" title="Mexican settlement in the Philippines">thousands of Mexicans of varying races also ended up as immigrants to the Philippines</a><a href="#cite_note-Intercolonial-132">[131]</a> back when there was a Philippine population of only 1.5 Million Filipinos.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> Later groups of Asians, predominantly Chinese, became Mexico's fastest-growing immigrant group from the 1880s to the 1920s, exploding from about 1,500 in 1895 to more than 20,000 in 1910,<a href="#cite_note-Buchenau-134">[133]</a> but also met with strong <a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">anti-Chinese sentiment</a>, especially in Sonora and Sinaloa, which led to deportations and illegal expulsions of many of them and their descendants. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_censuses">Official censuses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Official censuses">edit</a>]</div> Historically, population studies and censuses have never been up to the standards that a population as diverse and numerous such as Mexico's require. The first racial census was made in 1793, being also Mexico's (then known as <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a>) first ever nationwide population census. Of it, only part of the original datasets survive. Thus most of what is known of it comes from essays made by researchers who used the census' findings as reference for their own works. More than a century would pass until the Mexican government conducted a new racial census in 1921 (some sources assert that the census of 1895 included a comprehensive racial classification,<a href="#cite_note-fnavarrete-78">[78]</a> however according to the historic archives of <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_and_Geography_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Statistics and Geography (Mexico)">Mexico's National Institute of Statistics</a> that was not the case).<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> While the 1921 census was the last time the Mexican government conducted a census that included a comprehensive racial classification, in recent time it has conducted nationwide surveys to quantify most of the ethnic groups who inhabit the country as well as the social dynamics and inequalities between them. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1793_census">1793 census</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1793 census">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_del_Virreinato_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a_(1819).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Mapa_del_Virreinato_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a_%281819%29.svg/250px-Mapa_del_Virreinato_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a_%281819%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Mapa_del_Virreinato_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a_%281819%29.svg/375px-Mapa_del_Virreinato_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a_%281819%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Mapa_del_Virreinato_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a_%281819%29.svg/500px-Mapa_del_Virreinato_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a_%281819%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>New Spain in 1819 with the boundaries established at the <a href="/wiki/Adams-On%C3%ADs_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adams-Onís Treaty">Adams-Onís Treaty</a></figcaption></figure> Also known as the "Revillagigedo census" due to its creation being ordered by the Count of the same name, this census was Mexico's (then known as the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a>) first ever nationwide population census. Most of its original datasets have reportedly been lost, thus most of what is now known about it comes from essays and field investigations made by academics who had access to the census data and used it as reference for their works such as Prussian geographer <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a>. Each author gives different estimations for each racial group in the country although they do not vary much, with Europeans ranging from 18% to 22% of New Spain's population, Mestizos ranging from 21% to 25%, Amerindians ranging from 51% to 61% and Africans being between 6,000 and 10,000, The estimations given for the total population range from 3,799,561 to 6,122,354. It is concluded then, that across nearly three centuries of colonization, the population growth trends of Europeans and Mestizos were even, while the total percentage of the Indigenous population decreased at a rate of 13%–17% per century. The authors assert that rather than Europeans and mestizos having higher birthrates, the reason for the Indigenous population's numbers decreasing lies on them suffering of higher mortality rates, due living in remote locations rather than on cities and towns founded by the Spanish colonists or being at war with them. It is also for these reasons that the number of Indigenous Mexicans presents the greater variation range between publications, as in cases their numbers in a given location were estimated rather than counted, leading to possible overestimations in some provinces and possible underestimations in others.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:center; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Intendecy/territory </th> <th>European population (%) </th> <th>Indigenous population (%) </th> <th>Mestizo population (%) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/State_of_M%C3%A9xico" class="mw-redirect" title="State of México">México</a> (only the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Mexico" title="State of Mexico">State of Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>) </td> <td>16.9% </td> <td>66.1% </td> <td>16.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a> </td> <td>10.1% </td> <td>74.3% </td> <td>15.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a> </td> <td>06.3% </td> <td>88.2% </td> <td>05.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a> </td> <td>25.8% </td> <td>44.0% </td> <td>29.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a> </td> <td>13.0% </td> <td>51.2% </td> <td>35.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Zacatecas" title="Zacatecas">Zacatecas</a> </td> <td>15.8% </td> <td>29.0% </td> <td>55.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a> </td> <td>20.2% </td> <td>36.0% </td> <td>43.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a> </td> <td>28.5% </td> <td>44.9% </td> <td>26.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Yucatán">Yucatán</a> </td> <td>14.8% </td> <td>72.6% </td> <td>12.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a> </td> <td>31.7% </td> <td>33.3% </td> <td>34.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a> </td> <td>10.4% </td> <td>74.0% </td> <td>15.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Michoacan" class="mw-redirect" title="Michoacan">Valladolid</a> </td> <td>27.6% </td> <td>42.5% </td> <td>29.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">Nuevo México</a> </td> <td>~ </td> <td>30.8% </td> <td>69.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Vieja California</a> </td> <td>~ </td> <td>51.7% </td> <td>47.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Nueva California</a> </td> <td>~ </td> <td>89.9% </td> <td>09.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a> </td> <td>30.9% </td> <td>28.9% </td> <td>40.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a> </td> <td>62.6% </td> <td>05.5% </td> <td>31.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Santander" title="Nuevo Santander">Nuevo Santander</a> </td> <td>25.8% </td> <td>23.3% </td> <td>50.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> </td> <td>39.7% </td> <td>27.3% </td> <td>32.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala">Tlaxcala</a> </td> <td>13.6% </td> <td>72.4% </td> <td>13.8% </td></tr> </tbody></table> ~Europeans are included within the Mestizo category. Regardless of the possible imprecisions related to the counting of Indigenous peoples living outside the colonized areas, the effort that New Spain's authorities put on considering them as subjects is worth mentioning, as censuses made by other colonial or post-colonial countries did not consider Amerindians to be citizens/subjects, as example the censuses made by the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata</a> would only count the inhabitants of the colonized settlements.<a href="#cite_note-scarecrow-137">[136]</a> Other example would be the censuses made by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, that did not include Indigenous peoples living among the general population until 1860, and indigenous peoples as a whole until 1900.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1921_census">1921 census</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1921 census">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congreso_Constituyente_de_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Congreso_Constituyente_de_1917.jpg/220px-Congreso_Constituyente_de_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Congreso_Constituyente_de_1917.jpg/330px-Congreso_Constituyente_de_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Congreso_Constituyente_de_1917.jpg/440px-Congreso_Constituyente_de_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>The new constitution was approved on 5 February 1917. This picture shows the Constituent Congress of 1917 swearing fealty to the new Constitution.</figcaption></figure> Made right after the consummation of the Mexican revolution, the social context on which this census was made makes it particularly unique, as the government of the time was in the process of rebuilding the country and was looking forward to unite all Mexicans under a single national identity. The 1921 census' final results in regards to race, which assert that 59.3% of the Mexican population self-identified as Mestizo, 29.1% as Indigenous and only 9.8% as White were then essential to cement the "mestizaje" ideology (that asserts that the Mexican population as a whole is product of the admixture of all races) which shaped Mexican identity and culture through the 20th century and remain prominent nowadays, with extraofficial international publications such as <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> using them as a reference to estimate Mexico's racial composition up to this day.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> Nonetheless in recent times the census' results have been subjected to scrutiny by historians, academics and social activists alike, who assert that such drastic alterations on demographic trends with respect to the 1793 census are not possible and cite, among other statistics, the relatively low frequency of marriages between people of different continental ancestries in colonial and early independent Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> It is claimed that the "mestizaje" process sponsored by the state was more "cultural than biological" which resulted on the numbers of the Mestizo Mexican group being inflated at the expense of the identity of other races.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> Controversies aside, this census constituted the last time the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Government">Mexican Government</a> conducted a comprehensive racial census with the breakdown by states being the following (foreigners and people who answered "other" not included):<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:center; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Federative units </th> <th>Mestizo (%) </th> <th>Amerindian (%) </th> <th>White (%) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Aguascalientes" title="Aguascalientes">Aguascalientes</a> </td> <td>66.12% </td> <td>16.70% </td> <td>16.77% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Norte" class="mw-redirect" title="Baja California Norte">Baja California (Distrito Norte)</a> </td> <td>72.50% </td> <td>07.72% </td> <td>00.35% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Sur" title="Baja California Sur">Baja California (Distrito Sur)</a> </td> <td>59.61% </td> <td>06.06% </td> <td>33.40% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Campeche" title="Campeche">Campeche</a> </td> <td>41.45% </td> <td>43.41% </td> <td>14.17% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a> </td> <td>77.88% </td> <td>11.38% </td> <td>10.13% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Colima" title="Colima">Colima</a> </td> <td>68.54% </td> <td>26.00% </td> <td>04.50% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a> </td> <td>36.27% </td> <td>47.64% </td> <td>11.82% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a> </td> <td>50.09% </td> <td>12.76% </td> <td>36.33% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a> </td> <td>89.85% </td> <td>09.99% </td> <td>00.01% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a> </td> <td>96.33% </td> <td>02.96% </td> <td>00.54% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero">Guerrero</a> </td> <td>54.05% </td> <td>43.84% </td> <td>02.07% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(state)" title="Hidalgo (state)">Hidalgo</a> </td> <td>51.47% </td> <td>39.49% </td> <td>08.83% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a> </td> <td>75.83% </td> <td>16.76% </td> <td>07.31% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> </td> <td>54.78% </td> <td>18.75% </td> <td>22.79% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Mexico" title="State of Mexico">State of Mexico</a> </td> <td>47.71% </td> <td>42.13% </td> <td>10.02% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Michoacan" class="mw-redirect" title="Michoacan">Michoacan</a> </td> <td>70.95% </td> <td>21.04% </td> <td>06.94% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Morelos" title="Morelos">Morelos</a> </td> <td>61.24% </td> <td>34.93% </td> <td>03.59% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Nayarit" title="Nayarit">Nayarit</a> </td> <td>73.45% </td> <td>20.38% </td> <td>05.83% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Leon" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuevo Leon">Nuevo Leon</a> </td> <td>75.47% </td> <td>05.14% </td> <td>19.23% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a> </td> <td>28.15% </td> <td>69.17% </td> <td>01.43% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a> </td> <td>39.34% </td> <td>54.73% </td> <td>05.66% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Querétaro">Querétaro</a> </td> <td>80.15% </td> <td>19.40% </td> <td>00.30% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo" title="Quintana Roo">Quintana Roo</a> </td> <td>42.35% </td> <td>20.59% </td> <td>15.16% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a> </td> <td>61.88% </td> <td>30.60% </td> <td>05.41% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a> </td> <td>98.30% </td> <td>00.93% </td> <td>00.19% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a> </td> <td>41.04% </td> <td>14.00% </td> <td>42.54% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</a> </td> <td>53.67% </td> <td>18.50% </td> <td>27.56% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a> </td> <td>69.77% </td> <td>13.89% </td> <td>13.62% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala">Tlaxcala</a> </td> <td>42.44% </td> <td>54.70% </td> <td>02.53% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a> </td> <td>50.09% </td> <td>36.60% </td> <td>10.28% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Yucatán">Yucatán</a> </td> <td>33.83% </td> <td>43.31% </td> <td>21.85% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Zacatecas" title="Zacatecas">Zacatecas</a> </td> <td>86.10% </td> <td>08.54% </td> <td>05.26% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MXPopgrowth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/MXPopgrowth.svg/250px-MXPopgrowth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/MXPopgrowth.svg/375px-MXPopgrowth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/MXPopgrowth.svg/500px-MXPopgrowth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1123" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>Population growth in Mexico, from 1910–2015</figcaption></figure> When the 1921 census' results are compared with the results of Mexico's recent censuses<a href="#cite_note-Encuesta_Intercensal_2015-108">[107]</a> as well as with modern genetic research,<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> high consistence is found in regards to the distribution of Indigenous Mexicans across the country, with states located in south and south-eastern Mexico having both, the highest percentages of population that self-identifies as Indigenous and the highest percentages of Amerindian genetic ancestry. However this is not the case when it comes to European Mexicans, as there are instances on which states that have been shown to have a considerably high European ancestry per scientific research are reported to have very small white populations in the 1921 census, with the most extreme case being that of the state of Durango, where the aforementioned census asserts that only 0.01% of the state's population (33 persons) self-identified as "white" while modern scientific research shows that the population of Durango has similar genetic frequencies to those found on <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Europe">European peoples</a> (with the state's Indigenous population showing almost no foreign admixture either).<a href="#cite_note-Wiley-144">[143]</a> Various authors theorize that the reason for these inconsistencies may lie in the Mestizo identity promoted by the Mexican government, which reportedly led to people who are not biologically Mestizos to be classified as such.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Present_day">Present day</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Present day">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ana_De_la_Reguera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ana_De_la_Reguera.jpg/170px-Ana_De_la_Reguera.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ana_De_la_Reguera.jpg/255px-Ana_De_la_Reguera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ana_De_la_Reguera.jpg/340px-Ana_De_la_Reguera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2098" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ana_de_la_Reguera" title="Ana de la Reguera">Ana de la Reguera</a> Mexican actress who has starred in telenovelas, films, the HBO television series Eastbound & Down and Capadocia.</figcaption></figure> Since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a>, the official identity promoted by the government for non-indigenous Mexicans has been the Mestizo one (a mix of European and indigenous culture and heritage).<a href="#cite_note-fnavarrete-78">[78]</a> Established with the original intent of eliminating divisions and creating a unified identity that would allow Mexico to modernize and integrate with the international community,<a href="#cite_note-lealmart-147">[146]</a> this policy has not been able to achieve its goal. It is speculated that this is due to the identity's own internal contradictions,<a href="#cite_note-fnavarrete-78">[78]</a> as it includes in the same theoretical race people who, in daily interactions, do not consider each other to be of the same race and have little in common biologically,<a href="#cite_note-Navarrete-148">[147]</a> with some of them being entirely Indigenous, others entirely European, and including also Africans and Asians.<a href="#cite_note-Lizcano_Fernández_2005-149">[148]</a> Today, there is no definitive census that quantifies Mexico's white population, with estimates from the Mexican government raging from 27%<a href="#cite_note-ENADIS2017-1-89">[89]</a> to 47%,<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-conapred.org.mx-91">[91]</a> with this figure being based on phenotypical traits instead of self-identification of ancestry. The lack of a clear dividing line between white and mixed race Mexicans has made the concept of race relatively fluid, with descent being more of a determining factor than biological traits.<a href="#cite_note-fnavarrete-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-lealmart-147">[146]</a> Generally speaking ethnic relations can be arranged on an axis between the two extremes of European and Amerindian cultural heritage, this is a remnant of the Spanish caste system which categorized individuals according to their perceived level of biological mixture between the two groups. Additionally the presence of considerable portions of the population with African heritage further complicates the situation.<a href="#cite_note-Frudakis2008-151">[150]</a> In practice the classificatory system is no longer biologically based, but rather mixes socio-cultural traits with phenotypical traits, and classification is largely fluid, allowing individuals to move between categories and define their ethnic and racial identities situationally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolomé19962-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight199074-152">[151]</a> Even though there is a large variation in phenotypes among Mexicans, European looks are still strongly preferred in Mexican society, with lighter skin receiving more positive attention, as it is associated with higher social class, power, money, and modernity.<a href="#cite_note-lealmart-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lizcano_Fernández_2005-149">[148]</a> In contrast, Indigenous ancestry is often associated with having an inferior social class, as well as lower levels of education.<a href="#cite_note-fnavarrete-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-jleff-153">[152]</a> These distinctions are strongest in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, where the most powerful of the country's elite are located.<a href="#cite_note-lealmart-147">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luismiguel9900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Luismiguel9900.jpg/170px-Luismiguel9900.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Luismiguel9900.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luis_Miguel" title="Luis Miguel">Luis Miguel</a>, always referred to as The Sun of Mexico.</figcaption></figure> Despite Mexico's government not using racial terms related to <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European</a> or <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white people</a> officially for almost a century (resuming using such terms after 2010), the concepts of "white people" (known as güeros or blancos in <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican Spanish</a>) and of "being white" didn't disappear <a href="#cite_note-:1-154">[153]</a> and are still present in everyday Mexican culture: different idioms of race are used in Mexico's society that serve as mediating terms between racial groups. It is not strange to see street vendors calling a potential costumer Güero or güerito, sometimes even when the person is not light-skinned. In this instance it is used to initiate a kind of familiarity, but in cases where social/racial tensions are relatively high, it can have the opposite effect.<a href="#cite_note-lealmart-147">[146]</a> However contemporary sociologists and historians agree that, given that the concept of "race" has a psychological foundation rather than a biological one and to society's eyes a Mestizo with a high percentage of European ancestry is considered "white" and a Mestizo with a high percentage of Indigenous ancestry is considered "Indian," a person who identifies with a given ethnic group should be allowed to, even if biologically doesn't completely belong to that group.<a href="#cite_note-Navarrete-148">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_studies">Genetic studies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Genetic studies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="center"><div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Green; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 307.76835371753px; border-left-color:#B00000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#B00000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#B00000"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:0px 100px 0 0; border-top-color:#0000B0"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#0000B0"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left"> Genetic ancestry of Mexicans according to various sources<a href="#cite_note-Mestizos-155">[154]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/White_Mexicans" title="White Mexicans">European</a> (50%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Amerindian</a> (45%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Afro-Mexicans" title="Afro-Mexicans">African</a> (5%)</div> </div> </div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genetic_variation_of_mestizo_populations_in_Latin_America.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Genetic_variation_of_mestizo_populations_in_Latin_America.PNG/280px-Genetic_variation_of_mestizo_populations_in_Latin_America.PNG" decoding="async" width="280" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Genetic_variation_of_mestizo_populations_in_Latin_America.PNG/420px-Genetic_variation_of_mestizo_populations_in_Latin_America.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Genetic_variation_of_mestizo_populations_in_Latin_America.PNG/560px-Genetic_variation_of_mestizo_populations_in_Latin_America.PNG 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Admixture Estimates for Individuals from Mexico City and Quetalmahue.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18369456-156">[155]</a></figcaption></figure> Genetic studies in Mexico can be divided on three groups: studies made on self-identified Mestizos, studies made on Indigenous peoples and studies made on the general Mexican population. Studies that focus on Mexicans of predominantly European descent or Afro-Mexicans have not been made. Mexicans who self-identify as Mestizos are primarily of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Native American</a> ancestry. The third largest component is <a href="/wiki/Afro-Mexicans" title="Afro-Mexicans">African</a>, in coastal areas this is partly a legacy of the slavery in <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a><a href="#cite_note-ImmigrationandMigration-157">[156]</a> (200,000 black slaves). However, the authors of this study state that the majority of African ancestry in Mexicans is of North and Sub-Saharan African origin and was brought by the Spaniards themselves as a diluted part of their genetic ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> According to the average of various studies, Mexicans are on average 50% European, 45% Amerindian, and 5% African. However this varies greatly by methodology and study, some point toward a greater Amerindian admixture whereas others point toward a greater European admixture. Admixture varies by region, wealth, and even study. However, it can be generally assessed that Mexicans (on average) are an even mixture of Native American and European with minor African contribution, with neither European or Native being more dominant in the genetic admixture.<a href="#cite_note-Mestizos-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-A_Genomewide_Admixture_Map_for_Lati-159">[158]</a> According to these studies, Native admixture is more dominant in the Central and Southern regions of Mexico whereas European admixture is more dominant in the Western and Northern regions of Mexico. Mestizos and Amerindians tend to have slightly more dominant Amerindian admixture whereas Mexicans considered White tend to have dominant European admixture. Those DNA studies on Mexicans show a significant genetic variation depending on the region analyzed, with the central region of Mexico showing a balance between indigenous and European components,<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> and the latter gradually increasing as one travels northwards and westwards, where European ancestry becomes the majority of the genetic contribution<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> up until cities located at the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexico–United States border</a>, where studies suggest there is a significant resurgence of indigenous and African admixture. In southern Mexico there is prevalent indigenous Meso-American, but also European admixture, and a small but higher than average <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Africa" title="Indigenous peoples of Africa">African</a> genetic contributions.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PCA_of_Colombian,_Mexican-American,_Puerto_Rican_and_Native_American.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PCA_of_Colombian%2C_Mexican-American%2C_Puerto_Rican_and_Native_American.png/220px-PCA_of_Colombian%2C_Mexican-American%2C_Puerto_Rican_and_Native_American.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PCA_of_Colombian%2C_Mexican-American%2C_Puerto_Rican_and_Native_American.png/330px-PCA_of_Colombian%2C_Mexican-American%2C_Puerto_Rican_and_Native_American.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PCA_of_Colombian%2C_Mexican-American%2C_Puerto_Rican_and_Native_American.png/440px-PCA_of_Colombian%2C_Mexican-American%2C_Puerto_Rican_and_Native_American.png 2x" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="892" /></a><figcaption>PCA of modern African and Eurasian human genomes. Mexicans are positioned along a cline between the 'Native American' (or 'Asian') cluster and between the European cluster.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a></figcaption></figure> According to numerous studies, on average, the largest genetic component of Mexicans who self-identify as being Mestizos is indigenous, although the difference in incidence between the indigenous and European composites is relatively small, both representing well over 40% of the genetic composition of Mestizos.<a href="#cite_note-INMEGEN-164">[163]</a> In two studies of Mexicans from Mexico City and the United States, researchers noted that Mexicans had mostly European ancestry, with Native American ancestry making up 44% of the general ancestry of Mexicans. However, Native American <a href="/wiki/X_chromosome" title="X chromosome">X chromosomal</a> ancestry exceeded 50%, and other studies found that approximately 90% of Mexicans carried a Native American <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">maternal</a> haplogroup. The authors suggest that this is consistent with the <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Latinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinos">Latinos</a>, through intermarriages that mostly involved European men and Native American women.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> Extant research suggests that geographic location plays a more significant role on determining the genetic makeup of the average Indigenous person than cultural traits do, an example of this is the indigenous population of <a href="/wiki/Tlapa_de_Comonfort" title="Tlapa de Comonfort">Tlapa</a> in the state of <a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero">Guerrero</a> that despite for the most part speaking Spanish and having the same cultural customs non-indigenous Mexicans have, shows an indigenous ancestry of 95%.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> In contrast, one study shows <a href="/wiki/Nahua_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahua peoples">Nahua-speaking</a> Indigenous peoples from Coyolillo, <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>, having a mean European ancestry of 42% and an African ancestry of 22%.<a href="#cite_note-Buentello-Malo_et_al-168">[167]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geographic_ancestry_distribution_of_Mexico.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Geographic_ancestry_distribution_of_Mexico.png/340px-Geographic_ancestry_distribution_of_Mexico.png" decoding="async" width="340" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Geographic_ancestry_distribution_of_Mexico.png/510px-Geographic_ancestry_distribution_of_Mexico.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Geographic_ancestry_distribution_of_Mexico.png/680px-Geographic_ancestry_distribution_of_Mexico.png 2x" data-file-width="3505" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>Regional Variation of ancestry according to a study made by Ruiz-Linares in 2014, each dot represents a volunteer, with most coming from south Mexico and Mexico City.<a href="#cite_note-Linares_et_al,_2014-88">[88]</a></figcaption></figure> The Mestizaje ideology, which has blurred the lines of race at an institutional level has also had a significant influence in genetic studies done in Mexico:<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> As the criterion used in studies to determine if a Mexican is Mestizo or indigenous often lies in cultural traits such as the language spoken instead of racial self-identification or a phenotype-based selection there are studies on which populations who are considered to be Indigenous per virtue of the language spoken show a higher degree of European genetic admixture than the one populations considered to be Mestizo report in other studies.<a href="#cite_note-Buentello-Malo_et_al-168">[167]</a> The opposite also happens, as there instances on which populations considered to be Mestizo show genetic frequencies very similar to continental European peoples in the case of Mestizos from the state of <a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a><a href="#cite_note-Wiley-144">[143]</a> or to <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">European derived Americans</a> in the case of Mestizos from the state of <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> In 1991, an autosomal study was performed in Mexicans from the states of Nuevo Leon, Zacatecas and San Luis Potosí, with a sample pool of 207. It found the average admixture to be 78.46% Spanish and 21.54% "Mexican Indian" (Indigenous). The data also shows younger generations having higher Native American admixture compared to older ones. In the report, the oldest generation had an averaged total of 91.14% Spanish ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-Genetic_structure_of_the_populations_migrating_from_San_Luis_Potosi_and_Zacatecas_to_Nuevo_León_in_Mexico-171">[170]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_estados_densidad.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Mexico_estados_densidad.svg/250px-Mexico_estados_densidad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Mexico_estados_densidad.svg/375px-Mexico_estados_densidad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Mexico_estados_densidad.svg/500px-Mexico_estados_densidad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Mexican states by population density</figcaption></figure> A 2006 study conducted by Mexico's <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Genomic_Medicine_INMEGEN" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Genomic Medicine INMEGEN">National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN)</a>, which genotyped 104 samples, reported that mestizo Mexicans are 58.96% European, 35.05% "Asian" (Native American), and 5.03% Black. Of the six states that participated in the Study, the state of Sonora showed the highest European ancestry being approximately 70% while the State of Guerrero presented the lowest European ancestry, at around 50%.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-172">[171]</a> However is 2009, the same team published an updated finding, which sampled 300 Mexicans who self-identified as Mestizos, the average admixture was calculated to be 55.2% percent Native American, 41.8% European, 2% African, and 0.5% Asian.<a href="#cite_note-INMEGEN-164">[163]</a> In 2014, researchers looked through approximately twenty previous studies done on the admixture of Mexicans. Their general conclusion was the average Mexican is more Native American than European.<a href="#cite_note-:0-173">[172]</a> Subsequently, in 2015, a separate team of researchers performed a meta-analysis, incorporating the findings of many previous studies with additional research. This comprehensive analysis revealed a genetic composition with an average of 62% Native American, 32% European, and 6% African.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> A 2017 study reported highly variable ancestry in Mexican Mestizos, ranging from 70.2%–46.2% Amerindian; 25.4%–48.7% European; 2.8%–5.2% African (Martínez-Cortés et al., 2017).<a href="#cite_note-Martínez-Cortés_et_al,_2017-175">[174]</a> In 2014, a genetic study gave results of 56.0% Amerindian; 37.0% European; and 5.0% African for Mexican Mestizos.<a href="#cite_note-Linares_et_al,_2014-88">[88]</a> The authors reported similar findings of geographical variation, as in other studies. Native American ancestry is lower in northerly regions of Mexico, and higher in the south. African ancestry is generally quite low across most of Mexico, with the exception of a small number of coastal communities. An autosomal study performed in Mestizos from Mexico's three largest cities reported that Mestizos from Mexico city had an average ancestry of 50% European, 5% African and 49% Amerindian whereas Mestizos from the cities of Monterrey and Guadalajara had both a European ancestry of 60% and an indigenous ancestry of 40% in average.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trivariate_histograms_for_African,_Native_American_and_European_ancestry_for_Mexicans.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Trivariate_histograms_for_African%2C_Native_American_and_European_ancestry_for_Mexicans.png/180px-Trivariate_histograms_for_African%2C_Native_American_and_European_ancestry_for_Mexicans.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Trivariate_histograms_for_African%2C_Native_American_and_European_ancestry_for_Mexicans.png/270px-Trivariate_histograms_for_African%2C_Native_American_and_European_ancestry_for_Mexicans.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Trivariate_histograms_for_African%2C_Native_American_and_European_ancestry_for_Mexicans.png/360px-Trivariate_histograms_for_African%2C_Native_American_and_European_ancestry_for_Mexicans.png 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption>Trivate for ancestry, from the same study as the image above (Ruiz-Linares in 2014).<a href="#cite_note-Linares_et_al,_2014-88">[88]</a></figcaption></figure> An autosomal study performed in Mexico City reported that Mexican mestizos' mean ancestry was 57% European, 40% Amerindian and 3% African. However, the sample pool was extremely low at only 19. Researchers Francisco Mauro Salzano and Mónica Sans referred to it as an "anomalous value" in their report mentioned earlier.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18369456-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-173">[172]</a> Additional studies suggests a tendency relating a higher European admixture with a higher socioeconomic status and a higher Amerindian ancestry with a lower socioeconomic status: a study made exclusively on low income Mestizos residing in Mexico City found the mean admixture to be 0.590, 0.348, and 0.162 for Amerindian, European and African respectively whereas the European admixture increased to an average of around 70% on mestizos belonging to a higher socioeconomical level.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> An autosomal genetic study which included the states of <a href="/wiki/State_of_Mexico" title="State of Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Morelos" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Morelos">Morelos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queretaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Queretaro">Queretaro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> determined the average ancestry of the central region of Mexico to be 52% European 39% Amerindian, and 9% African.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> An autosomal genetic study performed in the town of <a href="/wiki/Metztitlan" class="mw-redirect" title="Metztitlan">Metztitlan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Hidalgo" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Hidalgo">state of Hidalgo</a> reported that the average genetic ancestry of the town's autochthonous (indigenous) population was 64% Amerindian, 25% European and 11% African.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> A 2012 study published by the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Human_Genetics" title="Journal of Human Genetics">Journal of Human Genetics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosomes</a> found the deep paternal ancestry of the Mexican mestizo population to be predominately European (64.9%), followed by Amerindian (30.8%) and Asian (1.2%).<a href="#cite_note-Admixture_and_population_structure_in_Mexican-Mestizos_based_on_paternal_lineages_QUOTE-181">[180]</a> The European Y chromosome was more prevalent in the north and west (66.7–95%) and Native American ancestry increased in the center and southeast (37–50%), the African ancestry was low and relatively homogeneous (2–8.8%).<a href="#cite_note-Admixture_and_population_structure_in_Mexican-Mestizos_based_on_paternal_lineages_QUOTE-181">[180]</a> The states that participated in this study where Aguascalientes, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Durango, Guerrero, Jalisco, Oaxaca, Sinaloa, Veracruz and Yucatán.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> The largest amount of chromosomes found were identified as belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup">haplogroups</a> from <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)">Western Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M420" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup R-M420">East Europe and Eurasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_Q-M242" title="Haplogroup Q-M242">Siberia and the Americas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M170" title="Haplogroup I-M170">Northern Europe</a> with relatively smaller traces of haplogroups from <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_P-M45" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup P-M45">Central Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_O-M175" title="Haplogroup O-M175">South-east Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_K-M526" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup K-M526">South-central Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J-P209" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup J-P209">Western Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_G-M201" title="Haplogroup G-M201">The Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M215_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)">North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M96" title="Haplogroup E-M96">Near East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_D-M174" title="Haplogroup D-M174">East Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_C-M217" title="Haplogroup C-M217">North-east Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H-M69" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup H-M69">South-west Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_F-M89" title="Haplogroup F-M89">Middle East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> Depending on the region, some may have small traces of Asian admixture due to the thousands of Filipinos and Chinos (Asian slaves of diverse origins, not just Chinese) that arrived on the <a href="/wiki/Nao_de_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Nao de China">Nao de China</a>. More recent Asian immigration (specifically Chinese) may help explain the comparatively high Asian contribution in Northwest Mexico (i.e., Sonora).<a href="#cite_note-INMEGEN-164">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etiological_studies">Etiological studies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Etiological studies">edit</a>]</div> Etiological studies are genetic studies on which volunteers suffer of a specific health condition/disease, as diseases tend to manifest on higher frequencies on people with a determinated genetic ancestry, the results of said studies are not accurate to represent the genetics of the population said volunteers belong to as a whole <ul><li>56.0% Amerindian; 38% European; 6% African for northeast de México (Martínez-Fierro et al., 2009).<a href="#cite_note-Martínez-Fierro_et_al,_2009-184">[183]</a></li> <li>61.0% Amerindian; 37.0% European; 2.0% African for Ciudad de México (Kosoy et al., 2009).<a href="#cite_note-Kosoy_et_al,_2009-185">[184]</a></li> <li>65.0% Amerindian; 30.0% European; 5.0% African for Ciudad de México.<a href="#cite_note-Martínez-Marignac_et_al,_2007-186">[185]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phenotypical_research">Phenotypical research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Phenotypical research">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pancho_and_his_followers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pancho_and_his_followers.jpg/220px-Pancho_and_his_followers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pancho_and_his_followers.jpg/330px-Pancho_and_his_followers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pancho_and_his_followers.jpg/440px-Pancho_and_his_followers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa" title="Pancho Villa">Pancho Villa</a> and followers from the <a href="/wiki/Divisi%C3%B3n_del_Norte" title="División del Norte">Division of the North</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emiliano_Zapata_and_followers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Emiliano_Zapata_and_followers.jpg/220px-Emiliano_Zapata_and_followers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Emiliano_Zapata_and_followers.jpg/330px-Emiliano_Zapata_and_followers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Emiliano_Zapata_and_followers.jpg/440px-Emiliano_Zapata_and_followers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata" title="Emiliano Zapata">Emiliano Zapata</a> and followers of the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Army_of_the_South" title="Liberation Army of the South">Liberation Army of the South</a></figcaption></figure> Albeit not as numerous or with a history as long as genetic research in the country, studies regarding the presence of different phenotypical traits (hair color, hair shape, eye color etc.) in Mexicans have been made. Those studies have recently gained the attention of Mexico's government which has begun conducting its own nationwide investigations, with the aim of document dynamics and inequalities on interactions between Mexicans of different ethnicities/races as well as to have a more concise idea of the ethnic composition of the country (a field that has been long neglected at an institutional level in Mexico). The results of these studies effectively refute misconceptions regarding Mexico's population, showing that Mexico is an exceptionally diverse country, where any color or type of trait can be found with ease in any region.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> Some studies, such as the one published by the <a href="/wiki/American_Sociological_Association" title="American Sociological Association">American Sociological Association</a> refute misconceptions that are very prevalent even among Mexicans themselves, as it found the differences in the frequencies of phenotypical traits such as <a href="/wiki/Blond" title="Blond">blond hair</a> between the population of the Northern regions of Mexico (where this trait has a frequency of 22.3%–23.9%) and the population of the Central regions of Mexico (with a frequency of 18.9%–21.3%) are not as pronounced as are commonly thought to be. Per the methodology of the study, the presence of blond hair was required for a Mexican to be classified as white as "unlike skin color, blond hair does not darken with sun exposure".<a href="#cite_note-jstor20799484-87">[87]</a> With a similar methodology, other study, made by the <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_Metropolitana" title="Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana">Metropolitan Autonomous University of Mexico</a> calculated the frequency of blond hair at 23%, Mexicans with <a href="/wiki/Red_hair" title="Red hair">red hair</a> were classified as "other".<a href="#cite_note-Ortiz-Hernández_et_al_2011-86">[86]</a> A 2014 study made by the <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> analyzed the frequencies of several different phenotypical traits on populations of five different Latin American countries (<a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>). In the case of Mexico the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_e_Historia" title="Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia">National Institute of Anthropology and History</a> collaborated in the investigation with the results being the following:<a href="#cite_note-Linares_et_al,_2014-88">[88]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Eye color</th> <th> blue/grey </th> <th> honey </th> <th> green </th> <th> light brown </th> <th> dark brown/black  </th></tr> <tr> <td>Males</td> <td>1%</td> <td>2%</td> <td>6%</td> <td>21%</td> <td>71% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Females</td> <td>1%</td> <td>3%</td> <td>4%</td> <td>21%</td> <td>72% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Hair color</th> <th> <a href="/wiki/Red_hair" title="Red hair">red/reddish</a> </th> <th> <a href="/wiki/Blond" title="Blond">blond</a> </th> <th> dark blond/light brown </th> <th> brown/black  </th></tr> <tr> <td>Males</td> <td>0%</td> <td>1%</td> <td>12%</td> <td>86% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Females</td> <td>0%</td> <td>2%</td> <td>21%</td> <td>77% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Hair shape</th> <th> straight </th> <th> wavy </th> <th> curly </th> <th> frizzy  </th></tr> <tr> <td>Males</td> <td>45%</td> <td>43%</td> <td>12%</td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Females</td> <td>46%</td> <td>41%</td> <td>12%</td> <td>1% </td></tr> </tbody></table> The majority of the samples (approx. 90%) hailed from Mexico City and Southern Mexican states, meaning that Northern and Western regions of Mexico were under-represented as around <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_population" title="List of Mexican states by population">45% of Mexico's population</a> lives there.<a href="#cite_note-Linares_et_al,_2014-88">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skin_color_in_Mexico.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Skin_color_in_Mexico.PNG/280px-Skin_color_in_Mexico.PNG" decoding="async" width="280" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Skin_color_in_Mexico.PNG/420px-Skin_color_in_Mexico.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Skin_color_in_Mexico.PNG/560px-Skin_color_in_Mexico.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1058" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Results of the survey conducted by the CONAPRED in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Encuesta_Nacional_sobre_Discriminación_en_México_2010-188">[187]</a></figcaption></figure> Nationwide surveys sponsored by the Mexican government that quantify the percentage of the different skin tones present on Mexico's population have been made, the first in 2010 by the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_to_Prevent_Discrimination" title="National Council to Prevent Discrimination">CONAPRED</a> (Mexico's National Bureau for Prevention of Discrimination)<a href="#cite_note-conapred.org.mx-91">[91]</a> and the second in 2017 by the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_y_Geograf%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía">INEGI</a> (Mexico's National Institute of Statistics).<a href="#cite_note-MMSI1-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-MMSI2-93">[93]</a> Each study used a different color palette, in the case of CONAPRED's study it was a palette with 9 color choices developed by the institute itself whereas in the case of the INEGI study the palette used was the palette for the PERLA (Latin American Race and Ethnicity Project) with 11 color categories. <table class="wikitable floatright"> <tbody><tr> <th>Skin type</th> <th>Percentage (INEGI 2017) </th></tr> <tr> <td> A </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td> B </td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td> C </td> <td>1.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td> D </td> <td>3.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td> E </td> <td>2.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td> F </td> <td>13.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td> G </td> <td>30.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td> H </td> <td>37.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td> I </td> <td>5.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td> J </td> <td>4.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td> K </td> <td>2.1% </td></tr> </tbody></table> As the progression from the darker tones to the lightest ones is not as uniform in the palette used by the INEGI (some tones are practically the same while there are marked differences between others) as it is in the CONAPRED's palette, two color categories ended up containing nearly 70% of surveyed Mexicans whereas there were color categories that had less than 1% of Mexicans each. Even though Mexico's government has downplayed the racial connotations of said studies by opting for using the term "light-skinned Mexican" to refer to the segment of Mexico's population who possess European physical traits/appearance and "dark-skinned Mexican" to refer the segment of Mexico's population who does not, the publication of said studies has not been free of controversy, specially in the case of the study published in 2017 as besides skin color it also accounted for different socioeconomic factors such as educational achievements and occupational profiles, with media outlets bringing to Mexico's mainstream opinion circles concepts such as systemic racism, white privilege, and colonialism.<a href="#cite_note-huffpost-189">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Universal-190">[189]</a> Nonetheless it is agreed that to acknowledge that Mexico is a diverse country constitutes a step in the right direction to fight social inequalities. In 2018, the new edition of the ENADIS was published, this time being a joint effort by the CONAPRED and the INEGI with collaboration of the <a href="/wiki/UNAM" class="mw-redirect" title="UNAM">UNAM</a>, the <a href="/wiki/CONACyT" class="mw-redirect" title="CONACyT">CONACyT</a> and the <a href="/wiki/CNDH" class="mw-redirect" title="CNDH">CNDH</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ENADIS2017-1-89">[89]</a> Like its 2010 antecessor, it surveyed Mexican citizens about topics related to discrimination and collected data related to phenotype and ethnic self-identification. It concluded that Mexico is still a fairly conservative country regarding minority groups such as religious minorities, ethnic minorities, foreigners, members of the LGBT collective etc. albeit there are pronounced regional differences, with states in the south-center regions of Mexico having in general notoriously higher discrimination rates towards the aforementioned social groups than the ones states in the western-north regions have.<a href="#cite_note-ENADIS2017-1-89">[89]</a> For the collecting of data related to skin color the palette used was again the PERLA one. This time 11% of Mexicans were reported to have "dark skin tones (A–E)" 59% to have "medium skin tones (F–G)" and 29% to have "light skin tones (H–K)".<a href="#cite_note-ENADIS2017-1-89">[89]</a> The reason for the huge difference regarding the reported percentages of Mexicans with light skin (around 18% lower) and medium skin (around 16% higher) in the relation to previous nationwide surveys lies in the fact that the ENADIS 2017 prioritized the surveying of Mexicans from "vulnerable groups" which among other measures meant that states with known high numbers of people from said groups surveyed more people.<a href="#cite_note-ENADIS2017-2-191">[190]</a> The following tables (the first from a study published in 2002<a href="#cite_note-FrecuenciasBCS-192">[191]</a> and the second from a study published in 2018<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a>) show the frequencies of different blood types in various Mexican cities and states, as Mexico's Amerindian/Indigenous population exclusively exhibits the "O" blood type, the presence of other blood groups can give an approximate idea of the amount of foreign influence there is in each state that has been analyzed. The results of this studies however, should not be taken as exact, literal estimations for the percentages of different ethnic groups that there may be in Mexico (i.e. A+B blood groups = percentage of White Mexicans) for reasons such as the fact that a Mestizo Mexican can have A, B etc. blood types or the fact that the O blood type does exist in Europe, with it having a frequency of 44% in Spain for example.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:center; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>City </th> <th>State </th> <th>O (%) </th> <th>A (%) </th> <th>B (%) </th> <th>AB (%) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/La_Paz,_Baja_California_Sur" title="La Paz, Baja California Sur">La Paz</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Sur" title="Baja California Sur">Baja California Sur</a> </td> <td>58.49% </td> <td>31.4% </td> <td>8.40% </td> <td>1.71% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a> </td> <td>57.2% </td> <td>31.2% </td> <td>9.7% </td> <td>1.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B3mez_Palacio,_Durango" title="Gómez Palacio, Durango">Gómez Palacio</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a> </td> <td>57.99% </td> <td>29.17% </td> <td>10.76% </td> <td>2.08% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Victoria" title="Ciudad Victoria">Ciudad Victoria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a> </td> <td>63.6% </td> <td>27.3% </td> <td>7.4% </td> <td>1.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Leon" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuevo Leon">Nuevo Leon</a> </td> <td>63.1% </td> <td>26.5% </td> <td>9.0% </td> <td>1.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Veracruz_(city)" title="Veracruz (city)">Veracruz</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a> </td> <td>64.2% </td> <td>25.7% </td> <td>8.1% </td> <td>2.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Saltillo" title="Saltillo">Saltillo</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a> </td> <td>64.2% </td> <td>24.9% </td> <td>9.7% </td> <td>1.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Tamal%C3%ADn" title="Tamalín">Saladero</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a> </td> <td>60.5% </td> <td>28.6% </td> <td>10.9% </td> <td>0.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Torre%C3%B3n" title="Torreón">Torreón</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a> </td> <td>66.35% </td> <td>24.47% </td> <td>8.3% </td> <td>0.88% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> </td> <td>67.7% </td> <td>23.4% </td> <td>7.2% </td> <td>1.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Durango_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Durango City">Durango</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a> </td> <td>55.1% </td> <td>38.6% </td> <td>6.3% </td> <td>0.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Ciudad_del_Carmen" title="Ciudad del Carmen">Ciudad del Carmen</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Campeche" title="Campeche">Campeche</a> </td> <td>69.7% </td> <td>22.0% </td> <td>6.4% </td> <td>1.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Mérida, Yucatán">Mérida</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yucatan">Yucatan</a> </td> <td>67.5% </td> <td>21.1% </td> <td>10.5% </td> <td>0.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Guanajuato" title="León, Guanajuato">Leon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a> </td> <td>65.3% </td> <td>24.7% </td> <td>6.0% </td> <td>4.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Zacatecas_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Zacatecas City">Zacatecas</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Zacatecas" title="Zacatecas">Zacatecas</a> </td> <td>61.9% </td> <td>22.2% </td> <td>13.5% </td> <td>2.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlaxcala City">Tlaxcala</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala">Tlaxcala</a> </td> <td>71.7% </td> <td>19.6% </td> <td>6.5% </td> <td>2.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Puebla_(city)" title="Puebla (city)">Puebla</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a> </td> <td>72.3% </td> <td>19.5% </td> <td>7.4% </td> <td>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca_City" title="Oaxaca City">Oaxaca</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a> </td> <td>71.8% </td> <td>20.5% </td> <td>7.7% </td> <td>0.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Para%C3%ADso,_Tabasco" title="Paraíso, Tabasco">Paraiso</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</a> </td> <td>75.8% </td> <td>14.9% </td> <td>9.3% </td> <td>0.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Total </td> <td style="text-align:left">~~ </td> <td>65.0% </td> <td>25.0% </td> <td>8.6% </td> <td>1.4% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:center; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>State </th> <th>O (%) </th> <th>A (%) </th> <th>B (%) </th> <th>AB (%) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Norte" class="mw-redirect" title="Baja California Norte">Baja California Norte</a> </td> <td>60.25% </td> <td>28.79% </td> <td>9.03% </td> <td>1.92% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a> </td> <td>58.58% </td> <td>30.48% </td> <td>9.11% </td> <td>1.84% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a> </td> <td>56.46% </td> <td>32.93% </td> <td>8.56% </td> <td>2.05% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a> </td> <td>59.29% </td> <td>26.89% </td> <td>11.33% </td> <td>2.50% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a> </td> <td>66.17% </td> <td>23.49% </td> <td>9.01% </td> <td>1.33% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Leon" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuevo Leon">Nuevo Leon</a> </td> <td>62.43% </td> <td>25.62% </td> <td>10.10% </td> <td>1.85% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Nayarit" title="Nayarit">Nayarit</a> </td> <td>59.20% </td> <td>29.62% </td> <td>9.32% </td> <td>1.85% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a> </td> <td>57.85% </td> <td>29.95% </td> <td>9.78% </td> <td>2.42% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Michoacan" class="mw-redirect" title="Michoacan">Michoacan</a> </td> <td>60.25% </td> <td>29.51% </td> <td>9.04% </td> <td>2.44% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a> </td> <td>74.36% </td> <td>18.73% </td> <td>6.05% </td> <td>0.87% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a> </td> <td>67.82% </td> <td>21.90% </td> <td>8.94% </td> <td>1.34% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potosi" class="mw-redirect" title="San Luis Potosi">San Luis Potosi</a> </td> <td>67.47% </td> <td>24.27% </td> <td>7.28% </td> <td>0.97% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Aguascalientes" title="Aguascalientes">Aguascalientes</a> </td> <td>61.42% </td> <td>26.25% </td> <td>10.28% </td> <td>2.05% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a> </td> <td>61.98% </td> <td>26.83% </td> <td>9.33% </td> <td>1.85% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Queretaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Queretaro">Queretaro</a> </td> <td>65.71% </td> <td>23.60% </td> <td>9.40% </td> <td>1.29% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Mexico" title="State of Mexico">State of Mexico</a> </td> <td>70.68% </td> <td>21.11% </td> <td>7.18% </td> <td>1.04% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> </td> <td>66.72% </td> <td>23.70% </td> <td>8.04% </td> <td>1.54% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Total </td> <td>61.82% </td> <td>27.43% </td> <td>8.93% </td> <td>1.81% </td></tr> </tbody></table> Both studies find similar trends regarding the distribution of different blood groups, with foreign blood groups being more common in the North and Western regions of Mexico, which is congruent with the findings of genetic studies that have been made in the country through the years. It is also observed that A and B blood groups are more common among younger volunteers whereas AB and O are more common in older ones. The total number of analyzed samples in the 2018 study was 271,164. A study performed in hospitals of Mexico City reported that on average 51.8% of Mexican newborns presented the <a href="/wiki/Congenital_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital disorder">congenital</a> skin <a href="/wiki/Birthmark" title="Birthmark">birthmark</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_spot" title="Mongolian spot">Mongolian spot</a> whilst it was absent in 48.2% of the analyzed babies.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> The Mongolian spot appears with a very high frequency (85–95%) in Asian, Native American and African children.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> The skin lesion reportedly almost always appears on South American<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> and Mexican children who are racially <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizos</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> while having a very low frequency (5–10%) in Caucasian children.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Social_Security_Institute" title="Mexican Social Security Institute">Mexican Social Security Institute</a> (IMSS) nationwide, around half of Mexican babies have the Mongolian spot.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mexico" title="Languages of Mexico">Languages of Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican Spanish</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_de_lenguas_de_M%C3%A9xico_%2B_100_000.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Mapa_de_lenguas_de_M%C3%A9xico_%2B_100_000.png/250px-Mapa_de_lenguas_de_M%C3%A9xico_%2B_100_000.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Mapa_de_lenguas_de_M%C3%A9xico_%2B_100_000.png/375px-Mapa_de_lenguas_de_M%C3%A9xico_%2B_100_000.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Mapa_de_lenguas_de_M%C3%A9xico_%2B_100_000.png/500px-Mapa_de_lenguas_de_M%C3%A9xico_%2B_100_000.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="909" /></a><figcaption>Map for the year 2000 of the indigenous languages of Mexico having more than 100,000 speakers</figcaption></figure> Mexicans are linguistically diverse, with many speaking European languages as well as various <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Indigenous Mexican Languages</a>. Spanish is spoken by approximately 92.17% of Mexicans as their first language making them the largest Spanish speaking group in the world<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> (45,273,925), Spain (41,063,259)<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (40,134,425). The most numerous indigenous language spoken by Mexicans is <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a>, which is spoken by 1.7% of the population in Mexico over the age of 5.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> Approximately 7,364,645 Mexicans (6.1% of the population) speak an indigenous language according to the 2020 Mexican Census.<a href="#cite_note-2020-Census-204">[203]</a> There are also Mexicans living abroad which speak indigenous languages mostly in the United States but their number is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> Although the great majority speak Spanish, the second most populous language among Mexicans is <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> due to the regional proximity of the United States which calls for a bilingual relationship in order to conduct business and trade as well as the migration of Mexicans into that country who adopt it as a second language.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican Spanish</a> is distinct in dialect, tone and syntax to the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular Spanish</a> spoken in Spain. It contains a large amount of loan words from indigenous languages, mostly from the <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> language such as: chocolate, tomate, mezquite, chile, and coyote.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> Mexico has no official de jure language,<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> but as of 2003 it recognizes 68 indigenous Amerindian languages as "national languages" along with Spanish which are protected under Mexican National law giving indigenous peoples the entitlement to request public services and documents in their native languages.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> The law also includes other Amerindian languages regardless of origin, that is, it includes the Amerindian languages of other ethnic groups that are non-native to the Mexican national territory. As such, Mexico's <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_for_the_Development_of_Indigenous_Peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples">National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples</a> recognizes the language of the <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a> who immigrated from the United States,<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> and recognizes the languages of <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemalan</a> Amerindian refugees.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mexico" title="Culture of Mexico">Culture of Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaza_de_la_Constitucion_Ciudad_de_Mexico_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Plaza_de_la_Constitucion_Ciudad_de_Mexico_City.jpg/220px-Plaza_de_la_Constitucion_Ciudad_de_Mexico_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Plaza_de_la_Constitucion_Ciudad_de_Mexico_City.jpg/330px-Plaza_de_la_Constitucion_Ciudad_de_Mexico_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Plaza_de_la_Constitucion_Ciudad_de_Mexico_City.jpg/440px-Plaza_de_la_Constitucion_Ciudad_de_Mexico_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%B3calo" title="Zócalo">Zócalo</a>, Mexico City</figcaption></figure> Mexican culture reflects the complexity of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">country's history</a> through the blending of indigenous cultures and the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Spain" title="Culture of Spain">culture of Spain</a>, imparted during Spain's 300-year colonization of Mexico. Exogenous cultural elements mainly from the United States have been incorporated into Mexican culture.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> The Porfirian era (el <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfiriato</a>), in the last quarter of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century, was marked by economic progress and peace. After four decades of civil unrest and war, Mexico saw the development of philosophy and the arts, promoted by President Díaz himself. Since that time, as accentuated during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a>, cultural identity has had its foundation in the mestizaje, of which the indigenous (i.e. Amerindian) element is the core. In light of the various ethnicities that formed the Mexican people, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vasconcelos" title="José Vasconcelos">José Vasconcelos</a> in his publication La Raza Cósmica (The Cosmic Race) (1925) defined Mexico to be the melting pot of all races (thus extending the definition of the mestizo) not only biologically but culturally as well.<a href="#cite_note-vasconcelos160-213">[212]</a> This exalting of mestizaje was a revolutionary idea that sharply contrasted with the idea of a superior pure race prevalent in Europe at the time.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mexican_literature" title="Mexican literature">Mexican literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_literature" title="Mesoamerican literature">Mesoamerican literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_del_Lago_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Casa_del_Lago_1.JPG/220px-Casa_del_Lago_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Casa_del_Lago_1.JPG/330px-Casa_del_Lago_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Casa_del_Lago_1.JPG/440px-Casa_del_Lago_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Casa_del_Lago_Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Arreola" title="Casa del Lago Juan José Arreola">Casa del Lago Juan José Arreola</a> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Center">Cultural Center</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico" title="National Autonomous University of Mexico">National Autonomous University of Mexico</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Huerta_en_Tepoztl%C3%A1n,_2018._Fotograf%C3%ADa_por_Alejandro_Arras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/David_Huerta_en_Tepoztl%C3%A1n%2C_2018._Fotograf%C3%ADa_por_Alejandro_Arras.jpg/170px-David_Huerta_en_Tepoztl%C3%A1n%2C_2018._Fotograf%C3%ADa_por_Alejandro_Arras.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/David_Huerta_en_Tepoztl%C3%A1n%2C_2018._Fotograf%C3%ADa_por_Alejandro_Arras.jpg/255px-David_Huerta_en_Tepoztl%C3%A1n%2C_2018._Fotograf%C3%ADa_por_Alejandro_Arras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/David_Huerta_en_Tepoztl%C3%A1n%2C_2018._Fotograf%C3%ADa_por_Alejandro_Arras.jpg/340px-David_Huerta_en_Tepoztl%C3%A1n%2C_2018._Fotograf%C3%ADa_por_Alejandro_Arras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="1908" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Huerta" title="David Huerta">David Huerta</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tepoztl%C3%A1n" title="Tepoztlán">Tepoztlán</a>, 2018</figcaption></figure> The literature of Mexico has its antecedents in the literatures of the indigenous settlements of Mesoamerica. The most well known prehispanic poet is <a href="/wiki/Nezahualcoyotl_(tlatoani)" title="Nezahualcoyotl (tlatoani)">Nezahualcoyotl</a>. Modern Mexican literature was influenced by the concepts of the Spanish colonialization of <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>. Outstanding writers and poets from the Spanish period include <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ruiz_de_Alarc%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ruiz de Alarcón">Juan Ruiz de Alarcón</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juana_In%C3%A9s_de_la_Cruz" title="Juana Inés de la Cruz">Juana Inés de la Cruz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> In light of the various ethnicities that formed the Mexican people, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vasconcelos" title="José Vasconcelos">José Vasconcelos</a> in his publication <a href="/wiki/La_Raza_C%C3%B3smica" class="mw-redirect" title="La Raza Cósmica">La Raza Cósmica</a> (The Cosmic Race) (1925) defined Mexico to be the melting pot of all races, biologically as well as culturally.<a href="#cite_note-vasconcelos160-213">[212]</a> Other writers include <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Reyes" title="Alfonso Reyes">Alfonso Reyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Lizardi" title="José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi">José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Manuel_Altamirano" title="Ignacio Manuel Altamirano">Ignacio Manuel Altamirano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Fuentes" title="Carlos Fuentes">Carlos Fuentes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a> (Nobel Laureate), <a href="/wiki/Renato_Leduc" title="Renato Leduc">Renato Leduc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Monsiv%C3%A1is" title="Carlos Monsiváis">Carlos Monsiváis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elena_Poniatowska" title="Elena Poniatowska">Elena Poniatowska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Azuela" title="Mariano Azuela">Mariano Azuela</a> (Los de abajo) and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Rulfo" title="Juan Rulfo">Juan Rulfo</a> (Pedro Páramo). <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Traven" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruno Traven">Bruno Traven</a> wrote Canasta de cuentos mexicanos, El tesoro de la Sierra Madre.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Science">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Mexico" title="History of science and technology in Mexico">History of science and technology in Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mario_molina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mario_molina.jpg/220px-Mario_molina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mario_molina.jpg/330px-Mario_molina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mario_molina.jpg/440px-Mario_molina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luis_E._Miramontes" title="Luis E. Miramontes">Luis E. Miramontes</a> (right) with <a href="/wiki/Mario_Molina" title="Mario Molina">Mario Molina</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1995</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico" title="National Autonomous University of Mexico">National Autonomous University of Mexico</a> was officially established in 1910,<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> and the university become one of the most important institutes of higher learning in Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummerfieldDevine1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6x3S8eM3spACpgPA285_285]-218">[217]</a> UNAM provides world class education in science, medicine, and engineering.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummerfieldDevine1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6x3S8eM3spACpgPA286_286]-219">[218]</a> Many scientific institutes and new institutes of higher learning, such as <a href="/wiki/National_Polytechnic_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="National Polytechnic Institute">National Polytechnic Institute</a> (founded in 1936),<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> were established during the first half of the 20th century. Most of the new research institutes were created within UNAM. Twelve institutes were integrated into UNAM from 1929 to 1973.<a href="#cite_note-page18-221">[220]</a> In 1959, the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Mexican Academy of Sciences">Mexican Academy of Sciences</a> was created to coordinate scientific efforts between academics. In 1995 the Mexican chemist <a href="/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario J. Molina">Mario J. Molina</a> shared the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> with <a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Crutzen" title="Paul J. Crutzen">Paul J. Crutzen</a> and <a href="/wiki/F._Sherwood_Rowland" title="F. Sherwood Rowland">F. Sherwood Rowland</a> for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> Molina, an alumnus of UNAM, became the first Mexican citizen to win the Nobel Prize in science.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> In recent years, the largest scientific project being developed in Mexico was the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Large_Millimeter_Telescope" title="Large Millimeter Telescope">Large Millimeter Telescope</a> (Gran Telescopio Milimétrico, GMT), the world's largest and most sensitive single-aperture telescope in its frequency range.<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> It was designed to observe regions of space obscured by stellar dust. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Music of Mexico</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_composers_of_classical_music" title="List of Mexican composers of classical music">List of Mexican composers of classical music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ximena_Sari%C3%B1ana_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ximena_Sari%C3%B1ana_2.jpg/220px-Ximena_Sari%C3%B1ana_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ximena_Sari%C3%B1ana_2.jpg/330px-Ximena_Sari%C3%B1ana_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ximena_Sari%C3%B1ana_2.jpg/440px-Ximena_Sari%C3%B1ana_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ximena_Sari%C3%B1ana" title="Ximena Sariñana">Ximena Sariñana</a>, composer and singer</figcaption></figure> Mexican society enjoys a vast array of music genres, showing the diversity of Mexican culture. Traditional music includes <a href="/wiki/Mariachi" title="Mariachi">mariachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banda_music" title="Banda music">banda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norte%C3%B1o_(music)" title="Norteño (music)">Norteño</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranchera" title="Ranchera">ranchera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_cumbia" title="Mexican cumbia">cumbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Corrido" title="Corrido">corridos</a>; on an everyday basis most Mexicans listen to contemporary music such as <a href="/wiki/Mexican_pop_music" title="Mexican pop music">pop</a>, rock, etc. in both English and Spanish. Mexico has the largest media industry in Hispanic America, producing Mexican artists who are famous in Central and South America and parts of Europe, especially Spain.<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> Some well-known Mexican singers are <a href="/wiki/Thal%C3%ADa" title="Thalía">Thalía</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Miguel" title="Luis Miguel">Luis Miguel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Alejandro Fernández">Alejandro Fernández</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julieta_Venegas" title="Julieta Venegas">Julieta Venegas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paulina_Rubio" title="Paulina Rubio">Paulina Rubio</a>. Mexican singers of traditional music are <a href="/wiki/Lila_Downs" title="Lila Downs">Lila Downs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susana_Harp" title="Susana Harp">Susana Harp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaramar" title="Jaramar">Jaramar</a>, <a href="/wiki/GEO_Meneses" class="mw-redirect" title="GEO Meneses">GEO Meneses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alejandra_Robles" title="Alejandra Robles">Alejandra Robles</a>. Popular groups are <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Tacuba" title="Café Tacuba">Café Tacuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molotov_(band)" title="Molotov (band)">Molotov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Man%C3%A1" title="Maná">Maná</a>, among others. Since the early years of the 2000s (decade), <a href="/wiki/Mexican_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican rock">Mexican rock</a> has seen widespread growth both domestically and internationally.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cinema">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mexico" title="Cinema of Mexico">Cinema of Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GaelGarciaBernalTIFFSept2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/GaelGarciaBernalTIFFSept2012.jpg/170px-GaelGarciaBernalTIFFSept2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/GaelGarciaBernalTIFFSept2012.jpg/255px-GaelGarciaBernalTIFFSept2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/GaelGarciaBernalTIFFSept2012.jpg/340px-GaelGarciaBernalTIFFSept2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gael_Garc%C3%ADa_Bernal" title="Gael García Bernal">Gael García Bernal</a>, actor and producer</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mexico" title="Cinema of Mexico">Mexican films</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Mexican_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Age of Mexican cinema">Golden Age</a> in the 1940s and 1950s are the greatest examples of Hispanic American cinema, with a huge industry comparable to the Hollywood of those years.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> Mexican films were exported and exhibited in all of Hispanic America and Europe. <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Candelaria" title="María Candelaria">María Candelaria</a> (1944) by <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Emilio Fernández">Emilio Fernández</a>, was one of the first films awarded a <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a> in 1946, the first time the event was held after World War II. The famous Spanish-born director <a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Luis Buñuel</a> realized in Mexico, between 1947 and 1965 some of his master pieces like <a href="/wiki/Los_Olvidados" title="Los Olvidados">Los Olvidados</a> (1949), <a href="/wiki/Viridiana" title="Viridiana">Viridiana</a> (1961), and <a href="/wiki/El_angel_exterminador" class="mw-redirect" title="El angel exterminador">El angel exterminador</a> (1963). Famous actors and actresses from this period include <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_F%C3%A9lix" title="María Félix">María Félix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Infante" title="Pedro Infante">Pedro Infante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolores_del_R%C3%ADo" title="Dolores del Río">Dolores del Río</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Negrete" title="Jorge Negrete">Jorge Negrete</a> and the comedian <a href="/wiki/Cantinflas" title="Cantinflas">Cantinflas</a>. More recently, films such as <a href="/wiki/Like_Water_for_Chocolate_(film)" title="Like Water for Chocolate (film)">Como agua para chocolate</a> (1992), <a href="/wiki/Cronos_(film)" title="Cronos (film)">Cronos</a> (1993), <a href="/wiki/Y_tu_mam%C3%A1_tambi%C3%A9n" title="Y tu mamá también">Y tu mamá también</a> (2001), and <a href="/wiki/Pan%27s_Labyrinth" title="Pan's Labyrinth">Pan's Labyrinth</a> (2006) have been successful in creating universal stories about contemporary subjects, and were internationally recognised, as in the prestigious Cannes Film Festival. Mexican directors <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_I%C3%B1%C3%A1rritu" title="Alejandro González Iñárritu">Alejandro González Iñárritu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amores_perros" title="Amores perros">Amores perros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babel_(film)" title="Babel (film)">Babel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birdman_(film)" title="Birdman (film)">Birdman</a>), <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cuar%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso Cuarón">Alfonso Cuarón</a> (<a href="/wiki/Children_of_Men" title="Children of Men">Children of Men</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban_(film)" title="Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)">Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravity_(2013_film)" title="Gravity (2013 film)">Gravity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roma_(2018_film)" title="Roma (2018 film)">Roma</a>), <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro" title="Guillermo del Toro">Guillermo del Toro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim_(film)" title="Pacific Rim (film)">Pacific Rim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimson_Peak" title="Crimson Peak">Crimson Peak</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Shape_of_Water" title="The Shape of Water">The Shape of Water</a>), <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Carrera" title="Carlos Carrera">Carlos Carrera</a> (<a href="/wiki/El_crimen_del_Padre_Amaro" class="mw-redirect" title="El crimen del Padre Amaro">The Crime of Father Amaro</a>), and screenwriter <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Arriaga" title="Guillermo Arriaga">Guillermo Arriaga</a> are some of the most known present-day film makers.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Visual arts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mexican_art" title="Mexican art">Mexican art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desfilemexicobicentenarioenpasadena2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Desfilemexicobicentenarioenpasadena2010.jpg/220px-Desfilemexicobicentenarioenpasadena2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Desfilemexicobicentenarioenpasadena2010.jpg/330px-Desfilemexicobicentenarioenpasadena2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Desfilemexicobicentenarioenpasadena2010.jpg/440px-Desfilemexicobicentenarioenpasadena2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2781" data-file-height="1886" /></a><figcaption>Mexico's commemorative car of the <a href="/wiki/Celebration_of_Mexican_political_anniversaries_in_2010" title="Celebration of Mexican political anniversaries in 2010">bicentennial of Mexico</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Rose_Parade" title="Rose Parade">Rose Parade</a> <a href="/wiki/Pasadena" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasadena">Pasadena</a> (California). January 2010</figcaption></figure> Post-revolutionary art in Mexico had its expression in the works of renowned artists such as <a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Frida Kahlo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Rivera" title="Diego Rivera">Diego Rivera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Clemente_Orozco" title="José Clemente Orozco">José Clemente Orozco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rufino_Tamayo" title="Rufino Tamayo">Rufino Tamayo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federico_Cant%C3%BA_Garza" title="Federico Cantú Garza">Federico Cantú Garza</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Alfaro_Siqueiros" title="David Alfaro Siqueiros">David Alfaro Siqueiros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juan_O%27Gorman" title="Juan O'Gorman">Juan O'Gorman</a>. Diego Rivera, the most well-known figure of Mexican muralism, painted the <a href="/wiki/Man_at_the_Crossroads" title="Man at the Crossroads">Man at the Crossroads</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Center" title="Rockefeller Center">Rockefeller Center</a> in New York City, a huge mural that was destroyed the next year because of the inclusion of a portrait of Russian communist leader <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mexico" title="Architecture of Mexico">Architecture of Mexico</a></div> For the artistic relevance of many of Mexico's architectural structures, including entire sections of prehispanic and colonial cities, have been designated <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage</a>. The country has the first place in number of sites declared World Heritage Site by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-Me-xico-232">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChickRedMole.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ChickRedMole.JPG/220px-ChickRedMole.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ChickRedMole.JPG/330px-ChickRedMole.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ChickRedMole.JPG/440px-ChickRedMole.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="1754" /></a><figcaption>Mole is the national dish of Mexico</figcaption></figure> Mexican cuisine is influenced by Spanish and indigenous cultures. <a href="/wiki/Mole_(sauce)" title="Mole (sauce)">Mole</a> is the national dish of Mexico. <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">Chocolate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a> were discovered by the Aztecs of Mexico. The indigenous peoples of Mexico introduced vanilla, <a href="/wiki/Corn" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn">corn</a>, chocolate, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet potatoes">sweet potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomatoes">tomatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papayas" class="mw-redirect" title="Papayas">papayas</a>, chilies, <a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">avocados</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays">Holidays</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Holidays">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead" title="Day of the Dead">Day of the Dead</a> (Día de los Muertos) is an important Mexican holiday observed by Mexicans. The holiday is influenced by Mesoamerican ritual, European religion and Spanish culture.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> The holiday traces its roots to the Aztecs and the tradition was first practiced thousands of years ago by indigenous peoples such as the Aztecs and the Toltecs.<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Religion in Mexico</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1589.4544843865px; border-left-color:Gray"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gray"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Gray"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 106.48918403248px; border-left-color:YellowGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:YellowGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:YellowGreen"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 72.654252800536px; border-left-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 32.491969623291px; border-left-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Purple"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Mexico (2017)<a href="#cite_note-Latinobarometro_2017-236">[235]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> (80%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a> (5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other religions (3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Non-religious (11%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Unspecified (1%)</div> </div> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alumbrada6Mixquic.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Alumbrada6Mixquic.JPG/220px-Alumbrada6Mixquic.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Alumbrada6Mixquic.JPG/330px-Alumbrada6Mixquic.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Alumbrada6Mixquic.JPG/440px-Alumbrada6Mixquic.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead" title="Day of the Dead">Day of the Dead</a> celebration</figcaption></figure> Mexico has no official <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, but most Mexicans declare themselves Roman Catholic.<a href="#cite_note-Mexican_Americans-237">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-2010-census-238">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA-239">[238]</a> Mexico is often seen as a very observant Catholic society. Most Mexicans tend to have opinions that are more in line with <a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mexican_Americans-237">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neo-Reformation-241">[240]</a> Mexico has been resistant to <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> incursion partly because Protestantism in Mexico has long been associated with the United States,<a href="#cite_note-Neo-Reformation-241">[240]</a> which leads to the reinforcement of Catholicism as part of the Mexican identity.<a href="#cite_note-Neo-Reformation-241">[240]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of 1917">Constitution of 1917</a> imposed limitations on the church and sometimes codified state intrusion into church matters. The government does not provide financial contributions to the church, nor does the church participate in public education. However, <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> is a national holiday and every year during <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> and Christmas all schools in Mexico, public and private, send their students on vacation. In 1992, Mexico lifted almost all restrictions on religion, including granting all religious groups legal status, conceding them limited property, and lifting restrictions on the number of priests in the country.<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> is the dominant religion in Mexico, with about 80% of the population as of 2017,<a href="#cite_note-Latinobarometro_2017-236">[235]</a> which is the world's second largest number of Catholics, surpassed only by <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> Movements of return and revival of the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican religions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mexicayotl" title="Mexicayotl">Mexicayotl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toltecayotl" title="Toltecayotl">Toltecayotl</a>) have also appeared in recent decades.<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Diaspora">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhani_Harrison_by_SBeals_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Dhani_Harrison_by_SBeals_2010.jpg/220px-Dhani_Harrison_by_SBeals_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Dhani_Harrison_by_SBeals_2010.jpg/330px-Dhani_Harrison_by_SBeals_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Dhani_Harrison_by_SBeals_2010.jpg/440px-Dhani_Harrison_by_SBeals_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dhani_Harrison" title="Dhani Harrison">Dhani Harrison</a> performing in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, 2010</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Mexico" title="Emigration from Mexico">Emigration from Mexico</a></div> There is a large Mexican diaspora in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. They are concentrated in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Greater Los Angeles">Greater Los Angeles</a> area is home to a large Mexican immigrant population.<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> There is also a sizeable Mexican population in Canada is home to the next largest population of Mexican in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/48px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/64px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Mexico portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:People_of_Mexico" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:People of Mexico">People of Mexico</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexicans" title="List of Mexicans">List of Mexicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_actors" title="List of Mexican actors">List of Mexican actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_Americans" title="List of Mexican Americans">List of Mexican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Mexico" title="Immigration to Mexico">Immigration to Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Mexico" title="Emigration from Mexico">Emigration from Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocho" title="Pocho">Pocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_nobility" title="Mexican nobility">Mexican nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_settlement_in_the_Philippines" title="Mexican settlement in the Philippines">Mexican Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mexico" title="Languages of Mexico">Languages of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Mexico" title="National symbols of Mexico">National symbols of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican culture">Mexican culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollo people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_immigration_to_Spain" title="Mexican immigration to Spain">Mexican immigration to Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Californios" title="Californios">California Mexicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejanos" title="Tejanos">Tejano Mexicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanics">Hispanics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Defined as persons who live in a household where an indigenous language is spoken by one of the adult family members, and or people who self identified as indigenous ("Criteria del hogar: De esta manera, se establece, que los hogares indígenas son aquellos en donde el jefe y/o el cónyuge y/o padre o madre del jefe y/o suegro o suegra del jefe hablan una lengua indígena y también aquellos que declararon pertenecer a un grupo indígena."<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> and persons who speak an indigenous language but who do not live in such a household ("Por lo antes mencionado, la Comisión Nacional Para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas de México (CDI) considera población indígena (PI) a todas las personas que forman parte de un hogar indígena, donde el jefe(a) del hogar, su cónyuge y/o alguno de los ascendientes (madre o padre, madrastra o padrastro, abuelo(a), bisabuelo(a), tatarabuelo(a), suegro(a)) declaro ser hablante de lengua indígena. Además, también incluye a personas que declararon hablar alguna lengua indígena y que no forman parte de estos hogares")<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151210212235/http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/proyectos/encuestas/hogares/especiales/ei2015/doc/eic2015_resultados.pdf">"Principales resultados de la Encuesta Intercensal 2015 Estados Unidos Mexicanos"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/INEGI" class="mw-redirect" title="INEGI">INEGI</a>. p. 1. 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Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mexicanos+residentes+en+Pa%C3%ADses+Bajos+2020&rft.pub=Institute+for+Mexicans+Abroad&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gob.mx%2Fcms%2Fuploads%2Fattachment%2Ffile%2F684179%2FPa_ses_Bajos_mundo20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684102/Argentina_mundo20.pdf">"Mexicanos residentes en Argentina 2020"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Mexicans_Abroad" title="Institute for Mexicans Abroad">Institute for Mexicans Abroad</a>. 29 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213105640/https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684102/Argentina_mundo20.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mexicanos+residentes+en+Argentina+2020&rft.pub=Institute+for+Mexicans+Abroad&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gob.mx%2Fcms%2Fuploads%2Fattachment%2Ffile%2F684102%2FArgentina_mundo20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datosmacro.expansion.com/demografia/migracion/inmigracion/suiza">"Suiza – Inmigración"</a>. Datosmacro.com (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Expansi%C3%B3n_(Mexico)" title="Expansión (Mexico)">Expansión</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213105914/https://datosmacro.expansion.com/demografia/migracion/inmigracion/suiza">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Datosmacro.com&rft.atitle=Suiza+%E2%80%93+Inmigraci%C3%B3n&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatosmacro.expansion.com%2Fdemografia%2Fmigracion%2Finmigracion%2Fsuiza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684021/Israel_mundo20.pdf">"Mexicanos residentes en Israel 2020"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Mexicans_Abroad" title="Institute for Mexicans Abroad">Institute for Mexicans Abroad</a>. 29 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213105959/https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684021/Israel_mundo20.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mexicanos+residentes+en+Israel+2020&rft.pub=Institute+for+Mexicans+Abroad&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gob.mx%2Fcms%2Fuploads%2Fattachment%2Ffile%2F684021%2FIsrael_mundo20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684106/Belice_mundo20.pdf">"Mexicanos residentes en Belice 2020"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Mexicans_Abroad" title="Institute for Mexicans Abroad">Institute for Mexicans Abroad</a>. 29 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213105959/https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684106/Belice_mundo20.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mexicanos+residentes+en+Belice+2020&rft.pub=Institute+for+Mexicans+Abroad&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gob.mx%2Fcms%2Fuploads%2Fattachment%2Ffile%2F684106%2FBelice_mundo20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684124/Panam__mundo20.pdf">"Mexicanos residentes en Panama 2020"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Mexicans_Abroad" title="Institute for Mexicans Abroad">Institute for Mexicans Abroad</a>. 29 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213105959/https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684124/Panam__mundo20.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mexicanos+residentes+en+Panama+2020&rft.pub=Institute+for+Mexicans+Abroad&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gob.mx%2Fcms%2Fuploads%2Fattachment%2Ffile%2F684124%2FPanam__mundo20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tuttitalia.it/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri/messico/">"Tuttitalia – cittadini messicani al 2022"</a> (in Italian). Tuttitalia. 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419132407/https://www.tuttitalia.it/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri/messico/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tuttitalia+%E2%80%93+cittadini+messicani+al+2022&rft.pub=Tuttitalia&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tuttitalia.it%2Fstatistiche%2Fcittadini-stranieri%2Fmessico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/sv/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101E/FodelselandArK/table/tableViewLayout1/">"Befolkning efter födelseland, ålder, kön och år"</a> (in Swedish). <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Sweden" title="Statistics Sweden">SCB</a>. 29 November 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Befolkning+efter+f%C3%B6delseland%2C+%C3%A5lder%2C+k%C3%B6n+och+%C3%A5r&rft.pub=SCB&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistikdatabasen.scb.se%2Fpxweb%2Fsv%2Fssd%2FSTART__BE__BE0101__BE0101E%2FFodelselandArK%2Ftable%2FtableViewLayout1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-stat.go.jp/stat-search/files?page=1&layout=datalist&toukei=00250012&tstat=000001018034&cycle=1&tclass1=000001060399&tclass2val=0&metadata=1&data=1">"在留外国人統計（旧登録外国人統計）"</a> (in Japanese). 5 July 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%9C%A8%E7%95%99%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%EF%BC%88%E6%97%A7%E7%99%BB%E9%8C%B2%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%EF%BC%89&rft.date=2024-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-stat.go.jp%2Fstat-search%2Ffiles%3Fpage%3D1%26layout%3Ddatalist%26toukei%3D00250012%26tstat%3D000001018034%26cycle%3D1%26tclass1%3D000001060399%26tclass2val%3D0%26metadata%3D1%26data%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684949/China_mundo.pdf">"Mexicanos residentes en Panama 2020"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Mexicans_Abroad" title="Institute for Mexicans Abroad">Institute for Mexicans Abroad</a>. 29 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213110454/https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684949/China_mundo.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mexicanos+residentes+en+Panama+2020&rft.pub=Institute+for+Mexicans+Abroad&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gob.mx%2Fcms%2Fuploads%2Fattachment%2Ffile%2F684949%2FChina_mundo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684178/Noruega_mundo20.pdf">"Mexicanos residentes en Panama 2020"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Mexicans_Abroad" title="Institute for Mexicans Abroad">Institute for Mexicans Abroad</a>. 29 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529025942/https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684178/Noruega_mundo20.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mexicanos+residentes+en+Panama+2020&rft.pub=Institute+for+Mexicans+Abroad&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gob.mx%2Fcms%2Fuploads%2Fattachment%2Ffile%2F684178%2FNoruega_mundo20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datosmacro.expansion.com/demografia/migracion/inmigracion/colombia">"Colombia – Inmigración"</a> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Expansi%C3%B3n_(Mexico)" title="Expansión (Mexico)">Expansión</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320152010/https://datosmacro.expansion.com/demografia/migracion/inmigracion/colombia">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colombia+%E2%80%93+Inmigraci%C3%B3n&rft.pub=Expansi%C3%B3n&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatosmacro.expansion.com%2Fdemografia%2Fmigracion%2Finmigracion%2Fcolombia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datosmacro.expansion.com/demografia/migracion/inmigracion/belgica">"Bélgica – Inmigración"</a> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Expansi%C3%B3n_(Mexico)" title="Expansión (Mexico)">Expansión</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221115075041/https://datosmacro.expansion.com/demografia/migracion/inmigracion/belgica">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=B%C3%A9lgica+%E2%80%93+Inmigraci%C3%B3n&rft.pub=Expansi%C3%B3n&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatosmacro.expansion.com%2Fdemografia%2Fmigracion%2Finmigracion%2Fbelgica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684170/Irlanda_mundo20.pdf">"Mexicanos residentes en Irlanda 2020"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Mexicans_Abroad" title="Institute for Mexicans Abroad">Institute for Mexicans Abroad</a>. 29 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213110454/https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684170/Irlanda_mundo20.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mexicanos+residentes+en+Irlanda+2020&rft.pub=Institute+for+Mexicans+Abroad&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gob.mx%2Fcms%2Fuploads%2Fattachment%2Ffile%2F684170%2FIrlanda_mundo20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684152/Austria_mundo20.pdf">"Mexicanos residentes en Austria 2020"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Mexicans_Abroad" title="Institute for Mexicans Abroad">Institute for Mexicans Abroad</a>. 29 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213110454/https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684152/Austria_mundo20.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mexicanos+residentes+en+Austria+2020&rft.pub=Institute+for+Mexicans+Abroad&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gob.mx%2Fcms%2Fuploads%2Fattachment%2Ffile%2F684152%2FAustria_mundo20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684200/Nueva_Zelandia_mundo20.pdf">"Mexicanos residentes en Nueva Zelanda 2020"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Mexicans_Abroad" title="Institute for Mexicans Abroad">Institute for Mexicans Abroad</a>. 29 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213110454/https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684200/Nueva_Zelandia_mundo20.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mexicanos+residentes+en+Nueva+Zelanda+2020&rft.pub=Institute+for+Mexicans+Abroad&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gob.mx%2Fcms%2Fuploads%2Fattachment%2Ffile%2F684200%2FNueva_Zelandia_mundo20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684125/Paraguay_mundo20.pdf">"Mexicanos residentes en Paraguay 2020"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Mexicans_Abroad" title="Institute for Mexicans Abroad">Institute for Mexicans Abroad</a>. 29 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213110734/https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684125/Paraguay_mundo20.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mexicanos+residentes+en+Paraguay+2020&rft.pub=Institute+for+Mexicans+Abroad&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gob.mx%2Fcms%2Fuploads%2Fattachment%2Ffile%2F684125%2FParaguay_mundo20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684015/EAU_mundo20.pdf">"Mexicanos residentes en Emiratos Árabes Unidos 2020"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Mexicans_Abroad" title="Institute for Mexicans Abroad">Institute for Mexicans Abroad</a>. 29 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213110730/https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684015/EAU_mundo20.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mexicanos+residentes+en+Emiratos+%C3%81rabes+Unidos+2020&rft.pub=Institute+for+Mexicans+Abroad&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gob.mx%2Fcms%2Fuploads%2Fattachment%2Ffile%2F684015%2FEAU_mundo20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684159/DINAMarca_mundo20.pdf">"Mexicanos residentes en Dinamarca 2020"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Mexicans_Abroad" title="Institute for Mexicans Abroad">Institute for Mexicans Abroad</a>. 29 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221115075041/https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684159/DINAMarca_mundo20.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mexicanos+residentes+en+Dinamarca+2020&rft.pub=Institute+for+Mexicans+Abroad&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gob.mx%2Fcms%2Fuploads%2Fattachment%2Ffile%2F684159%2FDINAMarca_mundo20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684115/El_Salvador_mundo20.pdf">"Mexicanos residentes en El Salvador 2020"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Mexicans_Abroad" title="Institute for Mexicans Abroad">Institute for Mexicans Abroad</a>. 29 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213110726/https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684115/El_Salvador_mundo20.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mexicanos+residentes+en+El+Salvador+2020&rft.pub=Institute+for+Mexicans+Abroad&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gob.mx%2Fcms%2Fuploads%2Fattachment%2Ffile%2F684115%2FEl_Salvador_mundo20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684114/Ecuador_mundo20.pdf">"Mexicanos residentes en Ecuador 2020"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Mexicans_Abroad" title="Institute for Mexicans Abroad">Institute for Mexicans Abroad</a>. 29 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213110711/https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684114/Ecuador_mundo20.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mexicanos+residentes+en+Ecuador+2020&rft.pub=Institute+for+Mexicans+Abroad&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gob.mx%2Fcms%2Fuploads%2Fattachment%2Ffile%2F684114%2FEcuador_mundo20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684121/Honduras_mundo20.pdf">"Mexicanos residentes en Honduras 2020"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Mexicans_Abroad" title="Institute for Mexicans Abroad">Institute for Mexicans Abroad</a>. 29 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213110706/https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684121/Honduras_mundo20.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mexicanos+residentes+en+Honduras+2020&rft.pub=Institute+for+Mexicans+Abroad&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gob.mx%2Fcms%2Fuploads%2Fattachment%2Ffile%2F684121%2FHonduras_mundo20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684092/Rep_blica_Dominicana_mundo20.pdf">"Mexicanos residentes en República Dominicana 2020"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Mexicans_Abroad" title="Institute for Mexicans Abroad">Institute for Mexicans Abroad</a>. 29 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213110706/https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684092/Rep_blica_Dominicana_mundo20.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mexicanos+residentes+en+Rep%C3%BAblica+Dominicana+2020&rft.pub=Institute+for+Mexicans+Abroad&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gob.mx%2Fcms%2Fuploads%2Fattachment%2Ffile%2F684092%2FRep_blica_Dominicana_mundo20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684093/Per__mundo20.pdf">"Mexicanos residentes en Perú 2020"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Mexicans_Abroad" title="Institute for Mexicans Abroad">Institute for Mexicans Abroad</a>. 29 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213110704/https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684093/Per__mundo20.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mexicanos+residentes+en+Per%C3%BA+2020&rft.pub=Institute+for+Mexicans+Abroad&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gob.mx%2Fcms%2Fuploads%2Fattachment%2Ffile%2F684093%2FPer__mundo20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datosmacro.expansion.com/demografia/migracion/inmigracion/finlandia">"Finlandia – Inmigración"</a> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Expansi%C3%B3n_(Mexico)" title="Expansión (Mexico)">Expansión</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230216121254/https://datosmacro.expansion.com/demografia/migracion/inmigracion/finlandia">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Finlandia+%E2%80%93+Inmigraci%C3%B3n&rft.pub=Expansi%C3%B3n&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatosmacro.expansion.com%2Fdemografia%2Fmigracion%2Finmigracion%2Ffinlandia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684112/Cuba_mundo20.pdf">"Mexicanos residentes en Cuba 2020"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Mexicans_Abroad" title="Institute for Mexicans Abroad">Institute for Mexicans Abroad</a>. 29 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213110703/https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684112/Cuba_mundo20.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mexicanos+residentes+en+Cuba+2020&rft.pub=Institute+for+Mexicans+Abroad&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gob.mx%2Fcms%2Fuploads%2Fattachment%2Ffile%2F684112%2FCuba_mundo20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684223/Mundo_sitioweb2020.pdf">"Población Mexicana en el mundo 2020"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Mexicans_Abroad" title="Institute for Mexicans Abroad">Institute for Mexicans Abroad</a>. 29 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213110703/https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684223/Mundo_sitioweb2020.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poblaci%C3%B3n+Mexicana+en+el+mundo+2020&rft.pub=Institute+for+Mexicans+Abroad&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gob.mx%2Fcms%2Fuploads%2Fattachment%2Ffile%2F684223%2FMundo_sitioweb2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0036/158589/7mcrs_countrylist.pdf">"Language & country list"</a> (PDF). Multicultural Clinical Support Resource. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230316123327/https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0036/158589/7mcrs_countrylist.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Multicultural+Clinical+Support+Resource&rft.atitle=Language+%26+country+list&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.qld.gov.au%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0036%2F158589%2F7mcrs_countrylist.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inegi.org.mx/rnm/index.php/catalog/632/datafile/F13/V339">"Censo de Población y vivienda 2020: Lenguas e Idiomas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/INEGI" class="mw-redirect" title="INEGI">INEGI</a> (in Spanish). 30 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213110704/https://www.inegi.org.mx/rnm/index.php/catalog/632/datafile/F13/V339">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=INEGI&rft.atitle=Censo+de+Poblaci%C3%B3n+y+vivienda+2020%3A+Lenguas+e+Idiomas&rft.date=2021-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inegi.org.mx%2Frnm%2Findex.php%2Fcatalog%2F632%2Fdatafile%2FF13%2FV339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/MX/languages">"Mexico – Languages"</a>. Ethnologue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213110704/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/MX/languages">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Mexico+%E2%80%93+Languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FMX%2Flanguages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/TabuladosBasicos/Default.aspx?c=27302&s=est">"Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010 – Cuestionario básico"</a>. INEGI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226090054/http://www3.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/TabuladosBasicos/Default.aspx?c=27302&s=est%20">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Censo+de+Poblaci%C3%B3n+y+Vivienda+2010+%E2%80%93+Cuestionario+b%C3%A1sico&rft.pub=INEGI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.inegi.org.mx%2Fsistemas%2FTabuladosBasicos%2FDefault.aspx%3Fc%3D27302%26s%3Dest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://consulmex.sre.gob.mx/mcallen/images/stories/2013/contribuciones.pdf">"Los mexicanos en Estados Unidos: La importancia de sus contribuciones"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Mexico)" title="Secretariat of Foreign Affairs (Mexico)">Secretariat of Foreign Affairs (Mexico)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150513112339/http://consulmex.sre.gob.mx/mcallen/images/stories/2013/contribuciones.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Los+mexicanos+en+Estados+Unidos%3A+La+importancia+de+sus+contribuciones&rft.pub=Secretariat+of+Foreign+Affairs+%28Mexico%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconsulmex.sre.gob.mx%2Fmcallen%2Fimages%2Fstories%2F2013%2Fcontribuciones.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=B03001%3A%20HISPANIC%20OR%20LATINO%20ORIGIN%20BY%20SPECIFIC%20ORIGIN&tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B03001&hidePreview=true">"B03001 Hispanic or Latino Origin By Specific Origin – United States – 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a>. 1 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221115075038/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=B03001:%20HISPANIC%20OR%20LATINO%20ORIGIN%20BY%20SPECIFIC%20ORIGIN&tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B03001&hidePreview=true">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=B03001+Hispanic+or+Latino+Origin+By+Specific+Origin+%E2%80%93+United+States+%E2%80%93+2019+American+Community+Survey+1-Year+Estimates&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2019-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Fcedsci%2Ftable%3Fq%3DB03001%253A%2520HISPANIC%2520OR%2520LATINO%2520ORIGIN%2520BY%2520SPECIFIC%2520ORIGIN%26tid%3DACSDT1Y2019.B03001%26hidePreview%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated115-49"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated115_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWimmer2002" class="citation book cs1">Wimmer, Andreas (2002). Nationalist exclusion and ethnic conflict: shadows of modernity. Cambridge University Press. p. 115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalist+exclusion+and+ethnic+conflict%3A+shadows+of+modernity&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Wimmer&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-and-learning/teaching-resources-for-historians/teaching-and-learning-in-the-digital-age/the-history-of-the-americas/the-conquest-of-mexico/for-students/what-the-textbooks-have-to-say-about-the-conquest-of-mexico">"What the Textbooks Have To Say About the Conquest of Mexico: Some Suggestions for Questions to Ask of the Evidence"</a>. American Historical Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210721003714/https://www.historians.org/teaching-and-learning/teaching-resources-for-historians/teaching-and-learning-in-the-digital-age/the-history-of-the-americas/the-conquest-of-mexico/for-students/what-the-textbooks-have-to-say-about-the-conquest-of-mexico">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+the+Textbooks+Have+To+Say+About+the+Conquest+of+Mexico%3A+Some+Suggestions+for+Questions+to+Ask+of+the+Evidence&rft.pub=American+Historical+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historians.org%2Fteaching-and-learning%2Fteaching-resources-for-historians%2Fteaching-and-learning-in-the-digital-age%2Fthe-history-of-the-americas%2Fthe-conquest-of-mexico%2Ffor-students%2Fwhat-the-textbooks-have-to-say-about-the-conquest-of-mexico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inehrm.gob.mx/recursos/Libros/Historia_del_Pueblo_Mexicano_electronico.pdf">"Historia del pueblo mexicano"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historia+del+pueblo+mexicano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finehrm.gob.mx%2Frecursos%2FLibros%2FHistoria_del_Pueblo_Mexicano_electronico.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/mexican">"Mexican"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220722073341/https://www.etymonline.com/word/mexican">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Mexican&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fmexican&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-americas/teotihuacan">"Teotihuacan"</a>. History.com Editors. A&E Television Networks. 21 August 2018 [January 5, 2018]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210721003715/https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-americas/teotihuacan">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com+Editors&rft.atitle=Teotihuacan&rft.date=2018-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fancient-americas%2Fteotihuacan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAguilar-Moreno2006" class="citation book cs1">Aguilar-Moreno, Manuel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbooktolifein0000agui/page/19">Handbook to Life in the Aztec World</a>. Facts of Life. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbooktolifein0000agui/page/19">19</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5673-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5673-6"><bdi>978-0-8160-5673-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+to+Life+in+the+Aztec+World&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Facts+of+Life&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5673-6&rft.aulast=Aguilar-Moreno&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbooktolifein0000agui%2Fpage%2F19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-edomex-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-edomex_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-edomex_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070427111842/http://www.edomexico.gob.mx/identidad/civica/htm/NomMexico.htm">"Nombre del Estado de México"</a> (in Spanish). Government of the State of Mexico. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edomexico.gob.mx/identidad/civica/htm/NomMexico.htm">the original</a> on 27 April 2007. Retrieved 3 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nombre+del+Estado+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.pub=Government+of+the+State+of+Mexico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edomexico.gob.mx%2Fidentidad%2Fcivica%2Fhtm%2FNomMexico.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade198132-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWade198132_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWade1981">Wade 1981</a>, p. 32.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] sfn error: no target: CITEREFWade1981 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight199078–85-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight199078–85_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnight1990">Knight 1990</a>, pp. 78–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolomé19965-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolomé19965_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartolomé1996">Bartolomé 1996</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022220348/http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/105/10503808.pdf">"Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI"</a> (PDF). Academic investigation (in Spanish). university of the State of Mexico. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/105/10503808.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academic+investigation&rft.atitle=Composici%C3%B3n+%C3%89tnica+de+las+Tres+%C3%81reas+Culturales+del+Continente+Americano+al+Comienzo+del+Siglo+XXI&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redalyc.org%2Fpdf%2F105%2F10503808.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolomé19962-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolomé19962_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolomé19962_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolomé19962_60-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolomé19962_60-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartolomé1996">Bartolomé 1996</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight199073-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight199073_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnight1990">Knight 1990</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaefer2008" class="citation book cs1">Schaefer, Richard T., ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediarace00scha">Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity and Society</a>. Sage. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediarace00scha/page/n952">900</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-2694-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-2694-2"><bdi>978-1-4129-2694-2</bdi></a>. <q>In New Spain, there was no strict idea of race (something that continued in Mexico). The Indians that had lost their connections with their communities and had adopted different cultural elements could 'pass' and be considered mestizos. The same applied to Blacks and castas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Race%2C+Ethnicity+and+Society&rft.pages=900&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-2694-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediarace00scha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWade1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWade1997">Wade 1997</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade199744–47-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWade199744–47_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWade1997">Wade 1997</a>, pp. 44–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Mexico/Ethnic-groups">"Mexico – Ethnic groups"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011224953/https://www.britannica.com/place/Mexico/Ethnic-groups">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mexico+%E2%80%93+Ethnic+groups&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FMexico%2FEthnic-groups&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES-66"><a href="#cite_ref-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130823015618/http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html">"En el censo de 1930 el gobierno mexicano dejó de clasificar a la población del país en tres categorías raciales, blanco, mestizo e indígena, y adoptó una nueva clasificación étnica que distinguía a los hablantes de lenguas indígenas del resto de la población, es decir de los hablantes de español"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html">the original</a> on 23 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=En+el+censo+de+1930+el+gobierno+mexicano+dej%C3%B3+de+clasificar+a+la+poblaci%C3%B3n+del+pa%C3%ADs+en+tres+categor%C3%ADas+raciales%2C+blanco%2C+mestizo+e+ind%C3%ADgena%2C+y+adopt%C3%B3+una+nueva+clasificaci%C3%B3n+%C3%A9tnica+que+distingu%C3%ADa+a+los+hablantes+de+lenguas+ind%C3%ADgenas+del+resto+de+la+poblaci%C3%B3n%2C+es+decir+de+los+hablantes+de+espa%C3%B1ol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx%2FPortal%2FIzquierdo%2FBANCO%2FMxmulticultural%2FElmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz-MarínSilva-Zolezzi2010" class="citation journal cs1">Schwartz-Marín, Ernesto; Silva-Zolezzi, Irma (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12394-010-0074-7">"'The Map of the Mexican's Genome': Overlapping national identity, and population genomics"</a>. Identity in the Information Society. 3 (3): 489–514. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12394-010-0074-7">10.1007/s12394-010-0074-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F33766">10871/33766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Identity+in+the+Information+Society&rft.atitle=%27The+Map+of+the+Mexican%27s+Genome%27%3A+Overlapping+national+identity%2C+and+population+genomics&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=489-514&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10871%2F33766&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12394-010-0074-7&rft.aulast=Schwartz-Mar%C3%ADn&rft.aufirst=Ernesto&rft.au=Silva-Zolezzi%2C+Irma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs12394-010-0074-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mestizajeenmexico-68"><a href="#cite_ref-mestizajeenmexico_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavarrete_Linares" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Navarrete Linares, Federico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801102632/http://enp4.unam.mx/amc/libro_munioz_cota/libro/cap4/lec10_federiconavarreteelmestizaje.pdf">"El mestizaje en Mexico"</a> [Miscegenation in Mexico] (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enp4.unam.mx/amc/libro_munioz_cota/libro/cap4/lec10_federiconavarreteelmestizaje.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+mestizaje+en+Mexico&rft.aulast=Navarrete+Linares&rft.aufirst=Federico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenp4.unam.mx%2Famc%2Flibro_munioz_cota%2Flibro%2Fcap4%2Flec10_federiconavarreteelmestizaje.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreno_Figueroa2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moreno Figueroa, Mónica G. 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Retrieved 20 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Desacatos&rft.atitle=El+archivo+del+estudio+del+racismo+en+M%C3%A9xico&rft.issue=51&rft.pages=92-107&rft.date=2016-08&rft.aulast=Moreno+Figueroa&rft.aufirst=M%C3%B3nica+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.org.mx%2Fscielo.php%3Fpid%3DS1607-050X2016000200092%26script%3Dsci_arttext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801102632/http://enp4.unam.mx/amc/libro_munioz_cota/libro/cap4/lec10_federiconavarreteelmestizaje.pdf">"El mestizaje en Mexico"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enp4.unam.mx/amc/libro_munioz_cota/libro/cap4/lec10_federiconavarreteelmestizaje.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+mestizaje+en+Mexico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenp4.unam.mx%2Famc%2Flibro_munioz_cota%2Flibro%2Fcap4%2Flec10_federiconavarreteelmestizaje.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html">"En el año de 1808 aproximadamente el 60% de la población de lo que sería México pertenecía a la categoría étnica de indígena, el 18% eran europeos o de origen europeo (de los cuales la inmensa mayoría eran criollos nacidos en México)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130823015618/http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html">Archived</a> 23 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-huffpost2-72"><a href="#cite_ref-huffpost2_72-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com.mx/2017/06/26/por-estas-razones-el-color-de-piel-de-los-mexicanos-determina-su_a_23001217/">"Por estas razones el color de piel determina las oportunidades de los mexicanos"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180622011146/https://www.huffingtonpost.com.mx/2017/06/26/por-estas-razones-el-color-de-piel-de-los-mexicanos-determina-su_a_23001217/">Archived</a> June 22, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Huffington Post, 26 July 2017, Retrieved 30 April 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-ElUniversal-73"><a href="#cite_ref-ElUniversal_73-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/entrada-de-opinion/articulo/ricardo-fuentes-nieva/nacion/2017/07/6/ser-blanco">"Ser Blanco"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619075811/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/entrada-de-opinion/articulo/ricardo-fuentes-nieva/nacion/2017/07/6/ser-blanco">Archived</a> 19 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Causa polémica su nueva campaña de publicidad"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200721213516/https://www.economiahoy.mx/nacional-eAm-mx/noticias/10398162/03/20/Sears-racista-Causa-polemica-su-nueva-campana-de-publicidad.html">Archived</a> 21 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Retrieved 19 December 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-MMSI1-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MMSI1_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MMSI1_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180709120023/http://www.inegi.org.mx/saladeprensa/boletines/2017/mmsi/mmsi2017_06.pdf">"Resultados del Modulo de Movilidad Social Intergeneracional"</a> (PDF). INEGI. 16 June 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inegi.org.mx/saladeprensa/boletines/2017/mmsi/mmsi2017_06.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 July 2018. 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Siglo XXI. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789682301063" title="Special:BookSources/9789682301063"><bdi>9789682301063</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927200437/https://books.google.com/books?id=DSCVztyTANcC&pg=PA223#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. 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Retrieved 3 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cuadernos+de+la+Facultad+de+Humanidades+y+Ciencias+Sociales%2C+Universidad+Nacional+de+Jujuy&rft.atitle=Ser+mestizo+en+la+nueva+Espa%C3%B1a+a+fines+del+siglo+XVIII%3A+Acatzingo%2C+1792&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=325-342&rft.date=2000-11&rft.aulast=San+Miguel&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.org.ar%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_arttext%26pid%3DS1668-81042000000100018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180427185755/http://www.kepadreradio.com/content/index.php/blog-del-qgenioq-lucas/54-momento-precioso/3519-dorada-estrella-mexicana-y-feliz-mama.html">"Dorada estrella mexicana y feliz mamá"</a> (in Spanish). KePadre Radio. 8 November 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kepadreradio.com/content/index.php/blog-del-qgenioq-lucas/54-momento-precioso/3519-dorada-estrella-mexicana-y-feliz-mama.html">the original</a> on 27 April 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dorada+estrella+mexicana+y+feliz+mam%C3%A1&rft.pub=KePadre+Radio&rft.date=2012-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kepadreradio.com%2Fcontent%2Findex.php%2Fblog-del-qgenioq-lucas%2F54-momento-precioso%2F3519-dorada-estrella-mexicana-y-feliz-mama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/">"North America: Mexico: People and Society"</a>. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126164719/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2017. <q>mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 62%, predominantly Amerindian 21%, Amerindian 7%, other 10% (mostly European)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=North+America%3A+Mexico%3A+People+and+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fmexico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavarrete2016" class="citation book cs1">Navarrete, Federico (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FC_4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT86">Mexico Racista</a>. 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Mexconnect newsletter. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1028-9089">1028-9089</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005418/http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/676">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jews+in+Mexico%2C+a+struggle+for+survival%3A+Part+Two&rft.pub=Mexconnect+newsletter&rft.date=2000-03-01&rft.issn=1028-9089&rft.aulast=Lenchek&rft.aufirst=Shep&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mexconnect.com%2Farticles%2F676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-palate-119"><a href="#cite_ref-palate_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasko2011" class="citation news cs1">Wasko, Dennis (16 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/FoodIndex/Article.aspx?id=219120">"The Jewish Palate: The Jews of Mexico"</a>. Jerusalem Post. Jerusalem. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110830223506/http://www.jpost.com/FoodIndex/Article.aspx?id=219120">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=The+Jewish+Palate%3A+The+Jews+of+Mexico&rft.date=2011-05-16&rft.aulast=Wasko&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FFoodIndex%2FArticle.aspx%3Fid%3D219120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mmedina-120"><a href="#cite_ref-mmedina_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedina2000" class="citation journal cs1">Medina, Manuel F. (Spring 2000). "Imaging a space in between: Writing the gap between Jewish and Mexican identities in Rosa Nissan's narrative". Studies in the Literary Imagination. 33 (1): 93–106. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/198122825">198122825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+the+Literary+Imagination&rft.atitle=Imaging+a+space+in+between%3A+Writing+the+gap+between+Jewish+and+Mexican+identities+in+Rosa+Nissan%27s+narrative&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=93-106&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Medina&rft.aufirst=Manuel+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchenau2010" class="citation book cs1">Buchenau, Jürgen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pe7rrFzWjYYC&q=Deutschmexikaner&pg=PA90">The Heimat Abroad: The Boundaries of Germanness</a>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0472025121" title="Special:BookSources/978-0472025121"><bdi>978-0472025121</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927200438/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pe7rrFzWjYYC&q=Deutschmexikaner&pg=PA90#v=onepage&q=Deutschmexikaner&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heimat+Abroad%3A+The+Boundaries+of+Germanness&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0472025121&rft.aulast=Buchenau&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPe7rrFzWjYYC%26q%3DDeutschmexikaner%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DuránMerk2012-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DuránMerk2012_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DuránMerk2012_122-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurán-Merk2012" class="citation conference cs1">Durán-Merk, Alma J. (July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/2545">European migrants as 'ambassadors of modernization'? The case of the Germans in Yucatán during the henequen boom</a>. 54th International Congress of Americanists. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927200444/https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/frontdoor/index/index/docId/2545">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=European+migrants+as+%27ambassadors+of+modernization%27%3F+The+case+of+the+Germans+in+Yucat%C3%A1n+during+the+henequen+boom&rft.date=2012-07&rft.aulast=Dur%C3%A1n-Merk&rft.aufirst=Alma+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de%2Fopus4%2F2545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-123"><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIta" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ita, Rosa E. García. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://confines.tec.mx/index.php/confines/article/view/118">"Los árabes de México. Asimilación y herencia cultural"</a> [The Arabs of Mexico. Assimilation and cultural heritage]. CONfines (in Spanish) (2): 107–109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CONfines&rft.atitle=Los+%C3%A1rabes+de+M%C3%A9xico.+Asimilaci%C3%B3n+y+herencia+cultural&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=107-109&rft.aulast=Ita&rft.aufirst=Rosa+E.+Garc%C3%ADa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconfines.tec.mx%2Findex.php%2Fconfines%2Farticle%2Fview%2F118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080316235742/http://www.discoverymexico.com/Culture/Arab-Influence-in-Yucatecan-Cuisine/">"Arab Influence in Yucatecan Cuisine"</a>. Discovery Mexico.com. 16 March 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoverymexico.com/Culture/Arab-Influence-in-Yucatecan-Cuisine/">the original</a> on 16 March 2008. Retrieved 14 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discovery+Mexico.com&rft.atitle=Arab+Influence+in+Yucatecan+Cuisine&rft.date=2008-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoverymexico.com%2FCulture%2FArab-Influence-in-Yucatecan-Cuisine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelcamp2005" class="citation journal cs1">Velcamp, T. (May 2005). "Review: Arab Immigration in Mexico in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Assimilation and Arab Heritage by Roberto Marín-Guzmán, Zidane Zéraoui; A Century of Palestinian Immigration into Central America: A Study of Their Economic and Cultural by Roberto Marín-Guzmán". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 37 (2): 266–269. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743805232063">10.1017/S0020743805232063</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3879733">3879733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Arab+Immigration+in+Mexico+in+the+Nineteenth+and+Twentieth+Centuries%3A+Assimilation+and+Arab+Heritage+by+Roberto+Mar%C3%ADn-Guzm%C3%A1n%2C+Zidane+Z%C3%A9raoui%3B+A+Century+of+Palestinian+Immigration+into+Central+America%3A+A+Study+of+Their+Economic+and+Cultural+by+Roberto+Mar%C3%ADn-Guzm%C3%A1n&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=266-269&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743805232063&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3879733%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Velcamp&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarin-GuzmanZeraoui" class="citation web cs1">Marin-Guzman, Roberto; Zeraoui, Zidane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516214343/http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-536840/Marin-Guzman-Roberto-and-Zidane.html">"Arab Immigration in Mexico in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Assimilation and Arab Heritage"</a>. Goliath Business News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-536840/Marin-Guzman-Roberto-and-Zidane.html">the original</a> on 16 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Goliath+Business+News&rft.atitle=Arab+Immigration+in+Mexico+in+the+Nineteenth+and+Twentieth+Centuries%3A+Assimilation+and+Arab+Heritage&rft.aulast=Marin-Guzman&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft.au=Zeraoui%2C+Zidane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoliath.ecnext.com%2Fcoms2%2Fgi_0199-536840%2FMarin-Guzman-Roberto-and-Zidane.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipsnews.net/2010/10/gypsies-or-how-to-be-invisible-in-mexico/">"Gypsies, or How to Be Invisible in Mexico"</a>. 12 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712090319/http://www.ipsnews.net/2010/10/gypsies-or-how-to-be-invisible-in-mexico/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gypsies%2C+or+How+to+Be+Invisible+in+Mexico&rft.date=2010-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipsnews.net%2F2010%2F10%2Fgypsies-or-how-to-be-invisible-in-mexico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seijas-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Seijas_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatiana_Seijas2014" class="citation book cs1">Tatiana Seijas (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YCWjAwAAQBAJ&q=Asians+in+Mexico&pg=PA21">Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico: From Chinos to Indian</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107063129" title="Special:BookSources/9781107063129"><bdi>9781107063129</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Slaves+in+Colonial+Mexico%3A+From+Chinos+to+Indian&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781107063129&rft.au=Tatiana+Seijas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYCWjAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DAsians%2Bin%2BMexico%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeslie_Bethell1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Leslie Bethell (1984). Leslie Bethell (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hhNfVshMw64C&q=slaves+acapulco+chinese+filipinos+japanese+malays&pg=PA21">The Cambridge History of Latin America</a>. Vol. 2 of The Cambridge History of Latin America: Colonial Latin America. I-II (illustrated, reprint ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521245166" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521245166"><bdi>978-0521245166</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Latin+America&rft.pages=21&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0521245166&rft.au=Leslie+Bethell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhhNfVshMw64C%26q%3Dslaves%2Bacapulco%2Bchinese%2Bfilipinos%2Bjapanese%2Bmalays%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgnacio_López-Calvo2013" class="citation book cs1">Ignacio López-Calvo (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mMY4-ffumwUC&q=slaves+acapulco+chinese+japanese&pg=PA134">The Affinity of the Eye: Writing Nikkei in Peru</a>. Fernando Iwasaki. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona_Press" title="University of Arizona Press">University of Arizona Press</a>. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816599875" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816599875"><bdi>978-0816599875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Affinity+of+the+Eye%3A+Writing+Nikkei+in+Peru&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0816599875&rft.au=Ignacio+L%C3%B3pez-Calvo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmMY4-ffumwUC%26q%3Dslaves%2Bacapulco%2Bchinese%2Bjapanese%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirk_Hoerder2002" class="citation book cs1">Dirk Hoerder (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1PDVdU4YZWgC&q=slaves+manila+chinese+japanese+acapulco&pg=PA200">Cultures in Contact: World Migrations in the Second Millennium</a>. Andrew Gordon, Alexander Keyssar, Daniel James. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822384076" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822384076"><bdi>978-0822384076</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225183853/https://books.google.com/books?id=1PDVdU4YZWgC&q=slaves+manila+chinese+japanese+acapulco&pg=PA200#v=snippet&q=slaves%20manila%20chinese%20japanese%20acapulco&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2024. 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London: Scarecrow Press, 1978. pp. 239–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/census/native-americans/1790-1930.html">"American Indians in the Federal Decennial Census"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201120144444/https://www.archives.gov/research/census/native-americans/1790-1930.html">Archived</a> 20 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved 25 July 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/">"North America: Mexico"</a>. The World Factbook. Ethnic groups: Central Intelligence Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126164719/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2014. <q>mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian 30%, white 9%, other 1%</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=North+America%3A+Mexico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fmexico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010154747/http://istmo.mx/2016/07/04/el-mestizaje-es-un-mito-la-identidad-cultural-si-importa/">"El mestizaje es un mito, la identidad cultural sí importa"</a> Istmo, Mexico, Retrieved 25 July 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dimensionantropologica.inah.gob.mx/?p=7401">"Más desindianización que mestizaje. Una relectura de los censos generales de población"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170731145159/http://www.dimensionantropologica.inah.gob.mx/?p=7401">Archived</a> 31 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_e_Historia" title="Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia">INAH</a>, Mexico, Retrieved 25 July 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inegi.org.mx/prod_Serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/censos/poblacion/1921/EUM/RCGH21I.pdf">Departamento De La Estadistica Nacional</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060335/http://www.inegi.org.mx/prod_Serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/censos/poblacion/1921/EUM/RCGH21I.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Censo General De Habitantes 1921 Census (Page: 62) </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investigacionyciencia.es/revistas/investigacion-y-ciencia/matemticas-del-planeta-tierra-585/el-impacto-del-mestizaje-en-mxico-11442">"El impacto del mestizaje en México"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170622040134/http://www.investigacionyciencia.es/revistas/investigacion-y-ciencia/matemticas-del-planeta-tierra-585/el-impacto-del-mestizaje-en-mxico-11442">Archived</a> 22 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Investigación y Ciencia, Spain, October 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiley-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wiley_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiley_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSosa-Macías2006" class="citation journal cs1">Sosa-Macías, Martha (2006). "CYP2D6Genotype and Phenotype in Amerindians of Tepehuano Origin and Mestizos of Durango, Mexico". 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Convergencia (in Spanish). 12 (38): 185–232.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Convergencia&rft.atitle=Composici%C3%B3n+%C3%89tnica+de+las+Tres+%C3%81reas+Culturales+del+Continente+Americano+al+Comienzo+del+Siglo+XXI&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=185-232&rft.date=2005-08&rft.aulast=Lizcano+Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.org.mx%2Fscielo.php%3Fpid%3DS1405-14352005000200185%26script%3Dsci_arttext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html">"El mestizaje y las culturas regionales"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130823015618/http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html">Archived</a> 23 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-lealmart-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lealmart_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lealmart_147-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lealmart_147-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lealmart_147-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lealmart_147-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlejandra_M._Leal_Martínez2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Alejandra M. 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Columbia University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 3453017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=For+The+Enjoyment+of+All%3A%22+Cosmopolitan+Aspirations%2C+Urban+Encounters+and+Class+Boundaries+in+Mexico+City&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Columbia+University+Graduate+School+of+Arts+and+Sciences+3453017&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Alejandra+M.+Leal+Mart%C3%ADnez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Navarrete-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Navarrete_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Navarrete_148-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801102632/http://enp4.unam.mx/amc/libro_munioz_cota/libro/cap4/lec10_federiconavarreteelmestizaje.pdf">"El mestizaje en Mexico"</a> (PDF). 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Convergencia (in Spanish). 12 (38): 185–232. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922054604/https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1405-14352005000200185">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Convergencia&rft.atitle=Composici%C3%B3n+%C3%89tnica+de+las+Tres+%C3%81reas+Culturales+del+Continente+Americano+al+Comienzo+del+Siglo+XXI&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=185-232&rft.date=2005-08&rft.aulast=Lizcano+Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.org.mx%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_arttext%26pid%3DS1405-14352005000200185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conapred.org.mx/documentos_cedoc/21_Marzo_DiaIntElimDiscRacial_INACCSS.pdf">"21 de Marzo: Día Internacional de la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial"</a> [21 March: International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination] (PDF) (in Spanish). Mexico: <a href="/wiki/National_Council_to_Prevent_Discrimination" title="National Council to Prevent Discrimination">CONAPRED</a>. 2017. p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525133622/http://www.conapred.org.mx/documentos_cedoc/21_Marzo_DiaIntElimDiscRacial_INACCSS.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2017. 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PLOS Genetics. 4 (3): e1000037. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000037">10.1371/journal.pgen.1000037</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2265669">2265669</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18369456">18369456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&rft.atitle=Geographic+Patterns+of+Genome+Admixture+in+Latin+American+Mestizos&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e1000037&rft.date=2008-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2265669%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18369456&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000037&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Sijia&rft.au=Ray%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Rojas%2C+Winston&rft.au=Parra%2C+Maria+V.&rft.au=Bedoya%2C+Gabriel&rft.au=Gallo%2C+Carla&rft.au=Poletti%2C+Giovanni&rft.au=Mazzotti%2C+Guido&rft.au=Hill%2C+Kim&rft.au=Hurtado%2C+Ana+M.&rft.au=Camrena%2C+Beatriz&rft.au=Nicolini%2C+Humberto&rft.au=Klitz%2C+William&rft.au=Barrantes%2C+Ramiro&rft.au=Molina%2C+Julio+A.&rft.au=Freimer%2C+Nelson+B.&rft.au=Bortolini%2C+Maria+C%C3%A1tira&rft.au=Salzano%2C+Francisco+M.&rft.au=Petzl-Erler%2C+Maria+L.&rft.au=Tsuneto%2C+Luiza+T.&rft.au=Dipierri%2C+Jos%C3%A9+E.&rft.au=Alfaro%2C+Emma+L.&rft.au=Bailliet%2C+Graciela&rft.au=Bianchi%2C+Nestor+O.&rft.au=Llop%2C+Elena&rft.au=Rothhammer%2C+Francisco&rft.au=Excoffier%2C+Laurent&rft.au=Ruiz-Linares%2C+Andr%C3%A9s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2265669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ImmigrationandMigration-157"><a href="#cite_ref-ImmigrationandMigration_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2010" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Rayna (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pVcDEfNxEvAC&q=20,000+african+slaves+in+mexico&pg=PA93">Immigration and Migration</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816071067" title="Special:BookSources/9780816071067"><bdi>9780816071067</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927200959/https://books.google.com/books?id=pVcDEfNxEvAC&q=20,000+african+slaves+in+mexico&pg=PA93#v=snippet&q=20%2C000%20african%20slaves%20in%20mexico&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. 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Nutrición Hospitalaria (in Spanish). 31 (2): 744–750. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3305%2Fnh.2015.31.2.7729">10.3305/nh.2015.31.2.7729</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25617558">25617558</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:196279677">196279677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutrici%C3%B3n+Hospitalaria&rft.atitle=Variantes+genot%C3%ADpicas+del+SNP-19+del+gen+de+la+CAPN+10+y+su+relaci%C3%B3n+con+la+diabetes+mellitus+tipo+2+en+una+poblaci%C3%B3n+de+Ciudad+Ju%C3%A1rez%2C+M%C3%A9xico&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=744-750&rft.date=2015-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A196279677%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25617558&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3305%2Fnh.2015.31.2.7729&rft.aulast=Loya+M%C3%A9ndez&rft.aufirst=Yolanda&rft.au=Reyes+Leal%2C+G.&rft.au=S%C3%A1nchez+Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+A.&rft.au=Portillo+Reyes%2C+V.&rft.au=Reyes+Ruvalcaba%2C+D.&rft.au=Boj%C3%B3rquez+Rangel%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGravelZakhariaMoreno-EstradaByrnes2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gravel, Simon; Zakharia, Fouad; Moreno-Estrada, Andres; Byrnes, Jake K.; Muzzio, Marina; Rodriguez-Flores, Juan L.; Kenny, Eimear E.; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Maples, Brian K.; Guiblet, Wilfried; Dutil, Julie; Via, Marc; Sandoval, Karla; Bedoya, Gabriel; Project, The 1000 Genomes (26 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3873240">"Reconstructing Native American Migrations from Whole-Genome and Whole-Exome Data"</a>. PLOS Genetics. 9 (12): e1004023. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1004023">10.1371/journal.pgen.1004023</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1553-7404">1553-7404</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3873240">3873240</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24385924">24385924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+Native+American+Migrations+from+Whole-Genome+and+Whole-Exome+Data&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=e1004023&rft.date=2013-12-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3873240%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1553-7404&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24385924&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1004023&rft.aulast=Gravel&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Zakharia%2C+Fouad&rft.au=Moreno-Estrada%2C+Andres&rft.au=Byrnes%2C+Jake+K.&rft.au=Muzzio%2C+Marina&rft.au=Rodriguez-Flores%2C+Juan+L.&rft.au=Kenny%2C+Eimear+E.&rft.au=Gignoux%2C+Christopher+R.&rft.au=Maples%2C+Brian+K.&rft.au=Guiblet%2C+Wilfried&rft.au=Dutil%2C+Julie&rft.au=Via%2C+Marc&rft.au=Sandoval%2C+Karla&rft.au=Bedoya%2C+Gabriel&rft.au=Project%2C+The+1000+Genomes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3873240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-INMEGEN-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-INMEGEN_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-INMEGEN_164-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-INMEGEN_164-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilva-ZolezziHidalgo-MirandaEstrada-GilFernandez-Lopez2009" class="citation journal cs1">Silva-Zolezzi, I.; Hidalgo-Miranda, A.; Estrada-Gil, J.; Fernandez-Lopez, J. C.; Uribe-Figueroa, L.; Contreras, A.; Balam-Ortiz, E.; del Bosque-Plata, L.; Velazquez-Fernandez, D.; Lara, C.; Goya, R.; Hernandez-Lemus, E.; Davila, C.; Barrientos, E.; March, S.; Jimenez-Sanchez, G. (11 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2680428">"Analysis of genomic diversity in Mexican Mestizo populations to develop genomic medicine in Mexico"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (21): 8611–8616. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..106.8611S">2009PNAS..106.8611S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0903045106">10.1073/pnas.0903045106</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2680428">2680428</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19433783">19433783</a>. <q>In this model, their mean ancestries (±Standard Deviation) were 0.552 ±0.154 for AMI, 0.418 ±0.155 for EUR, 0.018 ±0.035 for AFR, and 0.012 ±0.018 for EA.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+genomic+diversity+in+Mexican+Mestizo+populations+to+develop+genomic+medicine+in+Mexico&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=8611-8616&rft.date=2009-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2680428%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19433783&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0903045106&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009PNAS..106.8611S&rft.aulast=Silva-Zolezzi&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Hidalgo-Miranda%2C+A.&rft.au=Estrada-Gil%2C+J.&rft.au=Fernandez-Lopez%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Uribe-Figueroa%2C+L.&rft.au=Contreras%2C+A.&rft.au=Balam-Ortiz%2C+E.&rft.au=del+Bosque-Plata%2C+L.&rft.au=Velazquez-Fernandez%2C+D.&rft.au=Lara%2C+C.&rft.au=Goya%2C+R.&rft.au=Hernandez-Lemus%2C+E.&rft.au=Davila%2C+C.&rft.au=Barrientos%2C+E.&rft.au=March%2C+S.&rft.au=Jimenez-Sanchez%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2680428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumarBellisZlojutroMelton2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, Satish; Bellis, Claire; Zlojutro, Mark; Melton, Phillip E.; Blangero, John; Curran, Joanne E. (7 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3217880">"Large scale mitochondrial sequencing in Mexican Americans suggests a reappraisal of Native American origins"</a>. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11 (1): 293. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011BMCEE..11..293K">2011BMCEE..11..293K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2148-11-293">10.1186/1471-2148-11-293</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3217880">3217880</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21978175">21978175</a>. <q>For mtDNA variation, some studies have measured Native American, European and African contributions to Mexican and Mexican American populations, revealing 85 to 90% of mtDNA lineages are of Native American origin [53,54], with the remainder having European (5–7%) or African ancestry (3–5%). Thus the observed frequency of Native American mtDNA in Mexican/Mexican Americans is higher than was expected on the basis of autosomal estimates of Native American admixture for these populations i.e. ~ 30-46%. The difference is indicative of directional mating involving preferentially immigrant men and Native American women. This type of genetic asymmetry has been observed in other populations, including Brazilian individuals of African ancestry, as the analysis of sex specific and autosomal markers has revealed evidence for substantial European admixture that was mediated mostly through men.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.atitle=Large+scale+mitochondrial+sequencing+in+Mexican+Americans+suggests+a+reappraisal+of+Native+American+origins&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=293&rft.date=2011-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3217880%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21978175&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2148-11-293&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011BMCEE..11..293K&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Satish&rft.au=Bellis%2C+Claire&rft.au=Zlojutro%2C+Mark&rft.au=Melton%2C+Phillip+E.&rft.au=Blangero%2C+John&rft.au=Curran%2C+Joanne+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3217880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPricePattersonYuCox2007" class="citation journal cs1">Price, Alkes L.; Patterson, Nick; Yu, Fuli; Cox, David R.; Waliszewska, Alicja; McDonald, Gavin J.; Tandon, Arti; Schirmer, Christine; Neubauer, Julie; Bedoya, Gabriel; Duque, Constanza; Villegas, Alberto; Bortolini, Maria Catira; Salzano, Francisco M.; Gallo, Carla; Mazzotti, Guido; Tello-Ruiz, Marcela; Riba, Laura; Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A.; Canizales-Quinteros, Samuel; Menjivar, Marta; Klitz, William; Henderson, Brian; Haiman, Christopher A.; Winkler, Cheryl; Tusie-Luna, Teresa; Ruiz-Linares, Andrés; Reich, David (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1867092">"A Genomewide Admixture Map for Latino Populations"</a>. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 80 (6): 1024–1036. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F518313">10.1086/518313</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1867092">1867092</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17503322">17503322</a>. <q>Results are reported in table 2 and indicate higher total Native American ancestry for LA Latinos and Mexicans (45% and 44%, respectively) than for Brazilians and Colombians (18% and 19%, respectively), which is in line with previous studies. 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Cambridge Scholars. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-7653-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-7653-7"><bdi>978-1-5275-7653-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spatial+Concepts+for+Decolonizing+the+Americas&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars&rft.date=2021-10-19&rft.isbn=978-1-5275-7653-7&rft.aulast=Lara&rft.aufirst=Fernando+Luiz&rft.au=Hern%C3%A1ndez%2C+Felipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF9BJEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dexalting%2Bof%2Bmestizaje%2Bwas%2Ba%2Brevolutionary%2Bidea%2Bmexico%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSänchez_PradoNogarSerra2016" class="citation book cs1">Sänchez Prado, Ignacio M.; Nogar, Anna M.; Serra, José Ramón Ruisánchez (24 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lwWpDAAAQBAJ&q=mexican+literature+influenced+by+spanish+indigenous%C2%A0">A History of Mexican Literature</a>. 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ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mexicotodayencyc00coer/page/n187">161</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576071328" title="Special:BookSources/9781576071328"><bdi>9781576071328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mexico%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Contemporary+Culture+and+History&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781576071328&rft.aulast=Coerver&rft.aufirst=Don+M.&rft.au=Pasztor%2C+Suzanne+B.&rft.au=Buffington%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmexicotodayencyc00coer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESummerfieldDevine1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6x3S8eM3spACpgPA285_285]-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerfieldDevine1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6x3S8eM3spACpgPA285_285]_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSummerfieldDevine1998">Summerfield & Devine 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6x3S8eM3spAC&pg=PA285">285</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESummerfieldDevine1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6x3S8eM3spACpgPA286_286]-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerfieldDevine1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6x3S8eM3spACpgPA286_286]_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSummerfieldDevine1998">Summerfield & Devine 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6x3S8eM3spAC&pg=PA286">286</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForestAltbach2006" class="citation book cs1">Forest, James J. F.; Altbach, Philip G. (2006). International Handbook of Higher Education. p. 882. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402040115" title="Special:BookSources/9781402040115"><bdi>9781402040115</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Handbook+of+Higher+Education&rft.pages=882&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781402040115&rft.aulast=Forest&rft.aufirst=James+J.+F.&rft.au=Altbach%2C+Philip+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-page18-221"><a href="#cite_ref-page18_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortesLomnitz1990" class="citation book cs1">Fortes, Jacqueline; Lomnitz, Larissa (1990). Becoming a Scientist in Mexico. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780271026329" title="Special:BookSources/9780271026329"><bdi>9780271026329</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+a+Scientist+in+Mexico&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780271026329&rft.aulast=Fortes&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft.au=Lomnitz%2C+Larissa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1995/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995"</a>. Nobelprize.org. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226102637/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1995/summary/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1995&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1995%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson,_Elizabeth_A.1995" class="citation web cs1">Thomson, Elizabeth A. (18 October 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1995/molina-1018.html">"Molina wins Nobel Prize for ozone work"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140109160659/http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1995/molina-1018.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Molina+wins+Nobel+Prize+for+ozone+work&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft.date=1995-10-18&rft.au=Thomson%2C+Elizabeth+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fnewsoffice%2F1995%2Fmolina-1018.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarramiñanaThe_LMT-GTM_collaboration2007" class="citation book cs1">Carramiñana, Alberto; The LMT-GTM collaboration (2007). "Unravelling unidentified γ-ray sources with the large millimeter telescope". In Paredes, Josep M.; Reimer, Olaf; Torres, Diego F. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/multimessengerap00pare">The Multi-Messenger Approach to High-Energy Gamma-Ray Sources</a>. Springer Netherlands. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/multimessengerap00pare/page/n479">527</a>–530. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6117-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6117-2"><bdi>978-1-4020-6117-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Unravelling+unidentified+%CE%B3-ray+sources+with+the+large+millimeter+telescope&rft.btitle=The+Multi-Messenger+Approach+to+High-Energy+Gamma-Ray+Sources&rft.pages=527-530&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-6117-2&rft.aulast=Carrami%C3%B1ana&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft.au=The+LMT-GTM+collaboration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmultimessengerap00pare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s73tv-Fr0sgC&dq=famous+mexican+singers+are+Thal%C3%ADa,+Luis+Miguel,+Alejandro+Fern%C3%A1ndez,+Julieta+Venegas+and+Paulina+Rubio.&pg=PA68">Let's Go Mexico</a> (22nd ed.). Macmillan. 27 November 2007. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312374525" title="Special:BookSources/9780312374525"><bdi>9780312374525</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403233916/https://books.google.com/books?id=s73tv-Fr0sgC&dq=famous+mexican+singers+are+Thal%C3%ADa,+Luis+Miguel,+Alejandro+Fern%C3%A1ndez,+Julieta+Venegas+and+Paulina+Rubio.&pg=PA68">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let%27s+Go+Mexico&rft.pages=68&rft.edition=22nd&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2007-11-27&rft.isbn=9780312374525&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds73tv-Fr0sgC%26dq%3Dfamous%2Bmexican%2Bsingers%2Bare%2BThal%25C3%25ADa%2C%2BLuis%2BMiguel%2C%2BAlejandro%2BFern%25C3%25A1ndez%2C%2BJulieta%2BVenegas%2Band%2BPaulina%2BRubio.%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturman2019" class="citation book cs1">Sturman, Janet (26 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L0OKDwAAQBAJ&dq=sage+music+mexico&pg=PT2520">The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Music and Culture</a>. SAGE Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5063-5337-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5063-5337-1"><bdi>978-1-5063-5337-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SAGE+International+Encyclopedia+of+Music+and+Culture&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2019-02-26&rft.isbn=978-1-5063-5337-1&rft.aulast=Sturman&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL0OKDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsage%2Bmusic%2Bmexico%26pg%3DPT2520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8pXAAAAYAAJ&q=%C2%A0mexico+music+mexican+rock+paulina+rubio+-billboard">Mexico: A Travel Survival Kit</a>. Lonely Planet Publications. 2008. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-804-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-804-9"><bdi>978-1-74104-804-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mexico%3A+A+Travel+Survival+Kit&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-74104-804-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ8pXAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%25C2%25A0mexico%2Bmusic%2Bmexican%2Brock%2Bpaulina%2Brubio%2B-billboard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalicov2019" class="citation book cs1">Falicov, Tamara L. (27 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=622ODwAAQBAJ&dq=Mexican+films+from+the+Golden+Age+in+the+1940s+and+1950s+are+the+greatest+examples+of+Hispanic+American+cinema,&pg=PA15">Latin American Film Industries</a>. Bloomsbury. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781911239383" title="Special:BookSources/9781911239383"><bdi>9781911239383</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403232836/https://books.google.com/books?id=622ODwAAQBAJ&dq=Mexican+films+from+the+Golden+Age+in+the+1940s+and+1950s+are+the+greatest+examples+of+Hispanic+American+cinema,&pg=PA15">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+American+Film+Industries&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2019-06-27&rft.isbn=9781911239383&rft.aulast=Falicov&rft.aufirst=Tamara+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D622ODwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DMexican%2Bfilms%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2BGolden%2BAge%2Bin%2Bthe%2B1940s%2Band%2B1950s%2Bare%2Bthe%2Bgreatest%2Bexamples%2Bof%2BHispanic%2BAmerican%2Bcinema%2C%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9TihkBbQr3UC&dq=cinema+in+mexico+Como+agua+para+chocolate+%281992%29%2C+Cronos+%281993%29&pg=PA189">Gringolandia: Mexican Identity and Perceptions of the United States</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gringolandia%3A+Mexican+Identity+and+Perceptions+of+the+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9TihkBbQr3UC%26dq%3Dcinema%2Bin%2Bmexico%2BComo%2Bagua%2Bpara%2Bchocolate%2B%25281992%2529%252C%2BCronos%2B%25281993%2529%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QSQkCQAAQBAJ&dq=cinema+in+mexico+Como+agua+para+chocolate+%281992%29%2C+Cronos+%281993%29&pg=PA1">Mexican Cinema: Reflections of a Society, 1896-2004, 3d ed</a>. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mexican+Cinema%3A+Reflections+of+a+Society%2C+1896-2004%2C+3d+ed.&rft.pages=1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQSQkCQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcinema%2Bin%2Bmexico%2BComo%2Bagua%2Bpara%2Bchocolate%2B%25281992%2529%252C%2BCronos%2B%25281993%2529%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011103154/http://www.diego-rivera.org/rockefellercontroversy.html">"Rockefeller Controversy"</a>. Diego Rivera Prints. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diego-rivera.org/rockefellercontroversy.html">the original</a> on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 2 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rockefeller+Controversy&rft.pub=Diego+Rivera+Prints&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diego-rivera.org%2Frockefellercontroversy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Me-xico-232"><a href="#cite_ref-Me-xico_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/MX/">"Mexico"</a>. UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322163036/https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/mx">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mexico&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fstatesparties%2FMX%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopka2011" class="citation book cs1">Kopka, Deborah (September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_InxCgAAQBAJ&dq=Mexican+cuisine+vanilla+chocolate+Spanish+indigenous&pg=PA61">Welcome to Mexico: Passport to North America</a>. Milliken. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780787727901" title="Special:BookSources/9780787727901"><bdi>9780787727901</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404015924/https://books.google.com/books?id=_InxCgAAQBAJ&dq=Mexican+cuisine+vanilla+chocolate+Spanish+indigenous&pg=PA61">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. 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Retrieved 18 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Day+of+the+Dead+%28D%C3%ADa+de+los+Muertos%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fhalloween%2Fday-of-the-dead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/education/blog/beyond-sugar-skulls-the-history-and-culture-of-dia-de-los-muertos">"Beyond Sugar Skulls: The History and Culture of Dia de los Muertos"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220521044038/https://www.pbs.org/education/blog/beyond-sugar-skulls-the-history-and-culture-of-dia-de-los-muertos">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Beyond+Sugar+Skulls%3A+The+History+and+Culture+of+Dia+de+los+Muertos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Feducation%2Fblog%2Fbeyond-sugar-skulls-the-history-and-culture-of-dia-de-los-muertos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Latinobarometro_2017-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Latinobarometro_2017_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Latinobarometro_2017_236-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/site/artic/20180112/asocfile/20180112124342/f00006494_religion_chile_america_latina_2017.pdf">"Latinobarómetro 1995 - 2017: El Papa Francisco y la Religión en Chile y América Latina"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/site/artic/20180112/asocfile/20180112124342/f00006494_religion_chile_america_latina_2017.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latinobar%C3%B3metro+1995+-+2017%3A+El+Papa+Francisco+y+la+Religi%C3%B3n+en+Chile+y+Am%C3%A9rica+Latina&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cooperativa.cl%2Fnoticias%2Fsite%2Fartic%2F20180112%2Fasocfile%2F20180112124342%2Ff00006494_religion_chile_america_latina_2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mexican_Americans-237">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mexican_Americans_237-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mexican_Americans_237-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonoso2014" class="citation book cs1">Donoso, Juan Carlos (8 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/12/08/on-religion-mexicans-are-more-catholic-and-often-more-traditional-than-mexican-americans/">On religion, Mexicans are more Catholic and often more traditional than Mexican Americans</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190824201451/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/12/08/on-religion-mexicans-are-more-catholic-and-often-more-traditional-than-mexican-americans/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2019. 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INEGI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226090054/http://www3.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/TabuladosBasicos/Default.aspx?c=27302&s=est%20">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Censo+de+Poblaci%C3%B3n+y+Vivienda+2010+%E2%80%93+Cuestionario+b%C3%A1sico&rft.pub=INEGI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.inegi.org.mx%2Fsistemas%2FTabuladosBasicos%2FDefault.aspx%3Fc%3D27302%26s%3Dest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-239"><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/">"Mexico"</a>. The World Factbook. CIA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126164719/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Mexico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fmexico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrahm2014" class="citation book cs1">Frahm, Sara (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=APZaBAAAQBAJ&q=mexico+is+very+catholic&pg=PT51">The Cross and the Compass: Freemasonry and Religious Tolerance in Mexico</a>. Palibrio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781463340063" title="Special:BookSources/9781463340063"><bdi>9781463340063</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927200949/https://books.google.com/books?id=APZaBAAAQBAJ&q=mexico+is+very+catholic&pg=PT51#v=snippet&q=mexico%20is%20very%20catholic&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cross+and+the+Compass%3A+Freemasonry+and+Religious+Tolerance+in+Mexico&rft.pub=Palibrio&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781463340063&rft.aulast=Frahm&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAPZaBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmexico%2Bis%2Bvery%2Bcatholic%26pg%3DPT51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neo-Reformation-241">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neo-Reformation_241-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neo-Reformation_241-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neo-Reformation_241-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2013" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, Eric (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hdtTAQAAQBAJ&q=mexico+is+a+very+devout+catholic&pg=PA9">Latin America's Neo-Reformation: Religion's Influence on Contemporary Politics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135412845" title="Special:BookSources/9781135412845"><bdi>9781135412845</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927201449/https://books.google.com/books?id=hdtTAQAAQBAJ&q=mexico+is+a+very+devout+catholic&pg=PA9#v=snippet&q=mexico%20is%20a%20very%20devout%20catholic&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+America%27s+Neo-Reformation%3A+Religion%27s+Influence+on+Contemporary+Politics&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781135412845&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhdtTAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmexico%2Bis%2Ba%2Bvery%2Bdevout%2Bcatholic%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2003/24499.htm">"Mexico"</a>. International Religious Report. U.S. Department of State. 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190705232956/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2003/24499.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Religious+Report&rft.atitle=Mexico&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2003%2F24499.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000818085719/http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_romcath.html">"The Largest Catholic Communities"</a>. Adherents.com. 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Numen. 43 (1): 1–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1568527962598395">10.1163/1568527962598395</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270234">3270234</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1299165664">1299165664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=The+Revival+of+Mexican+Religions%3A+The+Impact+of+Nativism&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-31&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1568527962598395&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3270234%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Torres&rft.aufirst=Yolotl+Gonz%C3%A1lez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCitlalcoatl2010" class="citation thesis cs1">Citlalcoatl, Zotero (2010). Amoxtli Yaoxochimeh (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10150%2F193424">10150/193424</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Amoxtli+Yaoxochimeh&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10150%2F193424&rft.aulast=Citlalcoatl&rft.aufirst=Zotero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.migrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/publications/RAD-Mexico.pdf">"The Mexican Diaspora in the United States"</a> (PDF). Migration Policy Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418070039/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/publications/RAD-Mexico.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mexican+Diaspora+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=Migration+Policy+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationpolicy.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2FRAD-Mexico.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/mexican-immigrants-united-states-2019">"Mexican Immigrants in the United States"</a>. Migration Policy Institute. 4 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118212116/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/mexican-immigrants-united-states-2019">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mexican+Immigrants+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=Migration+Policy+Institute&rft.date=2020-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationpolicy.org%2Farticle%2Fmexican-immigrants-united-states-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Friedlander, Judith. 1975. Being Indian in Hueyapan: A Study of Forced Identity in Contemporary Mexico. New York: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Martin%27s_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Martin's Press">Saint Martin's Press</a>.</li> <li>Gómez M., et al. Historia de México: Texto de Consulta Para Educación Media Superior. Mexico: Limusa, 2006.</li> <li>Moot Rodriguez, Modern History of Mexico, Universidad de Chan, Mexico, 2002.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartolomé1996" class="citation book cs1">Bartolomé, Miguel Alberto (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courses.cit.cornell.edu/iard4010/documents/Pluralismo_cultural_y_redefinicion_del_estado_en_Mexico.pdf">Pluralismo cultural y redefinicion del estado en México</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/605212355">605212355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pluralismo+cultural+y+redefinicion+del+estado+en+M%C3%A9xico&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F605212355&rft.aulast=Bartolom%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Miguel+Alberto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcourses.cit.cornell.edu%2Fiard4010%2Fdocuments%2FPluralismo_cultural_y_redefinicion_del_estado_en_Mexico.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1990" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Alan (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKImn9nyGUYC&pg=PA71">"Racism, Revolution and indigenismo: Mexico 1910–1940"</a>. In Graham, Richard (ed.). The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870–1940. University of Texas Press. pp. 71–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73857-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73857-7"><bdi>978-0-292-73857-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Racism%2C+Revolution+and+indigenismo%3A+Mexico+1910%E2%80%931940&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+Race+in+Latin+America%2C+1870%E2%80%931940&rft.pages=71-113&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-292-73857-7&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZKImn9nyGUYC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummerfieldDevine1998" class="citation book cs1">Summerfield, Carol J.; Devine, Mary Elizabeth, eds. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6x3S8eM3spAC">International Dictionary of University Histories</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781884964237" title="Special:BookSources/9781884964237"><bdi>9781884964237</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Dictionary+of+University+Histories&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781884964237&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6x3S8eM3spAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade1997" class="citation book cs1">Wade, Peter (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raceethnicityinl0000wade">Race And Ethnicity In Latin America</a>. Pluto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-0987-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-0987-3"><bdi>978-0-7453-0987-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+And+Ethnicity+In+Latin+America&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-0987-3&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fraceethnicityinl0000wade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Navarrete Linares, Federico (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318013625/http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_details&gid=62&Itemid=24">Los pueblos indígenas de México</a>. Pueblos Indígenas del México Contemporáneo series (in Spanish). México, D.F.: <a href="/wiki/Comisi%C3%B3n_Nacional_para_el_Desarrollo_de_los_Pueblos_Ind%C3%ADgenas" class="mw-redirect" title="Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas">Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-970-753-157-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-970-753-157-4"><bdi>978-970-753-157-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/319215886">319215886</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_details&gid=62&Itemid=24">the original</a> (PDF online facsimile) on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+pueblos+ind%C3%ADgenas+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.place=M%C3%A9xico%2C+D.F.&rft.series=Pueblos+Ind%C3%ADgenas+del+M%C3%A9xico+Contempor%C3%A1neo+series&rft.pub=Comisi%C3%B3n+Nacional+para+el+Desarrollo+de+los+Pueblos+Ind%C3%ADgenas&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F319215886&rft.isbn=978-970-753-157-4&rft.au=Navarrete+Linares%2C+Federico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdi.gob.mx%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_docman%26task%3Ddoc_details%26gid%3D62%26Itemid%3D24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Satish Kumar; Claire Bellis; Mark Zlojutro; Phillip E Melton; John Blangero; Joanne E Curran (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3217880">"Large scale mitochondrial sequencing in Mexican Americans suggests a reappraisal of Native American origins"</a>. BMC Ecology and Evolution. 11 (1): 293. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011BMCEE..11..293K">2011BMCEE..11..293K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2148-11-293">10.1186/1471-2148-11-293</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3217880">3217880</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21978175">21978175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Ecology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Large+scale+mitochondrial+sequencing+in+Mexican+Americans+suggests+a+reappraisal+of+Native+American+origins&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=293&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3217880%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21978175&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2148-11-293&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011BMCEE..11..293K&rft.au=Satish+Kumar&rft.au=Claire+Bellis&rft.au=Mark+Zlojutro&rft.au=Phillip+E+Melton&rft.au=John+Blangero&rft.au=Joanne+E+Curran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3217880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexicans" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexicans&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Oster, Patrick, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TUtxjI2qr-8C">The Mexicans: a personal portrait of a people</a>, New York : HarperCollins, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-097310-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-097310-2">0-06-097310-2</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Mexico" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mexico#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Mexico">Ancestry and ethnicity in Mexico</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexicans</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Amerindian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mexico</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mestizos_in_Mexico" title="Mestizos in Mexico">Mestizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Mexicans" title="Afro-Mexicans">From Sub-Saharan Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_keniana_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración keniana en México">Kenyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From the Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_immigration_to_Mexico" title="American immigration to Mexico">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mascogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_colonies_in_Mexico" title="Mormon colonies in Mexico">Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Mexicans" title="Argentine Mexicans">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_belice%C3%B1a_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración beliceña en México">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Mexicans" title="Brazilian Mexicans">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Mexicans" title="Canadian Mexicans">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Mexicans" title="Chilean Mexicans">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Mexicans" title="Colombian Mexicans">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_costarricense_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración costarricense en México">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Mexicans" title="Cuban Mexicans">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_dominicana_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración dominicana en México">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_ecuatoriana_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración ecuatoriana en México">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Mexicans" title="Guatemalan Mexicans">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Mexicans" title="Haitian Mexicans">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_hondure%C3%B1a_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración hondureña en México">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_nicarag%C3%BCense_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración nicaragüense en México">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Mexicans" title="Peruvian Mexicans">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Mexicans" title="Salvadoran Mexicans">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayans_in_Mexico" title="Uruguayans in Mexico">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Mexicans" title="Venezuelan Mexicans">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Mexicans" title="Asian Mexicans">From South and East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Mexico" title="Chinese immigration to Mexico">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_immigration_to_Mexico" title="Filipino immigration to Mexico">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Mexicans" title="Indian Mexicans">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Mexicans" title="Japanese Mexicans">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_Mexico_City" title="Japanese community of Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Mexico" title="Koreans in Mexico">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Mexicans" title="Romani Mexicans">Romani</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_Mexicans" title="White Mexicans">From Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Mexicans" title="Austrian Mexicans">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Mexicans" title="Belgian Mexicans">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britons_in_Mexico" title="Britons in Mexico">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora#Mexico" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_b%C3%BAlgara_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración búlgara en México">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Mexicans" title="Croatian Mexicans">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Mexicans" title="Czech Mexicans">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Mexicans" title="Dutch Mexicans">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Mexicans" title="French Mexicans">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Mexicans" title="German Mexicans">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites_in_Mexico" title="Mennonites in Mexico">Mennonite</a>2</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Mexicans" title="Greek Mexicans">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Mexicans" title="Hungarian Mexicans">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mexicans" title="Irish Mexicans">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Mexicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Mexicans">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Mexicans" title="Polish Mexicans">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mexicans" title="Portuguese Mexicans">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Mexicans" title="Romanian Mexicans">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mexicans" title="Russian Mexicans">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Mexicans" title="Scandinavian Mexicans">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_noruega_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración noruega en México">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_sueca_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración sueca en México">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards_in_Mexico" title="Spaniards in Mexico">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Mexicans" title="Basque Mexicans">Basque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Mexicans" title="Swiss Mexicans">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Mexico" title="Ukrainians in Mexico">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From Western Asia and North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Mexicans" title="Arab Mexicans">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Mexicans" title="Lebanese Mexicans">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Mexicans" title="Palestinian Mexicans">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Mexicans" title="Syrian Mexicans">Syrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Mexicans" title="Armenian Mexicans">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Mexicans" title="Assyrian Mexicans">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Jewish</a>1</li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_iran%C3%AD_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración iraní en México">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Mexico" title="Turks in Mexico">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Amerindian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">More than 100,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinantec_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinantec people">Chinantec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BCol_people" title="Chʼol people">Ch'ol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_people" title="Huastec people">Huastec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazahua_people" title="Mazahua people">Mazahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazatec" title="Mazatec">Mazatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe_people" title="Mixe people">Mixe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahuas" title="Nahuas">Nahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomi" title="Otomi">Otomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha" title="Purépecha">Purépecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rar%C3%A1muri" title="Rarámuri">Rarámuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlapanec_people" title="Tlapanec people">Tlapanec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonac" title="Totonac">Totonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzeltal_people" title="Tzeltal people">Tzeltal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzotzil" title="Tzotzil">Tzotzil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples#Yucatec_Maya" title="Maya peoples">Yucatec Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_peoples" title="Zapotec peoples">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20,000–100,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amuzgos" title="Amuzgos">Amuzgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatinos" title="Chatinos">Chatino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chontal_Maya" title="Chontal Maya">Chontal Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cora_people" title="Cora people">Cora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuicatecs" title="Cuicatecs">Cuicatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_people" title="Huave people">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichol" title="Huichol">Huichol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mam_people" title="Mam people">Mam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_people" title="Mayo people">Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popoluca" title="Popoluca">Popoluca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n" title="Tepehuán">Tepehuán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tojolabal_people" title="Tojolabal people">Tojolabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triqui" title="Triqui">Triqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoque_people" title="Zoque people">Zoque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000–20,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chocho_people" title="Chocho people">Chocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_Jonaz_people" title="Chichimeca Jonaz people">Chichimeca Jonaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuj_people" title="Chuj people">Chuj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarijio_people" title="Guarijio people">Guarijio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakaltek_people" title="Jakaltek people">Jacaltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicaneros" title="Mexicaneros">Mexicanero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocuiltec_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocuiltec people">Ocuiltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pame_people" title="Pame people">Pame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_Bajo_people" title="Pima Bajo people">Pima Bajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCanjob%CA%BCal_people" title="Qʼanjobʼal people">Qʼanjobʼal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuate" title="Tacuate">Tacuate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehuas" title="Tepehuas">Tepehua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fewer than 1,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awakatek_people" title="Awakatek people">Aguacatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochim%C3%AD" title="Cochimí">Cochimí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah" title="Cocopah">Cocopah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixcatecos" title="Ixcatecos">Ixcatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixil_people" title="Ixil people">Ixil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_people" title="Kaqchikel people">Kaqchikel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_people" title="Kʼicheʼ people">K'iche'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Kickapoo" title="Mexican Kickapoo">Kikapú</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliwa_people" title="Kiliwa people">Kiliwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumeyaay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacandon_people" title="Lacandon people">Lacandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motozintlecos" title="Motozintlecos">Motozintlec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opata_people" title="Opata people">Opata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paipai_people" title="Paipai people">Paipai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCeqchi%CA%BC" title="Qʼeqchiʼ">Qʼeqchiʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_people" title="Seri people">Seri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/16px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/24px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Mexico portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li>1 Jews and Romani originate in the Middle East and South Asia respectively, with most arriving to Mexico via Europe</li> <li>2 Primarily arrived via Canada</li> <li>3 Originated in what is now the United States</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mexico_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mexico_topics" title="Template:Mexico topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mexico_topics" title="Template talk:Mexico topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mexico_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mexico topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mexico_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mexico-related_articles" title="Index of Mexico-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Mexico" title="Pre-Columbian Mexico">Pre-Columbian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Mexican Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_America_under_Mexican_rule" title="Central America under Mexican rule">Control of Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Executive_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Executive Power">Supreme Executive Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Republic" title="First Mexican Republic">First Mexican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_attempts_to_reconquer_Mexico" title="Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico">Spanish reconquest attempts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico">Centralist Republic of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastry_War" title="Pastry War">Pastry War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Second Federal Republic of Mexico">Second Mexican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Reforma" title="La Reforma">La Reforma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">Second French intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second Mexican Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restored_Republic_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restored Republic (Mexico)">Restored Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_War_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Caste War of Yucatán">Caste War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Wars" title="Yaqui Wars">Yaqui Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porfiriato" title="Porfiriato">Porfiriato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_the_Mexican_Revolution" title="United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution">Second American intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximato" title="Maximato">Maximato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">Institutional Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_miracle" title="Mexican miracle">Mexican miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9cada_Perdida" class="mw-redirect" title="La Década Perdida">Lost Decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso_crisis" title="Mexican peso crisis">Peso crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas_conflict" title="Chiapas conflict">Chiapas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">War on drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mexico" title="Geography of Mexico">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Mexico" title="Borders of Mexico">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mexico" title="List of cities in Mexico">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mexico" title="Climate of Mexico">Climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Mexico" title="Climate change in Mexico">Climate change</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Mexico" title="List of earthquakes in Mexico">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Mexico">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of extreme points of Mexico">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Mexico" title="Forests of Mexico">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Mexico" title="List of islands of Mexico">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Mexico" title="List of lakes of Mexico">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico" title="Metropolitan areas of Mexico">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_Mexico" title="List of mountain peaks of Mexico">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_natural_areas_of_Mexico" title="Protected natural areas of Mexico">Protected natural areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Mexico" title="List of rivers of Mexico">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_of_Mexico" title="List of states of Mexico">States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Mexico" title="Municipalities of Mexico">Municipalities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Mexico" title="Territories of Mexico">Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Mexico" title="Territorial evolution of Mexico">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Mexico" title="Time in Mexico">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_tropical_cyclone_rainfall_climatology" title="Mexico tropical cyclone rainfall climatology">Tropical cyclone rainfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Mexico" title="List of volcanoes in Mexico">Volcanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resources in Mexico">Water resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Mexico" title="Wildlife of Mexico">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mexico" title="Politics of Mexico">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mexico" title="Administrative divisions of Mexico">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Union" title="Congress of the Union">Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Mexico)" title="Senate of the Republic (Mexico)">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Mexico)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)">Chamber of Deputies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico" title="Constitution of Mexico">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Mexico" title="Elections in Mexico">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Mexico" title="Federal government of Mexico">Federal government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Mexico" title="Foreign relations of Mexico">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Armed_Forces" title="Mexican Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Mexico" title="List of political parties in Mexico">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Mexico" title="Cabinet of Mexico">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_state_legislatures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mexican state legislatures">State legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Justice_of_the_Nation" title="Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Mexico" title="Law of Mexico">Law</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Mexico" title="Abortion in Mexico">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_Mexico" title="Age of consent in Mexico">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mexico" title="Human rights in Mexico">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Mexico" title="Intersex rights in Mexico">Intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mexico" title="Law enforcement in Mexico">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Mexico">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Mexico" title="Same-sex marriage in Mexico">Same-sex marriage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico" title="Economy of Mexico">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mexico" title="Agriculture in Mexico">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Mexico" title="Automotive industry in Mexico">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico" title="Bank of Mexico">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Mexico" title="List of companies of Mexico">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mexico" title="Economic history of Mexico">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Mexico" title="Energy in Mexico">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Mexico" title="Renewable energy in Mexico">Renewable energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolsa_Institucional_de_Valores" title="Bolsa Institucional de Valores">Institutional stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_Mexico" title="Irrigation in Mexico">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_labor_law" title="Mexican labor law">Labor law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Mexico" title="Land reform in Mexico">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Mexico" title="Manufacturing in Mexico">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Stock_Exchange" title="Mexican Stock Exchange">National stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Mexico" title="Oil reserves in Mexico">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_Pension_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico Pension Plan">Pension system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso" title="Mexican peso">Peso (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Mexico" title="Petroleum industry in Mexico">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Mexico" title="History of science and technology in Mexico">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_GDP" title="List of Mexican states by GDP">States by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_unemployment" title="List of Mexican states by unemployment">States by unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Mexico">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Mexico" title="Tourism in Mexico">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Mexico" title="Transportation in Mexico">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity_in_Mexico" title="Water scarcity in Mexico">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Mexico" title="Category:Society of Mexico">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Mexico" title="Corruption in Mexico">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Mexico" title="Censorship in Mexico">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Mexico" title="Crime in Mexico">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mexico" title="Demographics of Mexico">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mexico" title="Education in Mexico">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_flags" title="List of Mexican flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Mexico" title="Healthcare in Mexico">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Mexico" title="Immigration to Mexico">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Mexican states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_nationality_law" title="Mexican nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mexico" title="Women in Mexico">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico" title="Poverty in Mexico">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Mexico" title="Public holidays in Mexico">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Mexican states by Human Development Index">States by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Mexico" title="Smoking in Mexico"> Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Mexico" title="Water supply and sanitation in Mexico">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oportunidades" title="Oportunidades">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mexico" title="Culture of Mexico">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mexico" title="Architecture of Mexico">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_art" title="Mexican art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mexico" title="Cinema of Mexico">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_wine" title="Mexican wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folktales_of_Mexico" title="Folktales of Mexico">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_handcrafts_and_folk_art" title="Mexican handcrafts and folk art">Handcrafts and folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mexico" title="Languages of Mexico">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_literature" title="Mexican literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Monuments_of_Mexico" title="National Monuments of Mexico">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Mexico" title="National symbols of Mexico">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Mexico" title="Radio in Mexico">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Our Lady of Guadalupe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Mexico" title="Sport in Mexico">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Mexico" title="Television in Mexico">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Mexico" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Mexico">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Mexico" title="Outline of Mexico">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mexico-related_articles" title="Index of Mexico-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mexico" title="Category:Mexico">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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