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</li> <li id="toc-Chemical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Chemical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Isotopes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compounds_and_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounds_and_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Compounds and chemistry </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compounds_and_chemistry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Compounds and chemistry subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Compounds_and_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inorganic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inorganic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Inorganic compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inorganic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Hydrides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organotin_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organotin_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Organotin compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organotin_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Occurrence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Production </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mining_and_smelting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining_and_smelting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Mining and smelting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining_and_smelting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Price_and_exchanges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Price_and_exchanges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Price and exchanges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Price_and_exchanges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pigments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pigments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Pigments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pigments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Solder </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tin_plating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tin_plating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Tin plating </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tin_plating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialized_alloys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialized_alloys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Specialized alloys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialized_alloys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing_of_chemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing_of_chemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Manufacturing of chemicals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing_of_chemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optoelectronics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optoelectronics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Optoelectronics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optoelectronics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Other applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organotin_compounds_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organotin_compounds_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Organotin compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organotin_compounds_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-PVC_stabilizers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PVC_stabilizers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8.1 PVC stabilizers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PVC_stabilizers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biocides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biocides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8.2 Biocides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biocides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organic_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organic_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8.3 Organic chemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organic_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Li-ion_batteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Li-ion_batteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8.4 Li-ion batteries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Li-ion_batteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precautions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precautions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Precautions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precautions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Tin</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 174 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-174" aria-hidden="true" > 174 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin" title="Tin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinn" title="Zinn – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Zinn" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%86%E1%88%AD%E1%89%86%E1%88%AE" title="ቆርቆሮ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቆርቆሮ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="वंग – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="वंग" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin" title="Tin – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Tin" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="قصدير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قصدير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estanyo_(elemento)" title="Estanyo (elemento) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Estanyo (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3" title="Անագ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Անագ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staniu" title="Staniu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Staniu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="টিন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="টিন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esta%C3%B1u" title="Estañu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estañu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itamembeat%C3%A3" title="Itamembeatã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Itamembeatã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chayanta" title="Chayanta – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Chayanta" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalay" title="Qalay – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qalay" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="قالای – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قالای" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timah" title="Timah – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Timah" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="টিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siah" title="Siah – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siah" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A1_%D2%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Аҡ ҡурғаш – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аҡ ҡурғаш" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Волава – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Волава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Цына – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="टीना – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="टीना" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lata" title="Lata – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Lata" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Калай – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Калай" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཀྲིན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀྲིན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaj" title="Kalaj – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kalaj" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staen" title="Staen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Staen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estany_(element)" title="Estany (element) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estany (element)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%80%C4%83_%D1%82%C4%83%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шурă тăхлан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шурă тăхлан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tansan" title="Tansan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tansan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ADn" title="Cín – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cín" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagnu" title="Stagnu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Stagnu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tun" title="Tun – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tun" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin" title="Tin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="قزدير – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="قزدير" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinn" title="Zinn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zinn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9%C3%A9sh_dild%C7%AB%CA%BC%C3%AD" title="Béésh dildǫʼí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Béésh dildǫʼí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina" title="Tina – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tina" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κασσίτερος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κασσίτερος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Валдо киве – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Валдо киве" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esta%C3%B1o" title="Estaño – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estaño" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stano" title="Stano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eztainu" title="Eztainu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eztainu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9" title="قلع – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قلع" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin" title="Tin – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tin" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin" title="Tin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Tin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tain" title="Étain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Étain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_(elemint)" title="Tin (elemint) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tin (elemint)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagn" title="Stagn – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Stagn" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A1n" title="Stán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Stán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainney" title="Stainney – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Stainney" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staoin" title="Staoin – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Staoin" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esta%C3%B1o" title="Estaño – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estaño" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%88" title="કલાઈ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કલાઈ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siak" title="Siak – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Siak" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D2%BB%D0%BE%D0%BB%D2%97%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Цанхорһолҗин – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Цанхорһолҗин" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EC%84%9D_(%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C)" title="주석 (원소) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주석 (원소)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3" title="Անագ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անագ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="टिन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kositar" title="Kositar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kositar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stano" title="Stano – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Stano" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timah" title="Timah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Timah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanno" title="Stanno – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Stanno" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Къала – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Къала" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiThanambi" title="IsiThanambi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiThanambi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin" title="Tin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagno_(elemento_chimico)" title="Stagno (elemento chimico) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stagno (elemento chimico)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9C" title="בדיל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בדיל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timah" title="Timah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Timah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C9%9B%C5%8B" title="Etɛŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Etɛŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0" title="ತವರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತವರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="კალა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კალა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B" title="Қалайы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қалайы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sten" title="Sten – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sten" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stani" title="Stani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Stani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Озысь – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Озысь" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eten" title="Eten – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Eten" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AEl_(metal)" title="Pîl (metal) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pîl (metal)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Калай – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Калай" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Вулны – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Вулны" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stegn" title="Stegn – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Stegn" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Къалай – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Къалай" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stannum" title="Stannum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Stannum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alva" title="Alva – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alva" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%ABnn" title="Zënn – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zënn" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Къеле – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Къеле" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alavas" title="Alavas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alavas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagno_(metallo)" title="Stagno (metallo) – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Stagno (metallo)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin" title="Tin – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tin" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina" title="Tina – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Tina" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tinci" title="tinci – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tinci" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagn" title="Stagn – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Stagn" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93n" title="Ón – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ón" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Калај – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Калај" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firapotsy" title="Firapotsy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Firapotsy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="വെളുത്തീയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വെളുത്തീയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="टिन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टिन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98)" title="კალა (ელემენტი) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კალა (ელემენტი)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="قصدير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قصدير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timah" title="Timah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Timah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9k" title="Sék – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sék" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Валдакиви – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Валдакиви" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Цагаан тугалга – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цагаан тугалга" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B0" title="သံဖြူ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သံဖြူ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amochitl" title="Amochitl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Amochitl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_(element)" title="Tin (element) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tin (element)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="टिन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="टिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="टिन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="टिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BA" title="スズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_(element)" title="Tan (element) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tan (element)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinn_(grunnstoff)" title="Tinn (grunnstoff) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tinn (grunnstoff)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunnstoffet_tinn" title="Grunnstoffet tinn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Grunnstoffet tinn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estanh_(element)" title="Estanh (element) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estanh (element)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A3" title="ଟିଣ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଟିଣ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qorqorroo" title="Qorqorroo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Qorqorroo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalay" title="Qalay – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qalay" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8" title="ਟਿਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟਿਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="टिन – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="टिन" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%86" title="ٹن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BC%DB%90%D9%86" title="ټېن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ټېن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Озісь – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Озісь" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagn_(metal)" title="Stagn (metal) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Stagn (metal)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinn" title="Tinn – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tinn" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyna" title="Cyna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cyna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estanho" title="Estanho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estanho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staniu" title="Staniu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Staniu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chayanta" title="Chayanta – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chayanta" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Цін – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Цін" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Олово – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Олово" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D2%95%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Хорҕолдьун – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хорҕолдьун" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81" title="त्रपु – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="त्रपु" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AC" title="ᱴᱤᱬ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱴᱤᱬ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ist%C3%A0ngiu_(elementu_ch%C3%ACmicu)" title="Istàngiu (elementu chìmicu) – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Istàngiu (elementu chìmicu)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin" title="Tin – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Tin" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallaj" title="Kallaj – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kallaj" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagnu" title="Stagnu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Stagnu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin" title="Tin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BD%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ٽين – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٽين" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ADn" title="Cín – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kositer" title="Kositer – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kositer" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_(curiye)" title="Tin (curiye) – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Tin (curiye)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="قەڵای – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="قەڵای" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Калај – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Калај" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaj" title="Kalaj – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kalaj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timah" title="Timah – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Timah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina" title="Tina – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tina" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenn" title="Tenn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tenn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lata" title="Lata – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lata" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வெள்ளீயம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெள்ளீயம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C9%A3uzzer" title="Aɣuzzer – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aɣuzzer" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Аккургаш – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Аккургаш" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="తగరం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తగరం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81" title="ดีบุก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดีบุก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%A3" title="Қалъагӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Қалъагӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%94%E1%8E%B7%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%B3%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩᏳᏍᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩᏳᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalay" title="Kalay – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kalay" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Олово – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Олово" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9" title="قلع – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قلع" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%95%D9%84%DB%95%D9%8A" title="قەلەي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قەلەي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tin (disambiguation)">Tin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Stannum" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Stannum_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Stannum (disambiguation)">Stannum (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the chemical compound with formula TiN, see <a href="/wiki/Titanium_nitride" title="Titanium nitride">Titanium nitride</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 50 (Sn)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Tin, 50Sn</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Sn-Alpha-Beta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sn-Alpha-Beta.jpg/220px-Sn-Alpha-Beta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sn-Alpha-Beta.jpg/330px-Sn-Alpha-Beta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sn-Alpha-Beta.jpg/440px-Sn-Alpha-Beta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2752" data-file-height="1696" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Tin</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">Allotropes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">silvery-white, β (beta); gray, α (alpha)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(Sn)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>118.710±0.007<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li>118.71±0.01 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Tin in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> ↑ Sn ↓ <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a> ← tin → <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">50</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">group 14 (carbon group)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">period 5</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#p-block" title="Block (periodic table)">p-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a>] 4d10 5s2 5p2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 18, 4</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">505.08 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (231.93 °C, 449.47 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2875 K (2602 °C, 4716 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">white (β): 7.289 g/cm3 gray (α): 5.770 g/cm3<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">6.99 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">white (β): 7.03 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">white (β): 296.1 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">white (β): 27.112 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>1497 </td> <td>1657 </td> <td>1855 </td> <td>2107 </td> <td>2438 </td> <td>2893 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: −4, +2, +4 −3,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> −2,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> −1,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> 0,<a href="#cite_note-ZeroValentTin3-4">[4]</a> +1,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> +3<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 1.96 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 708.6 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1411.8 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 2943.0 kJ/mol </li><li> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 140 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">139±4 pm </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_radius" title="Van der Waals radius">Van der Waals radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">217 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tin_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tin_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Tin_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tin_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Tin_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tin_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Tin_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of tin</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data">white (β): <a href="/wiki/Tetragonal_crystal_system" title="Tetragonal crystal system">body-centered tetragonal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">tI4</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constants</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Body-centered_tetragonal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Body-centered tetragonal crystal structure for white (β): tin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Body-centered_tetragonal.svg/50px-Body-centered_tetragonal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Body-centered_tetragonal.svg/75px-Body-centered_tetragonal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Body-centered_tetragonal.svg/100px-Body-centered_tetragonal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="165" /></a></div>white (β): a = 583.13 pm c = 318.11 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Crystal structure</th><td class="infobox-data">gray (α): <a href="/wiki/Diamond_cubic" title="Diamond cubic">face-centered diamond-cubic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">cF8</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lattice constant</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Diamond_cubic_crystal_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diamond cubic crystal structure for gray (α): tin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Diamond_cubic_crystal_structure.svg/50px-Diamond_cubic_crystal_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Diamond_cubic_crystal_structure.svg/75px-Diamond_cubic_crystal_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Diamond_cubic_crystal_structure.svg/100px-Diamond_cubic_crystal_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="175" /></a></div>gray (α): a = 648.96 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">white (β): 21.76×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-7">[a]</a> gray (α): 5.20×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">66.8 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">115 nΩ⋅m (at 0 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data">white (β): <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetism" title="Paramagnetism">paramagnetic</a> gray (α): <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetism" title="Diamagnetism">diamagnetic</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">white (β): +3.1×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">50 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">18 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">58 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">2730 m/s (at <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>) (rolled)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.36 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.5 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">50–440 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-31-5 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Protohistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Protohistoric">protohistoric</a>, around <a href="/wiki/35th_century_BC" title="35th century BC">35th century BC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">"Sn": from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stannum#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:stannum">stannum</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_tin" title="Isotopes of tin">Isotopes of tin</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_tin_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox tin isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_tin_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox tin isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-10">[9]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">112Sn </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">0.970% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">114Sn </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">0.66% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">115Sn </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">0.34% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">116Sn </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">14.5% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">117Sn </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">7.68% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">118Sn </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">24.2% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">119Sn </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">8.59% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">120Sn </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">32.6% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">122Sn </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">4.63% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">124Sn </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">5.79% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">126Sn </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">trace</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">2.3×105 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony-126" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony-126">126Sb</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Tin" title="Category:Tin">Category: Tin</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_tin" title="Template:Infobox tin">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_tin" title="Template talk:Infobox tin">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_tin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox tin">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Tin is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">symbol</a> Sn (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> stannum) and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 50. A silvery-colored metal, tin is soft enough to be cut with little force,<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> and a bar of tin can be bent by hand with little effort. When bent, the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Tin_cry" title="Tin cry">tin cry</a>" can be heard as a result of <a href="/wiki/Crystal_twinning" title="Crystal twinning">twinning</a> in tin crystals.<a href="#cite_note-Hol1985-12">[11]</a> Tin is a <a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">post-transition metal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">group 14</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a> of elements. It is obtained chiefly from the <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> <a href="/wiki/Cassiterite" title="Cassiterite">cassiterite</a>, which contains <a href="/wiki/Tin(IV)_oxide" title="Tin(IV) oxide">stannic oxide</a>, SnO 2. Tin shows a chemical similarity to both of its neighbors in group 14, <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, and has two main <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation states</a>, +2 and the slightly more stable +4. Tin is the 49th most <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">abundant</a> element on Earth, making up 0.00022% of its crust, and with 10 stable isotopes, it has the largest number of stable <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> in the periodic table, due to its <a href="/wiki/Magic_number_(physics)" title="Magic number (physics)">magic number</a> of protons. It has two main <a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">allotropes</a>: at room temperature, the stable allotrope is β-tin, a silvery-white, <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">malleable</a> metal; at low temperatures it is less dense grey α-tin, which has the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_cubic" title="Diamond cubic">diamond cubic</a> structure. Metallic tin does not easily <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidize</a> in air and water. The first tin alloy used on a large scale was <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, made of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄8 tin and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">7⁄8 <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> (12.5% and 87.5% respectively), from as early as 3000 BC. After 600 BC, pure metallic tin was produced. <a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">Pewter</a>, which is an alloy of 85–90% tin with the remainder commonly consisting of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>, bismuth, and sometimes lead and silver, has been used for <a href="/wiki/Tableware" title="Tableware">flatware</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. In modern times, tin is used in many alloys, most notably tin-lead soft <a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">solders</a>, which are typically 60% or more tin, and in the manufacture of transparent, electrically conducting films of <a href="/wiki/Indium_tin_oxide" title="Indium tin oxide">indium tin oxide</a> in <a href="/wiki/Optoelectronics" title="Optoelectronics">optoelectronic</a> applications. Another large application is <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a>-resistant <a href="/wiki/Tinning" title="Tinning">tin plating</a> of <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>. Because of the low toxicity of inorganic tin, tin-plated steel is widely used for <a href="/wiki/Food_packaging" title="Food packaging">food packaging</a> as "<a href="/wiki/Steel_and_tin_cans" title="Steel and tin cans">tin cans</a>". Some <a href="/wiki/Organotin_chemistry" title="Organotin chemistry">organotin compounds</a> can be extremely toxic. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical">Physical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tin-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tin-2.jpg/220px-Tin-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tin-2.jpg/330px-Tin-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tin-2.jpg/440px-Tin-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="1144" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Drop_(liquid)" title="Drop (liquid)">Droplet</a> of solidified molten tin</figcaption></figure> Tin is a soft, <a href="/wiki/Malleable" class="mw-redirect" title="Malleable">malleable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ductile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ductile">ductile</a> and highly <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystalline</a> silvery-white <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>. When a bar of tin is bent a crackling sound known as the "<a href="/wiki/Tin_cry" title="Tin cry">tin cry</a>" can be heard from the <a href="/wiki/Crystal_twinning" title="Crystal twinning">twinning</a> of the crystals.<a href="#cite_note-Hol1985-12">[11]</a> This trait is shared by <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> in its solid state. Tin melts at about 232 °C (450 °F), the lowest in group 14, and boils at 2,602 °C (4,716 °F), the second lowest (ahead of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>) in its group. The melting point is further lowered to 177.3 °C (351.1 °F) for 11 nm particles.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 220px; clear: left; float:left;margin:0 1.5em 1.5em 0;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sXB83Heh3_c">β–α transition of tin</a> at −40 °C (time lapse; one second of the video is one hour in real time)</td></tr></tbody></table> β-tin, also called white tin, is the <a href="/wiki/Allotrope" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotrope">allotrope</a> (structural form) of elemental tin that is stable at and above room temperature. It is metallic and malleable, and has <a href="/wiki/Tetragonal_crystal_system" title="Tetragonal crystal system">body-centered tetragonal</a> crystal structure. α-tin, or gray tin, is the nonmetallic form. It is stable below 13.2 °C (55.8 °F) and is <a href="/wiki/Brittle" class="mw-redirect" title="Brittle">brittle</a>. α-tin has a <a href="/wiki/Diamond_cubic" title="Diamond cubic">diamond cubic</a> crystal structure, as do <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>. α-tin does not have <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metallic</a> properties because its atoms form a <a href="/wiki/Covalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalent">covalent</a> structure in which electrons cannot move freely. α-tin is a dull-gray powdery material with no common uses other than specialized <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> applications.<a href="#cite_note-Hol1985-12">[11]</a> γ-tin and σ-tin exist at temperatures above 161 °C (322 °F)  and pressures above several <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">GPa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> In cold conditions β-tin tends to transform spontaneously into α-tin, a phenomenon known as "<a href="/wiki/Tin_pest" title="Tin pest">tin pest</a>" or "tin disease".<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> Some unverifiable sources also say that, during <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s Russian campaign of 1812, the temperatures became so cold that the tin buttons on the soldiers' uniforms disintegrated over time, contributing to the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> a persistent legend.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> The α-β transformation temperature is 13.2 °C (55.8 °F), but impurities (e.g. Al, Zn, etc.) lower it well below 0 °C (32 °F). With the addition of <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a> the transformation might not occur at all, increasing durability.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-21">[20]</a> Commercial grades of tin (99.8% tin content) resist transformation because of the inhibiting effect of small amounts of bismuth, antimony, lead, and silver present as impurities. Alloying elements such as copper, antimony, bismuth, cadmium, and silver increase the hardness of tin.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Tin easily forms hard, brittle intermetallic phases that are typically undesirable. It does not mix into a solution with most metals and elements so tin does not have much solid solubility. Tin mixes well with <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, forming simple <a href="/wiki/Eutectic_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutectic point">eutectic</a> systems.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-21">[20]</a> Tin becomes a <a href="/wiki/Superconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Superconductor">superconductor</a> below 3.72 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> and was one of the first superconductors to be studied.<a href="#cite_note-meissner1-24">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Meissner_effect" title="Meissner effect">Meissner effect</a>, one of the characteristic features of superconductors, was first discovered in superconducting tin crystals.<a href="#cite_note-meissner1-24">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical">Chemical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chemical">edit</a>]</div> Tin resists corrosion from <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, but can be corroded by <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkalis</a>. Tin can be highly polished and is used as a protective coat for other metals.<a href="#cite_note-Hol1985-12">[11]</a> When heated in air it oxidizes slowly to form a thin <a href="/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry)" title="Passivation (chemistry)">passivation layer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stannic_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Stannic oxide">stannic oxide</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>SnO2) that inhibits further oxidation.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_tin" title="Isotopes of tin">Isotopes of tin</a></div> Tin has ten <a href="/wiki/Stable_isotopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotopes">stable isotopes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes" title="List of elements by stability of isotopes">greatest number</a> of any element. Their mass numbers are 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, and 124. Tin-120 makes up almost a third of all tin. Tin-118 and tin-116 are also common. Tin-115 is the least common stable isotope.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The isotopes with even <a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">mass numbers</a> have no <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_spin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear spin">nuclear spin</a>, while those with odd mass numbers have a nuclear spin of 1/2. It is thought that tin has such a great multitude of stable isotopes because of tin's <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> being 50, which is a "<a href="/wiki/Magic_number_(physics)" title="Magic number (physics)">magic number</a>" in nuclear physics.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Tin is one of the easiest elements to detect and analyze by <a href="/wiki/NMR_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="NMR spectroscopy">NMR spectroscopy</a>, which relies on molecular weight and its <a href="/wiki/Chemical_shift" title="Chemical shift">chemical shifts</a> are referenced against <a href="/wiki/Tetramethyltin" title="Tetramethyltin">tetramethyltin</a> (SnMe 4).<a href="#cite_note-27">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> Of the stable isotopes, tin-115 has a high <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture_cross_section" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron capture cross section">neutron capture cross section</a> for fast neutrons, at 30 <a href="/wiki/Barn_(unit)" title="Barn (unit)">barns</a>. Tin-117 has a cross section of 2.3 barns, one order of magnitude smaller, while tin-119 has a slightly smaller cross section of 2.2 barns.<a href="#cite_note-crosssections-29">[27]</a> Before these cross sections were well known, it was proposed to use <a href="/wiki/Solder#Lead-based" title="Solder">tin-lead solder</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_coolant" title="Nuclear reactor coolant">coolant</a> for <a href="/wiki/Fast-neutron_reactor" title="Fast-neutron reactor">fast reactors</a> because of its low melting point. Current studies are for lead or <a href="/wiki/Lead-bismuth_eutectic" title="Lead-bismuth eutectic">lead-bismuth</a> reactor coolants because both heavy metals are nearly transparent to fast neutrons, with very low capture cross sections.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> In order to use a tin or tin-lead coolant, the tin would first have to go through isotopic separation to remove the isotopes with <a href="/wiki/Even_and_odd_atomic_nuclei" title="Even and odd atomic nuclei">odd</a> mass number. Combined, these three isotopes make up about 17% of natural tin but represent nearly all of the capture cross section. Of the remaining seven isotopes tin-112 has a capture cross section of 1 barn. The other six isotopes forming 82.7% of natural tin have capture cross sections of 0.3 barns or less, making them effectively transparent to neutrons.<a href="#cite_note-crosssections-29">[27]</a> Tin has 31 unstable isotopes, ranging in mass number from 99 to 139. The unstable tin isotopes have half-lives of less than a year except for <a href="/wiki/Tin-126" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin-126">tin-126</a>, which has a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of about 230,000 years. Tin-100 and tin-132 are two of the very few <a href="/wiki/Nuclide" title="Nuclide">nuclides</a> with a "<a href="/wiki/Double_magic" class="mw-redirect" title="Double magic">doubly magic</a>" nucleus which despite being unstable, as they have very uneven <a href="/wiki/Neutron%E2%80%93proton_ratio" title="Neutron–proton ratio">neutron–proton ratios</a>, are the endpoints beyond which tin isotopes lighter than tin-100 and heavier than tin-132 are much less stable.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> Another 30 <a href="/wiki/Metastable_isomers" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastable isomers">metastable isomers</a> have been identified for tin isotopes between 111 and 131, the most stable being tin-121m, with a half-life of 43.9 years.<a href="#cite_note-Audi-32">[30]</a> The relative differences in the abundances of tin's stable isotopes can be explained by how they are formed during <a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">stellar nucleosynthesis</a>. Tin-116 through tin-120, along with tin-122, are formed in the <a href="/wiki/S-process" title="S-process">s-process</a> (slow neutron capture) in most <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> which leads to them being the most common tin isotopes, while tin-124 is only formed in the <a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">r-process</a> (rapid neutron capture) in <a href="/wiki/Supernovae" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernovae">supernovae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star_merger" title="Neutron star merger">neutron star mergers</a>. Tin isotopes 115, 117 through 120, and 122 are produced via both the s-process and the r-process,<a href="#cite_note-Bragagni23-33">[31]</a> The two lightest stable isotopes, tin-112 and tin-114, cannot be made in significant amounts in the s- or r-processes and are among the <a href="/wiki/P-nuclei" title="P-nuclei">p-nuclei</a> whose origins are not well understood. Some theories about their formation include <a href="/wiki/Proton_capture" title="Proton capture">proton capture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Photodisintegration" title="Photodisintegration">photodisintegration</a>. Tin-115 might be partially produced in the s-process, both directly and as the daughter of long-lived <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_indium" title="Isotopes of indium">indium-115</a>, and also from the decay of indium-115 produced via the r-process.<a href="#cite_note-Bragagni23-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cameron-34">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The word tin is shared among <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> and can be traced back to <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">reconstructed</a> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> *tin-om; <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> include <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> Zinn, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> tenn and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> tin. It is not found in other branches of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>, except by <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">borrowing</a> from Germanic (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> tinne from English).<a href="#cite_note-oed-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> name for tin, stannum, originally meant an alloy of silver and lead, and came to mean 'tin' in the fourth century<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a>—the earlier Latin word for it was plumbum candidum, or "white lead". Stannum apparently came from an earlier stāgnum (meaning the same substance),<a href="#cite_note-oed-35">[33]</a> the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> terms for tin, such as <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> étain, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> estaño, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> stagno, and <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> stán.<a href="#cite_note-oed-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> The origin of stannum/stāgnum is unknown; it may be pre-<a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Meyers_Konversations-Lexikon" title="Meyers Konversations-Lexikon">Meyers Konversations-Lexikon</a> suggests instead that stannum came from <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> stean, and is evidence that <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> in the first centuries AD was the main source of tin.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tin_sources_and_trade_during_antiquity" title="Tin sources and trade during antiquity">Tin sources and trade during antiquity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sword_bronze_age_(2nd_version).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sword_bronze_age_%282nd_version%29.jpg/220px-Sword_bronze_age_%282nd_version%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sword_bronze_age_%282nd_version%29.jpg/330px-Sword_bronze_age_%282nd_version%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sword_bronze_age_%282nd_version%29.jpg/440px-Sword_bronze_age_%282nd_version%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Ceremonial giant bronze <a href="/wiki/Dirk" title="Dirk">dirk</a> of the Plougrescant-Ommerschans type, Plougrescant, France, 1500–1300 BC</figcaption></figure> Tin extraction and use can be dated to the beginnings of the Bronze Age around 3000 BC, when it was observed that <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> objects formed of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polymetallic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polymetallic (page does not exist)">polymetallic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ores" class="mw-redirect" title="Ores">ores</a> with different metal contents had different physical properties.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> The earliest bronze objects had a tin or arsenic content of less than 2% and are believed to be the result of unintentional <a href="/wiki/Alloying" class="mw-redirect" title="Alloying">alloying</a> due to trace metal content in the copper ore.<a href="#cite_note-pen1986-41">[39]</a> The addition of a second metal to copper increases its hardness, lowers the melting temperature, and improves the <a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">casting</a> process by producing a more fluid melt that cools to a denser, less spongy metal.<a href="#cite_note-pen1986-41">[39]</a> This was an important innovation that allowed for the much more complex shapes cast in closed <a href="/wiki/Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">molds</a> of the Bronze Age. <a href="/wiki/Arsenical_bronze" title="Arsenical bronze">Arsenical bronze</a> objects appear first in the Near East where arsenic is commonly found with copper ore, but the <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_poisoning" title="Arsenic poisoning">health risks</a> were quickly realized and the quest for sources of the much less hazardous tin ores began early in the Bronze Age.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> This created the demand for rare tin metal and formed a trade network that linked the distant sources of tin to the markets of Bronze Age cultures.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cassiterite" title="Cassiterite">Cassiterite</a> (SnO 2), the oxide form of tin, was most likely the original source of tin. Other tin ores are less common <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfides</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Stannite" title="Stannite">stannite</a> that require a more involved <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a> process. Cassiterite often accumulates in <a href="/wiki/Alluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial">alluvial</a> channels as <a href="/wiki/Placer_deposits" class="mw-redirect" title="Placer deposits">placer deposits</a> because it is harder, heavier, and more chemically resistant than the accompanying <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pen1986-41">[39]</a> Cassiterite is usually black or dark in color, and these deposits can be easily seen in <a href="/wiki/River_banks" class="mw-redirect" title="River banks">river banks</a>. Alluvial (<a href="/wiki/Placer_deposits" class="mw-redirect" title="Placer deposits">placer</a>) deposits may incidentally have been collected and separated by methods similar to <a href="/wiki/Gold_panning" title="Gold panning">gold panning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compounds_and_chemistry">Compounds and chemistry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Compounds and chemistry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Tin_compounds" title="Category:Tin compounds">Category:Tin compounds</a></div> In the great majority of its compounds, tin has the <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> II or IV. Compounds containing <a href="/wiki/Bivalent_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalent (chemistry)">bivalent</a> tin are called <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stannous" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:stannous"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000068-QINU`"'</style>stannous</a> while those containing <a href="/wiki/Tetravalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetravalent">tetravalent</a> tin are termed <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stannic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:stannic"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">stannic</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inorganic_compounds">Inorganic compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Inorganic compounds">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Halide" title="Halide">Halide</a> compounds are known for both oxidation states. For Sn(IV), all four halides are well known: <a href="/wiki/Tin(IV)_fluoride" title="Tin(IV) fluoride">SnF4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin(IV)_chloride" title="Tin(IV) chloride">SnCl4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin(IV)_bromide" title="Tin(IV) bromide">SnBr4</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tin(IV)_iodide" title="Tin(IV) iodide">SnI4</a>. The three heavier members are volatile molecular compounds, whereas the tetrafluoride is polymeric. All four halides are known for Sn(II) also: <a href="/wiki/Tin(II)_fluoride" title="Tin(II) fluoride">SnF2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin(II)_chloride" title="Tin(II) chloride">SnCl 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin(II)_bromide" title="Tin(II) bromide">SnBr2</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tin(II)_iodide" title="Tin(II) iodide">SnI2</a>. All are polymeric solids. Of these eight compounds, only the iodides are colored.<a href="#cite_note-Wiberg&Holleman-45">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tin(II)_chloride" title="Tin(II) chloride">Tin(II) chloride</a> (also known as stannous chloride) is the most important commercial tin halide. Illustrating the routes to such compounds, <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> reacts with tin metal to give SnCl4 whereas the reaction of <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> and tin produces SnCl 2 and hydrogen gas. Alternatively SnCl4 and Sn combine to stannous chloride by a process called <a href="/wiki/Comproportionation" title="Comproportionation">comproportionation</a>:<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> <dl><dd>SnCl4 + Sn → 2 SnCl 2</dd></dl> Tin can form many oxides, sulfides, and other <a href="/wiki/Chalcogenide" title="Chalcogenide">chalcogenide</a> derivatives. The dioxide SnO 2 (cassiterite) forms when tin is heated in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wiberg&Holleman-45">[43]</a> SnO 2 is <a href="/wiki/Amphoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphoteric">amphoteric</a>, which means that it dissolves in both acidic and basic solutions.<a href="#cite_note-Sherwood-47">[45]</a> Stannates with the structure [Sn(OH) 6]2−, like K 2[Sn(OH) 6], are also known, though the free stannic acid H 2[Sn(OH) 6] is unknown.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">Sulfides</a> of tin exist in both the +2 and +4 oxidation states: <a href="/wiki/Tin(II)_sulfide" title="Tin(II) sulfide">tin(II) sulfide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tin(IV)_sulfide" title="Tin(IV) sulfide">tin(IV) sulfide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mosaic_gold" title="Mosaic gold">mosaic gold</a>). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tin(II)-chloride-xtal-1996-3D-balls-front.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Tin%28II%29-chloride-xtal-1996-3D-balls-front.png/220px-Tin%28II%29-chloride-xtal-1996-3D-balls-front.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Tin%28II%29-chloride-xtal-1996-3D-balls-front.png/330px-Tin%28II%29-chloride-xtal-1996-3D-balls-front.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Tin%28II%29-chloride-xtal-1996-3D-balls-front.png/440px-Tin%28II%29-chloride-xtal-1996-3D-balls-front.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1005" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ball-and-stick_model" title="Ball-and-stick model">Ball-and-stick models</a> of the structure of solid <a href="/wiki/Stannous_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Stannous chloride">stannous chloride</a> (SnCl 2)<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrides">Hydrides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hydrides">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Stannane" title="Stannane">Stannane</a> (SnH 4), with tin in the +4 oxidation state, is unstable. Organotin hydrides are however well known, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Tributyltin_hydride" title="Tributyltin hydride">tributyltin hydride</a> (Sn(C4H9)3H).<a href="#cite_note-Hol1985-12">[11]</a> These compounds release transient <a href="/wiki/Tributyltin" title="Tributyltin">tributyl tin</a> radicals, which are rare examples of compounds of tin(III).<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organotin_compounds">Organotin compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Organotin compounds">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Organotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Organotin">Organotin</a> compounds, sometimes called stannanes, are <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical compounds">chemical compounds</a> with tin–carbon bonds.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> Of the tin compounds, the organic derivatives are commercially the most useful.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-51">[49]</a> Some organotin compounds are highly toxic and have been used as <a href="/wiki/Biocide" title="Biocide">biocides</a>. The first organotin compound to be reported was diethyltin diiodide ((C2H5)2SnI2), reported by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Frankland" title="Edward Frankland">Edward Frankland</a> in 1849.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> Most organotin compounds are colorless liquids or solids that are stable to air and water. They adopt tetrahedral geometry. Tetraalkyl- and tetraaryltin compounds can be prepared using <a href="/wiki/Grignard_reagent" title="Grignard reagent">Grignard reagents</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-51">[49]</a> <dl><dd>SnCl 4 + 4 RMgBr → R 4Sn + 4 MgBrCl</dd></dl> The mixed halide-alkyls, which are more common and more important commercially than the tetraorgano derivatives, are prepared by <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Redistribution reaction">redistribution reactions</a>: <dl><dd>SnCl 4 + R 4Sn → 2 SnCl 2R2</dd></dl> Divalent organotin compounds are uncommon, although more common than related divalent <a href="/wiki/Organogermanium" class="mw-redirect" title="Organogermanium">organogermanium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organosilicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Organosilicon">organosilicon</a> compounds. The greater stabilization enjoyed by Sn(II) is attributed to the "<a href="/wiki/Inert_pair_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Inert pair effect">inert pair effect</a>". Organotin(II) compounds include both stannylenes (formula: R2Sn, as seen for singlet <a href="/wiki/Carbene" title="Carbene">carbenes</a>) and distannylenes (R4Sn2), which are roughly equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Alkene" title="Alkene">alkenes</a>. Both classes exhibit unusual reactions.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Tin_minerals" title="Category:Tin minerals">Category:Tin minerals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cassiterite09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cassiterite09.jpg/220px-Cassiterite09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cassiterite09.jpg/330px-Cassiterite09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cassiterite09.jpg/440px-Cassiterite09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Sample of cassiterite, the main <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> of tin</figcaption></figure> Tin is generated via the long <a href="/wiki/S-process" title="S-process">s-process</a> in low-to-medium mass stars (with masses of 0.6 to 10 times that of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>), and finally by <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a> of the heavy isotopes of <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> Tin is the 49th most abundant element in <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a>, representing 2 <a href="/wiki/Part_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Part per million">ppm</a> compared with 75 ppm for zinc, 50 ppm for copper, and 14 ppm for lead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001124,_231,_449_and_503-55">[53]</a> Tin does not occur as the native element but must be extracted from various ores. <a href="/wiki/Cassiterite" title="Cassiterite">Cassiterite</a> (SnO 2) is the only commercially important source of tin, although small quantities of tin are recovered from complex <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfides</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Stannite" title="Stannite">stannite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cylindrite" title="Cylindrite">cylindrite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franckeite" title="Franckeite">franckeite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canfieldite" title="Canfieldite">canfieldite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Teallite" title="Teallite">teallite</a>. Minerals with tin are almost always associated with <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> rock, usually at a level of 1% tin oxide content.<a href="#cite_note-I230527-56">[54]</a> Because of the higher <a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">specific gravity</a> of tin dioxide, about 80% of mined tin is from secondary deposits found downstream from the primary lodes. Tin is often recovered from granules washed downstream in the past and deposited in valleys or the sea. The most economical ways of mining tin are by <a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">dredging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_mining" title="Hydraulic mining">hydraulicking</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Open_cast_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Open cast mining">open pits</a>. Most of the world's tin is produced from <a href="/wiki/Placer_mining" title="Placer mining">placer</a> deposits, which can contain as little as 0.015% tin.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> <div style="display:inline-table"> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;float:right;margin-right:1em;"> <caption>World tin mine reserves (tonnes, 2011)<a href="#cite_note-USGS200YB-58">[56]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Reserves </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,500,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">250,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">310,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">800,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">590,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">400,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">350,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">180,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">170,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>  Other </td> <td style="text-align:right">180,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>  Total </td> <td style="text-align:right">4,800,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div style="display:inline-table"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:right"> <caption>Economically recoverable tin reserves<a href="#cite_note-I230527-56">[54]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Million tonnes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td>4,265 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970 </td> <td>3,930 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td>9,060 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td>9,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td>3,060 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td>7,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>7,100<a href="#cite_note-USGS200YB-58">[56]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td>5,200<a href="#cite_note-USGS200YB-58">[56]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> About 253,000 tonnes of tin were mined in 2011, mostly in China (110,000 t), Indonesia (51,000 t), Peru (34,600 t), Bolivia (20,700 t) and Brazil (12,000 t).<a href="#cite_note-USGS200YB-58">[56]</a> Estimates of tin production have historically varied with the market and mining technology. It is estimated that, at current consumption rates and technologies, the Earth will run out of mine-able tin in 40 years.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> In 2006 <a href="/wiki/Lester_R._Brown" title="Lester R. Brown">Lester Brown</a> suggested tin could run out within 20 years based on conservative estimates of 2% annual growth.<a href="#cite_note-Brown-60">[58]</a> Scrap tin is an important source of the metal. Recovery of tin through recycling is increasing rapidly as of 2019.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> Whereas the United States has neither mined (since 1993) nor smelted (since 1989) tin, it was the largest secondary producer, recycling nearly 14,000 tonnes in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-USGS200YB-58">[56]</a> New deposits are reported in <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> and in 2009, new deposits of tin were discovered in Colombia.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> Tin is produced by <a href="/wiki/Carbothermic_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbothermic reduction">carbothermic reduction</a> of the oxide <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> with <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> or coke. Both <a href="/wiki/Reverberatory_furnace" title="Reverberatory furnace">reverberatory furnace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc_furnace" title="Electric arc furnace">electric furnace</a> can be used:<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> <dl><dd>SnO2 + C Arc furnace→ Sn + CO2↑</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining_and_smelting">Mining and smelting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mining and smelting">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tin_mining" title="Tin mining">Tin mining</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Industry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tin_production" title="List of countries by tin production">List of countries by tin production</a></div> The ten largest tin-producing companies produced most of the world's tin in 2007.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Most of the world's tin is traded on LME, from 8 countries, under 17 brands.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;float:right"> <caption>Largest tin producing companies (tonnes)<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Company</th> <th>Polity</th> <th>2006</th> <th>2007</th> <th>2017<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a></th> <th>2006–2017 % change </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Tin" title="Yunnan Tin">Yunnan Tin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">China </td> <td>52,339</td> <td>61,129</td> <td>74,500</td> <td>42.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=PT_Timah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PT Timah (page does not exist)">PT Timah</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Indonesia </td> <td>44,689</td> <td>58,325</td> <td>30,200</td> <td>−32.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysia_Smelting_Corp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malaysia Smelting Corp (page does not exist)">Malaysia Smelting Corp</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Malaysia </td> <td>22,850</td> <td>25,471</td> <td>27,200</td> <td>19.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan_Chengfeng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yunnan Chengfeng (page does not exist)">Yunnan Chengfeng</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">China </td> <td>21,765</td> <td>18,000</td> <td>26,800</td> <td>23.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Minsur" title="Minsur">Minsur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Peru </td> <td>40,977</td> <td>35,940</td> <td>18,000</td> <td>−56.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=EM_Vinto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM Vinto (page does not exist)">EM Vinto</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Bolivia </td> <td>11,804</td> <td>9,448</td> <td>12,600</td> <td>6.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guangxi_China_Tin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guangxi China Tin (page does not exist)">Guangxi China Tin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">China </td> <td>/</td> <td>/</td> <td>11,500</td> <td>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thaisarco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thaisarco (page does not exist)">Thaisarco</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Thailand </td> <td>27,828</td> <td>19,826</td> <td>10,600</td> <td>−61.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Metallo-Chimique" title="Metallo-Chimique">Metallo-Chimique</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Belgium </td> <td>8,049</td> <td>8,372</td> <td>9,700</td> <td>20.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gejiu_Zi_Li&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gejiu Zi Li (page does not exist)">Gejiu Zi Li</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">China </td> <td>/</td> <td>/</td> <td>8,700</td> <td>/ </td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/International_Tin_Council" title="International Tin Council">International Tin Council</a> was established in 1947 to control the price of tin. It collapsed in 1985. In 1984, the Association of Tin Producing Countries was created, with Australia, Bolivia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nigeria, Thailand, and Zaire as members.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Price_and_exchanges">Price and exchanges</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Price and exchanges">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SnPrice.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/SnPrice.png/220px-SnPrice.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/SnPrice.png/330px-SnPrice.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/SnPrice.png/440px-SnPrice.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption>World production and price (US exchange) of tin</figcaption></figure> Tin is unique among mineral commodities because of the complex agreements between producer countries and consumer countries dating back to 1921. Earlier agreements tended to be somewhat informal and led to the "First International Tin Agreement" in 1956, the first of a series that effectively collapsed in 1985. Through these agreements, the <a href="/wiki/International_Tin_Council" title="International Tin Council">International Tin Council</a> (ITC) had a considerable effect on tin prices. ITC supported the price of tin during periods of low prices by buying tin for its buffer stockpile and was able to restrain the price during periods of high prices by selling from the stockpile. This was an anti-free-market approach, designed to assure a sufficient flow of tin to consumer countries and a profit for producer countries. However, the buffer stockpile was not sufficiently large, and during most of those 29 years tin prices rose, sometimes sharply, especially from 1973 through 1980 when rampant inflation plagued many world economies.<a href="#cite_note-price-71">[69]</a> During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the U.S. reduced its strategic tin stockpile, partly to take advantage of historically high tin prices. The <a href="/wiki/Early_1980s_recession" title="Early 1980s recession">1981–82 recession</a> damaged the tin industry. Tin consumption declined dramatically. ITC was able to avoid truly steep declines through accelerated buying for its buffer stockpile; this activity required extensive borrowing. ITC continued to borrow until late 1985 when it reached its credit limit. Immediately, a major "tin crisis" ensued—tin was delisted from trading on the <a href="/wiki/London_Metal_Exchange" title="London Metal Exchange">London Metal Exchange</a> for about three years. ITC dissolved soon afterward, and the price of tin, now in a free-market environment, fell to $4 per pound and remained around that level through the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-price-71">[69]</a> The price increased again by 2010 with a rebound in consumption following the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">2007–2008 economic crisis</a>, accompanying restocking and continued growth in consumption.<a href="#cite_note-USGS200YB-58">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tin_Prices.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Tin_Prices.webp/300px-Tin_Prices.webp.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Tin_Prices.webp/450px-Tin_Prices.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Tin_Prices.webp/600px-Tin_Prices.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="5390" data-file-height="1332" /></a><figcaption>Tin Prices 2008–2022 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2020s_commodities_boom" title="2020s commodities boom">2020s commodities boom</a></div></figcaption></figure> London Metal Exchange (LME) is tin's principal trading site.<a href="#cite_note-USGS200YB-58">[56]</a> Other tin contract markets are Kuala Lumpur Tin Market (KLTM) and <a href="/wiki/INATIN" title="INATIN">Indonesia Tin Exchange</a> (INATIN).<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> Due to factors involved in the <a href="/wiki/2021_global_supply_chain_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 global supply chain crisis">2021 global supply chain crisis</a>, tin prices almost doubled during 2020–21 and have had their largest annual rise in over 30 years. Global refined tin consumption dropped 1.6 percent in 2020 as the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> disrupted global manufacturing industries.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TinConsChart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/TinConsChart.jpg/220px-TinConsChart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/TinConsChart.jpg/330px-TinConsChart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/35/TinConsChart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption>World consumption of refined tin by end-use, 2006</figcaption></figure> In 2018, just under half of all tin produced was used in solder. The rest was divided between tin plating, tin chemicals, brass and bronze alloys, and niche uses.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pigments">Pigments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pigments">edit</a>]</div> Pigment Yellow 38, <a href="/wiki/Tin(IV)_sulfide" title="Tin(IV) sulfide">tin(IV) sulfide</a>, is known as <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_gold" title="Mosaic gold">mosaic gold</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Purple_of_Cassius" title="Purple of Cassius">Purple of Cassius</a>, Pigment Red 109, a hydrous double stannate of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, was mainly, in terms of painting, restricted to miniatures due to its high cost. It was widely used to make <a href="/wiki/Cranberry_glass" title="Cranberry glass">cranberry glass</a>. It has also been used in the arts to stain <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lead-tin_yellow" title="Lead-tin yellow">Lead-tin yellow</a> (which occurs in two yellow forms — a <a href="/wiki/Stannate" title="Stannate">stannate</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a>) was a <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a> that was historically highly important for <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">oil painting</a> and which had some use in <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> in its silicate form.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> stannate is also known in orange form but has not seen wide use in the fine arts. It is available for purchase in pigment form from specialist artists' suppliers. There is another minor form, in terms of artistic usage and availability, of lead-tin yellow known as Lead-tin <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> Yellow.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Cerulean" title="Cerulean">Cerulean</a> blue, a somewhat dull <a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">cyan</a> chemically known as <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> stannate, continues to be an important artists' pigment. Its <a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">hue</a> is similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> blue, Pigment Blue 33, although it lacks that pigment's <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">colorfulness</a> and is more opaque.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> Artists typically must choose between cobalt stannate and manganese blue imitations made with <a href="/wiki/Phthalocyanine" title="Phthalocyanine">phthalocyanine</a> blue green shade (Pigment Blue 15:3), as industrial production of manganese blue pigment ceased in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> Cerulean blue made with cobalt stannate, however, was popular with artists prior to the production of Manganese blue.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Pigment Red 233, commonly known as Pinkcolor or Potter's Pink and more precisely known as Chrome Tin Pink Sphene, is a historically important pigment in <a href="/wiki/Watercolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolor">watercolor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> However, it has enjoyed a large resurgence in popularity due to Internet-based <a href="/wiki/Word-of-mouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Word-of-mouth">word-of-mouth</a>. It is fully lightfast and chemically stable in both oil paints and watercolors. Other inorganic mixed metal complex pigments, produced via <a href="/wiki/Calcination" title="Calcination">calcination</a>, often feature tin as a constituent. These pigments are known for their <a href="/wiki/Lightfastness" title="Lightfastness">lightfastness</a>, weatherfastness, chemical stability, lack of toxicity, and <a href="/wiki/Opacity" title="Opacity">opacity</a>. Many are rather dull in terms of colorfulness. However, some possess enough colorfulness to be competitive for use cases that require more than a moderate amount of it. Some are prized for other qualities. For instance, Pinkcolor is chosen by many watercolorists for its strong <a href="/wiki/Granulation" title="Granulation">granulation</a>, even though its chroma is low. Recently, NTP Yellow (a <a href="/wiki/Pyrochlore" title="Pyrochlore">pyrochlore</a>) has been brought to market as a non-toxic replacement for <a href="/wiki/Lead(II)_chromate" title="Lead(II) chromate">lead(II) chromate</a> with greater opacity, lightfastness, and weathering resistance than proposed organic lead chromate replacement pigments possess.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> NTP Yellow possesses the highest level of color saturation of these contemporary inorganic mixed metal complex pigments. More examples of this group include Pigment Yellow 158 (Tin Vanadium Yellow <a href="/wiki/Cassiterite" title="Cassiterite">Cassiterite</a>),<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> Pigment Yellow 216 (Solaplex Yellow),<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> Pigment Yellow 219 (<a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> Stannate),<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> Pigment Orange 82 (Tin Titanium Zinc oxide, also known as Sicopal Orange),<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> Pigment Red 121 (also known as Tin Violet and <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> stannate),<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> Pigment Red 230 (Chrome Alumina Pink <a href="/wiki/Corundum" title="Corundum">Corundum</a>),<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> Pigment Red 236 (Chrome Tin Orchid <a href="/wiki/Cassiterite" title="Cassiterite">Cassiterite</a>),<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> and Pigment Black 23 (Tin Antimony Grey Cassiterite).<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> Another blue pigment with tin and cobalt is Pigment Blue 81, Cobalt Tin Alumina Blue <a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">Spinel</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Pigment White 15, tin(IV) oxide, is used for its <a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescence</a>, most commonly as a <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_glaze" title="Ceramic glaze">ceramic glaze</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> There are no green pigments that have been used by artists that have tin as a constituent and purplish pigments with tin are classified as red, according to the <a href="/wiki/Colour_Index_International" title="Colour Index International">Colour Index International</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solder">Solder</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Solder">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ex_Lead_freesolder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Ex_Lead_freesolder.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="140" /></a><figcaption>A coil of lead-free <a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">solder</a> wire</figcaption></figure> Tin has long been used in alloys with lead as <a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">solder</a>, in amounts of 5 to 70% w/w. Tin with lead forms a <a href="/wiki/Eutectic_system" title="Eutectic system">eutectic mixture</a> at the weight proportion of 61.9% tin and 38.1% lead (the atomic proportion: 73.9% tin and 26.1% lead), with melting temperature of 183 °C (361.4 °F). Such solders are primarily used for joining <a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">pipes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Electric_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric circuit">electric circuits</a>. Since the European Union <a href="/wiki/Waste_Electrical_and_Electronic_Equipment_Directive" title="Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive">Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive</a> (WEEE Directive) and <a href="/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive" title="Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive">Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive</a> came into effect on 1 July 2006, the lead content in such alloys has decreased. While lead exposure is associated with <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">serious health problems</a>, lead-free solder is not without its challenges, including a higher melting point, and the formation of <a href="/wiki/Whisker_(metallurgy)" title="Whisker (metallurgy)">tin whiskers</a> that cause electrical problems. <a href="/wiki/Tin_pest" title="Tin pest">Tin pest</a> can occur in lead-free solders, leading to loss of the soldered joint. Replacement alloys are being found, but the problems of joint integrity remain.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> A common lead-free alloy is 99% tin, 0.7% copper, and 0.3% silver, with melting temperature of 217 °C (422.6 °F).<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tin_plating">Tin plating</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tin plating">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_of_a_tin_platted_can.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Inside_of_a_tin_platted_can.jpg/220px-Inside_of_a_tin_platted_can.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Inside_of_a_tin_platted_can.jpg/330px-Inside_of_a_tin_platted_can.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Inside_of_a_tin_platted_can.jpg/440px-Inside_of_a_tin_platted_can.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Tin plated metal from a <a href="/wiki/Tin_can" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin can">can</a></figcaption></figure> Tin bonds readily to <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and is used for coating <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, zinc, and steel to prevent corrosion. <a href="/wiki/Tin_plating" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin plating">Tin-plated</a> (or tinned) steel containers are widely used for <a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">food preservation</a>, and this forms a large part of the market for metallic tin. A tinplate canister for preserving food was first manufactured in London in 1812.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> Speakers of British English call such containers "tins", while speakers of U.S. English call them "<a href="/wiki/Tin_cans" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin cans">cans</a>" or "tin cans". One derivation of such use is the slang term "<a href="/wiki/Tinnie" title="Tinnie">tinnie</a>" or "tinny", meaning "can of beer" in Australia. The <a href="/wiki/Tin_whistle" title="Tin whistle">tin whistle</a> is so called because it was mass-produced first in tin-plated steel.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> Copper cooking vessels such as saucepans and frying pans are frequently lined with a thin plating of tin, by <a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electroplating</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Kalai_(process)" title="Kalai (process)">traditional chemical</a> methods, since use of <a href="/wiki/Copper_toxicity" title="Copper toxicity">copper cookware with acidic foods</a> can be toxic.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialized_alloys">Specialized alloys</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Specialized alloys">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plate_MET_174927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plate_MET_174927.jpg/220px-Plate_MET_174927.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plate_MET_174927.jpg/330px-Plate_MET_174927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plate_MET_174927.jpg/440px-Plate_MET_174927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2249" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">Pewter</a> plate</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfonso_Santiago_Leyva_and_his_son_Tom%C3%A1s_working.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Alfonso_Santiago_Leyva_and_his_son_Tom%C3%A1s_working.jpg/220px-Alfonso_Santiago_Leyva_and_his_son_Tom%C3%A1s_working.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Alfonso_Santiago_Leyva_and_his_son_Tom%C3%A1s_working.jpg/330px-Alfonso_Santiago_Leyva_and_his_son_Tom%C3%A1s_working.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Alfonso_Santiago_Leyva_and_his_son_Tom%C3%A1s_working.jpg/440px-Alfonso_Santiago_Leyva_and_his_son_Tom%C3%A1s_working.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Artisans working with tin sheets</figcaption></figure> Tin in combination with other elements forms a wide variety of useful alloys. Tin is most commonly alloyed with copper. <a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">Pewter</a> is 85–99% tin,<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babbitt_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Babbitt metal">bearing metal</a> has a high percentage of tin as well.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a> is mostly copper with 12% tin, while the addition of <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> yields <a href="/wiki/Phosphor_bronze" title="Phosphor bronze">phosphor bronze</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bell_metal" title="Bell metal">Bell metal</a> is also a copper–tin alloy, containing 22% tin. Tin has sometimes been used in coinage; it once formed a single-digit percentage (usually five percent or less) of American pennies.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> and Canadian<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>–tin compound <a href="/wiki/Niobium%E2%80%93tin" title="Niobium–tin">Nb3Sn</a> is commercially used in <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_coil" title="Electromagnetic coil">coils</a> of <a href="/wiki/Superconducting_magnet" title="Superconducting magnet">superconducting magnets</a> for its high <a href="/wiki/Critical_temperature#In_Superconductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical temperature">critical temperature</a> (18 K) and critical magnetic field (25 <a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">T</a>). A superconducting magnet weighing as little as two <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilograms</a> is capable of producing the magnetic field of a conventional <a href="/wiki/Electromagnet" title="Electromagnet">electromagnet</a> weighing tons.<a href="#cite_note-geballe-101">[99]</a> A small percentage of tin is added to <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium alloy">zirconium alloys</a> for the cladding of nuclear fuel.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> Most metal pipes in a <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe organ</a> are of a tin/lead alloy, with 50/50 as the most common composition. The proportion of tin in the pipe defines the pipe's tone, since tin has a desirable tonal resonance. When a tin/lead alloy cools, the lead phase solidifies first, then when the eutectic temperature is reached, the remaining liquid forms the layered tin/lead eutectic structure, which is shiny; contrast with the lead phase produces a mottled or spotted effect. This metal alloy is referred to as spotted metal. Major advantages of using tin for pipes include its appearance, workability, and resistance to corrosion.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing_of_chemicals">Manufacturing of chemicals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Manufacturing of chemicals">edit</a>]</div> Tin compounds are used in the production of various chemicals, including stabilizers for PVC and catalysts for industrial processes. Tin in form of ingots provide the raw material necessary for these chemical reactions, ensuring consistent quality and performance.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optoelectronics">Optoelectronics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Optoelectronics">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Indium_tin_oxide" title="Indium tin oxide">oxides of indium and tin</a> are electrically conductive and transparent, and are used to make transparent electrically conducting films with applications in <a href="/wiki/Optoelectronics" title="Optoelectronics">optoelectronics</a> devices such as <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_displays" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid crystal displays">liquid crystal displays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kimetal-105">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_applications">Other applications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other applications">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punched_tin_barn_lantern.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Punched_tin_barn_lantern.jpeg/170px-Punched_tin_barn_lantern.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Punched_tin_barn_lantern.jpeg/255px-Punched_tin_barn_lantern.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Punched_tin_barn_lantern.jpeg/340px-Punched_tin_barn_lantern.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A 21st-century reproduction barn lantern made of punched tin</figcaption></figure> Punched tin-plated steel, also called pierced tin, is an artisan technique originating in central Europe for creating functional and decorative housewares. Decorative piercing designs exist in a wide variety, based on local tradition and the artisan. Punched tin lanterns are the most common application of this artisan technique. The light of a candle shining through the pierced design creates a decorative light pattern in the room where it sits. Lanterns and other punched tin articles were created in the New World from the earliest European settlement. A well-known example is the Revere lantern, named after <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Paul Revere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> In America, <a href="/wiki/Pie_safe" title="Pie safe">pie safes</a> and food safes were in use in the days before refrigeration. These were wooden cupboards of various styles and sizes – either floor standing or hanging cupboards meant to discourage vermin and insects and to keep dust from perishable foodstuffs. These cabinets had tinplate inserts in the doors and sometimes in the sides, punched out by the homeowner, cabinetmaker, or a tinsmith in varying designs to allow for air circulation while excluding flies. Modern reproductions of these articles remain popular in North America.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> Window glass is most often made by floating molten <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> on molten tin (<a href="/wiki/Float_glass" title="Float glass">float glass</a>), resulting in a flat and flawless surface.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> This is also called the "<a href="/wiki/Pilkington_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilkington process">Pilkington process</a>".<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> Tin is used as a negative electrode in advanced <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">Li-ion batteries</a>. Its application is somewhat limited by the fact that some tin surfaces[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] catalyze decomposition of carbonate-based electrolytes used in Li-ion batteries.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tin(II)_fluoride" title="Tin(II) fluoride">Tin(II) fluoride</a> is added to some dental care products<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> as <a href="/wiki/Stannous_fluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Stannous fluoride">stannous fluoride</a> (SnF2). Tin(II) fluoride can be mixed with <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> abrasives while the more common <a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluoride" title="Sodium fluoride">sodium fluoride</a> gradually becomes biologically inactive in the presence of calcium compounds.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> It has also been shown to be more effective than <a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluoride" title="Sodium fluoride">sodium fluoride</a> in controlling <a href="/wiki/Gingivitis" title="Gingivitis">gingivitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> Tin is used as a target to create laser-induced <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasmas</a> that act as the light source for <a href="/wiki/Extreme_ultraviolet_lithography" title="Extreme ultraviolet lithography">extreme ultraviolet lithography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organotin_compounds_2">Organotin compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Organotin compounds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organotin_chemistry" title="Organotin chemistry">Organotin chemistry</a></div> Organotin compounds are <a href="/wiki/Organometallic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Organometallic compounds">organometallic compounds</a> containing tin–carbon bonds. Worldwide industrial production of organotin compounds likely exceeds 50,000 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="PVC_stabilizers">PVC stabilizers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: PVC stabilizers">edit</a>]</div> The major commercial application of organotin compounds is in the stabilization of <a href="/wiki/PVC" class="mw-redirect" title="PVC">PVC</a> plastics. In the absence of such stabilizers, PVC would rapidly degrade under heat, light, and atmospheric oxygen, resulting in discolored, brittle products. Tin scavenges labile <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a> ions (Cl−), which would otherwise strip HCl from the plastic material.<a href="#cite_note-Atkins-116">[114]</a> Typical tin compounds are carboxylic acid derivatives of dibutyltin dichloride, such as <a href="/wiki/Dibutyltin_dilaurate" title="Dibutyltin dilaurate">dibutyltin dilaurate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biocides">Biocides</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Biocides">edit</a>]</div> Some organotin compounds are relatively toxic, with both advantages and problems. They are used for <a href="/wiki/Biocide" title="Biocide">biocidal properties</a> as <a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">fungicides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algaecide" title="Algaecide">algaecides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wood_preservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood preservative">wood preservatives</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antifouling_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifouling agent">antifouling agents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Atkins-116">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tributyltin_oxide" title="Tributyltin oxide">Tributyltin oxide</a> is used as a <a href="/wiki/Wood_preservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood preservative">wood preservative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tributyltin" title="Tributyltin">Tributyltin</a> is used for various industrial purposes such as slime control in paper mills and disinfection of circulating industrial cooling waters.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> Tributyltin was used as additive for ship paint to prevent growth of <a href="/wiki/Marine_organisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine organisms">fouling organisms</a> on ships, with use declining after organotin compounds were recognized as <a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutants" class="mw-redirect" title="Persistent organic pollutants">persistent organic pollutants</a> with high toxicity for some marine organisms (the <a href="/wiki/Dog_whelk" title="Dog whelk">dog whelk</a>, for example).<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> The EU banned the use of organotin compounds in 2003,<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> while concerns over the toxicity of these compounds to marine life and damage to the reproduction and growth of some marine species<a href="#cite_note-Atkins-116">[114]</a> (some reports describe biological effects to marine life at a concentration of 1 <a href="/wiki/Nanogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanogram">nanogram</a> per liter) have led to a worldwide ban by the <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> Many nations now restrict the use of organotin compounds to vessels greater than 25 m (82 ft) long.<a href="#cite_note-Atkins-116">[114]</a> The persistence of tributyltin in the aquatic environment is dependent upon the nature of the ecosystem.<a href="#cite_note-Maguire_1987_475–498-123">[121]</a> Because of this persistence and its use as an additive in ship paint, high concentrations of tributyltin have been found in marine sediments located near naval docks.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> Tributyltin has been used as a biomarker for <a href="/wiki/Imposex" title="Imposex">imposex</a> in <a href="/wiki/Neogastropoda" title="Neogastropoda">neogastropods</a>, with at least 82 known species.<a href="#cite_note-Axiak_743–749-125">[123]</a> With the high levels of TBT in the local inshore areas, due to shipping activities, the shellfish had an adverse effect.<a href="#cite_note-Maguire_1987_475–498-123">[121]</a> Imposex is the imposition of male sexual characteristics on female specimens where they grow a penis and a pallial <a href="/wiki/Vas_deferens" title="Vas deferens">vas deferens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Axiak_743–749-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-sciencebuzz.com-126">[124]</a> A high level of TBT can damage mammalian <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocrine glands">endocrine glands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system" title="Reproductive system">reproductive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous systems</a>, bone structure and <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sciencebuzz.com-126">[124]</a> Tributyltin also affect mammals, Including sea otters, whales, dolphins, and humans.<a href="#cite_note-sciencebuzz.com-126">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Organic_chemistry">Organic chemistry</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Organic chemistry">edit</a>]</div> Some tin <a href="/wiki/Reagent" title="Reagent">reagents</a> are useful in <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a>. In the largest application, stannous chloride is a common reducing agent for the conversion of <a href="/wiki/Nitro_compound" title="Nitro compound">nitro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxime" title="Oxime">oxime</a> groups to <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amines</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Stille_reaction" title="Stille reaction">Stille reaction</a> couples organotin compounds with organic <a href="/wiki/Halide" title="Halide">halides</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pseudohalogen" title="Pseudohalogen">pseudohalides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Li-ion_batteries">Li-ion batteries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Li-ion batteries">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">Lithium-ion battery</a></div> Tin forms several inter-metallic phases with lithium metal, making it a potentially attractive material for battery applications. Large volumetric expansion of tin upon alloying with lithium and instability of the tin-organic electrolyte interface at low electrochemical potentials are the greatest challenges to employment in commercial cells.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> Tin inter-metallic compound with cobalt and carbon was implemented by <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> in its Nexelion cells released in the late 2000s. The composition of the active material is approximately Sn0.3Co0.4C0.3. Research showed that only some crystalline facets of tetragonal (beta) Sn are responsible for undesirable electrochemical activity.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precautions">Precautions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Precautions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tin_poisoning" title="Tin poisoning">Tin poisoning</a></div> Cases of poisoning from tin metal, its oxides, and its salts are almost unknown. On the other hand, certain <a href="/wiki/Organotin_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organotin compound">organotin compounds</a> are almost as toxic as <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-51">[49]</a> Exposure to tin in the workplace can occur by inhalation, skin contact, and eye contact. The US <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) set the <a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">permissible exposure limit</a> for tin exposure in the workplace as 2 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) determined a <a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">recommended exposure limit</a> (REL) of 2 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. At levels of 100 mg/m3, tin is <a href="/wiki/IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">immediately dangerous to life and health</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/28px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/42px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/56px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassiterides" title="Cassiterides">Cassiterides</a> (the mythical Tin Islands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stannary" title="Stannary">Stannary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terne" title="Terne">Terne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_pest" title="Tin pest">Tin pest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_mining_in_Britain" title="Tin mining in Britain">Tin mining in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinning" title="Tinning">Tinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whisker_(metallurgy)" title="Whisker (metallurgy)">Whisker (metallurgy)</a> (tin whiskers)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> The thermal expansion of β-Sn is <a href="/wiki/Anisotropy" title="Anisotropy">anisotropic</a>: the parameters (at 20 °C) for each crystal axis are αa = 16.19×10−6/K, αc = 32.89×10−6/K, and αaverage = αV/3 = 21.76×10−6/K.<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Only hydrogen, fluorine, phosphorus, thallium and xenon are easier to use NMR analysis with for samples containing isotopes at their natural abundance. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/tin.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Tin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 1983.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Tin&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Ftin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><a 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H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9"><bdi>978-1-62708-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-155-9&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZeroValentTin3-4"><a href="#cite_ref-ZeroValentTin3_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/news/9745121/New_Type_of_Zero-Valent_Tin_Compound.html">"New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chemistry_Europe" title="Chemistry Europe">Chemistry Europe</a>. 27 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Type+of+Zero-Valent+Tin+Compound&rft.pub=Chemistry+Europe&rft.date=2016-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemistryviews.org%2Fdetails%2Fnews%2F9745121%2FNew_Type_of_Zero-Valent_Tin_Compound.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C13940255&Units=SI">"HSn"</a>. NIST Chemistry WebBook. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 2013-01-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NIST+Chemistry+WebBook&rft.atitle=HSn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebbook.nist.gov%2Fcgi%2Fcbook.cgi%3FID%3DC13940255%26Units%3DSI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=B1001467&Units=SI">"SnH3"</a>. NIST Chemistry WebBook. National Institure of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 2013-01-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NIST+Chemistry+WebBook&rft.atitle=SnH3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebbook.nist.gov%2Fcgi%2Fcbook.cgi%3FID%3DB1001467%26Units%3DSI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLide,_D._R.2005" class="citation book cs1">Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303222309/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a> (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0486-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0486-5"><bdi>0-8493-0486-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magnetic+susceptibility+of+the+elements+and+inorganic+compounds&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton+%28FL%29&rft.edition=86th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8493-0486-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110303222309%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww-d0.fnal.gov%2Fhardware%2Fcal%2Flvps_info%2Fengineering%2Felementmagn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeast1984" class="citation book cs1">Weast, Robert (1984). 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Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae">10.1088/1674-1137/abddae</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Physics+C&rft.atitle=The+NUBASE2020+evaluation+of+nuclear+properties&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=030001&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae&rft.aulast=Kondev&rft.aufirst=F.+G.&rft.au=Wang%2C+M.&rft.au=Huang%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Naimi%2C+S.&rft.au=Audi%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-nds.iaea.org%2Famdc%2Fame2020%2FNUBASE2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2007" class="citation web cs1">Gray, Theodore (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theodoregray.com/Periodictable/Ref/050/index.html">"Tin Images"</a>. The Elements. Black Dog & Leventhal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Elements&rft.atitle=Tin+Images&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheodoregray.com%2FPeriodictable%2FRef%2F050%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hol1985-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hol1985_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hol1985_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hol1985_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hol1985_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hol1985_12-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollemanWibergWiberg1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Tin". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (91–100 ed.). 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Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 344: 40–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gca.2023.01.014">10.1016/j.gca.2023.01.014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geochimica+et+Cosmochimica+Acta&rft.atitle=Mass-independent+Sn+isotope+fractionation+and+radiogenic+115Sn+in+chondrites+and+terrestrial+rocks&rft.volume=344&rft.pages=40-58&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gca.2023.01.014&rft.aulast=Bragagni&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft.au=Wombacher%2C+Frank&rft.au=Kirchenbaur%2C+Maria&rft.au=Braukm%C3%BCller%2C+Ninja&rft.au=M%C3%BCnker%2C+Carsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.gca.2023.01.014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cameron-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Cameron_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron1973" class="citation journal cs1">Cameron, A. G. W. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111021030549/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/1973/1973_Cameron_1.pdf">"Abundance of the Elements in the Solar System"</a> (PDF). Space Science Reviews. 15 (1): 121–146. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973SSRv...15..121C">1973SSRv...15..121C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00172440">10.1007/BF00172440</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120201972">120201972</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/1973/1973_Cameron_1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2011-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Abundance+of+the+Elements+in+the+Solar+System&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=121-146&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A120201972%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00172440&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973SSRv...15..121C&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=A.+G.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.giss.nasa.gov%2Fdocs%2F1973%2F1973_Cameron_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oed_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed_35-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-tin" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=tin">"tin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=tin&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dtin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=tin">"tin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=tin&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dtin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th Edition, 1911, s.v. '<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tin" class="extiw" title="s:en:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tin">tin</a>', citing H. Kopp </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090403092123/http://www.oxleigh.freeserve.co.uk/pt77a.htm">"The Ancient Mining of Tin"</a>. oxleigh.freeserve.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxleigh.freeserve.co.uk/pt77a.htm">the original</a> on 2009-04-03. Retrieved 2009-07-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oxleigh.freeserve.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+Ancient+Mining+of+Tin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxleigh.freeserve.co.uk%2Fpt77a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="American Heritage Dictionary">American Heritage Dictionary</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiernyWeisgerber2003" class="citation book cs1">Cierny, J.; Weisgerber, G. (2003). "The "Bronze Age tin mines in Central Asia". In Giumlia-Mair, A.; Lo Schiavo, F. (eds.). The Problem of Early Tin. Oxford: Archaeopress. pp. 23–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84171-564-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84171-564-3"><bdi>978-1-84171-564-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%22Bronze+Age+tin+mines+in+Central+Asia&rft.btitle=The+Problem+of+Early+Tin&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=23-31&rft.pub=Archaeopress&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84171-564-3&rft.aulast=Cierny&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Weisgerber%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pen1986-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pen1986_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pen1986_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pen1986_41-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenhallurick1986" class="citation book cs1">Penhallurick, R. D. (1986). Tin in Antiquity: its Mining and Trade Throughout the Ancient World with Particular Reference to Cornwall. 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C.; Franklin, Alan D.; Olin, Jacqueline S.; <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Wertime" title="Theodore Wertime">Wertime, Theodore A.</a>, eds. (July 1980). "The development of the usage of tin and tin-bronze: some problems". The Search for Ancient Tin. Vol. 21. Washington D.C.: A seminar organized by Theodore A. Wertime and held at the Smithsonian Institution and the National Bureau of Standards, Washington D.C. March 14–15, 1977. p. 474. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3103162">10.2307/3103162</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3103162">3103162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+development+of+the+usage+of+tin+and+tin-bronze%3A+some+problems&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+Ancient+Tin&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pages=474&rft.pub=A+seminar+organized+by+Theodore+A.+Wertime+and+held+at+the+Smithsonian+Institution+and+the+National+Bureau+of+Standards%2C+Washington+D.C.+March+14%E2%80%9315%2C+1977&rft.date=1980-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3103162&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3103162%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projectancienttin.wordpress.com/">"Project Ancient Tin"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Project+Ancient+Tin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprojectancienttin.wordpress.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDube2006" class="citation journal cs1">Dube, RK (September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03215537">"Interrelation between gold and tin: A historical perspective"</a>. 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Retrieved 2024-08-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=artiscreation&rft.atitle=The+Color+of+Art+Pigment+Database+%E2%80%93+Pigment+Yellow+%E2%80%93+PY&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artiscreation.com%2Fyellow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artiscreation.com/blue.html#PB35">"The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Blue – PB"</a>. artiscreation. 2024. Retrieved 2024-08-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=artiscreation&rft.atitle=The+Color+of+Art+Pigment+Database+%E2%80%93+Pigment+Blue+%E2%80%93+PB&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artiscreation.com%2Fblue.html%23PB35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artiscreation.com/blue.html#PB33">"The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Blue – PB"</a>. artiscreation. 2024. Retrieved 2024-08-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=artiscreation&rft.atitle=The+Color+of+Art+Pigment+Database+%E2%80%93+Pigment+Blue+%E2%80%93+PB&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artiscreation.com%2Fblue.html%23PB33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artiscreation.com/red.html#PR233">"The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Red – PR"</a>. artiscreation. 2024. Retrieved 2024-08-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=artiscreation&rft.atitle=The+Color+of+Art+Pigment+Database+%E2%80%93+Pigment+Red+%E2%80%93+PR&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artiscreation.com%2Fred.html%23PR233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artiscreation.com/yellow.html#PY227">"The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Yellow – PY"</a>. artiscreation. 2024. Retrieved 2024-08-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=artiscreation&rft.atitle=The+Color+of+Art+Pigment+Database+%E2%80%93+Pigment+Yellow+%E2%80%93+PY&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artiscreation.com%2Fyellow.html%23PY227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artiscreation.com/yellow.html#PY158">"The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Yellow – PY"</a>. artiscreation. 2024. Retrieved 2024-08-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=artiscreation&rft.atitle=The+Color+of+Art+Pigment+Database+%E2%80%93+Pigment+Yellow+%E2%80%93+PY&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artiscreation.com%2Fyellow.html%23PY158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artiscreation.com/yellow.html#PY216">"The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Yellow – PY"</a>. artiscreation. 2024. Retrieved 2024-08-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=artiscreation&rft.atitle=The+Color+of+Art+Pigment+Database+%E2%80%93+Pigment+Yellow+%E2%80%93+PY&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artiscreation.com%2Fyellow.html%23PY216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artiscreation.com/yellow.html#PY219">"The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Yellow – PY"</a>. artiscreation. 2024. Retrieved 2024-08-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=artiscreation&rft.atitle=The+Color+of+Art+Pigment+Database+%E2%80%93+Pigment+Yellow+%E2%80%93+PY&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artiscreation.com%2Fyellow.html%23PY219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artiscreation.com/orange.html#PO82">"The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Orange – PO"</a>. artiscreation. 2024. Retrieved 2024-08-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=artiscreation&rft.atitle=The+Color+of+Art+Pigment+Database+%E2%80%93+Pigment+Orange+%E2%80%93+PO&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artiscreation.com%2Forange.html%23PO82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artiscreation.com/red.html#PR121">"The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Red – PR"</a>. artiscreation. 2024. Retrieved 2024-08-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=artiscreation&rft.atitle=The+Color+of+Art+Pigment+Database+%E2%80%93+Pigment+Red+%E2%80%93+PR&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artiscreation.com%2Fred.html%23PR121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artiscreation.com/red.html#PR230">"The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Red – PR"</a>. artiscreation. 2024. Retrieved 2024-08-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=artiscreation&rft.atitle=The+Color+of+Art+Pigment+Database+%E2%80%93+Pigment+Red+%E2%80%93+PR&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artiscreation.com%2Fred.html%23PR230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artiscreation.com/red.html#PR236">"The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Red – PR"</a>. artiscreation. 2024. Retrieved 2024-08-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=artiscreation&rft.atitle=The+Color+of+Art+Pigment+Database+%E2%80%93+Pigment+Red+%E2%80%93+PR&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artiscreation.com%2Fred.html%23PR236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artiscreation.com/black.html#PBk23">"The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Black – PBk"</a>. artiscreation. 2024. Retrieved 2024-08-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=artiscreation&rft.atitle=The+Color+of+Art+Pigment+Database+%E2%80%93+Pigment+Black+%E2%80%93+PBk&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artiscreation.com%2Fblack.html%23PBk23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artiscreation.com/white.html#PW15">"The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment White – PW"</a>. artiscreation. 2024. Retrieved 2024-08-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=artiscreation&rft.atitle=The+Color+of+Art+Pigment+Database+%E2%80%93+Pigment+White+%E2%80%93+PW&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artiscreation.com%2Fwhite.html%23PW15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack,_Harvey2005" class="citation journal cs1">Black, Harvey (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1281311">"Getting the Lead Out of Electronics"</a>. Environmental Health Perspectives. 113 (10): A682–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.113-a682">10.1289/ehp.113-a682</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1281311">1281311</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16203230">16203230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Getting+the+Lead+Out+of+Electronics&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=A682-5&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1281311%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16203230&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.113-a682&rft.au=Black%2C+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1281311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.rs-online.com/e39d/0900766b81072bac.pdf">"Technical data Sheet - Lead free alloy"</a> (PDF). RS Online. Retrieved 2023-06-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RS+Online&rft.atitle=Technical+data+Sheet+-+Lead+free+alloy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.rs-online.com%2Fe39d%2F0900766b81072bac.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilds1995" class="citation magazine cs1">Childs, Peter (July 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.rsc.org/historical-collection/products/EIC#!issueid=EIC-1995-32-4">"The tin-man's tale"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Chemistry" title="Education in Chemistry">Education in Chemistry</a>. Vol. 32, no. 4. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a>. p. 92. Retrieved 2018-06-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Education+in+Chemistry&rft.atitle=The+tin-man%27s+tale&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=92&rft.date=1995-07&rft.aulast=Childs&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.rsc.org%2Fhistorical-collection%2Fproducts%2FEIC%23%21issueid%3DEIC-1995-32-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFControl1945" class="citation book cs1">Control, Tin Under (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IpuaAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA13">Tin Under Control</a>. pp. 10–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2136-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2136-3"><bdi>978-0-8047-2136-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160531012725/https://books.google.com/books?id=IpuaAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA13">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tin+Under+Control&rft.pages=10-15&rft.date=1945&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-2136-3&rft.aulast=Control&rft.aufirst=Tin+Under&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIpuaAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanel_On_Tin,_National_Research_Council_(U.S.)._Committee_on_Technical_Aspects_of_Critical_and_Strategic_Materials1970" class="citation book cs1">Panel On Tin, National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Technical Aspects of Critical and Strategic Materials (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IpuaAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA10">Trends in the use of tin</a>. pp. 10–22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160522102214/https://books.google.com/books?id=qz8rAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA10">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trends+in+the+use+of+tin&rft.pages=10-22&rft.date=1970&rft.au=Panel+On+Tin%2C+National+Research+Council+%28U.S.%29.+Committee+on+Technical+Aspects+of+Critical+and+Strategic+Materials&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIpuaAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHull1992" class="citation book cs1">Hull, Charles (1992). Pewter. Osprey Publishing. pp. 1–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7478-0152-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7478-0152-8"><bdi>978-0-7478-0152-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pewter&rft.pages=1-5&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7478-0152-8&rft.aulast=Hull&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrakes,_James2009" class="citation book cs1">Brakes, James (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hZ3zGS6by9UC">"Introduction"</a>. Analysis of Babbit. 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Read books. pp. 46–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-4671-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-4671-6"><bdi>978-1-4067-4671-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Metallography&rft.pages=46-47&rft.pub=Read+books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-4671-6&rft.au=Williams%2C+Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKR82QRlAgUwC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usmint.gov/about_the_mint/fun_facts/?action=fun_facts2">"The Composition of the Cent"</a>. US Mint. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111025203152/http://www.usmint.gov/about_the_mint/fun_facts/?action=fun_facts2">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-10-25. Retrieved 2011-10-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Composition+of+the+Cent&rft.pub=US+Mint&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usmint.gov%2Fabout_the_mint%2Ffun_facts%2F%3Faction%3Dfun_facts2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcscta.ca/resources/hebden/chem/Coin%20Compositions.pdf">"Composition of canadian coins"</a> (PDF). Canadian Mint. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113112752/http://www.bcscta.ca/resources/hebden/chem/Coin%20Compositions.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2012-01-13. Retrieved 2011-10-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Composition+of+canadian+coins&rft.pub=Canadian+Mint&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcscta.ca%2Fresources%2Fhebden%2Fchem%2FCoin%2520Compositions.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-geballe-101"><a href="#cite_ref-geballe_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeballe1993" class="citation journal cs1">Geballe, Theodore H. (October 1993). "Superconductivity: From Physics to Technology". Physics Today. 46 (10): 52–56. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993PhT....46j..52G">1993PhT....46j..52G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.881384">10.1063/1.881384</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Superconductivity%3A+From+Physics+to+Technology&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=52-56&rft.date=1993-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.881384&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993PhT....46j..52G&rft.aulast=Geballe&rft.aufirst=Theodore+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2008" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Flake C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6VdROgeQ5M8C&pg=PA597">"Zirconium"</a>. Elements of Metallurgy and Engineering Alloys. ASM International. p. 597. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87170-867-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87170-867-0"><bdi>978-0-87170-867-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160528212426/https://books.google.com/books?id=6VdROgeQ5M8C&pg=PA597">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zirconium&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Metallurgy+and+Engineering+Alloys&rft.pages=597&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-87170-867-0&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Flake+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6VdROgeQ5M8C%26pg%3DPA597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Palmieri2006" class="citation book cs1">Robert Palmieri, ed. 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Courier Dover Publications. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artoforganbuildi00auds/page/501">501</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-21315-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-21315-6"><bdi>978-0-486-21315-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Metal+Pipes%3A+And+the+Materials+used+in+their+Construction&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Organ+Building+Audsley%2C+George+Ashdown&rft.pages=501&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-486-21315-6&rft.au=George+Ashdown+Audsley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI0h525OVoTgC%26pg%3DPA501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kimetal-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Kimetal_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim,_H.Gilmore,_C.Pique,_A.Horwitz,_J.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, H.; Gilmore, C.; Pique, A.; Horwitz, J.; <a href="/wiki/Hedi_Mattoussi" title="Hedi Mattoussi">Mattoussi, H.</a>; Murata, H.; Kafafi, Z.; Chrisey, D. 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Journal of Applied Physics. 86 (11): 6451. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JAP....86.6451K">1999JAP....86.6451K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.371708">10.1063/1.371708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Physics&rft.atitle=Electrical%2C+optical%2C+and+structural+properties+of+indium+tin+oxide+thin+films+for+organic+light-emitting+devices&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=6451&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.371708&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999JAP....86.6451K&rft.au=Kim%2C+H.&rft.au=Gilmore%2C+C.&rft.au=Pique%2C+A.&rft.au=Horwitz%2C+J.&rft.au=Mattoussi%2C+H.&rft.au=Murata%2C+H.&rft.au=Kafafi%2C+Z.&rft.au=Chrisey%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridge1996" class="citation book cs1">Bridge, Janet (September 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingdecorating0000brid">Making & decorating picture frames</a>. 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Organic Reactions. pp. 1–652. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0471264180.or050.01">10.1002/0471264180.or050.01</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-26418-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-26418-0"><bdi>0-471-26418-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Stille+Reaction&rft.btitle=Organic+Reactions&rft.pages=1-652&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F0471264180.or050.01&rft.isbn=0-471-26418-0&rft.aulast=Farina&rft.aufirst=Vittorio&rft.au=Krishnamurthy%2C+Venkat&rft.au=Scott%2C+William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMouXiaoMiaoLi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Mou, Haoyi; Xiao, Wei; Miao, Chang; Li, Rui; Yu, Liming (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7096543">"Tin and Tin Compound Materials as Anodes in Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Batteries: A Review"</a>. Frontiers in Chemistry. 8: 141. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020FrCh....8..141M">2020FrCh....8..141M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffchem.2020.00141">10.3389/fchem.2020.00141</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7096543">7096543</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32266205">32266205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Tin+and+Tin+Compound+Materials+as+Anodes+in+Lithium-Ion+and+Sodium-Ion+Batteries%3A+A+Review&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=141&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7096543%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32266205&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffchem.2020.00141&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020FrCh....8..141M&rft.aulast=Mou&rft.aufirst=Haoyi&rft.au=Xiao%2C+Wei&rft.au=Miao%2C+Chang&rft.au=Li%2C+Rui&rft.au=Yu%2C+Liming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7096543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucasSyzdek2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lucas, Ivan; Syzdek, Jaroslaw (2011). "Interfacial processes at single-crystal β-Sn electrodes in organic carbonate electrolytes". Electrochemistry Communications. 13 (11): 1271. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.elecom.2011.08.026">10.1016/j.elecom.2011.08.026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electrochemistry+Communications&rft.atitle=Interfacial+processes+at+single-crystal+%CE%B2-Sn+electrodes+in+organic+carbonate+electrolytes&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1271&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.elecom.2011.08.026&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft.au=Syzdek%2C+Jaroslaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0613.html">"NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Tin"</a>. CDC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151125105453/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0613.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-11-25. Retrieved 2015-11-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CDC&rft.atitle=NIOSH+Pocket+Guide+to+Chemical+Hazards+%E2%80%93+Tin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fnpg%2Fnpgd0613.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: Carlin, James F., Jr. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/tin/660798.pdf">"Significant events affecting tin prices since 1958"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Geodetic_Survey" title="U.S. National Geodetic Survey">U.S. National Geodetic Survey</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCRC2006" class="citation book cs1">Lide, David R., ed. (2006). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0487-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0487-3"><bdi>978-0-8493-0487-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.edition=87th&rft.pub=CRC+Press%2C+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0487-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2001" class="citation book cs1">Emsley, John (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC">"Tin"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/445">Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements</a>. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/445">445–450</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850340-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850340-8"><bdi>978-0-19-850340-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tin&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks%3A+An+A%E2%80%93Z+Guide+to+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England%2C+UK&rft.pages=445-450&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850340-8&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj-Xu07p3cKwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeiserman1992" class="citation book cs1">Heiserman, David L. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/exploringchemica01heis">"Element 50: Tin"</a>. Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds. New York: TAB Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8306-3018-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8306-3018-9"><bdi>978-0-8306-3018-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Element+50%3A+Tin&rft.btitle=Exploring+Chemical+Elements+and+their+Compounds&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=TAB+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8306-3018-9&rft.aulast=Heiserman&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexploringchemica01heis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacIntosh1968" class="citation book cs1">MacIntosh, Robert M. (1968). "Tin". In Clifford A. Hampel (ed.). The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. New York: Reinhold Book Corporation. pp. 722–732. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/68-29938">68-29938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tin&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Chemical+Elements&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=722-732&rft.pub=Reinhold+Book+Corporation&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F68-29938&rft.aulast=MacIntosh&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStwertka1998" class="citation book cs1">Stwertka, Albert (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guidetoelements00stwe">"Tin"</a>. Guide to the Elements (Revised ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508083-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508083-4"><bdi>978-0-19-508083-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tin&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+Elements&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508083-4&rft.aulast=Stwertka&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguidetoelements00stwe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Tin at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tin" class="extiw" title="wikt:tin">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tin" class="extiw" title="c:Tin">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Tin" class="extiw" title="q:Tin">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/General_Chemistry/Chemistries_of_Various_Elements/Group_14#Others" class="extiw" title="b:General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 14">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/050.htm">Tin</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theodoregray.com/PeriodicTable/Elements/050/index.s7.html">Theodore Gray's Wooden Periodic Table Table</a>: Tin samples and castings</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.basemetals.com/html/sninfo.htm">Base Metals: Tin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0613.html">CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222181950/http://helgilibrary.com/indicators/index/tin-usd-cents-per-kg">Tin (USD cents per kg) </a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tin_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tin_compounds" title="Template:Tin compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tin_compounds" title="Template talk:Tin compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tin_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tin compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tin_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tin_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin compounds">Tin compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sn(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tin(II)_bromide" title="Tin(II) bromide">SnBr2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin(II)_chloride" title="Tin(II) chloride">SnCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stannocene" title="Stannocene">Sn(C5H5)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin(II)_fluoride" title="Tin(II) fluoride">SnF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin(II)_iodide" title="Tin(II) iodide">SnI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin(II)_oxalate" title="Tin(II) oxalate">SnC2O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin(II)_oxide" title="Tin(II) oxide">SnO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin(II)_hydroxide" title="Tin(II) hydroxide">Sn(OH)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin(II)_stearate" title="Tin(II) stearate">C 18H 36SnO 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin(II)_sulfate" title="Tin(II) sulfate">SnSO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin(II)_acetate" title="Tin(II) acetate">Sn(CH3COO)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_selenide" title="Tin selenide">SnSe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_telluride" title="Tin telluride">SnTe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin(II)_sulfide" title="Tin(II) sulfide">SnS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_triphosphide" title="Tin triphosphide">SnP3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sn(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tin(IV)_bromide" title="Tin(IV) bromide">SnBr4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin(IV)_chloride" title="Tin(IV) chloride">SnCl4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin(IV)_fluoride" title="Tin(IV) fluoride">SnF4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stannane" title="Stannane">SnH4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin(IV)_iodide" title="Tin(IV) iodide">SnI4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin(IV)_oxide" title="Tin(IV) oxide">SnO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin(IV)_sulfide" title="Tin(IV) sulfide">SnS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin(IV)_acetate" title="Tin(IV) acetate">Sn(CH3COO)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin(IV)_nitrate" title="Tin(IV) nitrate">Sn(NO3)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin(IV)_iodate" title="Tin(IV) iodate">Sn(IO3)4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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