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id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eusebeia_and_dharma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eusebeia_and_dharma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Eusebeia and dharma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eusebeia_and_dharma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rta,_maya_and_dharma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rta,_maya_and_dharma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Rta, maya and dharma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rta,_maya_and_dharma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hinduism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Vedas_and_Upanishads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Vedas_and_Upanishads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>In Vedas and Upanishads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Vedas_and_Upanishads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dharma_and_Mimamsa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dharma_and_Mimamsa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Dharma and Mimamsa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dharma_and_Mimamsa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Epics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Epics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>In the Epics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Epics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-According_to_4th-century_Vatsyayana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#According_to_4th-century_Vatsyayana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>According to 4th-century Vatsyayana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-According_to_4th-century_Vatsyayana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-According_to_Patanjali_Yoga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#According_to_Patanjali_Yoga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>According to Patanjali Yoga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-According_to_Patanjali_Yoga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dharma,_life_stages_and_social_stratification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dharma,_life_stages_and_social_stratification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Dharma, life stages and social stratification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dharma,_life_stages_and_social_stratification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dharma_and_poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dharma_and_poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Dharma and poverty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dharma_and_poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dharma_and_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dharma_and_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Dharma and law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dharma_and_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Buddhism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddha's_teachings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddha's_teachings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Buddha's teachings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddha's_teachings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chan_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chan_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Chan Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chan_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theravada_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theravada_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Theravada Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theravada_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Jainism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Jainism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dharmāstikāya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dharmāstikāya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span><i>Dharmāstikāya</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dharmāstikāya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Sangam_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Sangam_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In Sangam literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Sangam_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dharma_in_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dharma_in_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Dharma in symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dharma_in_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dharma</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dharma" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="دارما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دارما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dharma" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dharma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE_(%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8)" title="ধর্ম (ভারতীয় দর্শন) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধর্ম (ভারতীয় দর্শন)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Дхарма – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дхарма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Дгарма – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дгарма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="धर्म – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="धर्म" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dharma" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Дхарма – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дхарма" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%B7%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ལྷ་ཆོས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལྷ་ཆོས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dharma" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dharma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dharma" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dharma" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dharma" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dharma" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Ντάρμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ντάρμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dharma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmo" title="Darmo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Darmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dharma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="دارما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دارما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Dharma" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dharma" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%88" title="다르마 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다르마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1" title="Դհարմա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դհարմա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="धर्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="धर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dharma" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darma" title="Darma – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Darma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dharma" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dharma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%94" title="דהרמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דהרמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE_(%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86)" title="ಧರ್ಮ (ಭಾರತೀಯ ಪರಿಕಲ್ಪನೆ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಧರ್ಮ (ಭಾರತೀಯ ಪರಿಕಲ್ಪನೆ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="დჰარმა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დჰარმა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Дхарма – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дхарма" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Дхарма – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дхарма" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darma" title="Darma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Darma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Dharma" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dharma" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Dharma" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma_(vall%C3%A1s)" title="Dharma (vallás) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dharma (vallás)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="धर्म – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="धर्म" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Дарма – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дарма" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="धम्म – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="धम्म" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="დჰარმა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დჰარმა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="دارما – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دارما" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Дхарма – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Дхарма" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dharma" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="धर्म – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="धर्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E_(%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E7%99%BA%E7%A5%A5%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99)" title="ダルマ (インド発祥の宗教) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダルマ (インド発祥の宗教)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dharma" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dharma" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darma" title="Darma – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Darma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B" title="धम्मो – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="धम्मो" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%85" title="تعرم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تعرم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="دهرما – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="دهرما" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%8C" title="ព្រះធម៌ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះធម៌" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dharma" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darma" title="Darma – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Darma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dharma" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Дхарма – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дхарма" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83" title="धर्मः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="धर्मः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Dharma" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dharma" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dharma" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8C%D8%B1%D9%85" title="ڌرم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڌرم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dharma" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="دارما – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دارما" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Дарма – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дарма" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darma" title="Darma – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Darma" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dharma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dharma" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dharma" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தருமம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தருமம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Дхарма – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Дхарма" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82" title="ధర్మం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ధర్మం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="ธรรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dharma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Дхарма – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Дхарма" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Key concept in Indian philosophy and Eastern religions, with multiple meanings</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the concept found in Indian religions. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dharma_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dharma (disambiguation)">Dharma (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Dharna" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharna">Dharna</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Dharma</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahimsa_hand.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ahimsa_hand.png/132px-Ahimsa_hand.png" decoding="async" width="132" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ahimsa_hand.png/198px-Ahimsa_hand.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ahimsa_hand.png/264px-Ahimsa_hand.png 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="975" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Virtues such as <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a> (non-violence)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yoga_Meditation_Pos-410px.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Yoga_Meditation_Pos-410px.png/132px-Yoga_Meditation_Pos-410px.png" decoding="async" width="132" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Yoga_Meditation_Pos-410px.png/198px-Yoga_Meditation_Pos-410px.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Yoga_Meditation_Pos-410px.png/264px-Yoga_Meditation_Pos-410px.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="410" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Yoga, personal behaviour<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:161px;max-width:161px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:140px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balanced_scales.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Balanced_scales.svg/159px-Balanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="159" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Balanced_scales.svg/239px-Balanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Balanced_scales.svg/318px-Balanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Law and justice<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:107px;max-width:107px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:140px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_havan_ceremony_on_the_banks_of_Ganges,_Muni_ki_Reti,_Rishikesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/A_havan_ceremony_on_the_banks_of_Ganges%2C_Muni_ki_Reti%2C_Rishikesh.jpg/105px-A_havan_ceremony_on_the_banks_of_Ganges%2C_Muni_ki_Reti%2C_Rishikesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/A_havan_ceremony_on_the_banks_of_Ganges%2C_Muni_ki_Reti%2C_Rishikesh.jpg/158px-A_havan_ceremony_on_the_banks_of_Ganges%2C_Muni_ki_Reti%2C_Rishikesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/A_havan_ceremony_on_the_banks_of_Ganges%2C_Muni_ki_Reti%2C_Rishikesh.jpg/210px-A_havan_ceremony_on_the_banks_of_Ganges%2C_Muni_ki_Reti%2C_Rishikesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Rituals and rites of passage<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:111px;max-width:111px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:154px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg/109px-Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg/164px-Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg/218px-Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5146" data-file-height="7262" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Sannyasa and <a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">stages of life</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:154px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/155px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="155" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/233px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/310px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Duties, such as learning from <a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">teachers</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p><b>Dharma</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:धर्म">धर्म</a></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[dʱɐrmɐ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/14\/Dharma.ogg\/Dharma.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Dharma.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/Dharma.ogg/Dharma.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma.ogg" title="File:Dharma.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) is a key concept with multiple meanings in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a>, among others. The term <i>dharma</i> is held as an <a href="/wiki/Untranslatability" title="Untranslatability">untranslatable</a> into English (or other European languages); it is understood to refer to behaviours which are in harmony with the "order and custom" that sustains <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a>; "virtue", or "religious and moral duties". The antonym of <i>dharma</i> is <a href="/wiki/Adharma" title="Adharma">adharma</a>. </p><p>The concept of <i>dharma</i> was in use in the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">historical Vedic religion</a> (1500–500 BCE), and its meaning and conceptual scope has evolved over several millennia. In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <i>dharma</i> denotes behaviours that are considered to be in accord with <i><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Ata" title="Ṛta">Ṛta</a></i>—the "order and custom" that makes life and universe possible.<sup id="cite_ref-ODWR-Dharma_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODWR-Dharma-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes duties, rights, laws, conduct, virtues and "right way of living". <i>Dharma</i> is believed to have a transtemporal validity, and is one of the <a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <i>dharma</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a>: <i lang="pi">dhamma</i>) refers to the <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha#Teachings_and_views" title="The Buddha">teachings of the Buddha</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a>, <i><a href="#Buddhism">dhamma/dharma</a></i> is also the term for "<a href="/wiki/Phenomena" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomena">phenomena</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-DK_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DK-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Jainism)" title="Dharma (Jainism)"><i>Dharma</i> in Jainism</a> refers to the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a> (Jina) and the body of doctrine pertaining to the purification and moral transformation of humans. In <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, <i>dharma</i> indicates the path of righteousness, proper religious practices, and performing one's own moral duties. </p><p>As with the other components of the Puruṣārtha, the concept of <i>dharma</i> is pan-Indian. The ancient <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> text <i><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></i>, despite being a collection of aphoristic teachings on dharma (<i>aram</i>), artha (<i>porul</i>), and kama (<i>inpam</i>), is completely and exclusively based on <i><a href="/wiki/Aram_(Kural_book)" title="Aram (Kural book)">aṟam</a></i>—the Tamil term for <i>dharma</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharma&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhamma_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Dhamma_inscription.jpg/220px-Dhamma_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Dhamma_inscription.jpg/330px-Dhamma_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Dhamma_inscription.jpg/440px-Dhamma_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> word "<i>dhaṃ-ma</i>"/<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%91%80%A5%F0%91%80%81%F0%91%80%AB" class="extiw" title="wikt:𑀥𑀁𑀫">𑀥𑀁𑀫</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: Dharma <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:धर्म">धर्म</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>, as inscribed by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a> (3rd century BCE)</figcaption></figure> <p>The word <i>dharma</i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has roots in the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i>dhr-</i>, which means <i>to hold</i> or <i>to support</i>, and is related to Latin <i>firmus</i> (firm, stable).<sup id="cite_ref-EtymologicalDictionary_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EtymologicalDictionary-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this, it takes the meaning of "what is established or firm", and hence "law". It is derived from an older <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a> <i>n</i>-stem <i>dharman-</i>, with a literal meaning of "bearer, supporter", in a <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">religious sense</a> conceived as an aspect of <a href="/wiki/Rta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rta">Rta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay198242–45_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay198242–45-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, the word appears as an <i>n</i>-stem, <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">dhárman-</i></span></i>, with a range of meanings encompassing "something established or firm" (in the literal sense of prods or poles). Figuratively, it means "sustainer" and "supporter" (of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">deities</a>). It is semantically similar to the Greek <i><a href="/wiki/Themis" title="Themis">themis</a></i> ("fixed decree, statute, law").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton2004_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton2004-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Classical Sanskrit</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a>, the stem is thematic: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">dhárma-</i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>: धर्म). In <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>, it is rendered <i>dhamma</i>. In some <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages#New_Indo-Aryan" title="Indo-Aryan languages">contemporary Indian languages</a> and dialects it alternatively occurs as <i>dharm</i>. </p><p>In the 3rd century BCE the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryan Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> translated <i>dharma</i> into Greek and Aramaic and he used the Greek word <i><a href="/wiki/Eusebeia" title="Eusebeia">eusebeia</a></i> (εὐσέβεια, piety, spiritual maturity, or godliness) in the <a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Bilingual_Rock_Inscription" title="Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription">Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Greek_Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka">Kandahar Greek Edicts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Bilingual_Rock_Inscription" title="Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription">Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription</a> he used the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> word <span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text"><span lang="arc" dir="rtl">קשיטא</span></span> (<i><span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text"><i lang="arc-Latn">qšyṭ’</i></span></i>; truth, rectitude).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidU4NF8pYxdvICpgPA36_36–37]_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidU4NF8pYxdvICpgPA36_36–37]-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharma&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dharma is a concept of central importance in <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has multiple meanings in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is difficult to provide a single concise definition for <i>dharma</i>, as the word has a long and varied history and straddles a complex set of meanings and interpretations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Buitenen195736_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Buitenen195736-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no equivalent single-word synonym for <i>dharma</i> in western languages.<sup id="cite_ref-lraw_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lraw-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been numerous, conflicting attempts to translate ancient Sanskrit literature with the word <i>dharma</i> into <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, English and French. The concept, claims Paul Horsch, has caused exceptional difficulties for modern commentators and translators.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorsch2004_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorsch2004-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, while Grassmann's translation of Rig-Veda identifies seven different meanings of dharma,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Geldner" title="Karl Friedrich Geldner">Karl Friedrich Geldner</a> in his translation of the Rig-Veda employs 20 different translations for dharma, including meanings such as "<a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>", "order", "<a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">duty</a>", "custom", "quality", and "model", among others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorsch2004_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorsch2004-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the word <i>dharma</i> has become a widely accepted <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> in English, and is included in all modern unabridged English dictionaries. </p><p>The root of the word <i>dharma</i> is "dhr̥", which means "to support, hold, or bear". It is the thing that regulates the course of change by not participating in change, but that principle which remains constant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen200634–45_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen200634–45-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary</i>, the widely cited resource for definitions and explanation of Sanskrit words and concepts of Hinduism, offers<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> numerous definitions of the word <i>dharma</i>, such as that which is established or firm, steadfast decree, statute, law, practice, custom, duty, right, justice, virtue, morality, ethics, religion, religious merit, good works, nature, character, quality, property. Yet, each of these definitions is incomplete, while the combination of these translations does not convey the total sense of the word. In common parlance, <i>dharma</i> means "right way of living" and "path of rightness".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen200634–45_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen200634–45-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dharma also has connotations of order, and when combined with the word <i>sanatana</i>, it can also be described as eternal truth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs201057_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs201057-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The meaning of the word <i>dharma</i> depends on the context, and its meaning has evolved as ideas of Hinduism have developed through history. In the earliest texts and ancient myths of Hinduism, <i>dharma</i> meant cosmic law, the rules that created the universe from chaos, as well as rituals; in later <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Epics</a>, the meaning became refined, richer, and more complex, and the word was applied to diverse contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-phph_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phph-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In certain contexts, <i>dharma</i> designates human behaviours considered necessary for order of things in the universe, principles that prevent chaos, behaviours and action necessary to all life in nature, society, family as well as at the individual level.<sup id="cite_ref-ODWR-Dharma_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODWR-Dharma-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-phph_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phph-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ODWR-Dharma_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODWR-Dharma-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Dharma</i> encompasses ideas such as duty, rights, character, vocation, religion, customs and all behaviour considered appropriate, correct or morally upright.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For further context, the word <i>varnasramdharma</i> is often used in its place, defined as dharma specifically related to the stage of life one is in.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs201058_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs201058-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of <i>Dharma</i> is believed to have a transtemporal validity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumarChoudhury2021_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumarChoudhury2021-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The antonym of <i>dharma</i> is <i><a href="/wiki/Adharma" title="Adharma">adharma</a></i> (Sanskrit: अधर्म),<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning that which is "not dharma". As with <i>dharma</i>, the word <i>adharma</i> includes and implies many ideas; in common parlance, adharma means that which is against nature, immoral, unethical, wrong or unlawful.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Buddhism, <i>dharma</i> incorporates the teachings and doctrines of the founder of Buddhism, <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">the Buddha</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharma&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Vaman_Kane" title="Pandurang Vaman Kane">Pandurang Vaman Kane</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="History of Dharmaśāstra">History of Dharmaśāstra</a></i>, the word <i>dharma</i> appears at least fifty-six times in the hymns of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, as an adjective or noun. According to Paul Horsch, the word <i>dharma</i> has its origin in Vedic Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorsch2004_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorsch2004-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hymns of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> claim <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> created the universe from chaos, they hold (dhar-) the earth and sun and stars apart, they support (dhar-) the sky away and distinct from earth, and they stabilise (dhar-) the quaking mountains and plains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorsch2004_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorsch2004-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a>, mainly <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, then deliver and hold order from disorder, harmony from chaos, stability from instability – actions recited in the Veda with the root of word dharma.<sup id="cite_ref-phph_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phph-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In hymns composed after the mythological verses, the word dharma takes expanded meaning as a <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">cosmic</a> principle and appears in verses independent of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">deities</a>. It evolves into a concept, claims Paul Horsch, that has a dynamic functional sense in <a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a> for example, where it becomes the cosmic law that links cause and effect through a subject.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorsch2004_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorsch2004-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dharma, in these ancient texts, also takes a ritual meaning. The ritual is connected to the cosmic, and "dharmani" is equated to ceremonial devotion to the principles that deities used to create order from disorder, the world from chaos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorsch2004430–431_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorsch2004430–431-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Past the ritual and cosmic sense of dharma that link the current world to mythical universe, the concept extends to an ethical-social sense that links human beings to each other and to other life forms. It is here that dharma as a concept of law emerges in Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorsch2004430–432_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorsch2004430–432-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dharma and related words are found in the oldest Vedic literature of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, in later Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas, and the Epics; the word dharma also plays a central role in the literature of other Indian religions founded later, such as Buddhism and Jainism.<sup id="cite_ref-phph_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phph-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Brereton, <i>Dharman</i> occurs 63 times in <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rig-veda</a>; in addition, words related to Dharman also appear in Rig-veda, for example once as dharmakrt, 6 times as <i>satyadharman</i>, and once as <i>dharmavant</i>, 4 times as <i>dharman</i> and twice as <i>dhariman</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-jbrereton_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jbrereton-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European</a> parallels for "dharma" are known, but the only Iranian equivalent is Old Persian <i>darmān</i>, meaning "remedy". This meaning is different from the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a> <i>dhárman</i>, suggesting that the word "dharma" did not play a major role in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranian</a> period. Instead, it was primarily developed more recently under the Vedic tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-jbrereton_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jbrereton-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is thought that the <i><a href="/wiki/Daena" title="Daena">Daena</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, also meaning the "eternal Law" or "religion", is related to Sanskrit "dharma".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ideas in parts overlapping to <i>Dharma</i> are found in other ancient cultures: such as Chinese <a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a>, Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Maat</a>, Sumerian <a href="/wiki/Me_(mythology)" title="Me (mythology)">Me</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen200634–45_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen200634–45-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eusebeia_and_dharma">Eusebeia and dharma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharma&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Eusebeia and dharma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AsokaKandahar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/AsokaKandahar.jpg/220px-AsokaKandahar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/AsokaKandahar.jpg/330px-AsokaKandahar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/AsokaKandahar.jpg/440px-AsokaKandahar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Bilingual_Rock_Inscription" title="Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription">Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription</a> is from Indian <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Asoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Asoka">Emperor Asoka</a> in 258 BCE, and found in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. The inscription renders the word <i>dharma</i> in Sanskrit as <i><a href="/wiki/Eusebeia" title="Eusebeia">eusebeia</a></i> in Greek, suggesting <i>dharma</i> in ancient India meant spiritual maturity, devotion, piety, duty towards and reverence for human community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacker2006_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the mid-20th century, an inscription of the Indian <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Asoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Asoka">Emperor Asoka</a> from the year 258 BCE was discovered in Afghanistan, the <a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Bilingual_Rock_Inscription" title="Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription">Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription</a>. This rock inscription contains <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> text. According to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hacker_(Indologist)" title="Paul Hacker (Indologist)">Paul Hacker</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacker2006_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the rock appears a Greek rendering for the Sanskrit word dharma: the word <a href="/wiki/Eusebeia" title="Eusebeia">eusebeia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacker2006_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars of Hellenistic Greece explain eusebeia as a complex concept. Eusebia means not only to venerate <a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">deities</a>, but also spiritual maturity, a reverential attitude toward life, and includes the right conduct toward one's parents, siblings and children, the right conduct between husband and wife, and the conduct between biologically unrelated people. This rock inscription, concludes Paul Hacker, suggests dharma in India, about 2300 years ago, was a central concept and meant not only religious ideas, but ideas of right, of good, of one's duty toward the human community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacker2006_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rta,_maya_and_dharma"><span id="Rta.2C_maya_and_dharma"></span>Rta, maya and dharma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharma&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rta, maya and dharma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The evolving literature of Hinduism linked <i>dharma</i> to two other important concepts: <i>Ṛta</i> and <i>Māyā</i>. <a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Ata" title="Ṛta">Ṛta</a> in Vedas is the truth and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">cosmic</a> principle which regulates and coordinates the operation of the universe and everything within it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoller1972136–142_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoller1972136–142-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81y%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Māyā">Māyā</a> in Rig-veda and later literature means illusion, fraud, deception, magic that misleads and creates disorder,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus is contrary to reality, laws and rules that establish order, predictability and harmony. Paul Horsch suggests Ṛta and <i>dharma</i> are parallel concepts, the former being a cosmic principle, the latter being of moral social sphere;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorsch2004_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorsch2004-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Māyā and <i>dharma</i> are also correlative concepts, the former being that which corrupts law and moral life, the later being that which strengthens law and moral life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoller1972136–142_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoller1972136–142-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Day proposes <i>dharma</i> is a manifestation of Ṛta, but suggests Ṛta may have been subsumed into a more complex concept of <i>dharma</i>, as the idea developed in ancient India over time in a nonlinear manner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay198242–44_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay198242–44-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following verse from the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> is an example where <i>rta</i> and <i>dharma</i> are linked: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>O Indra, lead us on the path of Rta, on the right path over all evils...</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Mandala_10" title="Mandala 10">RV 10</a>.133.6</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"><b>Historical</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> <p><b>Traditional</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></i></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Vedic Deities:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Post-Vedic:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Mokṣa-related topics:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Divisions</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Rigveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Yajurveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Samaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Atharvaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)"><i>Agama</i>s (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Architecture</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamana" title="Talamana">Talamana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Music</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Hindu music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">Svara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alank%C4%81ra" 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Shaktism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/31px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hinduism" title="Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduism" title="Template talk:Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Dharma</i> is an organising principle in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> that applies to human beings in solitude, in their interaction with human beings and nature, as well as between inanimate objects, to all of <a href="/wiki/Cosmos" title="Cosmos">cosmos</a> and its parts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen200634–45_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen200634–45-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It refers to the order and customs which make life and universe possible, and includes behaviours, rituals, rules that govern society, and ethics.<sup id="cite_ref-ODWR-Dharma_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODWR-Dharma-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ODWR-Dharma_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODWR-Dharma-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu</a> <i>dharma</i> includes the religious duties, moral rights and duties of each individual, as well as behaviours that enable social order, right conduct, and those that are virtuous.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Dharma</i>, according to Van Buitenen,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Buitenen1957_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Buitenen1957-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is that which all existing beings must accept and respect to sustain harmony and order in the world. It is neither the act nor the result, but the natural laws that guide the act and create the result to prevent chaos in the world. It is innate characteristic, that makes the being what it is. It is, claims Van Buitenen, the pursuit and execution of one's nature and true calling, thus playing one's role in cosmic concert. In Hinduism, it is the <i>dharma</i> of the bee to make honey, of cow to give milk, of sun to radiate sunshine, of river to flow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Buitenen1957_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Buitenen1957-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of humanity, <i>dharma</i> is the need for, the effect of and essence of service and interconnectedness of all life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen200634–45_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen200634–45-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacker2006_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes duties, rights, <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">laws</a>, conduct, <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtues</a> and "right way of living".<sup id="cite_ref-srdtce_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-srdtce-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its true essence, <i>dharma</i> means for a Hindu to "expand the mind". Furthermore, it represents the direct connection between the individual and the societal phenomena that bind the society together. In the way societal phenomena affect the conscience of the individual, similarly may the actions of an individual alter the course of the society, for better or for worse. This has been subtly echoed by the credo धर्मो धारयति प्रजा: meaning <i>dharma</i> is that which holds and provides support to the social construct.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Hinduism, <i>dharma</i> generally includes various aspects: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San%C4%81tana_Dharma" title="Sanātana Dharma">Sanātana Dharma</a>, the eternal and unchanging principals of <i>dharma</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Varṇ āśramā dharma, one's duty at specific <a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">stages of life</a> or inherent duties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlon199450_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConlon199450-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svadharma" title="Svadharma">Svadharma</a>, one's own individual or personal duty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritzman2015326_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritzman2015326-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996112_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996112-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Āpad dharma, <i>dharma</i> prescribed at the time of adversities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996112_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996112-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sadharana dharma, moral duties irrespective of the <a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">stages of life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumarChoudhury20218_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumarChoudhury20218-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuga_dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuga dharma">Yuga dharma</a>, <i>dharma</i> which is valid for a <a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">yuga</a>, an epoch or age as established by Hindu tradition and thus may change at the conclusion of its time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996112-113_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996112-113-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Vedas_and_Upanishads">In Vedas and Upanishads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharma&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In Vedas and Upanishads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="#History">history section</a> of this article discusses the development of <i>dharma</i> concept in <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>. This development continued in the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> and later ancient scripts of Hinduism. In Upanishads, the concept of <i>dharma</i> continues as universal principle of law, order, harmony, and truth. It acts as the regulatory moral principle of the Universe. It is explained as law of righteousness and equated to <i><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">satya</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">सत्यं</span>, truth),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorsch2004_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorsch2004-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chjo_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chjo-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in hymn 1.4.14 of <a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brhadaranyaka Upanishad</a>, as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Nothing is higher than dharma. The weak overcomes the stronger by dharma, as over a king. Truly that dharma is the Truth (<i>Satya</i>); Therefore, when a man speaks the Truth, they say, "He speaks the Dharma"; and if he speaks Dharma, they say, "He speaks the Truth!" For both are one.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a>, 1.4.xiv<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorsch2004_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorsch2004-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chjo_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chjo-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dharma_and_Mimamsa">Dharma and Mimamsa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharma&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dharma and Mimamsa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mimamsa</a></i>, developed through commentaries on its foundational texts, particularly the <i><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i> attributed to <a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a>, emphasizes "the desire to know dharma" as the central concern, defining dharma as what connects a person with the highest good, always yet to be realized. While some schools associate dharma with post-mortem existence, <i>Mimamsakas</i> focus on the continual renewal and realization of a ritual world through adherence to Vedic injunctions. They assert that the ultimate good is essentially inaccessible to perception and can only be understood through language, reflecting confidence in Vedic injunctions and the reality of language as a means of knowing.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Mimamsa</i> addresses the delayed results of actions (like wealth or heaven) through the concept of apurva or adrsta, an unseen force that preserves the connection between actions and their outcomes. This ensures that Vedic sacrifices, though their results are delayed, are effective and reliable in guiding toward dharma.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Epics">In the Epics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharma&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In the Epics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hindu religion and philosophy, claims <a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._H._Ingalls,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Sr.">Daniel Ingalls</a>, places major emphasis on individual practical morality. In the Sanskrit epics, this concern is omnipresent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngalls195743_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngalls195743-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Hindu Epics, the good, morally upright, law-abiding king is referred to as "dharmaraja".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Dharma</i> is at the centre of all major events in the life of Dasharatha, <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshman</a> in Ramayana. In the Ramayana, Dasharatha upholds his dharma by honoring a promise to Kaikeyi, resulting in his beloved son Rama's exile, even though it brings him immense personal suffering.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngalls195741–48_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngalls195741–48-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a><i>, dharma</i> is central, and it is presented through symbolism and metaphors. Near the end of the epic, Yama referred to as <i>dharma</i> in the text, is portrayed as taking the form of a <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dog</a> to test the compassion of <a href="/wiki/Yudhishthira" title="Yudhishthira">Yudhishthira</a>, who is told he may not enter paradise with such an animal. Yudhishthira refuses to abandon his companion, for which he is then praised by <i>dharma</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The value and appeal of the Mahabharata, according to Ingalls, is not as much in its complex and rushed presentation of metaphysics in the 12th book.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngalls195741–48_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngalls195741–48-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian metaphysics, he argues, is more eloquently presented in other Sanskrit scriptures. Instead, the appeal of Mahabharata, like <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, lies in its presentation of a series of moral problems and life situations, where there are usually three answers:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngalls195741–48_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngalls195741–48-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one answer is of <a href="/wiki/Bhima" title="Bhima">Bhima</a>, which represents brute force, an individual angle representing materialism, egoism, and self; the second answer is of <a href="/wiki/Yudhishthira" title="Yudhishthira">Yudhishthira</a>, which appeals to piety, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">deities</a>, social virtue, and tradition; the third answer is of introspective <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a>, which falls between the two extremes, and who, claims Ingalls, symbolically reveals the finest moral qualities of man. The Epics of Hinduism are a symbolic treatise about life, virtues, customs, morals, ethics, law, and other aspects of <i>dharma</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is extensive discussion of <i>dharma</i> at the individual level in the Epics of Hinduism; for example, on free will versus destiny, when and why human beings believe in either, the strong and prosperous naturally uphold free will, while those facing grief or frustration naturally lean towards destiny.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Epics of Hinduism illustrate various aspects of <i>dharma</i> with metaphors.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="According_to_4th-century_Vatsyayana">According to 4th-century Vatsyayana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharma&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: According to 4th-century Vatsyayana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Klostermaier" title="Klaus Klostermaier">Klaus Klostermaier</a>, 4th-century CE Hindu scholar <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81tsy%C4%81yana" title="Vātsyāyana">Vātsyāyana</a> explained <i>dharma</i> by contrasting it with adharma.<sup id="cite_ref-klausk_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klausk-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vātsyāyana suggested that <i>dharma</i> is not merely in one's actions, but also in words one speaks or writes, and in thought. According to Vātsyāyana:<sup id="cite_ref-klausk_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klausk-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Adharma of body: hinsa (violence), steya (steal, theft), pratisiddha maithuna (sexual indulgence with someone other than one's partner)</li> <li>Dharma of body: dana (charity), paritrana (succor of the distressed) and paricarana (rendering service to others)</li> <li>Adharma from words one speaks or writes: mithya (falsehood), parusa (caustic talk), sucana (calumny) and asambaddha (absurd talk)</li> <li>Dharma from words one speaks or writes: satya (truth and facts), hitavacana (talking with good intention), priyavacana (gentle, kind talk), svadhyaya (self-study)</li> <li>Adharma of mind: paradroha (ill will to anyone), paradravyabhipsa (covetousness), nastikya (denial of the existence of morals and religiosity)</li> <li>Dharma of mind: daya (compassion), asprha (disinterestedness), and sraddha (faith in others)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="According_to_Patanjali_Yoga">According to Patanjali Yoga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharma&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: According to Patanjali Yoga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali"><i>Yoga Sutras</i> of Patanjali</a> the <i>dharma</i> is real; in the Vedanta it is unreal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods1914[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2019]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2019)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods1914[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2019]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2019)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Dharma</i> is part of <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a>, suggests <a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a>; the elements of Hindu dharma are the attributes, qualities and aspects of yoga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods1914[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2019]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2019)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods1914[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2019]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2019)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patanjali explained <i>dharma</i> in two categories: <i><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">yamas</a></i> (restraints) and <i><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">niyamas</a></i> (observances).<sup id="cite_ref-klausk_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klausk-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The five yamas, according to Patanjali, are: abstain from injury to all living creatures, abstain from falsehood (satya), abstain from unauthorised appropriation of things-of-value from another (acastrapurvaka), abstain from coveting or sexually cheating on your partner, and abstain from expecting or accepting gifts from others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods1914178–180_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods1914178–180-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five yama apply in action, speech and mind. In explaining yama, Patanjali clarifies that certain professions and situations may require qualification in conduct. For example, a fisherman must injure a fish, but he must attempt to do this with least trauma to fish and the fisherman must try to injure no other creature as he fishes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods1914180–181_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods1914180–181-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The five niyamas (observances) are cleanliness by eating pure food and removing impure thoughts (such as arrogance or jealousy or pride), contentment in one's means, meditation and silent reflection regardless of circumstances one faces, study and pursuit of historic knowledge, and devotion of all actions to the Supreme Teacher to achieve perfection of concentration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods1914181–191_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods1914181–191-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharma&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Dharma</i> is an empirical and experiential inquiry for every man and woman, according to some texts of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacker2006_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Apastamba" class="mw-redirect" title="Apastamba">Apastamba Dharmasutra</a> states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p><i>Dharma</i> and <i>Adharma</i> do not go around saying, "That is us." Neither do gods, nor gandharvas, nor ancestors declare what is <i>Dharma</i> and what is <i>Adharma</i>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Apastamba Dharmasutra</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In other texts, three sources and means to discover <i>dharma</i> in Hinduism are described. These, according to <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hacker" class="extiw" title="de:Paul Hacker">Paul Hacker</a>, are:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacker2006487–489_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker2006487–489-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First, learning historical knowledge such as Vedas, Upanishads, the Epics and other <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit literature</a> with the help of one's teacher. Second, observing the behaviour and example of good people. The third source applies when neither one's education nor example exemplary conduct is known. In this case, "<a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">atmatusti</a>" is the source of <i>dharma</i> in Hinduism, that is the good person reflects and follows what satisfies his heart, his own inner feeling, what he feels driven to.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacker2006487–489_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker2006487–489-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dharma,_life_stages_and_social_stratification"><span id="Dharma.2C_life_stages_and_social_stratification"></span>Dharma, life stages and social stratification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharma&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dharma, life stages and social stratification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha</a></div> <p>Some texts of Hinduism outline <i>dharma</i> for society and at the individual level. Of these, the most cited one is <i><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></i>, which describes the four <i>Varnas</i>, their rights and duties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel2011215–227_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel2011215–227-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most texts of Hinduism, however, discuss <i>dharma</i> with no mention of <i>Varna</i> (<a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">caste</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other <i>dharma</i> texts and Smritis differ from Manusmriti on the nature and structure of Varnas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel2011215–227_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel2011215–227-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, other texts question the very existence of varna. <a href="/wiki/Bhrigu" title="Bhrigu">Bhrigu</a>, in the Epics, for example, presents the theory that <i>dharma</i> does not require any varnas.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, medieval India is widely believed to be a socially stratified society, with each social strata inheriting a profession and being endogamous. Varna was not absolute in Hindu dharma; individuals had the right to renounce and leave their Varna, as well as their <a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">asramas</a> of life, in search of moksa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel2011215–227_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel2011215–227-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While neither Manusmriti nor succeeding Smritis of Hinduism ever use the word varnadharma (that is, the <i>dharma</i> of varnas), or varnasramadharma (that is, the <i>dharma</i> of varnas and asramas), the scholarly commentary on Manusmriti use these words, and thus associate <i>dharma</i> with varna system of India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel2011215–227_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel2011215–227-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 6th century India, even Buddhist kings called themselves "protectors of varnasramadharma" – that is, <i>dharma</i> of varna and asramas of life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel2011215–227_76-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel2011215–227-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the individual level, some texts of Hinduism outline <a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">four āśramas</a>, or stages of life as individual's <i>dharma</i>. These are:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWidgery1930_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWidgery1930-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1) <a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">brahmacārya</a>, the life of preparation as a student, (2) <a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">gṛhastha</a>, the life of the householder with family and other social roles, (3) <a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">vānprastha</a> or aranyaka, the life of the forest-dweller, transitioning from worldly occupations to reflection and renunciation, and (4) <a href="/wiki/Sanny%C4%81sa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sannyāsa">sannyāsa</a>, the life of giving away all property, becoming a recluse and devotion to moksa, spiritual matters. Patrick Olivelle suggests that "ashramas represented life choices rather than sequential steps in the life of a single individual" and the vanaprastha stage was added before renunciation over time, thus forming life stages.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The four stages of life complete the four human strivings in life, according to Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-jkkpwg_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jkkpwg-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Dharma</i> enables the individual to satisfy the striving for stability and order, a life that is lawful and harmonious, the striving to do the right thing, be good, be virtuous, earn religious merit, be helpful to others, interact successfully with society. The other three strivings are <a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a> – the striving for means of life such as food, shelter, power, security, material wealth, and so forth; <a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a> – the striving for sex, desire, pleasure, love, emotional fulfilment, and so forth; and <a href="/wiki/Moksa" class="mw-redirect" title="Moksa">Moksa</a> – the striving for spiritual meaning, liberation from life-rebirth cycle, self-realisation in this life, and so forth. The four stages are neither independent nor exclusionary in Hindu <i>dharma</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-jkkpwg_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jkkpwg-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dharma_and_poverty">Dharma and poverty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharma&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Dharma and poverty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Dharma</i> being necessary for individual and society, is dependent on poverty and prosperity in a society, according to Hindu dharma scriptures. For example, according to Adam Bowles,<sup id="cite_ref-adambowles_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adambowles-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmana" title="Shatapatha Brahmana">Shatapatha Brahmana</a> 11.1.6.24 links social prosperity and <i>dharma</i> through water. Waters come from rains, it claims; when rains are abundant there is prosperity on the earth, and this prosperity enables people to follow <i>Dharma</i> – moral and lawful life. In times of distress, of drought, of poverty, everything suffers including relations between human beings and the human ability to live according to <i>dharma</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-adambowles_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adambowles-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Rajadharmaparvan 91.34-8, the relationship between poverty and <i>dharma</i> reaches a full circle. A land with less moral and lawful life suffers distress, and as distress rises it causes more immoral and unlawful life, which further increases distress.<sup id="cite_ref-adambowles_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adambowles-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those in power must follow the raja dharma (that is, dharma of rulers), because this enables the society and the individual to follow dharma and achieve prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dharma_and_law">Dharma and law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharma&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dharma and law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a></div> <p>The notion of <i>dharma</i> as duty or propriety is found in India's ancient legal and religious texts. Common examples of such use are pitri dharma (meaning a person's duty as a father), putra dharma (a person's duty as a son), raj dharma (a person's duty as a king) and so forth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumarChoudhury2021_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumarChoudhury2021-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Hindu philosophy, justice, social harmony, and happiness requires that people live per <i>dharma</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Dharmashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmashastra">Dharmashastra</a> is a record of these guidelines and rules.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The available evidence suggest India once had a large collection of <i>dharma</i> related literature (sutras, shastras); four of the sutras survive and these are now referred to as Dharmasutras.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with laws of Manu in Dharmasutras, exist parallel and different compendium of laws, such as the laws of Narada and other ancient scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These different and conflicting law books are neither exclusive, nor do they supersede other sources of <i>dharma</i> in Hinduism. These Dharmasutras include instructions on education of the young, their rites of passage, customs, religious rites and rituals, marital rights and obligations, death and ancestral rites, laws and administration of justice, crimes, punishments, rules and types of evidence, duties of a king, as well as morality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharma&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_paths_to_liberation" title="Buddhist paths to liberation">Buddhist paths to liberation</a></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Buddhism"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em;border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/90px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/135px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/180px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Later Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dharma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Concepts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharma wheel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Five Aggregates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">Impermanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Not-self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent Origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhavacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavacana">Buddhavacana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">Early Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_Buddhist_literature" title="Sanskrit Buddhist literature">Sanskrit literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-canonical_Buddhist_texts" title="Post-canonical Buddhist texts">Post-canon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Paths_to_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Paths to liberation">Buddhist Paths to liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Perfections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophical reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotional practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Sublime abidings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Aids to Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Lay life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">Buddhist chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nirvāṇa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four Stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratyekabuddha">Pratyekabuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Traditions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Buddhism by country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism" title="Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism" title="Template talk:Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Buddhism held the Hindu view of <i>Dharma</i> as "cosmic law", as in the working of <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODWR-Dharma_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODWR-Dharma-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term Dharma (<a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a>: <i lang="pi">dhamma</i>) latter came to refer to the teachings of <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">the Buddha</a> (<i>pariyatti</i>); the practice (<i>paṭipatti</i>) of the Buddha's teachings is then comprehended as Dharma.<sup id="cite_ref-ODWR-Dharma_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODWR-Dharma-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Concise-PED_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Concise-PED-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a>, <i>dhamma/dharma</i> is also the term for "<a href="/wiki/Phenomena" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomena">phenomena</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Concise-PED_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Concise-PED-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-david_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-david-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddha's_teachings"><span id="Buddha.27s_teachings"></span>Buddha's teachings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharma&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Buddha's teachings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For practising Buddhists, references to <i>dharma</i> (<i>dhamma</i> in Pali) particularly as "the dharma", generally means the teachings of the Buddha, commonly known throughout the East as Buddhadharma. It includes especially the discourses on the fundamental principles (such as the <a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a>), as opposed to the parables and to the poems. The Buddha's teachings explain that in order to end suffering, <i>dharma</i>, or the right thoughts, understanding, actions and livelihood, should be cultivated.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The status of <i>dharma</i> is regarded variably by different Buddhist traditions. Some regard it as an ultimate truth, or as the fount of all things which lie beyond the "<a href="/wiki/Three_realms" class="mw-redirect" title="Three realms">three realms</a>" (Sanskrit: <i>tridhatu</i>) and the "wheel of becoming" (Sanskrit: <i><a href="/wiki/Bhavachakra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhavachakra">bhavachakra</a></i>). Others, who regard the Buddha as simply an enlightened human being, see the <i>dharma</i> as the <a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a> of the "84,000 different aspects of the teaching" (Tibetan: <i>chos-sgo brgyad-khri bzhi strong</i>) that the Buddha gave to various types of people, based upon their individual propensities and capabilities. </p><p>Dharma refers not only to the sayings of the <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a>, but also to the later traditions of interpretation and addition that the various <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">schools of Buddhism</a> have developed to help explain and to expand upon the Buddha's teachings. For others still, they see the <i>dharma</i> as referring to the "truth", or the ultimate reality of "the way that things really are" (Tibetan: <i>Chö</i>). </p><p>The <i>dharma</i> is one of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Jewels" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Jewels">Three Jewels</a> of Buddhism in which practitioners of Buddhism seek refuge, or that upon which one relies for his or her lasting happiness. The Three Jewels of Buddhism are the <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a>, meaning the mind's perfection of enlightenment, the <a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma (Buddhism)"><i>dharma</i></a>, meaning the teachings and the methods of the Buddha, and the <a href="/wiki/Sangha_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangha (Buddhism)">Sangha</a>, meaning the community of practitioners who provide one another guidance and support. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chan_Buddhism">Chan Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharma&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Chan Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dharma is employed in <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan Buddhism</a> in a specific context in relation to transmission of authentic doctrine, understanding and bodhi; recognised in <a href="/wiki/Dharma_transmission" title="Dharma transmission">dharma transmission</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theravada_Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharma&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Theravada Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> Buddhism obtaining ultimate realisation of the dhamma is achieved in three phases; learning, practising and realising.<sup id="cite_ref-What_is_the_Triple_Gem_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_is_the_Triple_Gem-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Pali: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Pariyatti" class="mw-redirect" title="Pariyatti">Pariyatti</a> – the learning of the theory of <i>dharma</i> as contained within the suttas of the Pali canon</li> <li>Patipatti – putting the theory into practice and</li> <li>Pativedha – when one penetrates the <i>dharma</i> or through experience realises the truth of it.<sup id="cite_ref-What_is_the_Triple_Gem_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_is_the_Triple_Gem-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jainism">Jainism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharma&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Jainism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Jainism)" title="Dharma (Jainism)">Dharma (Jainism)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #F5DEB3">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jainism" title="Category:Jainism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/110px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/165px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/220px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1934" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jains" title="List of Jains">Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jainism" title="History of Jainism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jainism" title="Timeline of Jainism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jainism-related_articles" title="Index of Jainism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Philosophy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Jainism)" title="Dharma (Jainism)">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)">Mokṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevala Jnana">Kevala Jnana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattva_(Jainism)" title="Tattva (Jainism)">Tattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunasthana" title="Gunasthana">Gunasthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)" title="Saṃsāra (Jainism)">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ethics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics of Jainism">Ethics of Jainism</a> <dl><dd><b>Mahavratas (major vows)</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahiṃsā (non-violence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya#Jainism" title="Satya">Satya (truth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteya#Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteya">Asteya (non-stealing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya#In_Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacarya (chastity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha (non-possession)</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Anuvratas (further vows)</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m%C4%81yika" title="Sāmāyika">Sāmāyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana">Sallekhana</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jain prayers</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktamara_Stotra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktamara Stotra">Bhaktamara Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micchami_Dukkadam" title="Micchami Dukkadam">Micchami Dukkadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navkar_Mantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Navkar Mantra">Navkar Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namokar_Mantra" title="Namokar Mantra">Ṇamōkāra mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Jinendra" title="Jai Jinendra">Jai Jinendra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major figures</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">The 24 Tirthankaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" title="Parshvanatha">Pārśva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">Arihant</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganadhara" title="Ganadhara">Ganadhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundakunda" title="Kundakunda">Kundakunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhasena" title="Siddhasena">Siddhasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Jain_monk)" title="Samantabhadra (Jain monk)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haribhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Haribhadra">Haribhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashovijaya" title="Yashovijaya">Yashovijaya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major sects</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Jain_schools_and_branches" title="Jain schools and branches">Schools and Branches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jain_literature" title="Jain literature">Jain literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Samayas%C4%81ra" title="Samayasāra">Samayasāra (Digambara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravachanasara" title="Pravachanasara">Pravachanasara (Digambara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Agama (Śvetāmbara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tattvartha_Sutra" title="Tattvartha Sutra">Tattvartha Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dravyasamgraha" title="Dravyasamgraha">Dravyasamgraha (Digambara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpa Sūtra (Śvetāmbara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uttaradhyayana" title="Uttaradhyayana">Uttaradhyayana (Śvetāmbara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C4%ABvaka_Cint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i" title="Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi">Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silappatikaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Silappatikaram">Silappatikaram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valayapathi" title="Valayapathi">Valayapathi</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Festivals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Janma_Kalyanak" title="Mahavir Janma Kalyanak">Mahavir Janma Kalyanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paryushana" title="Paryushana">Paryushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvatsari" title="Samvatsari">Samvatsari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Pilgrimages</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Jainism)" title="Tirtha (Jainism)">Tirth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dilwara_Temples" title="Dilwara Temples">Abu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palitana_temples" title="Palitana temples">Palitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girnar_Jain_temples" title="Girnar Jain temples">Girnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikharji" title="Shikharji">Shikharji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shravanabelagola" title="Shravanabelagola">Shravanabelagola</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Other</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekendriya" title="Ekendriya">Ekendriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_temple" title="Jain temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_flag" title="Jain flag">Jain flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_symbols" title="Jain symbols">Jain symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasparopagraho_Jivanam" title="Parasparopagraho Jivanam">Parasparopagraho Jivanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jainism-related_articles" title="Index of Jainism-related articles">Topics list</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border-top:1px solid #F5DEB3;border-bottom:1px solid #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jainism" title="Template:Jainism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jainism" title="Template talk:Jainism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jainism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jainism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The word <i>dharma</i> in Jainism is found in all its key texts. It has a contextual meaning and refers to a number of ideas. In the broadest sense, it means the teachings of the Jinas,<sup id="cite_ref-ODWR-Dharma_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODWR-Dharma-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or teachings of any competing spiritual school,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECort2001100_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2001100-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a supreme path,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> socio-religious duty,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that which is the highest <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">mangala</i></span> (holy).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECort2001192–194_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2001192–194-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Tattvartha_Sutra" title="Tattvartha Sutra">Tattvartha Sutra</a></i>, a major <a href="/wiki/Jain_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain text">Jain text</a>, mentions <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">daśa dharma</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">ten <i>dharma</i>s</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) with referring to ten righteous virtues: forbearance, modesty, straightforwardness, purity, truthfulness, self-restraint, austerity, renunciation, non-attachment, and celibacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain2011128_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain2011128-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Acārya Amṛtacandra</i></span>, author of the Jain text, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Puruṣārthasiddhyupāya</i></span> writes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain201222_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain201222-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A right believer should constantly meditate on virtues of dharma, like supreme modesty, in order to protect the Self from all contrary dispositions. He should also cover up the shortcomings of others.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Puruṣārthasiddhyupāya</i> (27)</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dharmāstikāya"><span id="Dharm.C4.81stik.C4.81ya"></span><i>Dharmāstikāya</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharma&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Dharmāstikāya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a></div> <p>The term <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">dharmāstikāya</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">धर्मास्तिकाय</span>) also has a specific <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontological</a> and soteriological meaning in Jainism, as a part of its theory of six <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">dravya</i></span> (substance or a reality). In the Jain tradition, existence consists of <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/J%C4%ABva_(Jainism)" title="Jīva (Jainism)">jīva</a></i></span> (soul, <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">ātman</a></i></span>) and <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/Aj%C4%ABva" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajīva">ajīva</a></i></span> (non-soul, <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">anātman</a></i></span>), the latter consisting of five categories: inert non-sentient atomic matter (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">pudgalāstikāya</i></span>), space (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Ba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ākāśa">ākāśa</a></i></span>), time (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81la" title="Kāla">kāla</a></i></span>), principle of motion (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">dharmāstikāya</i></span>), and principle of rest (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">adharmāstikāya</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dundas2003p93_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dundas2003p93-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of the term <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">dharmāstikāya</i></span> to mean motion and to refer to an ontological sub-category is peculiar to Jainism, and not found in the <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a> of Buddhism and various schools of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-Dundas2003p93_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dundas2003p93-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharma&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sikhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda_Orange.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Khanda_Orange.jpg/170px-Khanda_Orange.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Khanda_Orange.jpg/255px-Khanda_Orange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Khanda_Orange.jpg/340px-Khanda_Orange.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>Sikhism</figcaption></figure> <p>For <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a>, the word <i>dharam</i> (<a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>: <span lang="pa">ਧਰਮ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Punjabi-language romanization"><i lang="pa-Latn">dharam</i></span>) means the path of righteousness and proper religious practice.<sup id="cite_ref-rinehart138_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rinehart138-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> connotes <i>dharma</i> as duty and moral values.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/3HO" title="3HO">3HO</a> movement in Western culture, which has incorporated certain Sikh beliefs, defines Sikh Dharma broadly as all that constitutes religion, moral duty and way of life.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Sangam_literature">In Sangam literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharma&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In Sangam literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></div> <p>Several works of the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam era">Sangam</a> and post-Sangam period, many of which are of <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> origin, emphasizes on <i>dharma</i>. Most of these texts are based on <i>aṟam</i>, the Tamil term for <i>dharma</i>. The ancient <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> moral text of the <i><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></i> or <i>Kural</i>, a text probably of Jain or Hindu origin,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurnalingam_Pillai201575_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnalingam_Pillai201575-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite being a collection of aphoristic teachings on <i>dharma</i> (<i>aram</i>), artha (<i>porul</i>), and kama (<i>inpam</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-Blackburn2000_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackburn2000-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanjeevi2006_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanjeevi2006-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is completely and exclusively based on <i><a href="/wiki/Aram_(Kural_book)" title="Aram (Kural book)">aṟam</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-VelusamyFaraday2017_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VelusamyFaraday2017-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Naladiyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Naladiyar">Naladiyar</a>, a Jain text of the post-Sangam period, follows a similar pattern as that of the Kural in emphasizing <i>aṟam</i> or <i>dharma</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurnalingam_Pillai201570_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnalingam_Pillai201570-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dharma_in_symbols">Dharma in symbols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharma&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Dharma in symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/220px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/330px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/440px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The wheel in the centre of India's flag symbolises Ashoka's dhamma.</figcaption></figure> <p>The importance of <i>dharma</i> to Indian civilization is illustrated by India's decision in 1947 to include the <a href="/wiki/Ashoka_Chakra" title="Ashoka Chakra">Ashoka Chakra</a>, a depiction of the <i><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">dharmachakra</a></i> (the "wheel of <i>dharma</i>"), as the central motif on its flag.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharma&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_empires_and_dynasties" title="List of Hindu empires and dynasties">List of Hindu empires and dynasties</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharma&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ODWR-Dharma-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODWR-Dharma_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODWR-Dharma_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODWR-Dharma_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">From the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_World_Religions" title="Oxford Dictionary of World Religions">Oxford Dictionary of World Religions</a></i>: "In Hinduism, dharma is a fundamental concept, referring to the order and custom which make life and a universe possible, and thus to the behaviours appropriate to the maintenance of that order."<sup id="cite_ref-ODWR-Dharma_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODWR-Dharma-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DK-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DK_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Kalupahana: "The old Indian term <i>dharma</i> was retained by the Buddha to refer to phenomena or things. However, he was always careful to define this <i>dharma</i> as "dependently arisen phenomena" (<i>paticca-samuppanna-dhamma</i>) ... In order to distinguish this notion of <i>dhamma</i> from the Indian conception where the term <i>dharma</i> meant reality (<i>atman</i>), in an ontological sense, the Buddha utilised the conception of result or consequence or fruit (<i>attha</i>, Sk. <i>artha</i>) to bring out the pragmatic meaning of <i>dhamma</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-david_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-david-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The common duties of <i>Sadharana-dharma</i> is based on the idea that, individuals (<a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva">Jiva</a>) are born with a number of debts, hence through common moral duties prescribed in the <i>Sadharana dharma</i> would help to repay one's debts to the humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes199612_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes199612-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharma&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharma&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see below: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFVan_Buitenen1957">Van Buitenen (1957)</a>;</li> <li>Fitzgerald, James (2004), "Dharma and its Translation in the Mahābhārata", <i>Journal of Indian philosophy</i>, 32(5), pp. 671–685; Quote – "virtues enter the general topic of dharma as 'common, or general, dharma', ..."</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Frawley" title="David Frawley">Frawley, David</a> (2009), <i>Yoga and Ayurveda: Self-Healing and Self-Realization</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9149-5581-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9149-5581-8">978-0-9149-5581-8</a>; Quote – "Yoga is a dharmic approach to the spiritual life...";</li> <li>Harvey, Mark (1986), The Secular as Sacred?, Modern Asian Studies, 20(2), pp. 321–331.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, Bernard S. (1975), "From dharma to law", <i>The American Journal of Comparative Law</i>, Vol. 23, No. 3 (Summer, 1975), pp. 490–512.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1994">Flood 1994</a>, "Chapter 3"; Quote – "Rites of passage are dharma in action."; "Rites of passage, a category of rituals,..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoward2004">Coward 2004</a>; Quote – "Hindu stages of life approach (ashrama dharma)..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see: <ul><li>Creel, Austin (1975), "The Reexamination of Dharma in Hindu Ethics", <i>Philosophy East and West</i>, 25(2), pp. 161–173; Quote – "Dharma pointed to duty, and specified duties..";</li> <li>Trommsdorff, Gisela (2012), Development of "agentic" regulation in cultural context: the role of self and world views, Child Development Perspectives, 6(1), pp. 19–26; Quote – "Neglect of one's duties (dharma – sacred duties toward oneself, the family, the community, and humanity) is seen as an indicator of immaturity."</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-ODWR-Dharma-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODWR-Dharma_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODWR-Dharma_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODWR-Dharma_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODWR-Dharma_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODWR-Dharma_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODWR-Dharma_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowker2018" class="citation web cs1">Bowker, John (June 8, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/dharma.aspx#1">"Dharma"</a>. <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions</i> – via Encyclopedia.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+World+Religions&rft.atitle=Dharma&rft.date=2018-06-08&rft.aulast=Bowker&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Ftopic%2Fdharma.aspx%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-david-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-david_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-david_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Kalupahana" title="David Kalupahana">Kalupahana, David</a> (1986) <i>The Philosophy of the Middle Way</i>. SUNY Press, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1">Wells, John C. (2008). <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EtymologicalDictionary-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EtymologicalDictionary_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnhart, R. K. (ed.) (1998) <i>Chambers Dictionary of Etymology</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay198242–45-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay198242–45_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDay1982">Day 1982</a>, pp. 42–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton2004-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton2004_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrereton2004">Brereton 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amp.scroll.in/article/905466/how-did-the-ramayana-and-mahabharata-come-to-be-and-what-has-dharma-got-to-do-with-it">"How did the 'Ramayana' and 'Mahabharata' come to be (and what has 'dharma' got to do with it)?"</a>. 13 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+did+the+%27Ramayana%27+and+%27Mahabharata%27+come+to+be+%28and+what+has+%27dharma%27+got+to+do+with+it%29%3F&rft.date=2018-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famp.scroll.in%2Farticle%2F905466%2Fhow-did-the-ramayana-and-mahabharata-come-to-be-and-what-has-dharma-got-to-do-with-it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidU4NF8pYxdvICpgPA36_36–37]-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidU4NF8pYxdvICpgPA36_36–37]_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHiltebeitel2011">Hiltebeitel 2011</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U4NF8pYxdvIC&pg=PA36">36–37</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhand2002" class="citation journal cs1">Dhand, Arti (17 December 2002). "The Dharma of Ethics, the Ethics of Dharma: Quizzing the Ideals of Hinduism". <i>Journal of Religious Ethics</i>. <b>30</b> (3): 351. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9795.00113">10.1111/1467-9795.00113</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1467-9795">1467-9795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religious+Ethics&rft.atitle=The+Dharma+of+Ethics%2C+the+Ethics+of+Dharma%3A+Quizzing+the+Ideals+of+Hinduism&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=351&rft.date=2002-12-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-9795.00113&rft.issn=1467-9795&rft.aulast=Dhand&rft.aufirst=Arti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/dharma-religious-concept">"dharma"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=dharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fdharma-religious-concept&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Buitenen195736-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Buitenen195736_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Buitenen1957">Van Buitenen 1957</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lraw-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lraw_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFRocher2003">Rocher (2003)</a>.</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFWidgery1930">Widgery (1930)</a>.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorsch2004-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorsch2004_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorsch2004_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorsch2004_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorsch2004_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorsch2004_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorsch2004_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorsch2004_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorsch2004_21-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorsch2004">Horsch 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hermann Grassmann, <i>Worterbuch zum Rig-veda</i> (German Edition), Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1636-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1636-7">978-81-208-1636-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen200634–45-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen200634–45_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen200634–45_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen200634–45_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen200634–45_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen200634–45_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosen2006">Rosen 2006</a>, pp. 34–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0500/mw__0543.html">"Dharma"</a> Monier Monier-Williams, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/monier/"><i>Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary</i> (2008 revision)</a>, pp. 543–544;</li> <li>Carl Cappeller (1999), <i>Monier-Williams: A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Etymological and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages</i>, Asian Educational Services, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0369-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0369-1">978-81-206-0369-1</a>, pp. 510–512.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs201057-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs201057_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobs2010">Jacobs 2010</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phph-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-phph_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phph_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phph_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phph_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">see: <ul><li>English translated version by Jarrod Whitaker: Horsch, Paul, (December 2004) "From Creation Myth to World Law: the Early History of Dharma", <i>Journal of Indian Philosophy</i>, Volume 32, Issue 5–6, pp. 423–448; Original peer reviewed publication in German: Horsch, Paul, (1967) "Vom Schoepfungsmythos zum Weltgesetz", <i>Asiatische Studien: Zeitschrift der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Asiankunde</i>, Volume 21, pp. 31–61;</li> <li>English translated version by Donald R. Davis: Paul Hacker, (2006) "Dharma in Hinduism", <i>Journal of Indian Philosophy</i>, Volume 34, Issue 5, pp. 479–496; Original peer reviewed publication in German: Paul Hacker, (1965) "Dharma im Hinduismus" <i>Zeitschrift für Missionswissenschaft und Religionswissenschaft</i> Volume 49, pp. 93–106.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBowker2018">Bowker (2018)</a>; "...the order and custom which make life and a universe possible, and thus to the behaviours appropriate to the maintenance of that order".</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Britannica_Concise_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica Concise Encyclopedia">Britannica Concise Encyclopedia</a></i>, 2007.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see: <ul><li>Albrecht Wezler, "Dharma in the Veda and the Dharmaśāstras", <i>Journal of Indian Philosophy</i>, December 2004, Volume 32, Issue 5–6, pp. 629–654</li> <li>Johannes Heesterman (1978). "Veda and Dharma", in W. D. O'Flaherty (ed.), <i>The Concept of Duty in South Asia</i>, New Delhi: Vikas, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7286-0032-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7286-0032-4">978-0-7286-0032-4</a>, pp. 80–95</li> <li>K. L. Seshagiri Rao (1997), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3431&context=flr">Practitioners of Hindu Law: Ancient and Modern</a>", <i>Fordham Law Review</i>, Volume 66, pp. 1185–1199.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs201058-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs201058_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobs2010">Jacobs 2010</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumarChoudhury2021-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumarChoudhury2021_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumarChoudhury2021_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKumarChoudhury2021">Kumar & Choudhury 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=+adharma&trans=Translate&direction=AU">अधर्मा</a> "adharma", <i>Sanskrit-English Dictionary</i>, Germany (2011)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html">"adharma"</a> <i>Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary</i>, University of Koeln, Germany (2009).</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFFlood1998">Flood (1998)</a>, pp. 30–54 and 151–152;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCoward2004">Coward (2004)</a>;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFVan_Buitenen1957">Van Buitenen (1957)</a>, p. 37.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RgVeda 6.70.1, 8.41.10, 10.44.8, for secondary source see <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Geldner" title="Karl Friedrich Geldner">Karl Friedrich Geldner</a>, Der Rigveda in Auswahl (2 vols.), Stuttgart; and <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Oriental_Series" title="Harvard Oriental Series">Harvard Oriental Series</a>, 33–36, Bd. 1–3: 1951.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorsch2004430–431-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorsch2004430–431_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorsch2004">Horsch 2004</a>, pp. 430–431.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorsch2004430–432-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorsch2004430–432_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorsch2004">Horsch 2004</a>, pp. 430–432.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Thieme, Gedichte aus dem Rig-Veda, Reclam Universal-Bibliothek Nr. 8930, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jbrereton-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jbrereton_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jbrereton_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrereton2004">Brereton (2004)</a>; "There are Indo-European parallels to <i>dhárman</i> (cf. Wennerberg 1981: 95f.), but the only Iranian equivalent is Old Persian <i>darmān</i>, 'remedy', which has little bearing on Indo-Aryan <i>dhárman</i>. There is thus no evidence that IIr. *dharman was a significant culture word during the Indo-Iranian period." (p. 449) "The origin of the concept of dharman rests in its formation. It is a Vedic, rather than an Indo-Iranian word, and a more recent coinage than many other key religious terms of the Vedic tradition. Its meaning derives directly from dhr 'support, uphold, give foundation to' and therefore 'foundation' is a reasonable gloss in most of its attestations." (p. 485).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorreallSonn2011" class="citation book cs1">Morreall, John; Sonn, Tamara (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aM461tmUDe4C&pg=PT324"><i>The Religion Toolkit: A Complete Guide to Religious Studies</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 324. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-4371-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-4371-7"><bdi>978-1-4443-4371-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religion+Toolkit%3A+A+Complete+Guide+to+Religious+Studies&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-4371-7&rft.aulast=Morreall&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Sonn%2C+Tamara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaM461tmUDe4C%26pg%3DPT324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker2006-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacker2006_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacker2006_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacker2006_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacker2006_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacker2006_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacker2006_39-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHacker2006">Hacker 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Etienne_Lamotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne Lamotte">Etienne Lamotte</a>, Bibliothèque du Museon 43, Louvain, 1958, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoller1972136–142-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoller1972136–142_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoller1972136–142_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoller1972">Koller 1972</a>, pp. 136–142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holdrege, Barbara (2004), "Dharma" in: Mittal & Thursby (eds.) <i>The Hindu World</i>, New York: Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21527-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21527-7">0-415-21527-7</a>, pp. 213–248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0800/mw__0844.html">"Māyā"</a> <i>Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0369-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0369-1">978-81-206-0369-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Northrop, F. S. C. (1949), "Naturalistic and cultural foundations for a more effective international law", <i>Yale Law Journal</i>, 59, pp. 1430–1441.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay198242–44-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay198242–44_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDay1982">Day 1982</a>, pp. 42–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Dharma", <i>The Columbia Encyclopedia</i>, 6th ed. (2013), Columbia University Press, Gale, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-5015-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-5015-5">978-0-7876-5015-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Buitenen1957-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Buitenen1957_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Buitenen1957_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Buitenen1957">Van Buitenen 1957</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-srdtce-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-srdtce_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see: <ul><li>"Dharma", <i>The Columbia Encyclopedia</i>, 6th ed. (2013), Columbia University Press, Gale, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-5015-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-5015-5">978-0-7876-5015-5</a>;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFRosen2006">Rosen (2006)</a>, "Chapter 3".</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/sanatana-dharma">Sanatana dharma</a>". Encyclopædia Britannica, 18 Jun. 2009. Accessed 14 September 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConlon199450-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlon199450_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConlon1994">Conlon 1994</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritzman2015326-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritzman2015326_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFritzman2015">Fritzman 2015</a>, p. 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996112-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996112_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996112_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimes1996">Grimes 1996</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumarChoudhury20218-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumarChoudhury20218_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKumarChoudhury2021">Kumar & Choudhury 2021</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes199612-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes199612_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimes1996">Grimes 1996</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996112-113-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996112-113_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimes1996">Grimes 1996</a>, p. 112-113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chjo-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chjo_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chjo_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Johnston_(Theosophist)" title="Charles Johnston (Theosophist)">Johnston, Charles</a>, <i>The Mukhya Upanishads: Books of Hidden Wisdom, Kshetra</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4959-4653-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4959-4653-0">978-1-4959-4653-0</a>, p. 481, for discussion: pp. 478–505.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2024" class="citation cs2">Arnold, Daniel (Summer 2024), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2024/entries/kumaarila/">"Kumārila"</a>, in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>, Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240708163510/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2024/entries/kumaarila/">archived</a> from the original on 8 Jul 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-11</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kum%C4%81rila&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fsum2024%2Fentries%2Fkumaarila%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunankar1982" class="citation journal cs1">Junankar, N. S. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23444178">"The Mīmāṃsā Concept of Dharma"</a>. <i>Journal of Indian Philosophy</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 51–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00200183">10.1007/BF00200183</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1791">0022-1791</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23444178">23444178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.atitle=The+M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81+Concept+of+Dharma&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51-60&rft.date=1982&rft.issn=0022-1791&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23444178%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00200183&rft.aulast=Junankar&rft.aufirst=N.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23444178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngalls195743-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngalls195743_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIngalls1957">Ingalls 1957</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitzgerald, James L. (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p9SzCuLIlQ0C&pg=PA124">The Mahābhārata: Vol. 7, Book 11: The Book of Women; Book 12: The Book of Peace, Part 1</a>. University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226252506" title="Special:BookSources/9780226252506">9780226252506</a>. p. 124. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59170383">59170383</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngalls195741–48-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngalls195741–48_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngalls195741–48_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngalls195741–48_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIngalls1957">Ingalls 1957</a>, pp. 41–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m17/m17003.htm">"The Mahabharata, Book 17: Mahaprasthanika Parva: Section 3"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240113173402/https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m17/m17003.htm">Archived</a> from the original on Jan 13, 2024 – via Internet Sacred Text Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mahabharata%2C+Book+17%3A+Mahaprasthanika+Parva%3A+Section+3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fm17%2Fm17003.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is considerable amount of literature on dharma-related discussion in Hindu Epics: of Egoism versus Altruism, Individualism versus Social Virtues and Tradition; for examples, see: <ul><li>Meyer, Johann Jakob (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=izFNswlJ9LMC&pg=PA92">Sexual life in ancient India</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0638-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0638-7">81-208-0638-7</a>, Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 92–93; Quote – "In Indian literature, especially in Mahabharata over and over again is heard the energetic cry – Each is alone. None belongs to anyone else, we are all but strangers to strangers; (...), none knows the other, the self belongs only to self. Man is born alone, alone he lives, alone he dies, alone he tastes the fruit of his deeds and his ways, it is only his work that bears him company. (...) Our body and spiritual organism is ever changing; what belongs, then, to us? (...) Thus, too, there is really no teacher or leader for anyone, each is his own Guru, and must go along the road to happiness alone. Only the self is the friend of man, only the self is the foe of man; from others nothing comes to him. Therefore, what must be done is to honor, to assert one's self..."; Quote – "(in parts of the epic), the most thoroughgoing egoism and individualism is stressed..."</li> <li>Piper, Raymond F. (1954), "In Support of Altruism in Hinduism", <i>Journal of Bible and Religion</i>, Vol. 22, No. 3 (Jul., 1954), pp. 178–183</li> <li>Ganeri, J. (2010), A Return to the Self: Indians and Greeks on Life as Art and Philosophical Therapy, Royal Institute of Philosophy supplement, 85(66), pp. 119–135.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIngalls1957">Ingalls (1957)</a>, pp. 44–45; Quote – "(...)In the Epic, free will has the upper hand. Only when a man's effort is frustrated or when he is overcome with grief does he become a predestinarian (believer in destiny)."; Quote – "This association of success with the doctrine of free will or human effort (purusakara) was felt so clearly that among the ways of bringing about a king's downfall is given the following simple advice: 'Belittle free will to him, and emphasise destiny.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" (Mahabharata 12.106.20).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Huston_Smith" title="Huston Smith">Smith, Huston</a> (2009) The World Religions, HarperOne, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-166018-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-166018-4">978-0-06-166018-4</a>; For summary notes: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://staff.gps.edu/montgomery/World%20Religions/Faiths/hinduism/Background%20to%20Hindu%20Literature.htm">Background to Hindu Literature</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040922160422/http://staff.gps.edu/montgomery/World%20Religions/Faiths/hinduism/Background%20to%20Hindu%20Literature.htm">Archived</a> 2004-09-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-klausk-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-klausk_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-klausk_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-klausk_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Klostermaier, Klaus. Chapter 3: "Hindu dharma", A survey of Hinduism, SUNY Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88706-807-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-88706-807-3">0-88706-807-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Gautama's Nyāyasūtras, with Vātsyāyana-Bhāṣya</i>. 2 vols. Translated by Ganganatha Jha. Oriental Books. 1939.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gautama%27s+Ny%C4%81yas%C5%ABtras%2C+with+V%C4%81tsy%C4%81yana-Bh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ya&rft.series=2+vols&rft.pub=Oriental+Books&rft.date=1939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods1914[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2019]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2019)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods1914[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2019]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2019)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods1914[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2019]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2019)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoods1914">Woods 1914</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods1914178–180-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods1914178–180_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoods1914">Woods 1914</a>, pp. 178–180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods1914180–181-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods1914180–181_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoods1914">Woods 1914</a>, pp. 180–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods1914181–191-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods1914181–191_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoods1914">Woods 1914</a>, pp. 181–191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kumarila Bhatta, Tantravarttika, Anandasramasamskrtagranthavalih, Vol. 97, pp. 204–205. <span class="languageicon">(in Sanskrit)</span>; For an English Translation, see Ganganatha Jha (tr.) (1924), Bibliotheca Indica, Work No. 161, Vol. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1999">Olivelle 1999</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker2006487–489-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacker2006487–489_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacker2006487–489_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHacker2006">Hacker 2006</a>, pp. 487–489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel2011215–227-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel2011215–227_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel2011215–227_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel2011215–227_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel2011215–227_76-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel2011215–227_76-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHiltebeitel2011">Hiltebeitel 2011</a>, pp. 215–227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thapar, R. (1995), The first millennium BC in northern India, Recent perspectives of early Indian history, 80–141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trautmann, Thomas R. (Jul 1964), "On the Translation of the Term Varna", <i>Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient</i>, <b>7</b>(2) pp. 196–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFVan_Buitenen1957">Van Buitenen (1957)</a>, pp. 38–39.</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFKoller1972">Koller (1972)</a>, pp. 131–144.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kane, P.V. (1962), History of Dharmasastra (Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India), Volume 1, pp. 2–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olivelle, P. (1993). <i>The Asrama System: The history and hermeneutics of a religious institution</i>, New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWidgery1930-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWidgery1930_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWidgery1930">Widgery 1930</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlucklich2008" class="citation book cs1">Glucklich, Ariel (2008). <i>The strides of Vishnu: Hindu culture in historical perspective</i>. Oxford: Oxford University press. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531405-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531405-2"><bdi>978-0-19-531405-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+strides+of+Vishnu%3A+Hindu+culture+in+historical+perspective&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Oxford+University+press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-531405-2&rft.aulast=Glucklich&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jkkpwg-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jkkpwg_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jkkpwg_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">see: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFKoller1972">Koller (1972)</a>, pp. 131–144.</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFPotter1958">Potter (1958)</a>, pp. 49–63.</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin1955">Goodwin (1955)</a>, pp. 321–344.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-adambowles-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adambowles_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adambowles_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adambowles_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowles, Adam (2007), "Chapter 3", <i>Dharma, Disorder, and the Political in Ancient India</i>, Brill's Indological Library (Book 28), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15815-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15815-3">978-90-04-15815-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derrett, J. D. M. (1959), "Bhu-bharana, bhu-palana, bhu-bhojana: an Indian conundrum", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 22, pp. 108–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Gonda" title="Jan Gonda">Gonda, Jan</a>, "Ancient Indian Kingship from the Religious Point of View", <i>Numen</i>, Vol. 3, Issue 1 (Jan., 1956), pp. 36–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGächter1998" class="citation journal cs1">Gächter, Othmar (1998). "Anthropos". <i>Anthropos Institute</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropos+Institute&rft.atitle=Anthropos&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=G%C3%A4chter&rft.aufirst=Othmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, Donald Jr. (September 2006) "A Realist View of Hindu Law", <i>Ratio Juris</i>. Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 287–313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lariviere, Richard W. (2003), The Naradasmrti, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Concise-PED-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Concise-PED_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Concise-PED_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suttacentral.net/define/dhamma">dhamma</a>", <i>The New Concise Pali English Dictionary</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2019" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Hannah Jean (2019). "Key Tenets of Classical Buddhist <i>Dharma</i> Leave Space for the Practice of Abortion and are Upheld by Contemporary Japanese Buddhist <i>Mizuko Kuyo</i> Remembrance Rituals". <i>Journal of Religion and Health</i>. <b>58</b> (2): 477. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10943-019-00763-4">10.1007/s10943-019-00763-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30673995">30673995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religion+and+Health&rft.atitle=Key+Tenets+of+Classical+Buddhist+Dharma+Leave+Space+for+the+Practice+of+Abortion+and+are+Upheld+by+Contemporary+Japanese+Buddhist+Mizuko+Kuyo+Remembrance+Rituals&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=477&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10943-019-00763-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30673995&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Hannah+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-What_is_the_Triple_Gem-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-What_is_the_Triple_Gem_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-What_is_the_Triple_Gem_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee_Dhammadharo1994" class="citation web cs1">Lee Dhammadharo, Ajaan (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/thai/lee/triplegem.html#sorts3">"What is the Triple Gem? – <i>Dhamma</i>: Good Dhamma is of three sorts"</a>. Translated by Thanissaro Bhikkhu. p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+the+Triple+Gem%3F+%E2%80%93+Dhamma%3A+Good+Dhamma+is+of+three+sorts&rft.pages=33&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Lee+Dhammadharo&rft.aufirst=Ajaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Flib%2Fthai%2Flee%2Ftriplegem.html%23sorts3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2001100-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECort2001100_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCort2001">Cort 2001</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke,_Peter_B.Beyer,_Peter2009" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Peter B.; Beyer, Peter (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rBgn3xB75ZcC"><i>The World's Religions: Continuities and Transformations</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 325. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-21100-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-21100-4"><bdi>978-1-135-21100-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Religions%3A+Continuities+and+Transformations&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-135-21100-4&rft.au=Clarke%2C+Peter+B.&rft.au=Beyer%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrBgn3xB75ZcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrekke2002" class="citation book cs1">Brekke, Torkel (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D6YUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA124"><i>Makers of Modern Indian Religion in the Late Nineteenth Century</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925236-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925236-7"><bdi>978-0-19-925236-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Makers+of+Modern+Indian+Religion+in+the+Late+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925236-7&rft.aulast=Brekke&rft.aufirst=Torkel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD6YUDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2001192–194-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECort2001192–194_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCort2001">Cort 2001</a>, pp. 192–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain2011128-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain2011128_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJain2011">Jain 2011</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain201222-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain201222_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJain2012">Jain 2012</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCort1998" class="citation book cs1">Cort, John E. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WWfnXbVWjKcC"><i>Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History</i></a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3786-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3786-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-3786-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+Boundaries%3A+Jain+Communities+and+Cultures+in+Indian+History&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3786-5&rft.aulast=Cort&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWWfnXbVWjKcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dundas2003p93-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dundas2003p93_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dundas2003p93_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Dundas2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dundas" title="Paul Dundas">Paul Dundas</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA93"><i>The Jains</i></a> (2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 93–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26605-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26605-5"><bdi>978-0-415-26605-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jains&rft.pages=93-95&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26605-5&rft.au=Paul+Dundas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX8iAAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rinehart138-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rinehart138_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rinehart, Robin (2014), in Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech (eds.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8">978-0-19-969930-8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, pp. 138–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole, W. Owen (2014), in Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech (eds.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8">978-0-19-969930-8</a>, Oxford University Press, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dusenbery, Verne (2014), in Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech (eds.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8">978-0-19-969930-8</a>, Oxford University Press, pp. 560–568.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZvelebil,_Kamil1973" class="citation book cs1">Zvelebil, Kamil (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA155"><i>The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India</i></a>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 156–171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-03591-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-03591-5"><bdi>90-04-03591-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Smile+of+Murugan%3A+On+Tamil+Literature+of+South+India&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=156-171&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=90-04-03591-5&rft.au=Zvelebil%2C+Kamil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdegUAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLal,_Mohan1992" class="citation book cs1">Lal, Mohan (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA4341"><i>Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot</i></a>. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 4333–4334, 4341–4342. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1221-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1221-3"><bdi>978-81-260-1221-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+Literature%3A+Sasay+to+Zorgot&rft.pages=4333-4334%2C+4341-4342&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-260-1221-3&rft.au=Lal%2C+Mohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKnPoYxrRfc0C%26pg%3DPA4341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy,_Kaushik2012" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Kaushik (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vRE3n1VwDTIC"><i>Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 144–154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01736-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01736-8"><bdi>978-1-107-01736-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+and+the+Ethics+of+Warfare+in+South+Asia%3A+From+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pages=144-154&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01736-8&rft.au=Roy%2C+Kaushik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvRE3n1VwDTIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIraianban,_Swamiji1997" class="citation book cs1">Iraianban, Swamiji (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dPmMQoJkXV0C&pg=PA13"><i>Ambrosia of Thirukkural</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-346-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-346-5"><bdi>978-81-7017-346-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ambrosia+of+Thirukkural&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-346-5&rft.au=Iraianban%2C+Swamiji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdPmMQoJkXV0C%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnalingam_Pillai201575-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurnalingam_Pillai201575_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPurnalingam_Pillai2015">Purnalingam Pillai 2015</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blackburn2000-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blackburn2000_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburn2000" class="citation journal cs1">Blackburn, Stuart (April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/abs/corruption-and-redemption-the-legend-of-valluvar-and-tamil-literary-history/578480EEAB1B71821BBC5D2A9B42205F">"Corruption and Redemption: The Legend of Valluvar and Tamil Literary History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Asian_Studies" title="Modern Asian Studies">Modern Asian Studies</a></i>. <b>34</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 453. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X00003632">10.1017/S0026749X00003632</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144101632">144101632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Corruption+and+Redemption%3A+The+Legend+of+Valluvar+and+Tamil+Literary+History&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=453&rft.date=2000-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X00003632&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144101632%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Blackburn&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fmodern-asian-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fcorruption-and-redemption-the-legend-of-valluvar-and-tamil-literary-history%2F578480EEAB1B71821BBC5D2A9B42205F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanjeevi2006-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sanjeevi2006_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanjeevi2006" class="citation book cs1">Sanjeevi, N. (2006). <i>First All India Tirukkural Seminar Papers</i> (2nd ed.). Chennai: University of Madras. p. 82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+All+India+Tirukkural+Seminar+Papers&rft.place=Chennai&rft.pages=82&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Madras&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Sanjeevi&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VelusamyFaraday2017-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VelusamyFaraday2017_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelusamy,_N.Faraday,_Moses_Michael2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Velusamy, N.; Faraday, Moses Michael, eds. (2017). <i>Why Should Thirukkural Be Declared the National Book of India?</i> (in Tamil and English) (1st ed.). Chennai: Unique Media Integrators. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-85471-70-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-85471-70-4"><bdi>978-93-85471-70-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Should+Thirukkural+Be+Declared+the+National+Book+of+India%3F&rft.place=Chennai&rft.pages=55&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Unique+Media+Integrators&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-93-85471-70-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnalingam_Pillai201570-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurnalingam_Pillai201570_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPurnalingam_Pillai2015">Purnalingam Pillai 2015</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Narula, S. (2006), <i>International Journal of Constitutional Law</i>, 4(4), pp. 741–751.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_2">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharma&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrereton2004" class="citation journal cs1">Brereton, Joel P. 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Vikalp Printers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-903639-4-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-903639-4-5"><bdi>978-81-903639-4-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acharya+Amritchandra%27s+Purushartha+Siddhyupaya&rft.pub=Vikalp+Printers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-81-903639-4-5&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Vijay+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D8190363948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoller1972" class="citation journal cs1">Koller, J. M. (1972). "Dharma: an expression of universal order". <i>Philosophy East and West</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 131–144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1398120">10.2307/1398120</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1398120">1398120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=Dharma%3A+an+expression+of+universal+order&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=131-144&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1398120&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1398120%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Koller&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumarChoudhury2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, Shailendra; Choudhury, Sanghamitra (2021) [Published online: 27 Dec 2020]. Meissner, Richard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23311886.2020.1858562">"Ancient Vedic Literature and Human Rights: Resonances and Dissonances"</a>. <i>Cogent Social Sciences</i>. <b>7</b> (1). 1858562. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23311886.2020.1858562">10.1080/23311886.2020.1858562</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2331-1886">2331-1886</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234164343">234164343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cogent+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Ancient+Vedic+Literature+and+Human+Rights%3A+Resonances+and+Dissonances&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1858562&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234164343%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2331-1886&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23311886.2020.1858562&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Shailendra&rft.au=Choudhury%2C+Sanghamitra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F23311886.2020.1858562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Olivelle, Patrick</a> (1999). <i>Dharmasūtras: The Law Codes of Ancient India</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-283882-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-283882-2"><bdi>0-19-283882-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dharmas%C5%ABtras%3A+The+Law+Codes+of+Ancient+India&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-283882-2&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter1958" class="citation journal cs1">Potter, Karl H. (Apr–Jul 1958). "Dharma and Mokṣa from a Conversational Point of View". <i>Philosophy East and West</i>. <b>8</b> (1/2): 49–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1397421">10.2307/1397421</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1397421">1397421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=Dharma+and+Mok%E1%B9%A3a+from+a+Conversational+Point+of+View&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=49-63&rft.date=1958-04%2F1958-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1397421&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1397421%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Karl+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurnalingam_Pillai2015" class="citation book cs1">Purnalingam Pillai, M. S. (2015). <i>Tamil Literature</i>. Chennai: International Institute of Tamil Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+Literature&rft.place=Chennai&rft.pub=International+Institute+of+Tamil+Studies&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Purnalingam+Pillai&rft.aufirst=M.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocher2003" class="citation book cs1">Rocher, Ludo (2003). "Chapter 4, The Dharmasastra". In Gavin Flood (ed.). <i>The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21535-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21535-6"><bdi>978-0-631-21535-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%2C+The+Dharmasastra&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21535-6&rft.aulast=Rocher&rft.aufirst=Ludo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2006" class="citation book cs1">Rosen, Steven (2006). <i>Essential Hinduism</i>. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-99006-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-99006-0"><bdi>0-275-99006-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Hinduism&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-275-99006-0&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Buitenen1957" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._A._B._van_Buitenen" title="J. A. B. van Buitenen">Van Buitenen, J. A. B.</a> (Apr–Jul 1957). "Dharma and Moksa". <i>Philosophy East and West</i>. <b>7</b> (1/2): 33–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1396832">10.2307/1396832</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1396832">1396832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=Dharma+and+Moksa&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=33-40&rft.date=1957-04%2F1957-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1396832&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1396832%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Van+Buitenen&rft.aufirst=J.+A.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWidgery1930" class="citation journal cs1">Widgery, Alban G. (Jan 1930). "The Principles of Hindu Ethics". <i>International Journal of Ethics</i>. <b>40</b> (2): 232–245. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fintejethi.40.2.2377977">10.1086/intejethi.40.2.2377977</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Ethics&rft.atitle=The+Principles+of+Hindu+Ethics&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=232-245&rft.date=1930-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fintejethi.40.2.2377977&rft.aulast=Widgery&rft.aufirst=Alban+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods1914" class="citation book cs1">Woods, James Haughton (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yogasystemofpata00wooduoft"><i>The yoga-system of Patanjali</i></a>. Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+yoga-system+of+Patanjali&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=James+Haughton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyogasystemofpata00wooduoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharma&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/sanatanadharmaad00benaiala#page/n3/mode/2up"><i>Sanatana Dharma: an advanced text book of Hindu religion and Ethics</i></a>. Central Hindu College, Benaras. 1904.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanatana+Dharma%3A+an+advanced+text+book+of+Hindu+religion+and+Ethics&rft.pub=Central+Hindu+College%2C+Benaras&rft.date=1904&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fsanatanadharmaad00benaiala%23page%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasgupta1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Dasgupta" title="Surendranath Dasgupta">Dasgupta, Surendranath</a> (1955) [1949]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofindianp0000dasg_k4i0/page/2/mode/1up"><i>A History of Indian Philosophy: Indian Pluralism</i></a>. Vol. IV. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press_%26_Assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University Press & Assessment">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 2–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Philosophy%3A+Indian+Pluralism&rft.pages=2-11&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Dasgupta&rft.aufirst=Surendranath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofindianp0000dasg_k4i0%2Fpage%2F2%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Murthy, K. Krishna. "Dharma – Its Etymology." <i>The Tibet Journal</i>, Vol. XXI, No. 1, Spring 1966, pp. 84–87.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle2009" class="citation book cs1">Olivelle, Patrick (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL15911180W/Dharma"><i>Dharma: Studies in Its Semantic, Cultural and Religious History</i></a>. Delhi: MLBD. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3338-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3338-8"><bdi>978-81-208-3338-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dharma%3A+Studies+in+Its+Semantic%2C+Cultural+and+Religious+History&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=MLBD&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3338-8&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL15911180W%2FDharma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharma" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharma&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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title="Hindu views on monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion#Philosophy" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Āstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rase%C5%9Bvara" title="Raseśvara">Raseśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇiniya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika">Svatantrika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism#Philosophy_and_teachings" title="Sikhism">Sikh Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy#Radical_humanist" title="M. N. Roy">Radical Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_utilization_theory" title="Progressive utilization theory">Progressive utilization theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abhinavabharati" title="Abhinavabharati">Abhinavabharati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras"><i>Brahma Sutra</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharmashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmashastra">Dharmashastra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Jain Agamas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mimamsa_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">All 108 texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhya_Upanishads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya Upanishads">Principal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyayakusumanjali" title="Nyayakusumanjali">Nyayakusumanjali</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhyapravachana Sutra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha" title="Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha">Sarvadarsanasangraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shiva Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarka-Sangraha" title="Tarka-Sangraha">Tarka-Sangraha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tattvacint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvacintāmaṇi">Tattvacintāmaṇi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana_Mi%C5%9Bra" title="Maṇḍana Miśra">Maṇḍana Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatsara" title="Avatsara">Avatsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Uddalaka Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yājñavalkya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%81rg%C4%AB_V%C4%81chaknav%C4%AB" title="Gārgī Vāchaknavī">Gārgī Vāchaknavī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patañjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaṇāda (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Ikshvaku" title="Brihadratha Ikshvaku">Brihadratha Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshapada_Gotama" class="mw-redirect" title="Akshapada Gotama">Akshapada Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhāva">Padmasambhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadananda_(of_Vedantasara)" title="Sadananda (of Vedantasara)">Sadananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakayanya" title="Sakayanya">Sakayanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_philosophers" title="Category:Indian philosophers">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhava" title="Abhava">Abhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhasavada" title="Abhasavada">Abhasavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-difference_(Abheda)" title="Non-difference (Abheda)">Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adarsana" title="Adarsana">Adarsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrishta" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrishta">Adrishta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aham_(Kashmir_Shaivism)" title="Aham (Kashmir Shaivism)">Aham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aishvarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Aishvarya">Aishvarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara">Aksara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_(infinite)" title="Ananta (infinite)">Ananta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anavastha" title="Anavastha">Anavastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anupalabdhi" title="Anupalabdhi">Anupalabdhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apauru%E1%B9%A3hey%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Apauruṣheyā">Apauruṣheyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiddhatva" title="Asiddhatva">Asiddhatva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asatkalpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asatkalpa (page does not exist)">Asatkalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avyakta" title="Avyakta">Avyakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhrama_(Hinduism)" title="Bhrama (Hinduism)">Bhrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuman" title="Bhuman">Bhuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumika" title="Bhumika">Bhumika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catu%E1%B9%A3ko%E1%B9%ADi" title="Catuṣkoṭi">Catuṣkoṭi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_(consciousness)" title="Chaitanya (consciousness)">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidabhasa" title="Chidabhasa">Chidabhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cittabhumi" title="Cittabhumi">Cittabhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devatas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhi_(Hindu_thought)" title="Dhi (Hindu thought)">Dhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhrti" title="Dhrti">Dhrti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekagrata" title="Ekagrata">Ekagrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hit%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitā (page does not exist)">Hitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idam" title="Idam">Idam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikshana" title="Ikshana">Ikshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvaratva" title="Ishvaratva">Ishvaratva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivatva" title="Jivatva">Jivatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(attachment)" title="Kasaya (attachment)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshetrajna" title="Kshetrajna">Kshetrajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshana" title="Lakshana">Lakshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Nyaya" title="Matsya Nyaya">Matsya Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithyatva" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithyatva">Mithyatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Mokṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhyasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Nididhyasana">Nididhyasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvāṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad%C4%81rtha" title="Padārtha">Padārtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramatman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramananda_(Hinduism)" title="Paramananda 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title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satkaryavada" title="Satkaryavada">Satkaryavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda_Brahman" title="Shabda Brahman">Shabda Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spho%E1%B9%ADa" title="Sphoṭa">Sphoṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthiti" title="Sthiti">Sthiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutram" title="Sutram">Sutram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrya" title="Svatantrya">Svātantrya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svecchamrityu_(Iccha-mrityu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Svecchamrityu (Iccha-mrityu)">Iccha-mrityu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taijasa" title="Taijasa">Taijasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajjalan" title="Tajjalan">Tajjalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Tanmatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ty%C4%81ga" title="Tyāga">Tyāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upekkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Upekkha">Upekkhā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsaha">Utsaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivartavada" title="Vivartavada">Vivartavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Viraj">Viraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_philosophical_concepts" title="Category:Hindu philosophical concepts">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage 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