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contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Khasa Kingdom</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="खस राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खस राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_Khasa" title="Regno Khasa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno Khasa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="खस राज्य – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="खस राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khasa-riket" title="Khasa-riket – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Khasa-riket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9A_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கச மல்ல இராச்சியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கச மல்ல இராச்சியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%B3%BD%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="亚泽王朝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亚泽王朝" 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medieval dynasty of Indian subcontinent</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the tribe of same name in ancient literatures and classical texts, see <a href="/wiki/Khasas" title="Khasas">Khasas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khasas_(Mahabharata)" title="Khasas (Mahabharata)">Khasas (Mahabharata)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Malla_dynasty_(Nepal)" title="Malla dynasty (Nepal)">Malla dynasty (Nepal)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Khasa Malla Kingdom</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">खस मल्ल राज्य</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">11th–14th centuries</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ripu_Malla.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painting of Khasa Buddhist King Ripu Malla and his son Sangrama worshiping the Goddess Tara (center) c. 1312"><img alt="Painting of Khasa Buddhist King Ripu Malla and his son Sangrama worshiping the Goddess Tara (center) c. 1312" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ripu_Malla.jpg/250px-Ripu_Malla.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ripu_Malla.jpg/500px-Ripu_Malla.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2331" data-file-height="2322" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Painting of Khasa Buddhist King <a href="/wiki/Ripu_Malla" title="Ripu Malla">Ripu Malla</a> and his son Sangrama worshiping the Goddess <a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tara</a> (center) c. 1312</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:272px;border:none"><div style="position:relative;width:270px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khasa Kingdom is located in South Asia"><img alt="Khasa Kingdom is located in South Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/330px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/500px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/960px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:35.153%;left:60.509%;font-size:80%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Nigali Sagar"><img alt="Nigali Sagar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Button_Icon_White.svg/8px-Button_Icon_White.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Button_Icon_White.svg/12px-Button_Icon_White.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Button_Icon_White.svg/16px-Button_Icon_White.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Nigali_Sagar" title="Nigali Sagar">Nigali Sagar</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:35.473%;left:60.976%;font-size:80%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lumbini"><img alt="Lumbini" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Button_Icon_White.svg/8px-Button_Icon_White.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Button_Icon_White.svg/12px-Button_Icon_White.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Button_Icon_White.svg/16px-Button_Icon_White.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.33%;left:65.432%;font-size:80%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bodh Gaya"><img alt="Bodh Gaya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Button_Icon_White.svg/8px-Button_Icon_White.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Button_Icon_White.svg/12px-Button_Icon_White.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Button_Icon_White.svg/16px-Button_Icon_White.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:31.585%;left:56.675%;font-size:80%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dullu"><img alt="Dullu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Button_Icon_White.svg/8px-Button_Icon_White.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Button_Icon_White.svg/12px-Button_Icon_White.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Button_Icon_White.svg/16px-Button_Icon_White.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Dullu" title="Dullu">Dullu</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.241%;left:52.702%;font-size:80%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Baleshwar"><img alt="Baleshwar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Button_Icon_White.svg/8px-Button_Icon_White.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Button_Icon_White.svg/12px-Button_Icon_White.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Button_Icon_White.svg/16px-Button_Icon_White.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Baleshwar_Temple" title="Baleshwar Temple">Baleshwar</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.275%;left:57.617%;font-size:90%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sinja Valley"><img alt="Sinja Valley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Orange_ff8040_pog.svg/10px-Orange_ff8040_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Orange_ff8040_pog.svg/15px-Orange_ff8040_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Orange_ff8040_pog.svg/20px-Orange_ff8040_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:6px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Sinja_Valley" title="Sinja Valley">Sinja Valley</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" title="File:South Asia non political, with rivers.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location of the <a href="/wiki/Sinja_Valley" title="Sinja Valley">Sinja Valley</a>, heartland of the Khasa Kingdom, and location of known inscriptions.</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sinja_Valley" title="Sinja Valley">Sinja Valley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khas language">Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahliki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahliki (page does not exist)">Bahliki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (Initially)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (From the reign of King Punyamalla)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><i><a href="/wiki/Maharajadhiraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharajadhiraja">Maharajadhiraja</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGnyawali1971266_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGnyawali1971266-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Sovereign King)</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 11th century</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Nāgarāja</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1207-1223 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Krachalla Deva</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1223–1287 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Ashok Challa</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•  </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Jitari Malla</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•  </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Ananda Malla</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• early 14th century </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Ripu Malla</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 14th century </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Punya Malla</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 14th century </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Prithvi Malla</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 14th century </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Abhaya Malla</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11th</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14th centuries</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;">[[<a href="/wiki/Katyuri_Dynasty" title="Katyuri Dynasty">Katyuri Dynasty</a>]] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khasas" title="Khasas">Khasas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chand_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Chand kings">Chand kings</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Baise_Rajya" title="Baise Rajya">Baise Rajya</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Chaubisi_Rajya" title="Chaubisi Rajya">Chaubisi Rajya</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Tulsipur_State" title="Tulsipur State">Tulsipur State</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Khasa-Malla kingdom</b> (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">खस मल्ल राज्य</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Nepali-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">Khasa Malla Rājya</i></span>), popularly known as <b>Khasa Kingdom</b> (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">खस राज्य</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Nepali-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">Khasa Rājya</i></span>) and <b>Yatse</b> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>ya rtse</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Tibetan language">Tibetan</a>, was a medieval kingdom established around the 11th century in regions that are presently in far-western <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a> state in India. </p><p>The origins of the ruling family are disputed with some arguing that the kingdom was ruled by kings of <a href="/wiki/Khasas" title="Khasas">Khasa tribe</a> who bore the family name "Malla" (not to be confused with the later <a href="/wiki/Malla_(Nepal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malla (Nepal)">Malla dynasty</a> of Kathmandu).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikary199737_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdhikary199737-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However a growing body of evidence indicates that the ruling family were descended from the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a> House of Yatse and was gradually <a href="/wiki/Indianisation" title="Indianisation">Indianised</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Khasa Malla kings ruled western parts of Nepal during 11th–14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Krishna_2009_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishna_2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 954 AD <a href="/wiki/Khajuraho" title="Khajuraho">Khajuraho</a> Inscription of Dhaṇga states that the Khasa Kingdom were equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gaudas of Bengal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratihara</a> dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThakur1990287_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThakur1990287-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khasa_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An ancient tribe named <a href="/wiki/Khasas_(Mahabharata)" title="Khasas (Mahabharata)">Khasa</a> is mentioned in several ancient legendary Indian texts, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>. The Khasas are mentioned in several Indian inscriptions dated between 8th and 13th centuries CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThakur1990287_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThakur1990287-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Khasa Malla kingdom was <a href="/wiki/Feudatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudatory">feudatory</a> and the principalities were independent in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20123_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan20123-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of its territory was over the <a href="/wiki/Karnali_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnali River">Karnali River</a> basin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20123_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan20123-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 12th century, King Nāgarāja conquered the principal <a href="/wiki/Jumla_District#Kingdom_on_Jumla" title="Jumla District">Jumla</a> Kingdom of the central <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> and overran lands up to <a href="/wiki/Bheri_River" title="Bheri River">Bheri River</a> in the east, <a href="/wiki/Satluj_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Satluj River">Satluj River</a> in the west and <a href="/wiki/Mayum_pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayum pass">Mayum pass</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahul197860_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahul197860-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Nāgarāja also referred as <b>Jāveśvara</b> (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">जावेश्वर</span>), came from Khāripradeśa (present-day <a href="/wiki/Ngari_Prefecture" title="Ngari Prefecture">Ngari Province</a>) and set up his capital at <a href="/wiki/Sinja_Valley" title="Sinja Valley">Semjā</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1965717_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1965717-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Khas dynasties were originated at 11th century or earlier period. There were two dynasties of Khas one at <a href="/wiki/Guge" title="Guge">Guge</a> and other at Jumla.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarassco195914–19_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarassco195914–19-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The widely regarded most renowned King of Khasa Malla Kingdom was Prithvi Malla.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1965717_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1965717-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prithvi Malla had firmly established the Kingdom around 1413 A.D.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan201221_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan201221-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The limits of the reign of King Pṛthvīmalla reached the greatest height of the Khas Empire which included <a href="/wiki/Guge" title="Guge">Guge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burang_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Burang Town">Purang</a> and Nepalese territories up to <a href="/wiki/Dullu" title="Dullu">Dullu</a> in the southwest and Kaskikot in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci1956109_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucci1956109-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Tucci" title="Giuseppe Tucci">Giuseppe Tucci</a> contends that The Tibetan chronicles show Pṛthvīmalla as the last king of this empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci1956112_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucci1956112-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This kingdom disintegrated after the death of Abhaya Malla and formed the <a href="/wiki/Baise_Rajya" title="Baise Rajya">Baise rajya confederacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan201221_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan201221-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inscriptions">Inscriptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khasa_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Inscriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nigali_Sagar_pillar_13th_century_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Nigali_Sagar_pillar_13th_century_inscription.jpg/220px-Nigali_Sagar_pillar_13th_century_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Nigali_Sagar_pillar_13th_century_inscription.jpg/330px-Nigali_Sagar_pillar_13th_century_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Nigali_Sagar_pillar_13th_century_inscription.jpg/440px-Nigali_Sagar_pillar_13th_century_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3408" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption> 13th-century inscription by King Ripu Malla on the <a href="/wiki/Nigali_Sagar" title="Nigali Sagar">Nigali Sagar</a> <a href="/wiki/Pillar_of_Ashoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillar of Ashoka">pillar of Ashoka</a>. The inscription reads "<a href="/wiki/Om_Mani_Padme_Hum" class="mw-redirect" title="Om Mani Padme Hum">Oṃ maṇi padme huṃ</a>" and "Sri Ripumalla Chiram Jayatu 1234" ("Long live <a href="/wiki/Sri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri">Sri</a> Ripumalla"; year 1234 of the <a href="/wiki/Saka_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Saka Era">Saka Era</a> corresponds to 1312 CE).</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest Khasa Malla inscription was the copper plate inscription of King Krachalla dated Poush 1145 <a href="/wiki/Shaka_Samvat" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaka Samvat">Shaka Samvat</a> (1223 A.D.) which is in the possession of <a href="/wiki/Baleshwar_Temple" title="Baleshwar Temple">Baleshwar temple</a> in Sui, <a href="/wiki/Kumaon_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumaon region">Kumaon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ian_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ian-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGnyawali1971266_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGnyawali1971266-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1971269_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1971269-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Krachalla described himself as a devout Buddhist ('Parama Saugata')<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGnyawali1971267_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGnyawali1971267-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1971269_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1971269-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is mentioned to have won over "Vijayarajya" (realm of victory) and destroyed the demolished city of Kantipura (Kartikeyapur).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1971269–271_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1971269–271-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Ashok Challa had issued several inscriptions in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Bodhgaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhgaya">Bodhgaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> dated 1255 and 1278.<sup id="cite_ref-ian_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ian-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Bodhgaya copperplate inscription, he refers to himself as "Khasha-Rajadhiraja ("emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Khasas" title="Khasas">Khashas</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are inscriptions of Ripu Malla on the <a href="/wiki/Ashoka_Pillar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashoka Pillar">Ashoka Pillar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nigalihawa" title="Nigalihawa">Nigalihawa</a>; the Lumbini pillar bears the name of his son as Sangrama Malla.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGnyawali1971266_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGnyawali1971266-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prithvi Malla's stone pillar inscription dated 1279 <a href="/wiki/Shaka_Samvat" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaka Samvat">Shaka Samvat</a> (1357 A.D.) at <a href="/wiki/Dullu" title="Dullu">Dullu</a> discovered by <a href="/wiki/Yogi_Naraharinath" title="Yogi Naraharinath">Yogi Naraharinath</a>, contains the names of his predecessors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGnyawali1971265_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGnyawali1971265-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It further states that the Khasa Malla dynasty was founded six generations before Krachalla by Emperor Nagaraja. The inscription further states that Emperor Nagaraja founded the Khasa Malla capital at Seṃjā (or, Siṃjā, Sijā, Sijjā), near modern <a href="/wiki/Jumla_(town)" title="Jumla (town)">Jumla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ian_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ian-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A gold inscription of Prithvi Malla discovered at Jumla, dated 1278 Shaka Samvat (1356 A.D.) mentions "<a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a>" along with "<a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parameshwara_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameshwara (god)">Maheshwara</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGnyawali1971267_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGnyawali1971267-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription of Prithvi Malla on Shitushka in Jumla is quoted as:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><a href="/wiki/Om_Mani_Padme_Hum" class="mw-redirect" title="Om Mani Padme Hum">Oṃ maṇi padme huṃ</a>. Maṃgalama bhavatu śrīpṛthvīmalladevaḥ likhitama idaṃ puṇyaṃ jagatī sidyasyā<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci195643_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucci195643-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> The languages used by Prithvi Malla in his inscription belongs to 13th century form of modern Nepali.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGnyawali1971268_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGnyawali1971268-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion,_language,_and_culture"><span id="Religion.2C_language.2C_and_culture"></span>Religion, language, and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khasa_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Religion, language, and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narakot_Sinja_Valley.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Narakot_Sinja_Valley.JPG/220px-Narakot_Sinja_Valley.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Narakot_Sinja_Valley.JPG/330px-Narakot_Sinja_Valley.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Narakot_Sinja_Valley.JPG/440px-Narakot_Sinja_Valley.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4435" data-file-height="2956" /></a><figcaption>Sinja Valley, capital of Khas Mallas where earliest <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> scripts from the 13th century<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The language of the Khas Kingdom was <a href="/wiki/Khas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khas language">Khas language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1965717_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1965717-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci195611_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucci195611-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> script examples are the 13th century records from the sites in the former Khasa kingdom. These archaeological sites are located in Jumla, Surkhet and Dailekh districts. <a href="/wiki/Sinja_Valley" title="Sinja Valley">Sinja Valley</a> was the ancient capital city and powerful town of the Khas Mallas<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikary199776_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdhikary199776-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between 12th and 14th century and the centre of origin of <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali (Khas) language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lumbini_pillar_Medieval_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Lumbini_pillar_Medieval_inscription.jpg/220px-Lumbini_pillar_Medieval_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Lumbini_pillar_Medieval_inscription.jpg/330px-Lumbini_pillar_Medieval_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Lumbini_pillar_Medieval_inscription.jpg/440px-Lumbini_pillar_Medieval_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2041" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a> pillar inscription by King <a href="/wiki/Ripu_Malla" title="Ripu Malla">Ripu Malla</a>: "<i><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></i> May Prince Ripu Malla be long victorious"<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Most of the initial Khas kings before Pṛthvīmalla were <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hinduisation</a> of the kingdom began when King Ripumalla commenced the southward expansion of the kingdom and contacts to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> slowly increased.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci1956109_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucci1956109-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Pṛthvīmalla always used <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> syllables in his inscription though he had a strong preference for Hinduism. The <i>Prashasti of Dullu</i> inscription by Pṛthvīmalla shows Buddhist syllables, mantra, and invocations, however, the latter <i>Kanakapatra of Shitushka</i> was fundamentally <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>. These two inscriptions of King Pṛthvīmalla showed the transition of the state from <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci1956110_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucci1956110-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reign of King Punya Malla and Prithvi Malla had strict traditional Hindu ritual and customs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikary199781_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdhikary199781-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Buddhist-Hindu shrine Kakrebihar has a signboard referring it to the reign of King Ashok Challa but as per experts, it could belong to the reign of King Krachalla.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rulers">Rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khasa_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles,_ranks,_and_suffixes"><span id="Titles.2C_ranks.2C_and_suffixes"></span>Titles, ranks, and suffixes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khasa_Kingdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Titles, ranks, and suffixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The successors of King Nāgarāja adhered to some suffix as -illa and -challa like King Chapilla, King Krachalla.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikary199735_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdhikary199735-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Challa</i> and <i>Malla</i> were titles of kings and princes. <i>Rāulā</i> was the title of a high-ranking official. Personalities like Malayavarma, Medinivarma, Samsarivarma, Balirāja,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> etc. had title of <i>Rāulā</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikary199789_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdhikary199789-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Mandalesvara</i> or <i>Mandalik</i> was a title conferred on powerful persons of the Kingdom. Royal princes, senior officials and defeated Kings were appointed to the post of <i>Mandalesvara</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikary199784_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdhikary199784-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List">List</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khasa_Kingdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: List"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Dullu stone pillar inscription dated 1279 Shaka Samvat (1357 A.D.) of King Prithvi Malla consists the following names of his predecessors:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGnyawali1971265_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGnyawali1971265-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1. Krachalla 2. Ashokachalla 3. Jitari Malla 4. Akshaya Malla 5. Ashoka Malla 6. Ananda Malla 7. Ripu Malla 8. Sangrama Malla 9. Jitari Malla 10. Aditya Malla </p><p>The list of Khas kings mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Tucci" title="Giuseppe Tucci">Giuseppe Tucci</a> is in the following succession up to Prithvi Malla:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci195666_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucci195666-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Nāgarāja (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">नागराज</span>);<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1965714_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1965714-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>Jāveśvara</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1965717_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1965717-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Nagadeva</b> by Tibetan chronicles including a Chronicle of <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dalai_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Dalai Lama">Fifth Dalai Lama</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci195654–59_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucci195654–59-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chaap/Cāpa (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">चाप</span>; <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i>Cāpa</i>); son of Nāgarāja<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1965714_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1965714-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chapilla/Cāpilla (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">चापिल्ल</span>; <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i>Cāpilla</i>), son of Cāpa<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1965714_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1965714-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Krashichalla (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">क्राशिचल्ल</span>; <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i>Krāśicalla</i>), son of Cāpilla<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1965714_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1965714-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kradhichalla (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">क्राधिचल्ल</span>; <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i>Krādhicalla</i>), son of Krāśicalla<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1965714_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1965714-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Krachalla (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">क्राचल्ल</span>; <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i>Krācalla</i>), son of Krādhicalla<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1965714_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1965714-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1207 CE<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGnyawali1971266_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGnyawali1971266-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–1223)</li> <li>Ashoka Challa (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">अशोक चल्ल</span>; <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i>Aśokacalla</i>), son of Krācalla<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1965714_35-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1965714-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1223–87)</li> <li>Jitari Malla (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">जितारी मल्ल</span>; <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i>Jitārimalla</i>), first son of Aśokacalla<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci195650_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucci195650-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ananda Malla (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">आनन्द मल्ल</span>; <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i>Ānandamalla</i>), second son of Aśokacalla<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci195650_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucci195650-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ripu Malla (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">रिपु मल्ल</span>; <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i>Ripumalla</i>) (1312–13), son of Ānandamalla<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci195650_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucci195650-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sangrama Malla (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">संग्राम मल्ल</span>; <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i>Saṃgrāmamalla</i>), son of Ripumalla<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci195650_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucci195650-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Aditya Malla (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">आदित्य मल्ल</span>; <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i>Ādityamalla</i>), son of Jitārimalla<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci195650_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucci195650-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kalyana Malla (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">कल्याण मल्ल</span>; <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i>Kalyāṇamalla</i>), son of either Ādityamalla or Saṃgrāmamalla<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci195650_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucci195650-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pratapa Malla (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">प्रताप मल्ल</span>; <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i>Pratāpamalla</i>), son of Kalyāṇamalla, had no scions<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci195650_37-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucci195650-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Punya Malla (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">पुण्य मल्ल</span>; <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i>Puṇyamalla</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikary199781_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdhikary199781-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of another <a href="/wiki/Khas" class="mw-redirect" title="Khas">Khas</a> family of (<a href="/wiki/Burang_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Burang Town">Purang</a> royalty)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci195666_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucci195666-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Prithvi Malla (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">पृथ्वी मल्ल</span>; <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i>Pṛthvīmalla</i>), son of Puṇyamalla<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci195650_37-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucci195650-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Surya Malla (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">सूर्य मल्ल</span>) Son of Ripu Malla, Nāgarāja clan back to rule</li> <li>Abhaya Malla (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">अभय मल्ल</span>) (14th century)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan201221_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan201221-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tibetoloical_list">Tibetoloical list</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khasa_Kingdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tibetoloical list"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The list of rulers of Khasa (<a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a>: <i>Ya rtse</i>) Kingdom established by the Tibetologists <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Petech" title="Luciano Petech">Luciano Petech</a>, Roberto Vitali<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Tucci" title="Giuseppe Tucci">Giuseppe Tucci</a> are:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci195666_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucci195666-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Naga lde (Nepali: Nāgarāja) (early 12th century)</li> <li>bTsan phyug lde (Nepali: Cāpilla) (mid-12th century)</li> <li>bKra shis lde (Nepali: Krāśicalla) (12th century)</li> <li>Grags btsan lde (Nepali: Krādhicalla) (12th century) brother of bTsan phyug lde)</li> <li>Grags pa lde (Nepali: Krācalla) (<a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">fl.</a> 1225)</li> <li>A sog lde (Nepali: Aśokcalla) (fl. 1255–1278) son</li> <li>'Ji dar sMal (Nepali: Jitārimalla) (fl. 1287–1293) son</li> <li>A nan sMal (Nepali: Ānandamalla) (late 13th century) brother</li> <li>Ri'u sMal (Nepali: Ripumalla) (fl. 1312–1314) son</li> <li>San gha sMal (Nepali: Saṃgrāmamalla) (early 14th century) son</li> <li>A jid smal (Nepali: Ādityamalla) (1321–1328) son of Jitari Malla</li> <li>Ka lan smal (Nepali: Kalyāṇamalla) (14th century)</li> <li>Par t'ab smal (Nepali: Pratāpamalla) (14th century)</li> <li>Pu ni sMal/Puṇya rMal/bSod nams (Nepali: Puṇyamalla) (fl. 1336–1339) of <a href="/wiki/Burang_County#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Burang County">Purang</a> royalty (another Khas family)</li> <li>sPri ti sMal/Pra ti rmal (Nepali: Pṛthvīmalla) (fl. 1354–1358) son</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline">Decline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khasa_Kingdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandhata_Shahi-_SAKE-1612.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mandhata_Shahi-_SAKE-1612.jpg/250px-Mandhata_Shahi-_SAKE-1612.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mandhata_Shahi-_SAKE-1612.jpg/330px-Mandhata_Shahi-_SAKE-1612.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mandhata_Shahi-_SAKE-1612.jpg/500px-Mandhata_Shahi-_SAKE-1612.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>Copper Inscription by Baise King of <a href="/wiki/Doti" title="Doti">Doti</a>, <i>Raika</i> Mandhata Shahi at <a href="/wiki/Saka_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Saka Era">Saka Era</a> 1612 (शाके १६१२) (or 1747 <a href="/wiki/Bikram_Samvat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikram Samvat">Bikram Samvat</a>), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> <a href="/wiki/AD" class="mw-redirect" title="AD">AD</a> 1690/91 in old <a href="/wiki/Khas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khas language">Khas language</a> using <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> script.</figcaption></figure><p> After the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chittorgarh_(1303)" title="Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)">siege of Chittorgarh</a> in 1303, large immigration of <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajputs</a> into Nepal occurred. Before it, few small groups of <a href="/wiki/Rajputs" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajputs">Rajputs</a> had been entering into the region from <a href="/wiki/Muslim_invasion_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim invasion of India">Muslim invasion of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20123_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan20123-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These immigrants were quickly absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Khas_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Khas community">Khas community</a> due to larger similarities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20123_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan20123-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian and Jesuit Ludwig Stiller considers the <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> interference to the politics of Khas Kingdom of Jumla was responsible for its fragmentation and he explains:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Though <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">they</a> were relatively few in number, they were of higher caste, warriors and of a temperament that quickly gained them the ascendancy in the princedoms in the Jumla Kingdom, their effect on the kingdom was centrifugal.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ludwig Stiller's "The Rise of House of Gorkha"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20123_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan20123-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote><p> Francis Tucker also further states that "the Rajputs was so often guilty of base ingratitude and treachery to gratify his ambition. They were fierce, ruthless people who would stop at nothing."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20123_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan20123-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the late 13th century the Khas empire collapsed and divided into <a href="/wiki/Baise_Rajya" title="Baise Rajya">Baise Rajya</a> (22 principalities) in Karnali-Bheri region and <a href="/wiki/Chaubise_rajya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaubise rajya">Chaubise rajya</a> (24 principalities) in Gandaki region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20123_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan20123-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 22 principalities were </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jumla_District" title="Jumla District">Jumla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doti" title="Doti">Doti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jajarkot" class="mw-redirect" title="Jajarkot">Jajarkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajura" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajura">Bajura</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gajur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gajur (page does not exist)">Gajur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biskot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biskot (page does not exist)">Biskot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malneta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malneta (page does not exist)">Malneta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thalahara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thalahara (page does not exist)">Thalahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dailekh" title="Dailekh">Dailekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dullu" title="Dullu">Dullu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duryal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duryal (page does not exist)">Duryal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsipur_State" title="Tulsipur State">Tulsipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dang_District,_Nepal" title="Dang District, Nepal">Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyan_District,_Nepal" title="Salyan District, Nepal">Salyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilli" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Chilli">Chilli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phalawagh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phalawagh (page does not exist)">Phalawagh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jehari (page does not exist)">Jehari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darnar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darnar (page does not exist)">Darnar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atbis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atbis (page does not exist)">Atbis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gotam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gotam (page does not exist)">Gotam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Majal_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majal District (page does not exist)">Majal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurnakot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gurnakot (page does not exist)">Gurnakot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rukum">Rukum</a></li></ul> </div> <p>The 24 principalities were </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorkha_District" title="Gorkha District">Gorkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamjung" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamjung">Lamjung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanahun" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanahun">Tanahun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaski_District" title="Kaski District">Kaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuwakot_District" title="Nuwakot District">Nuwakot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhor" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhor">Dhor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satahun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satahun (page does not exist)">Satahun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garahun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garahun (page does not exist)">Garahun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rishing (page does not exist)">Rishing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghiring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghiring (page does not exist)">Ghiring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiyun" class="mw-redirect" title="Paiyun">Paiyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parbat" class="mw-redirect" title="Parbat">Parbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galkot" title="Galkot">Galkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palpa_District" title="Palpa District">Palpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulmi">Gulmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argha" title="Argha">Argha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanchi">Khanchi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musikot_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musikot District (page does not exist)">Musikot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma" title="Isma">Isma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhurkot" title="Dhurkot">Dhurkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajhang" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajhang">Bajhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhirkot_Municipality" title="Bhirkot Municipality">Bhirkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyuthan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyuthan">Pyuthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butwal" title="Butwal">Butwal</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khasa_Kingdom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khasa_Kingdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Balirāja went on to become sovereign king of Jumla and founder of Kalyal dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikary199772_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdhikary199772-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khasa_Kingdom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGnyawali1971266-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGnyawali1971266_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGnyawali1971266_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGnyawali1971266_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGnyawali1971266_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGnyawali1971">Gnyawali 1971</a>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdhikary199737-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikary199737_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdhikary1997">Adhikary 1997</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrimes2023" class="citation journal cs1">Grimes, Samuel (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09719458231202646">"What's in a Name? Reflections on the Tibetan Yatse Dynasty and Nepal's Role in Its Transition to the Indic ('Khas') Malla Dynasty"</a>. <i>The Medieval History Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Medieval+History+Journal&rft.atitle=What%E2%80%99s+in+a+Name%3F+Reflections+on+the+Tibetan+Yatse+Dynasty+and+Nepal%E2%80%99s+Role+in+Its+Transition+to+the+Indic+%28%E2%80%98Khas%E2%80%99%29+Malla+Dynasty&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F09719458231202646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhasa+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krishna_2009-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krishna_2009_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrishna_P._Bhattarai2009" class="citation book cs1">Krishna P. Bhattarai (1 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-aArqOqBGBQC&pg=PA113"><i>Nepal</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0523-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0523-9"><bdi>978-1-4381-0523-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nepal&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0523-9&rft.au=Krishna+P.+Bhattarai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-aArqOqBGBQC%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhasa+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThakur1990287-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThakur1990287_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThakur1990287_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThakur1990">Thakur 1990</a>, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan20123-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20123_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20123_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20123_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20123_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20123_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20123_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20123_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPradhan2012">Pradhan 2012</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERahul197860-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahul197860_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahul1978">Rahul 1978</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1965717-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1965717_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1965717_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1965717_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1965717_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRegmi1965">Regmi 1965</a>, p. 717.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarassco195914–19-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarassco195914–19_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarassco1959">Carassco 1959</a>, pp. 14–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan201221-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan201221_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan201221_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan201221_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPradhan2012">Pradhan 2012</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucci1956109-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci1956109_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci1956109_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTucci1956">Tucci 1956</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucci1956112-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci1956112_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTucci1956">Tucci 1956</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ian-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ian_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ian_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ian_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211115124251/https://asianart.com/articles/khasa/index.html">"Ian Alsop: The Metal Sculpture of the Khasa Mallas"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asianart.com/articles/khasa/index.html">the original</a> on 15 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ian+Alsop%3A+The+Metal+Sculpture+of+the+Khasa+Mallas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasianart.com%2Farticles%2Fkhasa%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhasa+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1971269-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1971269_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1971269_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRegmi1971">Regmi 1971</a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGnyawali1971267-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGnyawali1971267_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGnyawali1971267_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGnyawali1971">Gnyawali 1971</a>, p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1971269–271-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1971269–271_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRegmi1971">Regmi 1971</a>, pp. 269–271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nepali-language">"Nepali language | History, Grammar & Writing System | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 27 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Nepali+language+%26%23124%3B+History%2C+Grammar+%26+Writing+System+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2023-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FNepali-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhasa+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGnyawali1971265-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGnyawali1971265_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGnyawali1971265_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGnyawali1971">Gnyawali 1971</a>, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucci195643-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci195643_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTucci1956">Tucci 1956</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGnyawali1971268-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGnyawali1971268_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGnyawali1971">Gnyawali 1971</a>, pp. 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCentre" class="citation web cs1">Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5263/">"Sinja valley"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Sinja+valley&rft.aulast=Centre&rft.aufirst=UNESCO+World+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Ftentativelists%2F5263%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhasa+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucci195611-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci195611_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTucci1956">Tucci 1956</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdhikary199776-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikary199776_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdhikary1997">Adhikary 1997</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Le Huu Phuoc, Buddhist Architecture, p.269</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucci1956110-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci1956110_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTucci1956">Tucci 1956</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdhikary199781-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikary199781_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikary199781_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdhikary1997">Adhikary 1997</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211115155753/https://www.nepalitimes.com/banner/buddhist-relics-in-western-nepal/">"Buddhist relics in western Nepal – Nepali Times"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nepalitimes.com/banner/buddhist-relics-in-western-nepal/">the original</a> on 15 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buddhist+relics+in+western+Nepal+%E2%80%93+Nepali+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nepalitimes.com%2Fbanner%2Fbuddhist-relics-in-western-nepal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhasa+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdhikary199735-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikary199735_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdhikary1997">Adhikary 1997</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdhikary199772-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikary199772_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdhikary1997">Adhikary 1997</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdhikary199789-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikary199789_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdhikary1997">Adhikary 1997</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdhikary199784-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikary199784_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdhikary1997">Adhikary 1997</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucci195666-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci195666_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci195666_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci195666_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTucci1956">Tucci 1956</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://therisingnepal.org.np/news/1783">In Defence of Khas: Ritu Raj Subedi</a> therisingnepal.org.np <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190527161320/http://therisingnepal.org.np/news/1783">Archived</a> 27 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1965714-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1965714_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1965714_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1965714_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1965714_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1965714_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1965714_35-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1965714_35-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRegmi1965">Regmi 1965</a>, p. 714.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucci195654–59-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci195654–59_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTucci1956">Tucci 1956</a>, pp. 54–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucci195650-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci195650_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci195650_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci195650_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci195650_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci195650_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci195650_37-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci195650_37-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucci195650_37-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTucci1956">Tucci 1956</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Petech (1980), 'Ya-ts'e, Gu-ge, Pu-rang: A new study', <i>The Central Asiatic Journal</i> 24, pp. 85–111; R. Vitali (1996), <i>The kingdoms of Gu.ge Pu.hrang</i>. Dharamsala: Tho.ling gtsug.lag.khang.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khasa_Kingdom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdhikary1997" class="citation book cs1">Adhikary, Surya Mani (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cH5uAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Khaśa kingdom: a trans-Himalayan empire of the middle age</i></a>. Nirala. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85693-50-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85693-50-7"><bdi>978-81-85693-50-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kha%C5%9Ba+kingdom%3A+a+trans-Himalayan+empire+of+the+middle+age&rft.pub=Nirala&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-85693-50-7&rft.aulast=Adhikary&rft.aufirst=Surya+Mani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcH5uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhasa+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarassco1959" class="citation cs2">Carassco, Pedro (1959), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/10571194?q&versionId=12328221"><i>Land and polity in Tibet</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0295740833" title="Special:BookSources/0295740833"><bdi>0295740833</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+and+polity+in+Tibet&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=0295740833&rft.aulast=Carassco&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F10571194%3Fq%26versionId%3D12328221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhasa+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGnyawali1971" class="citation cs2">Gnyawali, Surya Bikram (1 December 1971) [1962], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_03.pdf">"The Malla Kings of Western Nepal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Regmi Research Series</i>, <b>3</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">265–</span>268</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Regmi+Research+Series&rft.atitle=The+Malla+Kings+of+Western+Nepal&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E265-%3C%2Fspan%3E268&rft.date=1971-12-01&rft.aulast=Gnyawali&rft.aufirst=Surya+Bikram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhimalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fjournals%2Fregmi%2Fpdf%2FRegmi_03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhasa+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPradhan2012" class="citation cs2">Pradhan, Kumar L. (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7PP1yElRzIUC"><i>Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839</i></a>, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788180698132" title="Special:BookSources/9788180698132"><bdi>9788180698132</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thapa+Politics+in+Nepal%3A+With+Special+Reference+to+Bhim+Sen+Thapa%2C+1806%E2%80%931839&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9788180698132&rft.aulast=Pradhan&rft.aufirst=Kumar+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7PP1yElRzIUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhasa+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRahul1978" class="citation book cs1">Rahul, Ram (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6NBHAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Himalaya as a frontier</i></a>. Vikas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780706905649" title="Special:BookSources/9780706905649"><bdi>9780706905649</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Himalaya+as+a+frontier&rft.pub=Vikas&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780706905649&rft.aulast=Rahul&rft.aufirst=Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6NBHAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhasa+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRegmi1965" class="citation cs2">Regmi, D.R. (1965), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6QAAAAIAAJ"><i>Medieval Nepal</i></a>, vol. 1, Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Nepal&rft.pub=Firma+K.L.+Mukhopadhyay&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Regmi&rft.aufirst=D.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DST6QAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhasa+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRegmi1971" class="citation cs2">Regmi, Mahesh Chandra (1 December 1971), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_03.pdf">"The Baleshwar Inscription of King Krachalla"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Regmi Research Series</i>, <b>3</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">269–</span>272</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Regmi+Research+Series&rft.atitle=The+Baleshwar+Inscription+of+King+Krachalla&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E272&rft.date=1971-12-01&rft.aulast=Regmi&rft.aufirst=Mahesh+Chandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhimalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fjournals%2Fregmi%2Fpdf%2FRegmi_03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhasa+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThakur1990" class="citation book cs1">Thakur, Laxman S. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA285">"The Khasas: An Early Indian Tribe"</a>. In K. K. Kusuman (ed.). <i>A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume</i>. Mittal Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">285–</span>293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-214-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-214-1"><bdi>978-81-7099-214-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Khasas%3A+An+Early+Indian+Tribe&rft.btitle=A+Panorama+of+Indian+Culture%3A+Professor+A.+Sreedhara+Menon+Felicitation+Volume&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E285-%3C%2Fspan%3E293&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-7099-214-1&rft.aulast=Thakur&rft.aufirst=Laxman+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz4JqgSUSXDsC%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhasa+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTucci1956" class="citation cs2">Tucci, Giuseppe (1956), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.6480/"><i>Preliminary Report on Two Scientific Expeditions in Nepal</i></a>, David Brown Book Company, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788857526843" title="Special:BookSources/9788857526843"><bdi>9788857526843</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preliminary+Report+on+Two+Scientific+Expeditions+in+Nepal&rft.pub=David+Brown+Book+Company&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=9788857526843&rft.aulast=Tucci&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.gov.ignca.6480%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhasa+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khasa_Kingdom&oldid=1281773205">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khasa_Kingdom&oldid=1281773205</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:11th-century_establishments_in_Nepal" title="Category:11th-century establishments in Nepal">11th-century establishments in Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dynasties_of_Nepal" title="Category:Dynasties of Nepal">Dynasties of Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_monarchies_of_Nepal" title="Category:Former monarchies of Nepal">Former monarchies of Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_history_of_Nepal" title="Category:Medieval history of Nepal">Medieval history of Nepal</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2021">Use dmy dates from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Nepali_(macrolanguage)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text">Articles containing Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Standard_Tibetan-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Standard Tibetan-language text">Articles containing Standard Tibetan-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 March 2025, at 11:47<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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