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Available in 118 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-118" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">118 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaal:Geskiedenis" title="Portaal:Geskiedenis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Portaal:Geskiedenis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Gschicht" title="Portal:Gschicht – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Portal:Gschicht" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AD:%E1%89%B3%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AD" title="በር:ታሪክ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="በር:ታሪክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingang:St%C7%A3r" title="Ingang:Stǣr – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ingang:Stǣr" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17580674 badge-featuredportal mw-list-item" title="featured portal badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="بوابة:التاريخ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوابة:التاريخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ok%E1%BA%BDndusu:Marandeko" title="Okẽndusu:Marandeko – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Okẽndusu:Marandeko" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Портал:Тарих – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Портал:Тарих" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tarix" title="Portal:Tarix – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Portal:Tarix" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%92%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84:%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="پوْرتال:تاریخ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پوْرتال:تاریخ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0:%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="প্রবেশদ্বার:ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রবেশদ্বার:ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Le%CC%8Dk-s%C3%BA" title="Portal:Le̍k-sú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Portal:Le̍k-sú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Портал:Тарих – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Портал:Тарих" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Партал:Гісторыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Партал:Гісторыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Партал:Гісторыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Партал:Гісторыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Historya" title="Portal:Historya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Portal:Historya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Портал:История – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Портал:История" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Gschicht" title="Portal:Gschicht – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Portal:Gschicht" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porched:Istor" title="Porched:Istor – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Porched:Istor" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Hist%C3%B2ria" title="Portal:Història – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Portal:Història" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganghaan:Kasaysayan" title="Ganghaan:Kasaysayan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ganghaan:Kasaysayan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Historie" title="Portál:Historie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Portál:Historie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Historia" title="Portal:Historia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Portal:Historia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungamo:Nhoroondo" title="Ungamo:Nhoroondo – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ungamo:Nhoroondo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Historie" title="Portal:Historie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Portal:Historie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9:%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="قيسارية:تاريخ – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="قيسارية:تاريخ" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geschichte" title="Portal:Geschichte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Portal:Geschichte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D:_%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="བརྡ་དོན།: ལོ་རྒྱུས། – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="བརྡ་དོན།: ལོ་རྒྱུས།" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaal:Ajalugu" title="Portaal:Ajalugu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Portaal:Ajalugu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B7:%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πύλη:Ιστορία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πύλη:Ιστορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Historia" title="Portal:Historia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Portal:Historia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portalo:Historio" title="Portalo:Historio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Portalo:Historio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari:Historia" title="Atari:Historia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Atari:Historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17580674 badge-featuredportal mw-list-item" title="featured portal badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87:%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="درگاه:تاریخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درگاه:تاریخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portail:Histoire" title="Portail:Histoire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Portail:Histoire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tema:Skiednis" title="Tema:Skiednis – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tema:Skiednis" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tarih" title="Portal:Tarih – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Portal:Tarih" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Historia" title="Portal:Historia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Portal:Historia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Portal:History" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%ED%84%B8:%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="포털:역사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포털:역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofa:Tarihi" title="Kofa:Tarihi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kofa:Tarihi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC:%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Պորտալ:Պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պորտալ:Պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0:%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="प्रवेशद्वार:इतिहास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रवेशद्वार:इतिहास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Povijest" title="Portal:Povijest – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Portal:Povijest" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sejarah" title="Portal:Sejarah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Portal:Sejarah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portale:Storia" title="Portale:Storia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Portale:Storia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C:%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="פורטל:היסטוריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פורטל:היסטוריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gapura:Sajarah" title="Gapura:Sajarah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gapura:Sajarah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Amlat" title="Portal:Amlat – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Portal:Amlat" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98:%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პორტალი:ისტორია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პორტალი:ისტორია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Портал:Тарих – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Портал:Тарих" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuveli:Izvopa" title="Tuveli:Izvopa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Tuveli:Izvopa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2tay:Istwa" title="Pòtay:Istwa – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pòtay:Istwa" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:D%C3%AErok" title="Portal:Dîrok – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Portal:Dîrok" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta:Historia" title="Porta:Historia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Porta:Historia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C4%81ls:V%C4%93sture" title="Portāls:Vēsture – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Portāls:Vēsture" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geschicht" title="Portal:Geschicht – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Portal:Geschicht" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikisritis:Istorija" title="Vikisritis:Istorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vikisritis:Istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Hikaya" title="Portal:Hikaya – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Portal:Hikaya" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:T%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelem" title="Portál:Történelem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Portál:Történelem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Портал:Историја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Портал:Историја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="കവാടം:ചരിത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കവാടം:ചരിത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8:%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="दालन:इतिहास – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दालन:इतिहास" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="بوابة:التاريخ – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بوابة:التاريخ" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA:%E1%80%9D%E1%81%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ပါင်မုက်:ဝၚ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ပါင်မုက်:ဝၚ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84:%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="پورتال:تاریخ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پورتال:تاریخ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sejarah" title="Portal:Sejarah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Portal:Sejarah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%81%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D:%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မုခ်ဝ:သမိုင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မုခ်ဝ:သမိုင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaal:Geschiedenis" title="Portaal:Geschiedenis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Portaal:Geschiedenis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2:%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="पोर्टल:इतिहास – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पोर्टल:इतिहास" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="Portal:歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Portal:歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purtale:Storia" title="Purtale:Storia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Purtale:Storia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2:%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Ков:Истори – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ков:Истори" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Historie" title="Portal:Historie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Portal:Historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tema:Historie" title="Tema:Historie – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tema:Historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Portal:Istòria – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Portal:Istòria" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tarix" title="Portal:Tarix – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Portal:Tarix" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%95:%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਫਾਟਕ:ਇਤਿਹਾਸ ਅਤੇ ਘਟਨਾਵਾਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫਾਟਕ:ਇਤਿਹਾਸ ਅਤੇ ਘਟਨਾਵਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A2:%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="بوآ:تریخ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بوآ:تریخ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%87:%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="تانبه:تاريخ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تانبه:تاريخ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Histo%C3%A8re" title="Portal:Histoère – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Portal:Histoère" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Historie" title="Portal:Historie – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Portal:Historie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Historia" title="Portal:Historia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Portal:Historia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17580674 badge-featuredportal mw-list-item" title="featured portal badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Hist%C3%B3ria" title="Portal:História – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Portal:História" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Istorie" title="Portal:Istorie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Portal:Istorie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punku_p%27anqa:_Wi%C3%B1ay_kawsay" title="Punku p'anqa: Wiñay kawsay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Punku p'anqa: Wiñay kawsay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Портал:История – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Портал:История" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portoal:Geskichte" title="Portoal:Geskichte – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Portoal:Geskichte" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Histori" title="Portal:Histori – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Portal:Histori" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA:%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BA" title="ද්වාරය:ඉතිහාසය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ද්වාරය:ඉතිහාසය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8:%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="باب:تاریخ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="باب:تاریخ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Hist%C3%B3ria" title="Portál:História – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Portál:História" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Zgodovina" title="Portal:Zgodovina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Portal:Zgodovina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Taariikh" title="Portal:Taariikh – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Portal:Taariikh" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%95:%D9%85%DB%8E%DA%98%D9%88%D9%88" title="دەروازە:مێژوو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەروازە:مێژوو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Портал:Историја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Портал:Историја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teemasivu:Historia" title="Teemasivu:Historia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Teemasivu:Historia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Historia" title="Portal:Historia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Portal:Historia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portada:Kasaysayan" title="Portada:Kasaysayan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Portada:Kasaysayan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D:%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="வலைவாசல்:வரலாறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வலைவாசல்:வரலாறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggur:Amzruy" title="Aggur:Amzruy – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Aggur:Amzruy" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Портал:Тарих – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Портал:Тарих" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%B5%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0:History" title="ၵိူၼ်ႇတူ:History – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၵိူၼ်ႇတူ:History" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="สถานีย่อย:ประวัติศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถานีย่อย:ประวัติศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Портал:Таърих – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Портал:Таърих" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17580674 badge-featuredportal mw-list-item" title="featured portal badge"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tarih" title="Portal:Tarih – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Portal:Tarih" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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.portal-column-right-extra-narrow{float:inherit;width:inherit}}</style> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wikipedia portal for content related to History</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <p><span class="anchor" id="portals-browsebar"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style></p><div class="hlist noprint" style="text-align: center"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal topics</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Human_activities" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Activities</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Culture_and_the_arts" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Geography_and_places" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Geography</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Health_and_fitness" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Health</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#History_and_events" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">History</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Mathematics_and_logic" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Mathematics</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Natural_and_physical_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Nature</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#People_and_self" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">People</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Philosophy_and_thinking" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Philosophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Religion_and_belief_systems" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Religion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Society_and_social_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Society</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Technology_and_applied_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Technology</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Special:RandomInCategory/All_portals" title="Special:RandomInCategory/All portals">Random portal</a></dd></dl> </div> <div style="background:#E9D0B6; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#B05F3C; padding: 10px;"> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #C27E3A;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#DAAF85;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="The_History_Portal" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><big>The History Portal</big></h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #C27E3A;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#fff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="float:right;margin-left:1em;text-align:center;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/The_Historians%27_History_of_the_World" title="The Historians' History of the World"><img alt="The Historians' History of the World" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Historians%27_History_of_the_World_-_Title_Page.jpg/200px-The_Historians%27_History_of_the_World_-_Title_Page.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Historians%27_History_of_the_World_-_Title_Page.jpg/300px-The_Historians%27_History_of_the_World_-_Title_Page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Historians%27_History_of_the_World_-_Title_Page.jpg/400px-The_Historians%27_History_of_the_World_-_Title_Page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="1254" /></a></span><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Historians%27_History_of_the_World" title="The Historians' History of the World">The Historians' History of the World</a></i> </p> </div> <p><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></b> (derived from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἱστορία">ἱστορία</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>historía</i></span>)</i> 'inquiry; knowledge acquired by investigation') is the systematic study and documentation of the human <a href="/wiki/Past" title="Past">past</a>. History is an <a href="/wiki/Academic_discipline" title="Academic discipline">academic discipline</a> which uses a <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narrative</a> to describe, examine, question, and analyze past events, and investigate their patterns of cause and effect. Historians debate which narrative best explains an event, as well as the significance of different causes and effects. Historians debate the <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">nature of history</a> as an end in itself, and its usefulness in giving perspective on the problems of the present. </p><p>The period of events before the <a href="/wiki/History_of_writing#Inventions_of_writing" title="History of writing">invention of writing systems</a> is considered <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a>. "History" is an <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella term">umbrella term</a> comprising past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of these events. <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">Historians</a> seek knowledge of the past using <a href="/wiki/Historical_source" title="Historical source">historical sources</a> such as written documents, oral accounts or <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">traditional oral histories</a>, art and material artifacts, and ecological markers. </p><p>Stories common to a particular culture, but not supported by external sources (such as the tales surrounding <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>), are usually classified as <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a> or <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legends</a>. History differs from <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a> in that it is supported by verifiable <a href="/wiki/Evidence" title="Evidence">evidence</a>. However, ancient cultural influences have helped create variant interpretations of the nature of history, which have evolved over the centuries and continue to change today. The modern study of history is wide-ranging, and includes the study of specific regions and certain topical or thematic elements of historical investigation. History is taught as a part of primary and secondary education, and the academic study of history is a <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_academic_disciplines#History" title="Outline of academic disciplines">major discipline</a> in universities. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, a 5th-century BCE <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_historiography" title="Hellenic historiography">Greek historian</a>, is often considered the "father of history", as one of the first historians in the Western tradition, though he has been criticized as the "father of lies". Along with his contemporary <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>, he helped form the foundations for the modern study of past events and societies. Their works continue to be read today, and the gap between the culture-focused Herodotus and the military-focused Thucydides remains a point of contention or approach in modern historical writing. In East Asia a state <a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">chronicle</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals" title="Spring and Autumn Annals">Spring and Autumn Annals</a></i>, was reputed to date from as early as 722 BCE, though only 2nd-century BCE texts have survived. The title "father of history" has also been attributed, in their respective societies, to <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Dike" title="Kenneth Dike">Kenneth Dike</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">Full article...</a></b>) </p> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_history" title="Outline of history">Outline of history</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Index_of_history_articles" title="Index of history articles">Index</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div style="text-align:center; margin:0.25em auto 0.75em"><span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:History&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><b>Refresh with new selections below (purge)</b></span></a></span></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996214246">.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container{clear:both;width:100%;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{float:left;width:50%;min-width:360px;padding:0 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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 1 British and Canadian forces attacking Arnold's column in the Sault-au-Matelot, Charles William Jefferys The Battle of Quebec (French: Bataille de Québec) was fought on December 31, 1775, between American Continental Army forces and the British defenders of Quebec City early in the American Revolutionary War. The battle was the first major defeat of the war for the Americans, and it came with heavy losses. General Richard Montgomery was killed, Benedict Arnold was wounded, and Daniel Morgan and more than 400 men were taken prisoner. The city's garrison, a motley assortment of regular troops and militia led by Quebec's provincial governor, General Guy Carleton, suffered a small number of casualties. Montgomery's army had captured Montreal on November 13, and early in December they became one force that was led by Arnold, whose men had made an arduous trek through the wilderness of northern New England. Governor Carleton had escaped from Montreal to Quebec, the Americans' next objective, and last-minute reinforcements arrived to bolster the city's limited defenses before the attacking force's arrival. Concerned that expiring enlistments would reduce his force, Montgomery made the end-of-year attack in a blinding snowstorm to conceal his army's movements. The plan was for separate forces led by Montgomery and Arnold to converge in the lower city before scaling the walls protecting the upper city. Montgomery's force turned back after he was killed by cannon fire early in the battle, but Arnold's force penetrated further into the lower city. Arnold was injured early in the attack, and Morgan led the assault in his place before he became trapped in the lower city and was forced to surrender. Arnold and the Americans maintained an ineffectual blockade of the city until spring, when British reinforcements arrived. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 1 British and Canadian forces attacking Arnold's column in the Sault-au-Matelot, Charles William Jefferys The Battle of Quebec (French: Bataille de Québec) was fought on December 31, 1775, between American Continental Army forces and the British defenders of Quebec City early in the American Revolutionary War. The battle was the first major defeat of the war for the Americans, and it came with heavy losses. General Richard Montgomery was killed, Benedict Arnold was wounded, and Daniel Morgan and more than 400 men were taken prisoner. The city's garrison, a motley assortment of regular troops and militia led by Quebec's provincial governor, General Guy Carleton, suffered a small number of casualties. Montgomery's army had captured Montreal on November 13, and early in December they became one force that was led by Arnold, whose men had made an arduous trek through the wilderness of northern New England. Governor Carleton had escaped from Montreal to Quebec, the Americans' next objective, and last-minute reinforcements arrived to bolster the city's limited defenses before the attacking force's arrival. Concerned that expiring enlistments would reduce his force, Montgomery made the end-of-year attack in a blinding snowstorm to conceal his army's movements. The plan was for separate forces led by Montgomery and Arnold to converge in the lower city before scaling the walls protecting the upper city. Montgomery's force turned back after he was killed by cannon fire early in the battle, but Arnold's force penetrated further into the lower city. Arnold was injured early in the attack, and Morgan led the assault in his place before he became trapped in the lower city and was forced to surrender. Arnold and the Americans maintained an ineffectual blockade of the city until spring, when British reinforcements arrived. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 1</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_militiamen_and_British_soldiers_repulse_the_American_assault_at_Sault-au-Matelot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="In this street battle scene, blue-coated American and British troops face each other in a blizzard. The high city walls are visible in the background to the left, and men fire from second-story windows of buildings lining the narrow lane. A body and scaling ladders lie in blood-stained snow in the foreground." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Canadian_militiamen_and_British_soldiers_repulse_the_American_assault_at_Sault-au-Matelot.jpg/300px-Canadian_militiamen_and_British_soldiers_repulse_the_American_assault_at_Sault-au-Matelot.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Canadian_militiamen_and_British_soldiers_repulse_the_American_assault_at_Sault-au-Matelot.jpg/450px-Canadian_militiamen_and_British_soldiers_repulse_the_American_assault_at_Sault-au-Matelot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Canadian_militiamen_and_British_soldiers_repulse_the_American_assault_at_Sault-au-Matelot.jpg/600px-Canadian_militiamen_and_British_soldiers_repulse_the_American_assault_at_Sault-au-Matelot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center"><i>British and Canadian forces attacking Arnold's column in the Sault-au-Matelot</i>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Jefferys" title="Charles William Jefferys">Charles William Jefferys</a></div></div></div></div><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Battle of Quebec (1775)">Battle of Quebec</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Bataille de Québec</i>) was fought on December 31, 1775, between American <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> forces and the British defenders of <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> early in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. The battle was the first major defeat of the war for the Americans, and it came with heavy losses. General <a href="/wiki/Richard_Montgomery" title="Richard Montgomery">Richard Montgomery</a> was killed, <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a> was wounded, and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Morgan" title="Daniel Morgan">Daniel Morgan</a> and more than 400 men were taken prisoner. The city's garrison, a motley assortment of regular troops and militia led by <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a>'s provincial governor, General <a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Guy Carleton</a>, suffered a small number of casualties.<br /><br />Montgomery's army had captured Montreal on November 13, and early in December they became one force that was led by Arnold, whose men had made an <a href="/wiki/Arnold%27s_expedition_to_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold's expedition to Quebec">arduous trek</a> through the wilderness of northern <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>. Governor Carleton had escaped from Montreal to Quebec, the Americans' next objective, and last-minute reinforcements arrived to bolster the city's limited defenses before the attacking force's arrival. Concerned that expiring enlistments would reduce his force, Montgomery made the end-of-year attack in a blinding snowstorm to conceal his army's movements. The plan was for separate forces led by Montgomery and Arnold to converge in the lower city before scaling the walls protecting the upper city. Montgomery's force turned back after he was killed by cannon fire early in the battle, but Arnold's force penetrated further into the lower city. Arnold was injured early in the attack, and Morgan led the assault in his place before he became trapped in the lower city and was forced to surrender. Arnold and the Americans maintained an ineffectual blockade of the city until spring, when British reinforcements arrived. (<b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Battle of Quebec (1775)">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 2 On November 2, 2002, U.S. Marine Corps Major Michael Brown attempted an indecent assault on a Filipina bartender in Okinawa, Japan. The bartender accused Brown of attempting to rape her and of throwing her cell phone into a nearby river; Brown denied the rape charges. The victim later recanted and attempted to withdraw the accusation, though prosecutors presented evidence that she had received a cash payment just before doing so. The case received extensive attention in the Japanese media, especially in Okinawa, and the crime sparked a public debate over the U.S. military presence in Japan, the privileges of extraterritoriality, as well as the fair-trial practices of Japanese legal system and the Japanese police. The case involved the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security Between the United States and Japan and the U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA). (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 2 On November 2, 2002, U.S. Marine Corps Major Michael Brown attempted an indecent assault on a Filipina bartender in Okinawa, Japan. The bartender accused Brown of attempting to rape her and of throwing her cell phone into a nearby river; Brown denied the rape charges. The victim later recanted and attempted to withdraw the accusation, though prosecutors presented evidence that she had received a cash payment just before doing so. The case received extensive attention in the Japanese media, especially in Okinawa, and the crime sparked a public debate over the U.S. military presence in Japan, the privileges of extraterritoriality, as well as the fair-trial practices of Japanese legal system and the Japanese police. The case involved the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security Between the United States and Japan and the U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA). (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 2</span></span><div style="text-align:left;">On November 2, 2002, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">U.S. Marine Corps</a> <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">Major</a> Michael Brown attempted an <a href="/wiki/Indecent_assault" title="Indecent assault">indecent assault</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipina</a> <a href="/wiki/Bartender" title="Bartender">bartender</a> in <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Island" title="Okinawa Island">Okinawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. The bartender accused Brown of attempting to <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a> her and of throwing her cell phone into a nearby river; Brown denied the rape charges. The victim later recanted and attempted to withdraw the accusation, though prosecutors presented evidence that she had received a cash payment just before doing so.<br /><br />The case received extensive attention in the <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Japan" title="Mass media in Japan">Japanese media</a>, especially in Okinawa, and the crime sparked a public debate over the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forces_Japan" title="United States Forces Japan">U.S. military presence in Japan</a>, the privileges of <a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">extraterritoriality</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">fair-trial</a> practices of <a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice_system_of_Japan" title="Criminal justice system of Japan">Japanese legal system</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Japan" title="Law enforcement in Japan">Japanese police</a>. The case involved the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mutual_Cooperation_and_Security_Between_the_United_States_and_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security Between the United States and Japan">Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security Between the United States and Japan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Japan_Status_of_Forces_Agreement" title="U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement">U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement</a> (SOFA). (<b><a href="/wiki/Michael_Brown_Okinawa_assault_incident" title="Michael Brown Okinawa assault incident">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 3 Air Commodore Bladin in 1943 Air Vice-Marshal Francis Masson Bladin, CB, CBE (26 August 1898 – 2 February 1978) was a senior commander in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). Born in rural Victoria, he graduated from the Royal Military College, Duntroon, in 1920. Bladin transferred from the Army to the Air Force in 1923, and learned to fly at RAAF Point Cook, Victoria. He held training appointments before taking command of No. 1 Squadron in 1934. Quiet but authoritative, he was nicknamed "Dad" in tribute to the concern he displayed for the welfare of his personnel. Ranked wing commander at the outbreak of World War II, by September 1941 Bladin had been raised to temporary air commodore. He became Air Officer Commanding North-Western Area in March 1942, following the first Japanese air raids on Darwin, Northern Territory. Personally leading sorties against enemy territory, he earned the United States Silver Star for gallantry. In July 1943, Bladin was posted to No. 38 Group RAF in Europe, where he was mentioned in despatches. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire the same year. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 3 Air Commodore Bladin in 1943 Air Vice-Marshal Francis Masson Bladin, CB, CBE (26 August 1898 – 2 February 1978) was a senior commander in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). Born in rural Victoria, he graduated from the Royal Military College, Duntroon, in 1920. Bladin transferred from the Army to the Air Force in 1923, and learned to fly at RAAF Point Cook, Victoria. He held training appointments before taking command of No. 1 Squadron in 1934. Quiet but authoritative, he was nicknamed "Dad" in tribute to the concern he displayed for the welfare of his personnel. Ranked wing commander at the outbreak of World War II, by September 1941 Bladin had been raised to temporary air commodore. He became Air Officer Commanding North-Western Area in March 1942, following the first Japanese air raids on Darwin, Northern Territory. Personally leading sorties against enemy territory, he earned the United States Silver Star for gallantry. In July 1943, Bladin was posted to No. 38 Group RAF in Europe, where he was mentioned in despatches. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire the same year. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 3</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:UK0481Bladin1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/UK0481Bladin1943.jpg/220px-UK0481Bladin1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/UK0481Bladin1943.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Air Commodore Bladin in 1943</div></div></div></div><br /><a href="/wiki/Air_Vice-Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Vice-Marshal">Air Vice-Marshal</a> <b><a href="/wiki/Frank_Bladin" title="Frank Bladin">Francis Masson Bladin</a></b>, <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Bath">CB</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">CBE</a></span></span> (26 August 1898 – 2 February 1978) was a senior commander in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a> (RAAF). Born in rural <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a>, he graduated from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Duntroon" title="Royal Military College, Duntroon">Royal Military College, Duntroon</a>, in 1920. Bladin transferred from the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Army" title="Australian Army">Army</a> to the Air Force in 1923, and learned to fly at <a href="/wiki/RAAF_Williams#RAAF_Base_Point_Cook" title="RAAF Williams">RAAF Point Cook</a>, Victoria. He held training appointments before taking command of <a href="/wiki/No._1_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 1 Squadron RAAF">No. 1 Squadron</a> in 1934. Quiet but authoritative, he was nicknamed "Dad" in tribute to the concern he displayed for the welfare of his personnel.<br /><br />Ranked <a href="/wiki/Wing_commander" title="Wing commander">wing commander</a> at the outbreak of World War II, by September 1941 Bladin had been raised to temporary <a href="/wiki/Air_commodore" title="Air commodore">air commodore</a>. He became <a href="/wiki/Air_Officer_Commanding" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Officer Commanding">Air Officer Commanding</a> <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Area_Command_(RAAF)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-Western Area Command (RAAF)">North-Western Area</a> in March 1942, following the first <a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Australia,_1942%E2%80%931943" class="mw-redirect" title="Air raids on Australia, 1942–1943">Japanese air raids</a> on <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a>, Northern Territory. Personally leading <a href="/wiki/Sortie" title="Sortie">sorties</a> against enemy territory, he earned the United States <a href="/wiki/Silver_Star" title="Silver Star">Silver Star</a> for gallantry. In July 1943, Bladin was posted to <a href="/wiki/No._38_Group_RAF" title="No. 38 Group RAF">No. 38 Group RAF</a> in Europe, where he was <a href="/wiki/Mentioned_in_despatches" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentioned in despatches">mentioned in despatches</a>. He was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a> the same year. (<b><a href="/wiki/Frank_Bladin" title="Frank Bladin">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 4 Map of the Greek and Latin states in southern Greece c. 1278 The Battle of Halmyros, known by earlier scholars as the Battle of the Cephissus or Battle of Orchomenos, was fought on 15 March 1311, between the forces of the Frankish Duchy of Athens and its vassals under Walter of Brienne against the mercenaries of the Catalan Company, resulting in a decisive victory for the mercenaries. Engaged in conflict with their original employers, the Byzantine Empire, the Catalan Company had traversed the southern Balkans and arrived in southern Greece in 1309. The new Duke of Athens, Walter of Brienne, hired them to attack the Greek ruler of neighbouring Thessaly. Although the Catalans conquered much of the region for him, Walter refused to pay them and prepared to forcibly expel them from their gains. The two armies met at Halmyros in southern Thessaly (or at the Boeotic Cephissus, near Orchomenos, according to an earlier interpretation). On the Athenian side, many of the most important lords of Frankish Greece were present. The Catalans were considerably outnumbered and weakened by the reluctance of their Turkish auxiliaries to fight. They did have the advantage of selecting the battleground, positioning themselves behind marshy terrain, which they further inundated. Walter, a prideful man and confident in the prowess of his heavy cavalry, charged headlong against the Catalan line. The marsh impeded the Frankish attack and the Catalan infantry stood firm. The Turks re-joined the Company and the Frankish army was routed, with Walter and almost the entire knighthood of his realm falling in the field. Subsequently the Catalans took over the leaderless Duchy of Athens, ruling that part of Greece until the 1380s. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 4 Map of the Greek and Latin states in southern Greece c. 1278 The Battle of Halmyros, known by earlier scholars as the Battle of the Cephissus or Battle of Orchomenos, was fought on 15 March 1311, between the forces of the Frankish Duchy of Athens and its vassals under Walter of Brienne against the mercenaries of the Catalan Company, resulting in a decisive victory for the mercenaries. Engaged in conflict with their original employers, the Byzantine Empire, the Catalan Company had traversed the southern Balkans and arrived in southern Greece in 1309. The new Duke of Athens, Walter of Brienne, hired them to attack the Greek ruler of neighbouring Thessaly. Although the Catalans conquered much of the region for him, Walter refused to pay them and prepared to forcibly expel them from their gains. The two armies met at Halmyros in southern Thessaly (or at the Boeotic Cephissus, near Orchomenos, according to an earlier interpretation). On the Athenian side, many of the most important lords of Frankish Greece were present. The Catalans were considerably outnumbered and weakened by the reluctance of their Turkish auxiliaries to fight. They did have the advantage of selecting the battleground, positioning themselves behind marshy terrain, which they further inundated. Walter, a prideful man and confident in the prowess of his heavy cavalry, charged headlong against the Catalan line. The marsh impeded the Frankish attack and the Catalan infantry stood firm. The Turks re-joined the Company and the Frankish army was routed, with Walter and almost the entire knighthood of his realm falling in the field. Subsequently the Catalans took over the leaderless Duchy of Athens, ruling that part of Greece until the 1380s. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 4</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Greece_in_1278.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greece_in_1278.svg/220px-Greece_in_1278.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greece_in_1278.svg/330px-Greece_in_1278.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greece_in_1278.svg/440px-Greece_in_1278.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Map of the Greek and Latin states in southern Greece <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1278</span></div></div></div></div><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Halmyros" title="Battle of Halmyros">Battle of Halmyros</a></b>, known by earlier scholars as the <b>Battle of the Cephissus</b> or <b>Battle of Orchomenos</b>, was fought on 15 March 1311, between the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Greece">Frankish</a> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Athens" title="Duchy of Athens">Duchy of Athens</a> and its vassals under <a href="/wiki/Walter_V_of_Brienne" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter V of Brienne">Walter of Brienne</a> against the mercenaries of the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Company" title="Catalan Company">Catalan Company</a>, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Decisive_victory" title="Decisive victory">decisive victory</a> for the mercenaries.<br /><br />Engaged in conflict with their original employers, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, the Catalan Company had traversed the southern <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and arrived in southern Greece in 1309. The new Duke of Athens, Walter of Brienne, hired them to attack the Greek ruler of neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>. Although the Catalans conquered much of the region for him, Walter refused to pay them and prepared to forcibly expel them from their gains. The two armies met at <a href="/wiki/Halmyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Halmyros">Halmyros</a> in southern Thessaly (or at the <a href="/wiki/Boeotic_Cephissus" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeotic Cephissus">Boeotic Cephissus</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Orchomenus_(Boeotia)" title="Orchomenus (Boeotia)">Orchomenos</a>, according to an earlier interpretation). On the Athenian side, many of the most important lords of Frankish Greece were present. The Catalans were considerably outnumbered and weakened by the reluctance of their Turkish auxiliaries to fight. They did have the advantage of selecting the battleground, positioning themselves behind marshy terrain, which they further inundated. Walter, a prideful man and confident in the prowess of his heavy cavalry, charged headlong against the Catalan line. The marsh impeded the Frankish attack and the Catalan infantry stood firm. The Turks re-joined the Company and the Frankish army was routed, with Walter and almost the entire knighthood of his realm falling in the field. Subsequently the Catalans took over the leaderless Duchy of Athens, ruling that part of Greece until the 1380s. (<b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Halmyros" title="Battle of Halmyros">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 5 Song dynasty river ship armed with a trebuchet catapult on its top deck, from the Wujing Zongyao The Battle of Caishi (Chinese: 采石之戰) was a major naval engagement of the Jin–Song Wars of China that took place on November 26–27, 1161. It ended with a decisive Song victory, aided by their use of gunpowder weapons. Soldiers under the command of Wanyan Liang, the emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty, tried to cross the Yangzi River to attack the Southern Song dynasty. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 5 Song dynasty river ship armed with a trebuchet catapult on its top deck, from the Wujing Zongyao The Battle of Caishi (Chinese: 采石之戰) was a major naval engagement of the Jin–Song Wars of China that took place on November 26–27, 1161. It ended with a decisive Song victory, aided by their use of gunpowder weapons. Soldiers under the command of Wanyan Liang, the emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty, tried to cross the Yangzi River to attack the Southern Song dynasty. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 5</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Songrivership3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Song Dynasty river ship with a catapult on its top deck" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Songrivership3.jpg/300px-Songrivership3.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Songrivership3.jpg/450px-Songrivership3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Songrivership3.jpg/600px-Songrivership3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1709" data-file-height="1281" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Song dynasty river ship armed with a <a href="/wiki/Trebuchet" title="Trebuchet">trebuchet</a> catapult on its top deck, from the <i><a href="/wiki/Wujing_Zongyao" title="Wujing Zongyao">Wujing Zongyao</a></i></div></div></div></div><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caishi" title="Battle of Caishi">Battle of Caishi</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">采石之戰</span>) was a major naval engagement of the <a href="/wiki/Jin%E2%80%93Song_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin–Song Wars">Jin–Song Wars</a> of China that took place on November 26–27, 1161. It ended with a decisive Song victory, aided by their use of gunpowder weapons.<br /><br />Soldiers under the command of <a href="/wiki/Wanyan_Liang" title="Wanyan Liang">Wanyan Liang</a>, the emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a>, tried to cross the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangzi River</a> to attack the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song dynasty">Southern Song dynasty</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caishi" title="Battle of Caishi">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 6 Queen Isabeau receiving Christine de Pizan's Le Livre de la Cité des Dames, c. 1410–1414. Illumination on parchment, British Library Isabeau of Bavaria (or Isabelle; also Elisabeth of Bavaria-Ingolstadt; c. 1370 – September 1435) was Queen of France as the wife of King Charles VI from 1385 to 1422. She was born into the House of Wittelsbach as the only daughter of Duke Stephen III of Bavaria-Ingolstadt and Taddea Visconti of Milan. At age 15 or 16, Isabeau was sent to France to marry the young Charles VI; the couple wed three days after their first meeting. Isabeau was honored in 1389 with a lavish coronation ceremony and entry into Paris. In 1392, Charles suffered the first attack of what was to become a lifelong and progressive mental illness, resulting in periodic withdrawal from government. The episodes occurred with increasing frequency, leaving a court both divided by political factions and steeped in social extravagances. A 1393 masque for one of Isabeau's ladies-in-waiting—an event later known as Bal des Ardents—ended in disaster with Charles almost burning to death. Although the King demanded Isabeau's removal from his presence during his illness, he consistently allowed her to act on his behalf. In this way she became regent to the Dauphin of France (heir apparent), and sat on the regency council, allowing her far more power than was usual for a medieval queen. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 6 Queen Isabeau receiving Christine de Pizan's Le Livre de la Cité des Dames, c. 1410–1414. Illumination on parchment, British Library Isabeau of Bavaria (or Isabelle; also Elisabeth of Bavaria-Ingolstadt; c. 1370 – September 1435) was Queen of France as the wife of King Charles VI from 1385 to 1422. She was born into the House of Wittelsbach as the only daughter of Duke Stephen III of Bavaria-Ingolstadt and Taddea Visconti of Milan. At age 15 or 16, Isabeau was sent to France to marry the young Charles VI; the couple wed three days after their first meeting. Isabeau was honored in 1389 with a lavish coronation ceremony and entry into Paris. In 1392, Charles suffered the first attack of what was to become a lifelong and progressive mental illness, resulting in periodic withdrawal from government. The episodes occurred with increasing frequency, leaving a court both divided by political factions and steeped in social extravagances. A 1393 masque for one of Isabeau's ladies-in-waiting—an event later known as Bal des Ardents—ended in disaster with Charles almost burning to death. Although the King demanded Isabeau's removal from his presence during his illness, he consistently allowed her to act on his behalf. In this way she became regent to the Dauphin of France (heir apparent), and sat on the regency council, allowing her far more power than was usual for a medieval queen. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 6</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Christine_de_Pisan_and_Queen_Isabeau_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Christine_de_Pisan_and_Queen_Isabeau_detail.jpg/220px-Christine_de_Pisan_and_Queen_Isabeau_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Christine_de_Pisan_and_Queen_Isabeau_detail.jpg/330px-Christine_de_Pisan_and_Queen_Isabeau_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Christine_de_Pisan_and_Queen_Isabeau_detail.jpg/440px-Christine_de_Pisan_and_Queen_Isabeau_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Queen Isabeau receiving <a href="/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">Christine de Pizan</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Livre_de_la_Cit%C3%A9_des_Dames" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Livre de la Cité des Dames">Le Livre de la Cité des Dames</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1410–1414</span>. Illumination on parchment, <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a></div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Isabeau_of_Bavaria" title="Isabeau of Bavaria">Isabeau of Bavaria</a></b> (or <b>Isabelle</b>; also <b>Elisabeth of Bavaria-Ingolstadt</b>; c. 1370 – September 1435) was <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of France">Queen of France</a> as the wife of King <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI</a> from 1385 to 1422. She was born into the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">House of Wittelsbach</a> as the only daughter of Duke <a href="/wiki/Stephen_III_of_Bavaria-Ingolstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen III of Bavaria-Ingolstadt">Stephen III of Bavaria-Ingolstadt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taddea_Visconti" title="Taddea Visconti">Taddea Visconti</a> of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>. At age 15 or 16, Isabeau was sent to France to marry the young Charles VI; the couple wed three days after their first meeting. Isabeau was honored in 1389 with a lavish <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_French_monarch" title="Coronation of the French monarch">coronation</a> ceremony and entry into Paris. <br /><br />In 1392, Charles suffered the first attack of what was to become a lifelong and progressive mental illness, resulting in periodic withdrawal from government. The episodes occurred with increasing frequency, leaving a court both divided by political factions and steeped in social extravagances. A 1393 <a href="/wiki/Masque" title="Masque">masque</a> for one of Isabeau's <a href="/wiki/Ladies-in-waiting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladies-in-waiting">ladies-in-waiting</a>—an event later known as <i><a href="/wiki/Bal_des_Ardents" title="Bal des Ardents">Bal des Ardents</a></i>—ended in disaster with Charles almost burning to death. Although the King demanded Isabeau's removal from his presence during his illness, he consistently allowed her to act on his behalf. In this way she became <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphin of France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a>), and sat on the regency council, allowing her far more power than was usual for a medieval queen. (<b><a href="/wiki/Isabeau_of_Bavaria" title="Isabeau of Bavaria">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 7 Muhammad I (red tunic and shield) depicted leading his troops during the Mudéjar revolt of 1264–1266 in the Cantigas de Santa Maria Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Nasr (Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد بن يوسف بن نصر, romanized: Muḥammad ibn Yūsuf ibn Naṣr; c. 1195 – 22 January 1273), also known as Ibn al-Ahmar (ابن الأحمر, lit. 'Son of the Red') and by his honorific al-Ghalib billah (الغالب بالله, lit. 'The Victor by the Grace of God'), was the first ruler of the Emirate of Granada, the last independent Muslim state on the Iberian Peninsula, and the founder of its ruling Nasrid dynasty. He lived during a time when Iberia's Christian kingdoms—especially Portugal, Castile and Aragon—were expanding at the expense of the Islamic territory in Iberia, called Al-Andalus. Muhammad ibn Yusuf took power in his native Arjona in 1232 when he rebelled against the de facto leader of Al-Andalus, Ibn Hud. During this rebellion, he was able to take control of Córdoba and Seville briefly, before he lost both cities to Ibn Hud. Forced to acknowledge Ibn Hud's suzerainty, Muhammad was able to retain Arjona and Jaén. In 1236, he betrayed Ibn Hud by helping Ferdinand III of Castile take Córdoba. In the years that followed, Muhammad was able to gain control over southern cities, including Granada (1237), Almería (1238), and Málaga (1239). In 1244, he lost Arjona to Castile. Two years later, in 1246, he agreed to surrender Jaén and accept Ferdinand's overlordship in exchange for a 20-year truce. In the 18 years that followed, Muhammad consolidated his domain by maintaining relatively peaceful relations with the Crown of Castile; in 1248; he even helped the Christian kingdom take Seville from the Muslims. But in 1264, he turned against Castile and assisted in the unsuccessful rebellion of Castile's newly conquered Muslim subjects. In 1266 his allies in Málaga, the Banu Ashqilula, rebelled against the emirate. When these former allies sought assistance from Alfonso X of Castile, Muhammad was able to convince the leader of the Castilian troops, Nuño González de Lara, to turn against Alfonso. By 1272 Nuño González was actively fighting Castile. The emirate's conflict with Castile and the Banu Ashqilula was still unresolved in 1273 when Muhammad died after falling off his horse. He was succeeded by his son, Muhammad II. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 7 Muhammad I (red tunic and shield) depicted leading his troops during the Mudéjar revolt of 1264–1266 in the Cantigas de Santa Maria Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Nasr (Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد بن يوسف بن نصر, romanized: Muḥammad ibn Yūsuf ibn Naṣr; c. 1195 – 22 January 1273), also known as Ibn al-Ahmar (ابن الأحمر, lit. 'Son of the Red') and by his honorific al-Ghalib billah (الغالب بالله, lit. 'The Victor by the Grace of God'), was the first ruler of the Emirate of Granada, the last independent Muslim state on the Iberian Peninsula, and the founder of its ruling Nasrid dynasty. He lived during a time when Iberia's Christian kingdoms—especially Portugal, Castile and Aragon—were expanding at the expense of the Islamic territory in Iberia, called Al-Andalus. Muhammad ibn Yusuf took power in his native Arjona in 1232 when he rebelled against the de facto leader of Al-Andalus, Ibn Hud. During this rebellion, he was able to take control of Córdoba and Seville briefly, before he lost both cities to Ibn Hud. Forced to acknowledge Ibn Hud's suzerainty, Muhammad was able to retain Arjona and Jaén. In 1236, he betrayed Ibn Hud by helping Ferdinand III of Castile take Córdoba. In the years that followed, Muhammad was able to gain control over southern cities, including Granada (1237), Almería (1238), and Málaga (1239). In 1244, he lost Arjona to Castile. Two years later, in 1246, he agreed to surrender Jaén and accept Ferdinand's overlordship in exchange for a 20-year truce. In the 18 years that followed, Muhammad consolidated his domain by maintaining relatively peaceful relations with the Crown of Castile; in 1248; he even helped the Christian kingdom take Seville from the Muslims. But in 1264, he turned against Castile and assisted in the unsuccessful rebellion of Castile's newly conquered Muslim subjects. In 1266 his allies in Málaga, the Banu Ashqilula, rebelled against the emirate. When these former allies sought assistance from Alfonso X of Castile, Muhammad was able to convince the leader of the Castilian troops, Nuño González de Lara, to turn against Alfonso. By 1272 Nuño González was actively fighting Castile. The emirate's conflict with Castile and the Banu Ashqilula was still unresolved in 1273 when Muhammad died after falling off his horse. He was succeeded by his son, Muhammad II. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 7</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad_I_Granada_cropped_CSM_185_(187).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Muhammad_I_Granada_cropped_CSM_185_%28187%29.jpg/220px-Muhammad_I_Granada_cropped_CSM_185_%28187%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Muhammad_I_Granada_cropped_CSM_185_%28187%29.jpg/330px-Muhammad_I_Granada_cropped_CSM_185_%28187%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Muhammad_I_Granada_cropped_CSM_185_%28187%29.jpg/440px-Muhammad_I_Granada_cropped_CSM_185_%28187%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Muhammad I (<i>red tunic and shield</i>) depicted leading his troops during the <a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_revolt_of_1264%E2%80%931266" title="Mudéjar revolt of 1264–1266">Mudéjar revolt of 1264–1266</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria" title="Cantigas de Santa Maria">Cantigas de Santa Maria</a></i></div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_of_Granada" title="Muhammad I of Granada">Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Nasr</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أبو عبد الله محمد بن يوسف بن نصر</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Muḥammad ibn Yūsuf ibn Naṣr</i></span>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1195</span> – 22 January 1273), also known as <b>Ibn al-Ahmar</b> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ابن الأحمر</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Son of the Red</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) and by his <a href="/wiki/Laqab" class="mw-redirect" title="Laqab">honorific</a> <b>al-Ghalib billah</b> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الغالب بالله</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">The Victor by the Grace of God</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), was the first ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a>, the last independent Muslim state on the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, and the founder of its ruling <a href="/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty" title="Nasrid dynasty">Nasrid dynasty</a>. He lived during a time when Iberia's Christian kingdoms—especially <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a>—were <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">expanding</a> at the expense of the Islamic territory in Iberia, called <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>. Muhammad ibn Yusuf took power in his native <a href="/wiki/Arjona,_Spain" title="Arjona, Spain">Arjona</a> in 1232 when he rebelled against the de facto leader of Al-Andalus, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hud" title="Ibn Hud">Ibn Hud</a>. During this rebellion, he was able to take control of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> briefly, before he lost both cities to Ibn Hud. Forced to acknowledge Ibn Hud's <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a>, Muhammad was able to retain Arjona and <a href="/wiki/Ja%C3%A9n,_Spain" title="Jaén, Spain">Jaén</a>. In 1236, he betrayed Ibn Hud by helping <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III of Castile</a> take Córdoba. In the years that followed, Muhammad was able to gain control over southern cities, including <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a> (1237), <a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa" title="Almería">Almería</a> (1238), and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a> (1239). In 1244, he lost Arjona to Castile. Two years later, in 1246, he <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ja%C3%A9n_(1245%E2%80%9346)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jaén (1245–46)">agreed to surrender Jaén</a> and accept Ferdinand's overlordship in exchange for a 20-year truce.<br /><br />In the 18 years that followed, Muhammad consolidated his domain by maintaining relatively peaceful relations with the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a>; in 1248; he even helped the Christian kingdom take Seville from the Muslims. But in 1264, he turned against Castile and assisted in the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_revolt_of_1264%E2%80%9366" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudéjar revolt of 1264–66">rebellion</a> of Castile's newly conquered Muslim subjects. In 1266 his allies in Málaga, the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ashqilula" title="Banu Ashqilula">Banu Ashqilula</a>, rebelled against the emirate. When these former allies sought assistance from <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X of Castile</a>, Muhammad was able to convince the leader of the Castilian troops, <a href="/wiki/Nu%C3%B1o_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Lara_(died_1275)" title="Nuño González de Lara (died 1275)">Nuño González de Lara</a>, to turn against Alfonso. By 1272 Nuño González was actively fighting Castile. The emirate's conflict with Castile and the Banu Ashqilula was still unresolved in 1273 when Muhammad died after falling off his horse. He was succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_al-Faqih" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad II al-Faqih">Muhammad II</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_of_Granada" title="Muhammad I of Granada">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 8 Official portrait, 1945 George Smith Patton III (November 11, 1885 – December 21, 1945) was a general in the United States Army who commanded the Seventh Army in the Mediterranean Theater of World War II, then the Third Army in France and Germany after the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944. Born in 1885, Patton attended the Virginia Military Institute and the United States Military Academy at West Point. He studied fencing and designed the M1913 Cavalry Saber, more commonly known as the "Patton Saber." He competed in the modern pentathlon in the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. Patton entered combat during the Pancho Villa Expedition of 1916, the United States' first military action using motor vehicles. He fought in World War I as part of the new United States Tank Corps of the American Expeditionary Forces: he commanded the U.S. tank school in France, then led tanks into combat and was wounded near the end of the war. In the interwar period, Patton became a central figure in the development of the army's armored warfare doctrine, serving in numerous staff positions throughout the country. At the United States' entry into World War II, he commanded the 2nd Armored Division. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 8 Official portrait, 1945 George Smith Patton III (November 11, 1885 – December 21, 1945) was a general in the United States Army who commanded the Seventh Army in the Mediterranean Theater of World War II, then the Third Army in France and Germany after the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944. Born in 1885, Patton attended the Virginia Military Institute and the United States Military Academy at West Point. He studied fencing and designed the M1913 Cavalry Saber, more commonly known as the "Patton Saber." He competed in the modern pentathlon in the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. Patton entered combat during the Pancho Villa Expedition of 1916, the United States' first military action using motor vehicles. He fought in World War I as part of the new United States Tank Corps of the American Expeditionary Forces: he commanded the U.S. tank school in France, then led tanks into combat and was wounded near the end of the war. In the interwar period, Patton became a central figure in the development of the army's armored warfare doctrine, serving in numerous staff positions throughout the country. At the United States' entry into World War II, he commanded the 2nd Armored Division. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 8</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:General_George_Patton_by_Robert_F._Cranston,_Lee_Elkins,_and_Harry_Warnecke,_1945,_color_carbro_print,_from_the_National_Portrait_Gallery_-_NPG-NPG_95_404Patton-000002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/General_George_Patton_by_Robert_F._Cranston%2C_Lee_Elkins%2C_and_Harry_Warnecke%2C_1945%2C_color_carbro_print%2C_from_the_National_Portrait_Gallery_-_NPG-NPG_95_404Patton-000002.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/General_George_Patton_by_Robert_F._Cranston%2C_Lee_Elkins%2C_and_Harry_Warnecke%2C_1945%2C_color_carbro_print%2C_from_the_National_Portrait_Gallery_-_NPG-NPG_95_404Patton-000002.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/General_George_Patton_by_Robert_F._Cranston%2C_Lee_Elkins%2C_and_Harry_Warnecke%2C_1945%2C_color_carbro_print%2C_from_the_National_Portrait_Gallery_-_NPG-NPG_95_404Patton-000002.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3732" data-file-height="4718" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Official portrait, 1945</div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George Smith Patton III</a></b> (November 11, 1885 – December 21, 1945) was a <a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">general</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> who commanded the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_United_States_Army" title="Seventh United States Army">Seventh Army</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Theater_of_Operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Theater of Operations">Mediterranean Theater</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, then the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Central" title="United States Army Central">Third Army</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">France and Germany</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Normandy">invasion of Normandy</a> in June 1944.<br /><br />Born in 1885, Patton attended the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Virginia Military Institute">Virginia Military Institute</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> at <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">West Point</a>. He studied <a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">fencing</a> and designed the <a href="/wiki/Model_1913_Cavalry_Saber" title="Model 1913 Cavalry Saber">M1913 Cavalry Saber</a>, more commonly known as the "Patton Saber." He competed in the <a href="/wiki/Modern_pentathlon" title="Modern pentathlon">modern pentathlon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics" title="Modern pentathlon at the 1912 Summer Olympics">1912 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden. Patton entered combat during the <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition" title="Pancho Villa Expedition">Pancho Villa Expedition</a> of 1916, the United States' first military action using motor vehicles. He fought in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> as part of the new <a href="/wiki/Tank_Corps_of_the_American_Expeditionary_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Tank Corps of the American Expeditionary Force">United States Tank Corps</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Forces" title="American Expeditionary Forces">American Expeditionary Forces</a>: he commanded the U.S. tank school in France, then led tanks into combat and was wounded near the end of the war. In the interwar period, Patton became a central figure in the development of the army's <a href="/wiki/Armored_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored warfare">armored warfare</a> doctrine, serving in numerous staff positions throughout the country. At the United States' entry into World War II, he commanded the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="2nd Armored Division (United States)">2nd Armored Division</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 9 No. 79 Squadron is a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) flight training unit that has been formed on four occasions since 1943. The squadron was established in May 1943 as a fighter unit equipped with Supermarine Spitfires, and subsequently saw combat in the South West Pacific theatre of World War II. Between June 1943 and the end of the war in August 1945 it flew air defence patrols to protect Allied bases and ships, escorted Australian and United States aircraft, and attacked Japanese positions. The squadron was disbanded in November 1945, but was re-formed between 1962 and 1968 to operate CAC Sabres from Ubon Air Base in Thailand. In this role it contributed to the defence of Thailand against a feared attack from its neighbouring states and exercised with United States Air Force units. No. 79 Squadron was active again at RAAF Base Butterworth in Malaysia between 1986 and 1988 where it operated Mirage III fighters and a single DHC-4 Caribou transport during the period in which the RAAF's fighter squadrons were transitioning to new aircraft. The squadron was re-formed in its present incarnation during 1998 and is currently stationed at RAAF Base Pearce, where it has operated Hawk 127 jet training aircraft since 2000. The unit's main role is to provide introductory jet aircraft training to RAAF pilots as well as refresher training on the Hawk for experienced pilots. No. 79 Squadron also supports Australian Army and Royal Australian Navy training exercises in Western Australia and the Northern Territory. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 9 No. 79 Squadron is a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) flight training unit that has been formed on four occasions since 1943. The squadron was established in May 1943 as a fighter unit equipped with Supermarine Spitfires, and subsequently saw combat in the South West Pacific theatre of World War II. Between June 1943 and the end of the war in August 1945 it flew air defence patrols to protect Allied bases and ships, escorted Australian and United States aircraft, and attacked Japanese positions. The squadron was disbanded in November 1945, but was re-formed between 1962 and 1968 to operate CAC Sabres from Ubon Air Base in Thailand. In this role it contributed to the defence of Thailand against a feared attack from its neighbouring states and exercised with United States Air Force units. No. 79 Squadron was active again at RAAF Base Butterworth in Malaysia between 1986 and 1988 where it operated Mirage III fighters and a single DHC-4 Caribou transport during the period in which the RAAF's fighter squadrons were transitioning to new aircraft. The squadron was re-formed in its present incarnation during 1998 and is currently stationed at RAAF Base Pearce, where it has operated Hawk 127 jet training aircraft since 2000. The unit's main role is to provide introductory jet aircraft training to RAAF pilots as well as refresher training on the Hawk for experienced pilots. No. 79 Squadron also supports Australian Army and Royal Australian Navy training exercises in Western Australia and the Northern Territory. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 9</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/No._79_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 79 Squadron RAAF">No. 79 Squadron</a></b> is a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a> (RAAF) <a href="/wiki/Flight_training" title="Flight training">flight training</a> unit that has been formed on four occasions since 1943. The <a href="/wiki/Squadron_(aviation)" title="Squadron (aviation)">squadron</a> was established in May 1943 as a <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter</a> unit equipped with <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Supermarine Spitfires</a>, and subsequently saw combat in the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South West Pacific theatre of World War II</a>. Between June 1943 and the end of the war in August 1945 it flew air defence patrols to protect <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> bases and ships, escorted Australian and United States aircraft, and attacked <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a> positions. The squadron was disbanded in November 1945, but was re-formed between 1962 and 1968 to operate <a href="/wiki/CAC_Sabre" title="CAC Sabre">CAC Sabres</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ubon_Royal_Thai_Air_Force_Base" title="Ubon Royal Thai Air Force Base">Ubon Air Base</a> in Thailand. In this role it contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Thailand in the Vietnam War">defence of Thailand</a> against a feared attack from its neighbouring states and exercised with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_in_Thailand" title="United States Air Force in Thailand">United States Air Force</a> units. No. 79 Squadron was active again at <a href="/wiki/RMAF_Butterworth" class="mw-redirect" title="RMAF Butterworth">RAAF Base Butterworth</a> in Malaysia between 1986 and 1988 where it operated <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_III" title="Dassault Mirage III">Mirage III</a> fighters and a single <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-4_Caribou" title="De Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou">DHC-4 Caribou</a> transport during the period in which the RAAF's fighter squadrons were transitioning to new aircraft.<br /><br />The squadron was re-formed in its present incarnation during 1998 and is currently stationed at <a href="/wiki/RAAF_Base_Pearce" title="RAAF Base Pearce">RAAF Base Pearce</a>, where it has operated <a href="/wiki/Hawker-Siddeley_Hawk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawker-Siddeley Hawk">Hawk 127</a> jet training aircraft since 2000. The unit's main role is to provide introductory jet aircraft training to RAAF pilots as well as refresher training on the Hawk for experienced pilots. No. 79 Squadron also supports <a href="/wiki/Australian_Army" title="Australian Army">Australian Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a> training exercises in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/No._79_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 79 Squadron RAAF">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 10 Connecticut underway sometime before World War I USS Connecticut (BB-18), the fourth United States Navy ship to be named after the state of Connecticut, was the lead ship of her class of six pre-dreadnought battleships. Her keel was laid on 10 March 1903; launched on 29 September 1904, Connecticut was commissioned on 29 September 1906, as the most advanced ship in the US Navy. Connecticut served as the flagship for the Jamestown Exposition in mid-1907, which commemorated the 300th anniversary of the founding of the Jamestown colony. She later sailed with the Great White Fleet on a circumnavigation of the Earth to showcase the US Navy's growing fleet of blue-water-capable ships. After completing her service with the Great White Fleet, Connecticut participated in several flag-waving exercises intended to protect American citizens abroad until she was pressed into service as a troop transport at the end of World War I to expedite the return of American Expeditionary Forces from France. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 10 Connecticut underway sometime before World War I USS Connecticut (BB-18), the fourth United States Navy ship to be named after the state of Connecticut, was the lead ship of her class of six pre-dreadnought battleships. Her keel was laid on 10 March 1903; launched on 29 September 1904, Connecticut was commissioned on 29 September 1906, as the most advanced ship in the US Navy. Connecticut served as the flagship for the Jamestown Exposition in mid-1907, which commemorated the 300th anniversary of the founding of the Jamestown colony. She later sailed with the Great White Fleet on a circumnavigation of the Earth to showcase the US Navy's growing fleet of blue-water-capable ships. After completing her service with the Great White Fleet, Connecticut participated in several flag-waving exercises intended to protect American citizens abroad until she was pressed into service as a troop transport at the end of World War I to expedite the return of American Expeditionary Forces from France. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 10</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Connecticut_BB-18_underway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/USS_Connecticut_BB-18_underway.jpg/220px-USS_Connecticut_BB-18_underway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/USS_Connecticut_BB-18_underway.jpg/330px-USS_Connecticut_BB-18_underway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/USS_Connecticut_BB-18_underway.jpg/440px-USS_Connecticut_BB-18_underway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center"><i>Connecticut</i> underway sometime before <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/USS_Connecticut_(BB-18)" title="USS Connecticut (BB-18)">USS <i>Connecticut</i> (BB-18)</a></b>, the fourth <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> ship to be named after the state of <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, was the <a href="/wiki/Lead_ship" title="Lead ship">lead ship</a> of <a href="/wiki/Connecticut-class_battleship" title="Connecticut-class battleship">her class</a> of six <a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought_battleship" title="Pre-dreadnought battleship">pre-dreadnought battleships</a>. Her <a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">keel</a> was laid on 10 March 1903; launched on 29 September 1904, <i>Connecticut</i> was <a href="/wiki/Ship_commissioning" title="Ship commissioning">commissioned</a> on 29 September 1906, as the most advanced ship in the US Navy.<br /><br /><i>Connecticut</i> served as the <a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">flagship</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Jamestown_Exposition" title="Jamestown Exposition">Jamestown Exposition</a> in mid-1907, which commemorated the 300th anniversary of the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a> colony. She later sailed with the <a href="/wiki/Great_White_Fleet" title="Great White Fleet">Great White Fleet</a> on a circumnavigation of the Earth to showcase the US Navy's growing fleet of <a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">blue-water</a>-capable ships. After completing her service with the Great White Fleet, <i>Connecticut</i> participated in several flag-waving exercises intended to protect American citizens abroad until she was pressed into service as a troop transport at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> to expedite the return of <a href="/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Forces" title="American Expeditionary Forces">American Expeditionary Forces</a> from France. (<b><a href="/wiki/USS_Connecticut_(BB-18)" title="USS Connecticut (BB-18)">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 11 Supplies being unloaded from a ship at the Mulberry B artificial harbour in July 1944 British logistics played a key role in the success of Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of France in June 1944. The objective of the campaign was to secure a lodgement on the mainland of Europe for further operations. The Allies had to land sufficient forces to overcome the initial opposition and build them up faster than the Germans could respond. Planning for this operation had begun in 1942. The Anglo-Canadian force, the 21st Army Group, consisted of the British Second Army and Canadian First Army. Between them, they had six armoured divisions (including the Polish 1st Armoured Division), ten infantry divisions, two airborne divisions, nine independent armoured brigades and two commando brigades. Logistical units included six supply unit headquarters, 25 Base Supply Depots (BSDs), 83 Detail Issue Depots (DIDs), 25 field bakeries, 14 field butcheries and 18 port detachments. The army group was supported over the beaches and through the Mulberry artificial port specially constructed for the purpose. During the first seven weeks after the British and Canadian landings in Normandy on D-Day, 6 June 1944, the advance was much slower than anticipated, and the lodgement area was much smaller. The short lines of communication provided an opportunity to accumulate reserves of supplies. Two army roadheads were created. No. 1 Army Roadhead for I Corps and No. 2 Army Roadhead for XXX Corps, these being the two corps ashore at the time. When the Canadian First Army assumed control of the British I Corps on 21 June, the No. 1 Army Roadhead also passed into its control. No. 2 Army Roadhead formed the nucleus of what became the Rear Maintenance Area (RMA) of the 21st Army Group. By 26 July, 675,000 personnel, 150,000 vehicles and 690,000 tonnes (680,000 long tons) of stores and 69,000 tonnes (68,000 long tons) of bulk petrol had been landed. Ammunition usage was high, exceeding the daily allocation for the 25-pounder field guns by 8 per cent and for the 5.5-inch medium guns by 24 per cent. Greater priority was given to ammunition shipments, with petrol, oil and lubricant (POL) shipments cut to compensate. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 11 Supplies being unloaded from a ship at the Mulberry B artificial harbour in July 1944 British logistics played a key role in the success of Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of France in June 1944. The objective of the campaign was to secure a lodgement on the mainland of Europe for further operations. The Allies had to land sufficient forces to overcome the initial opposition and build them up faster than the Germans could respond. Planning for this operation had begun in 1942. The Anglo-Canadian force, the 21st Army Group, consisted of the British Second Army and Canadian First Army. Between them, they had six armoured divisions (including the Polish 1st Armoured Division), ten infantry divisions, two airborne divisions, nine independent armoured brigades and two commando brigades. Logistical units included six supply unit headquarters, 25 Base Supply Depots (BSDs), 83 Detail Issue Depots (DIDs), 25 field bakeries, 14 field butcheries and 18 port detachments. The army group was supported over the beaches and through the Mulberry artificial port specially constructed for the purpose. During the first seven weeks after the British and Canadian landings in Normandy on D-Day, 6 June 1944, the advance was much slower than anticipated, and the lodgement area was much smaller. The short lines of communication provided an opportunity to accumulate reserves of supplies. Two army roadheads were created. No. 1 Army Roadhead for I Corps and No. 2 Army Roadhead for XXX Corps, these being the two corps ashore at the time. When the Canadian First Army assumed control of the British I Corps on 21 June, the No. 1 Army Roadhead also passed into its control. No. 2 Army Roadhead formed the nucleus of what became the Rear Maintenance Area (RMA) of the 21st Army Group. By 26 July, 675,000 personnel, 150,000 vehicles and 690,000 tonnes (680,000 long tons) of stores and 69,000 tonnes (68,000 long tons) of bulk petrol had been landed. Ammunition usage was high, exceeding the daily allocation for the 25-pounder field guns by 8 per cent and for the 5.5-inch medium guns by 24 per cent. Greater priority was given to ammunition shipments, with petrol, oil and lubricant (POL) shipments cut to compensate. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 11</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supplies_being_unloaded_from_a_ship_at_the_Mulberry_artificial_harbour_at_Arromanches_in_Normandy,_July_1944._B7231.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Supplies_being_unloaded_from_a_ship_at_the_Mulberry_artificial_harbour_at_Arromanches_in_Normandy%2C_July_1944._B7231.jpg/280px-Supplies_being_unloaded_from_a_ship_at_the_Mulberry_artificial_harbour_at_Arromanches_in_Normandy%2C_July_1944._B7231.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Supplies_being_unloaded_from_a_ship_at_the_Mulberry_artificial_harbour_at_Arromanches_in_Normandy%2C_July_1944._B7231.jpg/420px-Supplies_being_unloaded_from_a_ship_at_the_Mulberry_artificial_harbour_at_Arromanches_in_Normandy%2C_July_1944._B7231.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Supplies_being_unloaded_from_a_ship_at_the_Mulberry_artificial_harbour_at_Arromanches_in_Normandy%2C_July_1944._B7231.jpg/560px-Supplies_being_unloaded_from_a_ship_at_the_Mulberry_artificial_harbour_at_Arromanches_in_Normandy%2C_July_1944._B7231.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>Supplies being unloaded from a ship at the <a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry B artificial harbour</a> in July 1944</figcaption></figure><br />British logistics played a key role in the success of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a>, the Allied invasion of France in June 1944. The objective of the campaign was to secure a <a href="/wiki/Lodgement" title="Lodgement">lodgement</a> on the mainland of Europe for further operations. The Allies had to land sufficient forces to overcome the initial opposition and build them up faster than the Germans could respond. Planning for this operation had begun in 1942. The Anglo-Canadian force, the <a href="/wiki/21st_Army_Group" title="21st Army Group">21st Army Group</a>, consisted of the <a href="/wiki/British_Second_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="British Second Army">British Second Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_First_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian First Army">Canadian First Army</a>. Between them, they had six armoured divisions (including the <a href="/wiki/Polish_1st_Armoured_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish 1st Armoured Division">Polish 1st Armoured Division</a>), ten infantry divisions, two airborne divisions, nine independent armoured brigades and two commando brigades. Logistical units included six supply unit headquarters, 25 Base Supply Depots (BSDs), 83 Detail Issue Depots (DIDs), 25 field bakeries, 14 field butcheries and 18 port detachments. The army group was supported over the beaches and through the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mulberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Mulberry">Mulberry</a> artificial port specially constructed for the purpose.<br /><br />During the first seven weeks after the British and Canadian landings in Normandy on <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a>, 6 June 1944, the advance was much slower than anticipated, and the lodgement area was much smaller. The short lines of communication provided an opportunity to accumulate reserves of supplies. Two army roadheads were created. No. 1 Army Roadhead for <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="I Corps (United Kingdom)">I Corps</a> and No. 2 Army Roadhead for <a href="/wiki/XXX_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="XXX Corps (United Kingdom)">XXX Corps</a>, these being the two corps ashore at the time. When the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_First_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian First Army">Canadian First Army</a> assumed control of the <a href="/wiki/British_I_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="British I Corps">British I Corps</a> on 21 June, the No. 1 Army Roadhead also passed into its control. No. 2 Army Roadhead formed the nucleus of what became the Rear Maintenance Area (RMA) of the 21st Army Group. By 26 July, 675,000 personnel, 150,000 vehicles and 690,000 tonnes (680,000 long tons) of stores and 69,000 tonnes (68,000 long tons) of bulk petrol had been landed. Ammunition usage was high, exceeding the daily allocation for the <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_25-pounder" title="Ordnance QF 25-pounder">25-pounder field guns</a> by 8 per cent and for the <a href="/wiki/BL_5.5-inch_Medium_Gun" class="mw-redirect" title="BL 5.5-inch Medium Gun">5.5-inch medium guns</a> by 24 per cent. Greater priority was given to ammunition shipments, with petrol, oil and lubricant (POL) shipments cut to compensate. (<b><a href="/wiki/British_logistics_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="British logistics in the Normandy campaign">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 12 Royal Army Service Corps troops stack ration boxes in the harbour at Dieppe on 14 October 1944 British logistics supported the Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group operations in the World War II Siegfried Line campaign, which ran from the end of the pursuit of the German armies from Normandy in mid-September 1944 until the end of January 1945. Operation Overlord, the Allied landings in Normandy, commenced on D-Day, 6 June 1944. German resistance was stubborn, and the British and Canadian advance much slower than planned until the German defences were finally breached in July. What followed was a far more rapid advance than anticipated. The British Second Army liberated Brussels on 3 September, but the subsequent effort to cross the Rhine with the aid of airborne forces in Operation Market Garden was unsuccessful. The Canadian First Army had the task of clearing the Channel Coast. Although the port of Antwerp had been captured virtually intact on 4 September, major operations were required to clear the German defenders from the Scheldt estuary, and it was not opened for shipping until 26 November. Antwerp had sufficient capacity to support both the British and American forces, but its use was hampered by German V-weapon attacks. A new base was developed around Brussels, and an advanced base area around Antwerp. It was decided to shut down the Rear Maintenance Area (RMA) in Normandy, where some 300,000 long tons (300,000 t) of supplies were still held. This included 15,000,000 rations, which were gradually eaten by the troops in the RMA. Stores still required by the 21st Army Group were moved forward to the new advanced base, and the rest returned to the War Office for disposal. To get the railway system in operation again required the reconstruction of bridges and the importation of additional locomotives. Petrol was brought in tankers and over the Operation Pluto pipeline. Civilian labour was utilised at the bases in a variety of tasks to enable military personnel to be released for service in forward areas. By the end of 1944, some 90,000 civilians were employed by the 21st Army Group, of whom half were employed in workshops in the advanced base, and 14,000 at the port of Antwerp. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 12 Royal Army Service Corps troops stack ration boxes in the harbour at Dieppe on 14 October 1944 British logistics supported the Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group operations in the World War II Siegfried Line campaign, which ran from the end of the pursuit of the German armies from Normandy in mid-September 1944 until the end of January 1945. Operation Overlord, the Allied landings in Normandy, commenced on D-Day, 6 June 1944. German resistance was stubborn, and the British and Canadian advance much slower than planned until the German defences were finally breached in July. What followed was a far more rapid advance than anticipated. The British Second Army liberated Brussels on 3 September, but the subsequent effort to cross the Rhine with the aid of airborne forces in Operation Market Garden was unsuccessful. The Canadian First Army had the task of clearing the Channel Coast. Although the port of Antwerp had been captured virtually intact on 4 September, major operations were required to clear the German defenders from the Scheldt estuary, and it was not opened for shipping until 26 November. Antwerp had sufficient capacity to support both the British and American forces, but its use was hampered by German V-weapon attacks. A new base was developed around Brussels, and an advanced base area around Antwerp. It was decided to shut down the Rear Maintenance Area (RMA) in Normandy, where some 300,000 long tons (300,000 t) of supplies were still held. This included 15,000,000 rations, which were gradually eaten by the troops in the RMA. Stores still required by the 21st Army Group were moved forward to the new advanced base, and the rest returned to the War Office for disposal. To get the railway system in operation again required the reconstruction of bridges and the importation of additional locomotives. Petrol was brought in tankers and over the Operation Pluto pipeline. Civilian labour was utilised at the bases in a variety of tasks to enable military personnel to be released for service in forward areas. By the end of 1944, some 90,000 civilians were employed by the 21st Army Group, of whom half were employed in workshops in the advanced base, and 14,000 at the port of Antwerp. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 12</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RASC_troops_stacking_ration_boxes_in_the_harbour_at_Dieppe,_14_October_1944._B10867.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/RASC_troops_stacking_ration_boxes_in_the_harbour_at_Dieppe%2C_14_October_1944._B10867.jpg/280px-RASC_troops_stacking_ration_boxes_in_the_harbour_at_Dieppe%2C_14_October_1944._B10867.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/RASC_troops_stacking_ration_boxes_in_the_harbour_at_Dieppe%2C_14_October_1944._B10867.jpg/420px-RASC_troops_stacking_ration_boxes_in_the_harbour_at_Dieppe%2C_14_October_1944._B10867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/RASC_troops_stacking_ration_boxes_in_the_harbour_at_Dieppe%2C_14_October_1944._B10867.jpg/560px-RASC_troops_stacking_ration_boxes_in_the_harbour_at_Dieppe%2C_14_October_1944._B10867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1778" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Army_Service_Corps" title="Royal Army Service Corps">Royal Army Service Corps</a> troops stack ration boxes in the harbour at <a href="/wiki/Dieppe" title="Dieppe">Dieppe</a> on 14 October 1944</figcaption></figure><br />British logistics supported the Anglo-Canadian <a href="/wiki/21st_Army_Group" title="21st Army Group">21st Army Group</a> operations in the World War II <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line_campaign" title="Siegfried Line campaign">Siegfried Line campaign</a>, which ran from the end of the pursuit of the German armies from <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> in mid-September 1944 until the end of January 1945. <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> landings in Normandy, commenced on <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a>, 6 June 1944. German resistance was stubborn, and the British and Canadian advance much slower than planned until the German defences were finally breached in July. What followed was a far more rapid advance than anticipated. The <a href="/wiki/British_Second_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="British Second Army">British Second Army</a> liberated <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> on 3 September, but the subsequent effort to cross the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> with the aid of <a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">airborne forces</a> in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Operation Market Garden</a> was unsuccessful. The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_First_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian First Army">Canadian First Army</a> had the task of <a href="/wiki/Clearing_the_Channel_Coast" title="Clearing the Channel Coast">clearing the Channel Coast</a>. Although the port of <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> had been captured virtually intact on 4 September, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">major operations</a> were required to clear the German defenders from the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a> estuary, and it was not opened for shipping until 26 November. Antwerp had sufficient capacity to support both the British and American forces, but its use was hampered by German <a href="/wiki/V-weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="V-weapon">V-weapon</a> attacks.<br /><br />A new base was developed around Brussels, and an advanced base area around Antwerp. It was decided to shut down the Rear Maintenance Area (RMA) in Normandy, where some 300,000 long tons (300,000 t) of supplies were still held. This included 15,000,000 rations, which were gradually eaten by the troops in the RMA. Stores still required by the 21st Army Group were moved forward to the new advanced base, and the rest returned to the War Office for disposal. To get the railway system in operation again required the reconstruction of bridges and the importation of additional locomotives. Petrol was brought in tankers and over the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Pluto" title="Operation Pluto">Operation Pluto</a> pipeline. Civilian labour was utilised at the bases in a variety of tasks to enable military personnel to be released for service in forward areas. By the end of 1944, some 90,000 civilians were employed by the 21st Army Group, of whom half were employed in workshops in the advanced base, and 14,000 at the port of Antwerp. (<b><a href="/wiki/British_logistics_in_the_Siegfried_Line_campaign" title="British logistics in the Siegfried Line campaign">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 13 Petrol station on Winston Churchill Avenue in Gibraltar, where McCann and Farrell were shot, pictured in 2014 Operation Flavius (also referred to as the Gibraltar killings) was a military operation in which three members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) were shot dead by the British Special Air Service (SAS) in Gibraltar on 6 March 1988. The trio were believed to be planning a car bomb attack on British military personnel in Gibraltar. They were shot dead while leaving the territory, having parked a car. All three were found to be unarmed, and no bomb was discovered in the car, leading to accusations that the British government had conspired to murder them. An inquest in Gibraltar ruled that the authorities had acted lawfully but the European Court of Human Rights held that, although there had been no conspiracy, the planning and control of the operation was so flawed as to make the use of lethal force almost inevitable. The deaths were the first in a chain of violent events in a fourteen-day period. On 16 March, the funeral of the three IRA members was attacked, leaving three mourners dead. At the funeral of one, two British soldiers were murdered after driving into the procession in error. In late 1987, British authorities became aware of an IRA plan to detonate a bomb outside the governor's residence in Gibraltar. On the day of the shootings, known IRA member Seán Savage was seen parking a car near the assembly area for the parade; fellow members Daniel McCann and Mairéad Farrell were seen crossing the border shortly afterwards. As SAS personnel moved to intercept the three, Savage split from McCann and Farrell and ran south. Two soldiers pursued Savage while two others approached McCann and Farrell. The soldiers reported seeing the IRA members make threatening movements when challenged, so the soldiers shot them multiple times. All three were found to be unarmed, and Savage's car did not contain a bomb, though a second car, containing explosives, was later found in Spain. Two months after the shootings, the documentary "Death on the Rock" was broadcast on British television. Using reconstructions and eyewitness accounts, it presented the possibility that the three IRA members had been unlawfully killed. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 13 Petrol station on Winston Churchill Avenue in Gibraltar, where McCann and Farrell were shot, pictured in 2014 Operation Flavius (also referred to as the Gibraltar killings) was a military operation in which three members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) were shot dead by the British Special Air Service (SAS) in Gibraltar on 6 March 1988. The trio were believed to be planning a car bomb attack on British military personnel in Gibraltar. They were shot dead while leaving the territory, having parked a car. All three were found to be unarmed, and no bomb was discovered in the car, leading to accusations that the British government had conspired to murder them. An inquest in Gibraltar ruled that the authorities had acted lawfully but the European Court of Human Rights held that, although there had been no conspiracy, the planning and control of the operation was so flawed as to make the use of lethal force almost inevitable. The deaths were the first in a chain of violent events in a fourteen-day period. On 16 March, the funeral of the three IRA members was attacked, leaving three mourners dead. At the funeral of one, two British soldiers were murdered after driving into the procession in error. In late 1987, British authorities became aware of an IRA plan to detonate a bomb outside the governor's residence in Gibraltar. On the day of the shootings, known IRA member Seán Savage was seen parking a car near the assembly area for the parade; fellow members Daniel McCann and Mairéad Farrell were seen crossing the border shortly afterwards. As SAS personnel moved to intercept the three, Savage split from McCann and Farrell and ran south. Two soldiers pursued Savage while two others approached McCann and Farrell. The soldiers reported seeing the IRA members make threatening movements when challenged, so the soldiers shot them multiple times. All three were found to be unarmed, and Savage's car did not contain a bomb, though a second car, containing explosives, was later found in Spain. Two months after the shootings, the documentary "Death on the Rock" was broadcast on British television. Using reconstructions and eyewitness accounts, it presented the possibility that the three IRA members had been unlawfully killed. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 13</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gib_Oil_Winston_Churchil_Avenue_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Gib_Oil_Winston_Churchil_Avenue_1.jpg/220px-Gib_Oil_Winston_Churchil_Avenue_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Gib_Oil_Winston_Churchil_Avenue_1.jpg/330px-Gib_Oil_Winston_Churchil_Avenue_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Gib_Oil_Winston_Churchil_Avenue_1.jpg/440px-Gib_Oil_Winston_Churchil_Avenue_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Petrol station on <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_Avenue,_Gibraltar" title="Winston Churchill Avenue, Gibraltar">Winston Churchill Avenue</a> in Gibraltar, where McCann and Farrell were shot, pictured in 2014</div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flavius" title="Operation Flavius">Operation Flavius</a></b> (also referred to as the <b>Gibraltar killings</b>) was a military operation in which three members of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a> (IRA) were shot dead by the British <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a> (SAS) in <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> on 6 March 1988. The trio were believed to be planning a <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">car bomb</a> attack on British military personnel in Gibraltar. They were shot dead while leaving the territory, having parked a car. All three were found to be unarmed, and no bomb was discovered in the car, leading to accusations that the British government had conspired to murder them. An inquest in Gibraltar ruled that the authorities had acted lawfully but the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> held that, although there had been no conspiracy, the planning and control of the operation was so flawed as to make the use of lethal force almost inevitable. The deaths were the first in a chain of violent events in a fourteen-day period. On 16 March, the <a href="/wiki/Milltown_Cemetery_attack" title="Milltown Cemetery attack">funeral of the three IRA members was attacked</a>, leaving three mourners dead. At the funeral of one, <a href="/wiki/Corporals_killings" title="Corporals killings">two British soldiers were murdered</a> after driving into the procession in error.<br /><br />In late 1987, British authorities became aware of an IRA plan to detonate a bomb outside the governor's residence in Gibraltar. On the day of the shootings, known IRA member <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Savage" title="Seán Savage">Seán Savage</a> was seen parking a car near the assembly area for the parade; fellow members <a href="/wiki/Daniel_McCann" title="Daniel McCann">Daniel McCann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mair%C3%A9ad_Farrell" title="Mairéad Farrell">Mairéad Farrell</a> were seen crossing the border shortly afterwards. As SAS personnel moved to intercept the three, Savage split from McCann and Farrell and ran south. Two soldiers pursued Savage while two others approached McCann and Farrell. The soldiers reported seeing the IRA members make threatening movements when challenged, so the soldiers shot them multiple times. All three were found to be unarmed, and Savage's car did not contain a bomb, though a second car, containing explosives, was later found in Spain. Two months after the shootings, the documentary "<a href="/wiki/Death_on_the_Rock" title="Death on the Rock">Death on the Rock</a>" was broadcast on British television. Using reconstructions and eyewitness accounts, it presented the possibility that the three IRA members had been unlawfully killed. (<b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flavius" title="Operation Flavius">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 14 Lithograph of Weissenburg in 1902 SMS Weissenburg was one of the first ocean-going battleships of the Imperial German Navy. She was the third pre-dreadnought of the Brandenburg class, which also included her sister ships Brandenburg, Wörth, and Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm. Weissenburg was laid down in 1890 in the AG Vulcan dockyard in Stettin, launched in 1891, and completed in 1894. The Brandenburg-class battleships were unique for their era in that they carried six large-caliber guns in three twin turrets, as opposed to four guns in two turrets, as was the standard in other navies. Weissenburg served with I Division during the first decade of her service with the fleet. This period was generally limited to training exercises and goodwill visits to foreign ports. These training maneuvers were nevertheless very important to developing German naval tactical doctrine in the two decades before World War I, especially under the direction of Alfred von Tirpitz. Weissenburg, along with her three sisters, saw only one major overseas deployment during this period, to China in 1900–1901, during the Boxer Uprising. The ship underwent a major modernization in 1904–1905. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 14 Lithograph of Weissenburg in 1902 SMS Weissenburg was one of the first ocean-going battleships of the Imperial German Navy. She was the third pre-dreadnought of the Brandenburg class, which also included her sister ships Brandenburg, Wörth, and Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm. Weissenburg was laid down in 1890 in the AG Vulcan dockyard in Stettin, launched in 1891, and completed in 1894. The Brandenburg-class battleships were unique for their era in that they carried six large-caliber guns in three twin turrets, as opposed to four guns in two turrets, as was the standard in other navies. Weissenburg served with I Division during the first decade of her service with the fleet. This period was generally limited to training exercises and goodwill visits to foreign ports. These training maneuvers were nevertheless very important to developing German naval tactical doctrine in the two decades before World War I, especially under the direction of Alfred von Tirpitz. Weissenburg, along with her three sisters, saw only one major overseas deployment during this period, to China in 1900–1901, during the Boxer Uprising. The ship underwent a major modernization in 1904–1905. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 14</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:S.M._Linienschiff_Weisenburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/S.M._Linienschiff_Weisenburg.jpg/220px-S.M._Linienschiff_Weisenburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/S.M._Linienschiff_Weisenburg.jpg/330px-S.M._Linienschiff_Weisenburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/S.M._Linienschiff_Weisenburg.jpg/440px-S.M._Linienschiff_Weisenburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11880" data-file-height="7159" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Lithograph of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Weissenburg</i></span> in 1902</div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/SMS_Weissenburg" title="SMS Weissenburg">SMS <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Weissenburg</i></span></a></b> was one of the first ocean-going <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">Imperial German Navy</a>. She was the third <a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-dreadnought">pre-dreadnought</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-class_battleship" title="Brandenburg-class battleship"><i>Brandenburg</i> class</a>, which also included her sister ships <a href="/wiki/SMS_Brandenburg" title="SMS Brandenburg"><i>Brandenburg</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SMS_W%C3%B6rth" title="SMS Wörth"><i>Wörth</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/SMS_Kurf%C3%BCrst_Friedrich_Wilhelm" title="SMS Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm"><i>Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm</i></a>. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Weissenburg</i></span> was laid down in 1890 in the <a href="/wiki/AG_Vulcan" class="mw-redirect" title="AG Vulcan">AG Vulcan</a> dockyard in <a href="/wiki/Stettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stettin">Stettin</a>, launched in 1891, and completed in 1894. The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Brandenburg</i></span>-class battleships were unique for their era in that they carried six large-caliber guns in three twin turrets, as opposed to four guns in two turrets, as was the standard in other navies.<br /><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Weissenburg</i></span> served with I Division during the first decade of her service with the fleet. This period was generally limited to training exercises and goodwill visits to foreign ports. These training maneuvers were nevertheless very important to developing German naval tactical doctrine in the two decades before <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, especially under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_von_Tirpitz" title="Alfred von Tirpitz">Alfred von Tirpitz</a>. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Weissenburg</i></span>, along with her three sisters, saw only one major overseas deployment during this period, to China in 1900–1901, during the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxer Uprising">Boxer Uprising</a>. The ship underwent a major modernization in 1904–1905. (<b><a href="/wiki/SMS_Weissenburg" title="SMS Weissenburg">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 15 SMS Helgoland c. 1911–1917 The Helgoland class was the second class of dreadnought battleships to be built for the German Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy). Constructed from 1908 to 1912, the class comprised four ships: Helgoland, the lead ship; Oldenburg; Ostfriesland; and Thüringen. The design was a significant improvement over the previous Nassau-class ships; they had a larger main battery—30.5 cm (12 in) main guns instead of the 28 cm (11 in) weapons mounted on the earlier vessels—and an improved propulsion system. The Helgolands were easily distinguished from the preceding Nassaus by the three funnels that were closely arranged, compared to the two larger funnels of the previous class. The ships retained the hexagonal main battery layout of the Nassau class. The ships served as a unit in I Division, I Battle Squadron alongside the Nassau-class ships in II Division of the squadron. They saw combat during World War I, including the Battle of Jutland in the North Sea and the Battle of the Gulf of Riga in the Baltic. All four survived the war, but were not taken as part of the German fleet that was interned at Scapa Flow. When the German ships at Scapa Flow were scuttled, the four Helgolands were ceded as war reparations to the victorious Allied powers in the sunken ships' stead. Ostfriesland was taken by the US Navy and expended as a target during Billy Mitchell's air power demonstration in July 1921. Helgoland and Oldenburg were allotted to Britain and Japan respectively, and broken up in 1921. Thüringen was delivered to France in 1920, and was used as a target ship for the French navy. The ship was eventually broken up between 1923 and 1933. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 15 SMS Helgoland c. 1911–1917 The Helgoland class was the second class of dreadnought battleships to be built for the German Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy). Constructed from 1908 to 1912, the class comprised four ships: Helgoland, the lead ship; Oldenburg; Ostfriesland; and Thüringen. The design was a significant improvement over the previous Nassau-class ships; they had a larger main battery—30.5 cm (12 in) main guns instead of the 28 cm (11 in) weapons mounted on the earlier vessels—and an improved propulsion system. The Helgolands were easily distinguished from the preceding Nassaus by the three funnels that were closely arranged, compared to the two larger funnels of the previous class. The ships retained the hexagonal main battery layout of the Nassau class. The ships served as a unit in I Division, I Battle Squadron alongside the Nassau-class ships in II Division of the squadron. They saw combat during World War I, including the Battle of Jutland in the North Sea and the Battle of the Gulf of Riga in the Baltic. All four survived the war, but were not taken as part of the German fleet that was interned at Scapa Flow. When the German ships at Scapa Flow were scuttled, the four Helgolands were ceded as war reparations to the victorious Allied powers in the sunken ships' stead. Ostfriesland was taken by the US Navy and expended as a target during Billy Mitchell's air power demonstration in July 1921. Helgoland and Oldenburg were allotted to Britain and Japan respectively, and broken up in 1921. Thüringen was delivered to France in 1920, and was used as a target ship for the French navy. The ship was eventually broken up between 1923 and 1933. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 15</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_DVM_10_Bild-23-61-09,_Linienschiff_%22SMS_Helgoland%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bundesarchiv_DVM_10_Bild-23-61-09%2C_Linienschiff_%22SMS_Helgoland%22.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_DVM_10_Bild-23-61-09%2C_Linienschiff_%22SMS_Helgoland%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bundesarchiv_DVM_10_Bild-23-61-09%2C_Linienschiff_%22SMS_Helgoland%22.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_DVM_10_Bild-23-61-09%2C_Linienschiff_%22SMS_Helgoland%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bundesarchiv_DVM_10_Bild-23-61-09%2C_Linienschiff_%22SMS_Helgoland%22.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_DVM_10_Bild-23-61-09%2C_Linienschiff_%22SMS_Helgoland%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">SMS <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Helgoland</i></span> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1911–1917</span></div></div></div></div><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/Helgoland-class_battleship" title="Helgoland-class battleship"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Helgoland</i></span> class</a></b> was the second <a href="/wiki/Ship_class" title="Ship class">class</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">dreadnought</a> <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a> to be built for the German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kaiserliche_Marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiserliche Marine">Kaiserliche Marine</a></i></span> (Imperial Navy). Constructed from 1908 to 1912, the class comprised four ships: <a href="/wiki/SMS_Helgoland_(1909)" title="SMS Helgoland (1909)"><i>Helgoland</i></a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lead_ship" title="Lead ship">lead ship</a>; <a href="/wiki/SMS_Oldenburg" title="SMS Oldenburg"><i>Oldenburg</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/SMS_Ostfriesland" title="SMS Ostfriesland"><i>Ostfriesland</i></a>; and <a href="/wiki/SMS_Th%C3%BCringen" title="SMS Thüringen"><i>Thüringen</i></a>. The design was a significant improvement over the previous <a href="/wiki/Nassau-class_battleship" title="Nassau-class battleship"><i>Nassau</i>-class</a> ships; they had a larger <a href="/wiki/Main_battery" title="Main battery">main battery</a>—30.5 cm (12 in) main guns instead of the 28 cm (11 in) weapons mounted on the earlier vessels—and an improved <a href="/wiki/Ship#Propulsion_systems" title="Ship">propulsion system</a>. The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Helgoland</i></span>s were easily distinguished from the preceding <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nassau</i></span>s by the three funnels that were closely arranged, compared to the two larger funnels of the previous class. The ships retained the hexagonal main battery layout of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nassau</i></span> class.<br /><br />The ships served as a unit in I Division, <a href="/wiki/I_Battle_Squadron" title="I Battle Squadron">I Battle Squadron</a> alongside the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nassau</i></span>-class ships in II Division of the squadron. They saw combat during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a> in the North Sea and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Riga" title="Battle of the Gulf of Riga">Battle of the Gulf of Riga</a> in the Baltic. All four survived the war, but were not taken as part of the German fleet that was interned at <a href="/wiki/Scapa_Flow" title="Scapa Flow">Scapa Flow</a>. When the German ships at Scapa Flow <a href="/wiki/Scuttling_of_the_German_fleet_in_Scapa_Flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow">were scuttled</a>, the four <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Helgoland</i></span>s were ceded as <a href="/wiki/War_reparations" title="War reparations">war reparations</a> to the victorious Allied powers in the sunken ships' stead. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ostfriesland</i></span> was taken by the <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a> and expended as a target during <a href="/wiki/Billy_Mitchell" title="Billy Mitchell">Billy Mitchell</a>'s air power demonstration in July 1921. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Helgoland</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Oldenburg</i></span> were allotted to Britain and Japan respectively, and broken up in 1921. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Thüringen</i></span> was delivered to France in 1920, and was used as a <a href="/wiki/Target_ship" title="Target ship">target ship</a> for the French navy. The ship was eventually broken up between 1923 and 1933. (<b><a href="/wiki/Helgoland-class_battleship" title="Helgoland-class battleship">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> </ul></div> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:History/Recognized_content" title="Portal:History/Recognized content">More featured articles</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #C27E3A;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#DAAF85;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Featured_picture" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Featured picture</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #C27E3A;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#fff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238452006">.mw-parser-output div.portalSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li.gallerycarousel>div>div>div>span:nth-child(2){display:none}.mw-parser-output div.portalSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li.gallerycarousel>div>div:nth-child(1){padding-top:0.3em;padding-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output div.portalSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li:nth-child(n/**/+2){display:none}.mw-parser-output div.portalSlideshow-container .gallery .gallerybox,.mw-parser-output div.portalSlideshow-container .gallery .gallerybox div{width:100%!important;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mw-gallery-slideshow-img-container>a[href="/wiki/File:Blank.png"]{display:none}.mw-parser-output .gallerytext{font-size:100%!important;text-align:left}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1021884966"><div class="randomSlideshow-container portalSlideshow-container" style="max-width:100%; margin:-4em auto;"><div class="nomobile"></div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-slideshow switcher-container"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_Constantinople-en.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 1 Constantinople Map credit: Konstantinos Plakidas A map of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Throughout the Middle Ages, Constantinople, strategically located between the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara at the point where Europe meets Asia, was Europe's largest and wealthiest city. It was officially renamed to its modern name Istanbul (Turkish: İstanbul) in 1930. More featured pictures"><img alt="Image 1 Constantinople Map credit: Konstantinos Plakidas A map of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Throughout the Middle Ages, Constantinople, strategically located between the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara at the point where Europe meets Asia, was Europe's largest and wealthiest city. It was officially renamed to its modern name Istanbul (Turkish: İstanbul) in 1930. More featured pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Byzantine_Constantinople-en.png/120px-Byzantine_Constantinople-en.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Byzantine_Constantinople-en.png/180px-Byzantine_Constantinople-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Byzantine_Constantinople-en.png/240px-Byzantine_Constantinople-en.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 1</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Map credit: <a href="/wiki/User:Cplakidas" title="User:Cplakidas">Konstantinos Plakidas</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">A map of <b><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></b>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Constantinople, strategically located between the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horn" title="Golden Horn">Golden Horn</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a> at the point where <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> meets <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, was Europe's largest and wealthiest city. It was officially renamed to its modern name <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">İstanbul</i>) in 1930.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History/Featured_picture" title="Portal:History/Featured picture">More featured pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Simpson_-_Charge_of_the_light_cavalry_brigade,_25th_Oct._1854,_under_Major_General_the_Earl_of_Cardigan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 2 Charge of the Light Brigade Artist: William Simpson; Restoration: Adam Cuerden On October 25, 1854, during the Battle of Balaclava in the Crimean War, British cavalry units charged heavily fortified Russian opposition, an action known as the Charge of the Light Brigade. By mischance, they attacked the wrong target, as the orders were unclear, and as a result suffered great casualties. Alfred, Lord Tennyson's famous poem made the charge a symbol of warfare at both its most courageous and its most tragic. More featured pictures"><img alt="Image 2 Charge of the Light Brigade Artist: William Simpson; Restoration: Adam Cuerden On October 25, 1854, during the Battle of Balaclava in the Crimean War, British cavalry units charged heavily fortified Russian opposition, an action known as the Charge of the Light Brigade. By mischance, they attacked the wrong target, as the orders were unclear, and as a result suffered great casualties. Alfred, Lord Tennyson's famous poem made the charge a symbol of warfare at both its most courageous and its most tragic. More featured pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/William_Simpson_-_Charge_of_the_light_cavalry_brigade%2C_25th_Oct._1854%2C_under_Major_General_the_Earl_of_Cardigan.jpg/120px-William_Simpson_-_Charge_of_the_light_cavalry_brigade%2C_25th_Oct._1854%2C_under_Major_General_the_Earl_of_Cardigan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/William_Simpson_-_Charge_of_the_light_cavalry_brigade%2C_25th_Oct._1854%2C_under_Major_General_the_Earl_of_Cardigan.jpg/180px-William_Simpson_-_Charge_of_the_light_cavalry_brigade%2C_25th_Oct._1854%2C_under_Major_General_the_Earl_of_Cardigan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/William_Simpson_-_Charge_of_the_light_cavalry_brigade%2C_25th_Oct._1854%2C_under_Major_General_the_Earl_of_Cardigan.jpg/240px-William_Simpson_-_Charge_of_the_light_cavalry_brigade%2C_25th_Oct._1854%2C_under_Major_General_the_Earl_of_Cardigan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4353" data-file-height="2880" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 2</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade" title="Charge of the Light Brigade">Charge of the Light Brigade</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Artist: <a href="/wiki/William_Simpson_(Scottish_artist)" title="William Simpson (Scottish artist)">William Simpson</a>; Restoration: <a href="/wiki/User:Adam_Cuerden" title="User:Adam Cuerden">Adam Cuerden</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">On <span class="nowrap">October 25</span>, 1854, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balaclava" title="Battle of Balaclava">Battle of Balaclava</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> units <a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">charged</a> heavily fortified <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> opposition, an action known as the <b><a href="/wiki/Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade" title="Charge of the Light Brigade">Charge of the Light Brigade</a></b>. By mischance, they attacked the wrong target, as the orders were unclear, and as a result suffered great casualties. <a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Lord_Tennyson" title="Alfred, Lord Tennyson">Alfred, Lord Tennyson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade_(poem)" title="The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)">famous poem</a> made the charge a symbol of warfare at both its most courageous and its most tragic.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History/Featured_picture" title="Portal:History/Featured picture">More featured pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IvyMike2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 3 Operation Ivy Photo: United States Department of Energy The mushroom cloud from the Ivy Mike nuclear test, one of two tests conducted as part of Operation Ivy at the Pacific Proving Grounds on Elugelab in the Marshall Islands. Mike was the first successful full-scale test of a multi-megaton thermonuclear weapon, and it left an underwater crater 6,240 ft (1,900 m) wide and 164 ft (50 m) deep where the island had been. More featured pictures"><img alt="Image 3 Operation Ivy Photo: United States Department of Energy The mushroom cloud from the Ivy Mike nuclear test, one of two tests conducted as part of Operation Ivy at the Pacific Proving Grounds on Elugelab in the Marshall Islands. Mike was the first successful full-scale test of a multi-megaton thermonuclear weapon, and it left an underwater crater 6,240 ft (1,900 m) wide and 164 ft (50 m) deep where the island had been. More featured pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/IvyMike2.jpg/120px-IvyMike2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/IvyMike2.jpg/180px-IvyMike2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/IvyMike2.jpg/240px-IvyMike2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1470" data-file-height="1098" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 3</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ivy" title="Operation Ivy">Operation Ivy</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Photo: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">The <a href="/wiki/Mushroom_cloud" title="Mushroom cloud">mushroom cloud</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Nuclear weapons testing">nuclear test</a>, one of two tests conducted as part of <b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ivy" title="Operation Ivy">Operation Ivy</a></b> at the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Proving_Grounds" title="Pacific Proving Grounds">Pacific Proving Grounds</a> on <a href="/wiki/Elugelab" title="Elugelab">Elugelab</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>. Mike was the first successful full-scale test of a multi-<a href="/wiki/TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">megaton</a> <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon" title="Thermonuclear weapon">thermonuclear weapon</a>, and it left an underwater crater 6,240 ft (1,900 m) wide and 164 ft (50 m) deep where the island had been.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History/Featured_picture" title="Portal:History/Featured picture">More featured pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_06b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 4 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Photo credit: USHMM Jews captured by SS and SD troops during the suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising are forced to leave their shelter and march to the Umschlagplatz for deportation. The SD trooper pictured second from the right, is Josef Blösche, who was identified by Polish authorities using this photograph. Blösche was tried for war crimes in Erfurt, East Germany in 1969, sentenced to death and executed in July of that year. More featured pictures"><img alt="Image 4 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Photo credit: USHMM Jews captured by SS and SD troops during the suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising are forced to leave their shelter and march to the Umschlagplatz for deportation. The SD trooper pictured second from the right, is Josef Blösche, who was identified by Polish authorities using this photograph. Blösche was tried for war crimes in Erfurt, East Germany in 1969, sentenced to death and executed in July of that year. More featured pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_06b.jpg/120px-Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_06b.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_06b.jpg/180px-Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_06b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_06b.jpg/240px-Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_06b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2766" data-file-height="1964" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 4</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0.5em 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Photo credit: <a href="/wiki/USHMM" class="mw-redirect" title="USHMM">USHMM</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> captured by <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">SD</a> troops during the suppression of the <b><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a></b> are forced to leave their shelter and march to the <a href="/wiki/Umschlagplatz" title="Umschlagplatz">Umschlagplatz</a> for deportation. The SD trooper pictured second from the right, is <a href="/wiki/Josef_Bl%C3%B6sche" title="Josef Blösche">Josef Blösche</a>, who was identified by Polish authorities using this photograph. Blösche was tried for war crimes in <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> in 1969, sentenced to death and executed in July of that year.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History/Featured_picture" title="Portal:History/Featured picture">More featured pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baseball_glass_workers2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 5 Photograph of glassworkers by Lewis Hine Photograph: Lewis Hine; restoration: Lise Broer A baseball team composed mostly of child laborers from an Indiana glassmaking factory, as photographed by Lewis Hine in August 1908. Hine (1874–1940) was an American sociologist who promoted the use of photography as an educational medium and means for social change. Beginning in 1908, he spent ten years photographing child labor for the National Child Labor Committee. The project was a dangerous one, and Hine had to disguise himself – at times as a fire inspector, post card vendor, Bible salesman or industrial photographer – to avoid the factory police and foremen. More featured pictures"><img alt="Image 5 Photograph of glassworkers by Lewis Hine Photograph: Lewis Hine; restoration: Lise Broer A baseball team composed mostly of child laborers from an Indiana glassmaking factory, as photographed by Lewis Hine in August 1908. Hine (1874–1940) was an American sociologist who promoted the use of photography as an educational medium and means for social change. Beginning in 1908, he spent ten years photographing child labor for the National Child Labor Committee. The project was a dangerous one, and Hine had to disguise himself – at times as a fire inspector, post card vendor, Bible salesman or industrial photographer – to avoid the factory police and foremen. More featured pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Baseball_glass_workers2.jpg/120px-Baseball_glass_workers2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Baseball_glass_workers2.jpg/180px-Baseball_glass_workers2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Baseball_glass_workers2.jpg/240px-Baseball_glass_workers2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4662" data-file-height="3027" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 5</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Hine" title="Lewis Hine">Photograph of glassworkers by Lewis Hine</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Photograph: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Hine" title="Lewis Hine">Lewis Hine</a>; restoration: <a href="/wiki/User:Durova" title="User:Durova">Lise Broer</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">A <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> team composed mostly of child laborers from an Indiana glassmaking factory, as photographed by <b><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Hine" title="Lewis Hine">Lewis Hine</a></b> in August 1908. Hine (1874–1940) was an <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociologist</a> who promoted the use of <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a> as an educational medium and means for social change. Beginning in 1908, he spent ten years photographing <a href="/wiki/Child_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor">child labor</a> for the <a href="/wiki/National_Child_Labor_Committee" title="National Child Labor Committee">National Child Labor Committee</a>. The project was a dangerous one, and Hine had to disguise himself – at times as a fire inspector, post card vendor, Bible salesman or industrial photographer – to avoid the factory police and foremen.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History/Featured_picture" title="Portal:History/Featured picture">More featured pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dust_Bowl_-_Dallas,_South_Dakota_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 6 Dust Bowl Photo credit: Sloan, USDA Buried machinery in a barn lot, Dallas, South Dakota, United States, due to Dust Bowl conditions, May 1936. Dust storms from 1930–1939 caused major ecological and agricultural damage to American and Canadian prairie lands. This ecological disaster was a result of drought conditions coupled with decades of extensive farming using techniques that promoted erosion. More featured pictures"><img alt="Image 6 Dust Bowl Photo credit: Sloan, USDA Buried machinery in a barn lot, Dallas, South Dakota, United States, due to Dust Bowl conditions, May 1936. Dust storms from 1930–1939 caused major ecological and agricultural damage to American and Canadian prairie lands. This ecological disaster was a result of drought conditions coupled with decades of extensive farming using techniques that promoted erosion. More featured pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Dust_Bowl_-_Dallas%2C_South_Dakota_1936.jpg/120px-Dust_Bowl_-_Dallas%2C_South_Dakota_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Dust_Bowl_-_Dallas%2C_South_Dakota_1936.jpg/180px-Dust_Bowl_-_Dallas%2C_South_Dakota_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Dust_Bowl_-_Dallas%2C_South_Dakota_1936.jpg/240px-Dust_Bowl_-_Dallas%2C_South_Dakota_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 6</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Photo credit: Sloan, <a href="/wiki/USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">Buried machinery in a barn lot, <a href="/wiki/Dallas,_South_Dakota" title="Dallas, South Dakota">Dallas, South Dakota</a>, United States, due to <b><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></b> conditions, May 1936. <a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">Dust storms</a> from 1930–1939 caused major ecological and agricultural damage to American and Canadian <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairie</a> lands. This ecological disaster was a result of <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> conditions coupled with decades of extensive farming using techniques that promoted <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History/Featured_picture" title="Portal:History/Featured picture">More featured pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheep_club2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 7 Sheep husbandry Poster credit: Breuker & Kessler, Co. A World War I-era poster sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture encouraging children to raise sheep to provide wool for the war effort. The poster reads, "Twenty sheep to clothe and equip each soldier / Boys and girls can help / Join a sheep club". More featured pictures"><img alt="Image 7 Sheep husbandry Poster credit: Breuker & Kessler, Co. A World War I-era poster sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture encouraging children to raise sheep to provide wool for the war effort. The poster reads, "Twenty sheep to clothe and equip each soldier / Boys and girls can help / Join a sheep club". More featured pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sheep_club2.jpg/79px-Sheep_club2.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sheep_club2.jpg/118px-Sheep_club2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sheep_club2.jpg/158px-Sheep_club2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2115" data-file-height="3213" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 7</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Sheep_husbandry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheep husbandry">Sheep husbandry</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Poster credit: Breuker & Kessler, Co.</span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">A <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>-era poster sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> encouraging children to <b><a href="/wiki/Sheep_husbandry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheep husbandry">raise sheep</a></b> to provide <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> for the war effort. The poster reads, "Twenty sheep to clothe and equip each soldier / Boys and girls can help / Join a sheep club".</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History/Featured_picture" title="Portal:History/Featured picture">More featured pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frans_Hals,_De_magere_compagnie.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 8 Schutterij De Magere Compagnie (completed 1637), which depicts a company of schutterij, a voluntary city guard or citizen militia in the medieval and early modern Netherlands. Frans Hals was commissioned to create this, but he was unable to complete it after three years, and the company hired Pieter Codde to finish it. Group portraits such as this of schutterij were known as schuttersstuk, and were popular among the guards themselves. More featured pictures"><img alt="Image 8 Schutterij De Magere Compagnie (completed 1637), which depicts a company of schutterij, a voluntary city guard or citizen militia in the medieval and early modern Netherlands. Frans Hals was commissioned to create this, but he was unable to complete it after three years, and the company hired Pieter Codde to finish it. Group portraits such as this of schutterij were known as schuttersstuk, and were popular among the guards themselves. More featured pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Frans_Hals%2C_De_magere_compagnie.jpg/120px-Frans_Hals%2C_De_magere_compagnie.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Frans_Hals%2C_De_magere_compagnie.jpg/180px-Frans_Hals%2C_De_magere_compagnie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Frans_Hals%2C_De_magere_compagnie.jpg/240px-Frans_Hals%2C_De_magere_compagnie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5446" data-file-height="2566" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 8</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><i><a href="/wiki/Schutterij" title="Schutterij">Schutterij</a></i></span></div></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;"><i>De Magere Compagnie</i> (completed 1637), which depicts a company of <i><b><a href="/wiki/Schutterij" title="Schutterij">schutterij</a></b></i>, a voluntary <a href="/wiki/City_guard" title="City guard">city guard</a> or citizen <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern</a> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frans_Hals" title="Frans Hals">Frans Hals</a> was commissioned to create this, but he was unable to complete it after three years, and the company hired <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Codde" title="Pieter Codde">Pieter Codde</a> to finish it. Group portraits such as this of <i>schutterij</i> were known as <i>schuttersstuk</i>, and were popular among the guards themselves.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History/Featured_picture" title="Portal:History/Featured picture">More featured pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiva_as_the_Lord_of_Dance_LACMA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 9 Shiva Photo: Los Angeles County Museum of Art A Chola dynasty sculpture depicting Shiva. In Hinduism, Shiva is the deity of destruction and one of the most important gods; in this sculpture he is dancing as Nataraja, the divine dancer who unravels the world in preparation for it being remade by Brahma. More featured pictures"><img alt="Image 9 Shiva Photo: Los Angeles County Museum of Art A Chola dynasty sculpture depicting Shiva. In Hinduism, Shiva is the deity of destruction and one of the most important gods; in this sculpture he is dancing as Nataraja, the divine dancer who unravels the world in preparation for it being remade by Brahma. More featured pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Shiva_as_the_Lord_of_Dance_LACMA.jpg/93px-Shiva_as_the_Lord_of_Dance_LACMA.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Shiva_as_the_Lord_of_Dance_LACMA.jpg/140px-Shiva_as_the_Lord_of_Dance_LACMA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Shiva_as_the_Lord_of_Dance_LACMA.jpg/187px-Shiva_as_the_Lord_of_Dance_LACMA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2876" data-file-height="3694" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 9</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0.5em 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Photo: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://host2.piction.com/icons/dmx/wsdemo/mainimage.html?surl=319462354ZZZSGNABAYTPL36291&umoid=444303">Los Angeles County Museum of Art</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">A <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola dynasty</a> sculpture depicting <b><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></b>. In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, Shiva is the deity of destruction and one of the most important gods; in this sculpture he is dancing as <a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a>, the divine dancer who unravels the world in preparation for it being remade by <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History/Featured_picture" title="Portal:History/Featured picture">More featured pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Battle_of_the_Somme,_1916.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 10 Map of the Battle of the Somme Map: Grandiose The Battle of the Somme was a battle of the First World War fought between 1 July and 18 November 1916 by the armies of the British and French empires against the German Empire. The largest battle of World War I on the Western Front, it was fought on both sides of upper reaches of the River Somme in France. More than one million men were wounded or killed, making it one of the bloodiest battles in human history. This map shows the situation on the first day on the Somme, as well as Allied gains up to 19 November 1916. More featured pictures"><img alt="Image 10 Map of the Battle of the Somme Map: Grandiose The Battle of the Somme was a battle of the First World War fought between 1 July and 18 November 1916 by the armies of the British and French empires against the German Empire. The largest battle of World War I on the Western Front, it was fought on both sides of upper reaches of the River Somme in France. More than one million men were wounded or killed, making it one of the bloodiest battles in human history. This map shows the situation on the first day on the Somme, as well as Allied gains up to 19 November 1916. More featured pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Map_of_the_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_1916.svg/120px-Map_of_the_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_1916.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Map_of_the_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_1916.svg/180px-Map_of_the_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_1916.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Map_of_the_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_1916.svg/240px-Map_of_the_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_1916.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="921" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 10</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Map of the Battle of the Somme</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Map: <a href="/wiki/User:Grandiose" title="User:Grandiose">Grandiose</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">The <b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a></b> was a battle of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> fought between 1 July and 18 November 1916 by the armies of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a> empires against the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_battles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World War I battles">largest battle</a> of World War I on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>, it was fought on both sides of upper reaches of the <a href="/wiki/River_Somme" class="mw-redirect" title="River Somme">River Somme</a> in France. More than one million men were wounded or killed, making it one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_by_casualties" title="List of battles by casualties">bloodiest battles</a> in human history. <br /><br />This map shows the situation on the <a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">first day on the Somme</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> gains up to 19 November 1916.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History/Featured_picture" title="Portal:History/Featured picture">More featured pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Wilhelmina2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 11 Wilhelmina of the Netherlands Engraver: George J. Verbeck, after Thérèse van Duyl Schwarze Restoration: Lise Broer A 1901 etching of Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands, based on an 1898 painting of her in her coronation robe. Having assumed the throne at the age of ten after the death of her father, King William III, Wilhemina ruled for fifty-eight years (1890–1948), longer than any other Dutch monarch. In 1948 she abdicated in favor of her daughter Juliana, thereafter making few public appearances until the country was devastated by the North Sea flood of 1953. More featured pictures"><img alt="Image 11 Wilhelmina of the Netherlands Engraver: George J. Verbeck, after Thérèse van Duyl Schwarze Restoration: Lise Broer A 1901 etching of Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands, based on an 1898 painting of her in her coronation robe. Having assumed the throne at the age of ten after the death of her father, King William III, Wilhemina ruled for fifty-eight years (1890–1948), longer than any other Dutch monarch. In 1948 she abdicated in favor of her daughter Juliana, thereafter making few public appearances until the country was devastated by the North Sea flood of 1953. More featured pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Queen_Wilhelmina2.jpg/76px-Queen_Wilhelmina2.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Queen_Wilhelmina2.jpg/115px-Queen_Wilhelmina2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Queen_Wilhelmina2.jpg/153px-Queen_Wilhelmina2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4469" data-file-height="7001" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 11</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands" title="Wilhelmina of the Netherlands">Wilhelmina of the Netherlands</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Engraver: George J. Verbeck, after Thérèse van Duyl Schwarze<br />Restoration: <a href="/wiki/User:Durova" title="User:Durova">Lise Broer</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">A 1901 <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etching</a> of <b><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands" title="Wilhelmina of the Netherlands">Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands</a></b>, based on an 1898 painting of her in her <a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">coronation</a> robe. Having assumed the throne at the age of ten after the death of her father, <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands" title="William III of the Netherlands">King William III</a>, Wilhemina ruled for fifty-eight years (1890–1948), longer than any other <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of monarchs of the Netherlands">Dutch monarch</a>. In 1948 she abdicated in favor of her daughter <a href="/wiki/Juliana_of_the_Netherlands" title="Juliana of the Netherlands">Juliana</a>, thereafter making few public appearances until the country was devastated by the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_flood_of_1953" title="North Sea flood of 1953">North Sea flood of 1953</a>.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History/Featured_picture" title="Portal:History/Featured picture">More featured pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petra_-_286630893.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 12 The "Theatre" at Petra Photo: Douglas Perkins Petra is an archaeological site in Jordan, lying in a basin among the mountains which form the eastern flank of Wadi Araba, the great valley running from the Dead Sea to the Gulf of Aqaba. It is famous for having many stone structures carved into the rock. More featured pictures"><img alt="Image 12 The "Theatre" at Petra Photo: Douglas Perkins Petra is an archaeological site in Jordan, lying in a basin among the mountains which form the eastern flank of Wadi Araba, the great valley running from the Dead Sea to the Gulf of Aqaba. It is famous for having many stone structures carved into the rock. More featured pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Petra_-_286630893.jpg/120px-Petra_-_286630893.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Petra_-_286630893.jpg/180px-Petra_-_286630893.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Petra_-_286630893.jpg/240px-Petra_-_286630893.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 12</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0.5em 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%">The "Theatre" at <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Photo: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/douglaspperkins/286630893/">Douglas Perkins</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a></b> is an archaeological site in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, lying in a basin among the mountains which form the eastern flank of <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Araba" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi Araba">Wadi Araba</a>, the great valley running from the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a>. It is famous for having many stone structures carved into the rock.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History/Featured_picture" title="Portal:History/Featured picture">More featured pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Machine_gun_corps_Gaza_line_WWIb_edit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 13 Second Battle of Gaza Photo: American Colony, Jerusalem Restoration: Lise Broer/Fir0002 Ottoman machine gun corps, before the Second Battle of Gaza, which took place on 19 April 1917. The First Battle of Gaza, just three weeks prior, had ended in defeat for the British Empire, and this second attempt to break through Turkish defenses was also unsuccessful. Six months later, on the third attempt, the Allied forces were finally able to break the Gaza–Beersheba line. More featured pictures"><img alt="Image 13 Second Battle of Gaza Photo: American Colony, Jerusalem Restoration: Lise Broer/Fir0002 Ottoman machine gun corps, before the Second Battle of Gaza, which took place on 19 April 1917. The First Battle of Gaza, just three weeks prior, had ended in defeat for the British Empire, and this second attempt to break through Turkish defenses was also unsuccessful. Six months later, on the third attempt, the Allied forces were finally able to break the Gaza–Beersheba line. More featured pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Machine_gun_corps_Gaza_line_WWIb_edit2.jpg/120px-Machine_gun_corps_Gaza_line_WWIb_edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Machine_gun_corps_Gaza_line_WWIb_edit2.jpg/180px-Machine_gun_corps_Gaza_line_WWIb_edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Machine_gun_corps_Gaza_line_WWIb_edit2.jpg/240px-Machine_gun_corps_Gaza_line_WWIb_edit2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2301" data-file-height="1588" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 13</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Gaza" title="Second Battle of Gaza">Second Battle of Gaza</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Photo: <a href="/wiki/American_Colony_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Colony (Jerusalem)">American Colony, Jerusalem</a><br />Restoration: <a href="/wiki/User:Durova" title="User:Durova">Lise Broer</a>/<a href="/wiki/User:Fir0002" title="User:Fir0002">Fir0002</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine gun</a> corps, before the <b><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Gaza" title="Second Battle of Gaza">Second Battle of Gaza</a></b>, which took place on 19 April 1917. The <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Gaza" title="First Battle of Gaza">First Battle of Gaza</a>, just three weeks prior, had ended in defeat for the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, and this second attempt to break through Turkish defenses was also unsuccessful. Six months later, on the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Gaza" title="Third Battle of Gaza">third attempt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> forces were finally able to break the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a>–<a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a> line.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History/Featured_picture" title="Portal:History/Featured picture">More featured pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jodenster_van_kledij.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 14 Yellow badge Photograph credit: Ronald Torfs Yellow badges are badges that Jews were ordered to wear in public during periods of the Middle Ages by the ruling Christians and Muslims, and in Nazi Germany in the 1940s. The badges served to mark the wearer as a religious or ethnic outsider, and often served as a badge of shame. The badge pictured is in the collection of the Kazerne Dossin Memorial, Museum and Documentation Centre in Mechelen, Belgium. More featured pictures"><img alt="Image 14 Yellow badge Photograph credit: Ronald Torfs Yellow badges are badges that Jews were ordered to wear in public during periods of the Middle Ages by the ruling Christians and Muslims, and in Nazi Germany in the 1940s. The badges served to mark the wearer as a religious or ethnic outsider, and often served as a badge of shame. The badge pictured is in the collection of the Kazerne Dossin Memorial, Museum and Documentation Centre in Mechelen, Belgium. More featured pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Jodenster_van_kledij.jpg/120px-Jodenster_van_kledij.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Jodenster_van_kledij.jpg/180px-Jodenster_van_kledij.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Jodenster_van_kledij.jpg/240px-Jodenster_van_kledij.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5614" data-file-height="3990" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 14</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Photograph credit: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:DRG-fan" class="extiw" title="commons:User:DRG-fan">Ronald Torfs</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badges</a></b> are badges that <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> were ordered to wear in public during periods of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> by the ruling Christians and Muslims, and in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in the 1940s. The badges served to mark the wearer as a religious or ethnic outsider, and often served as a <a href="/wiki/Badge_of_shame" title="Badge of shame">badge of shame</a>. The badge pictured is in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Kazerne_Dossin_Memorial,_Museum_and_Documentation_Centre" title="Kazerne Dossin Memorial, Museum and Documentation Centre">Kazerne Dossin Memorial, Museum and Documentation Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mechelen" title="Mechelen">Mechelen</a>, Belgium.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History/Featured_picture" title="Portal:History/Featured picture">More featured pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_Test_Fireball_16ms.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 15 Trinity nuclear test Photo credit: Berlyn Brixner The Trinity nuclear test explosion, .016 seconds after detonation. The fireball is about 200 metres (700 ft) wide. Conducted by the United States on July 16, 1945, at a location 35 miles (56 km) southeast of Socorro, New Mexico, on what is now White Sands Missile Range, Trinity was the first test of technology for a nuclear weapon. More featured pictures"><img alt="Image 15 Trinity nuclear test Photo credit: Berlyn Brixner The Trinity nuclear test explosion, .016 seconds after detonation. The fireball is about 200 metres (700 ft) wide. Conducted by the United States on July 16, 1945, at a location 35 miles (56 km) southeast of Socorro, New Mexico, on what is now White Sands Missile Range, Trinity was the first test of technology for a nuclear weapon. More featured pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Trinity_Test_Fireball_16ms.jpg/120px-Trinity_Test_Fireball_16ms.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Trinity_Test_Fireball_16ms.jpg/180px-Trinity_Test_Fireball_16ms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Trinity_Test_Fireball_16ms.jpg/240px-Trinity_Test_Fireball_16ms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1483" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 15</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity nuclear test</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Photo credit: <a href="/wiki/Berlyn_Brixner" title="Berlyn Brixner">Berlyn Brixner</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">The <b><a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity nuclear test</a></b> explosion, .016 seconds after detonation. The fireball is about 200 metres (700 ft) wide. Conducted by the United States on July 16, 1945, at a location 35 miles (56 km) southeast of <a href="/wiki/Socorro,_New_Mexico" title="Socorro, New Mexico">Socorro, New Mexico</a>, on what is now <a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range" title="White Sands Missile Range">White Sands Missile Range</a>, Trinity was the first <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear testing">test</a> of technology for a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapon</a>.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History/Featured_picture" title="Portal:History/Featured picture">More featured pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIN-A36b-Finlands_Bank-20_Markkaa_(1862).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 16 Finnish markka Banknote credit: Bank of Finland; photographed by Andrew Shiva The Finnish markka was the currency of Finland from 1860 to 2002. The currency was divided into 100 pennies and was first introduced by the Bank of Finland to replace the Russian ruble at a rate of four markkaa to one ruble. The markka was replaced by the euro on 1 January 2002 and ceased to be legal tender on 28 February later that year. This picture shows a 20-markka banknote issued in 1862, as part of the first issue of markka banknotes (1860 to 1862), for the Grand Duchy of Finland, then an autonomous part of the Russian Empire; 1862 was also the first year of issue for this particular denomination. The banknote's obverse depicts the coat of arms of Finland on a Russian double-headed eagle, and was personally signed by the director and the cashier of the Bank of Finland. The text on the obverse is in Swedish, whereas the reverse is primarily in Russian and Finnish. More featured pictures"><img alt="Image 16 Finnish markka Banknote credit: Bank of Finland; photographed by Andrew Shiva The Finnish markka was the currency of Finland from 1860 to 2002. The currency was divided into 100 pennies and was first introduced by the Bank of Finland to replace the Russian ruble at a rate of four markkaa to one ruble. The markka was replaced by the euro on 1 January 2002 and ceased to be legal tender on 28 February later that year. This picture shows a 20-markka banknote issued in 1862, as part of the first issue of markka banknotes (1860 to 1862), for the Grand Duchy of Finland, then an autonomous part of the Russian Empire; 1862 was also the first year of issue for this particular denomination. The banknote's obverse depicts the coat of arms of Finland on a Russian double-headed eagle, and was personally signed by the director and the cashier of the Bank of Finland. The text on the obverse is in Swedish, whereas the reverse is primarily in Russian and Finnish. More featured pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/FIN-A36b-Finlands_Bank-20_Markkaa_%281862%29.jpg/107px-FIN-A36b-Finlands_Bank-20_Markkaa_%281862%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/FIN-A36b-Finlands_Bank-20_Markkaa_%281862%29.jpg/160px-FIN-A36b-Finlands_Bank-20_Markkaa_%281862%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/FIN-A36b-Finlands_Bank-20_Markkaa_%281862%29.jpg/214px-FIN-A36b-Finlands_Bank-20_Markkaa_%281862%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4628" data-file-height="5200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 16</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_markka" title="Finnish markka">Finnish markka</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Banknote credit: <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Finland" title="Bank of Finland">Bank of Finland</a>; photographed by <a href="/wiki/User:Godot13" title="User:Godot13">Andrew Shiva</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">The <b><a href="/wiki/Finnish_markka" title="Finnish markka">Finnish markka</a></b> was the currency of Finland from 1860 to 2002. The currency was divided into 100 <a href="/wiki/Penny" title="Penny">pennies</a> and was first introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Finland" title="Bank of Finland">Bank of Finland</a> to replace the <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Russian ruble</a> at a rate of four markkaa to one ruble. The markka was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> on 1 January 2002 and ceased to be legal tender on 28 February later that year.<br /><br />This picture shows a 20-markka banknote issued in 1862, as part of the first issue of markka banknotes (1860 to 1862), for the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a>, then an autonomous part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>; 1862 was also the first year of issue for this particular denomination. The banknote's obverse depicts the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland" title="Coat of arms of Finland">coat of arms of Finland</a> on a Russian <a href="/wiki/Double-headed_eagle" title="Double-headed eagle">double-headed eagle</a>, and was personally signed by the director and the cashier of the Bank of Finland. The text on the obverse is in Swedish, whereas the reverse is primarily in Russian and Finnish.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History/Featured_picture" title="Portal:History/Featured picture">More featured pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samurai_with_sword.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 17 Samurai Photograph: Felice Beato A samurai with his sword and armor, photographed by Felice Beato c. 1860. The samurai, records of which date back to the early 10th-century Kokin Wakashū, were the military nobility of medieval and early-modern Japan. As Japan modernized during the Meiji period beginning in the late 1860s, the samurai lost much of their power, and the status was ultimately dissolved. However, samurai values remain common in Japanese society. More featured pictures"><img alt="Image 17 Samurai Photograph: Felice Beato A samurai with his sword and armor, photographed by Felice Beato c. 1860. The samurai, records of which date back to the early 10th-century Kokin Wakashū, were the military nobility of medieval and early-modern Japan. As Japan modernized during the Meiji period beginning in the late 1860s, the samurai lost much of their power, and the status was ultimately dissolved. However, samurai values remain common in Japanese society. More featured pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Samurai_with_sword.jpg/96px-Samurai_with_sword.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Samurai_with_sword.jpg/143px-Samurai_with_sword.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Samurai_with_sword.jpg/191px-Samurai_with_sword.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 17</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Photograph: <a href="/wiki/Felice_Beato" title="Felice Beato">Felice Beato</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">A <b><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a></b> with his <a href="/wiki/Japanese_sword" title="Japanese sword">sword</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_armour" title="Japanese armour">armor</a>, photographed by <a href="/wiki/Felice_Beato" title="Felice Beato">Felice Beato</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1860. The samurai, records of which date back to the early 10th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Kokin_Wakash%C5%AB" title="Kokin Wakashū">Kokin Wakashū</a></i>, were the military nobility of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan#Medieval_Japan_(1185–1573/1600)" title="History of Japan">medieval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">early-modern Japan</a>. As Japan modernized during the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a> beginning in the late 1860s, the samurai lost much of their power, and the status was ultimately dissolved. However, <a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">samurai values</a> remain common in Japanese society.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History/Featured_picture" title="Portal:History/Featured picture">More featured pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NormandySupply_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 18 Invasion of Normandy Photo credit: United States Coast Guard Landing ships putting ashore on Omaha Beach at low tide during the first days of the Invasion of Normandy, mid-June, 1944. Barrage balloons fly overhead and U.S. Army "half-tracks" form a convoy on the beach. The Normandy landing was the largest seaborne invasion in history, with almost three million troops crossing the English Channel. More featured pictures"><img alt="Image 18 Invasion of Normandy Photo credit: United States Coast Guard Landing ships putting ashore on Omaha Beach at low tide during the first days of the Invasion of Normandy, mid-June, 1944. Barrage balloons fly overhead and U.S. Army "half-tracks" form a convoy on the beach. The Normandy landing was the largest seaborne invasion in history, with almost three million troops crossing the English Channel. More featured pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/NormandySupply_edit.jpg/120px-NormandySupply_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/NormandySupply_edit.jpg/180px-NormandySupply_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/NormandySupply_edit.jpg/240px-NormandySupply_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2804" data-file-height="2150" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 18</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Normandy">Invasion of Normandy</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Photo credit: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Landing_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing ship">Landing ships</a> putting ashore on <a href="/wiki/Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha Beach</a> at low tide during the first days of the <b><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Normandy">Invasion of Normandy</a></b>, mid-June, 1944. <a href="/wiki/Barrage_balloon" title="Barrage balloon">Barrage balloons</a> fly overhead and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> "<a href="/wiki/Half-track" title="Half-track">half-tracks</a>" form a convoy on the beach. The <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> landing was the largest seaborne <a href="/wiki/Invasion" title="Invasion">invasion</a> in history, with almost three million troops crossing the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History/Featured_picture" title="Portal:History/Featured picture">More featured pictures</a></div></div> </li> </ul></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #C27E3A;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#DAAF85;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Did_you_know_(auto_generated)" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span id="Did_you_know_.28auto_generated.29"></span>Did you know <small>(auto generated)</small></h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #C27E3A;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#fff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg/47px-Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg/71px-Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg/94px-Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>... that <b><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Hamadeh" title="Abraham Hamadeh">Abraham Hamadeh</a></b> lost <a href="/wiki/2022_Arizona_Attorney_General_election" title="2022 Arizona Attorney General election">one of the closest elections in Arizona history</a> by 280 votes, and has filed multiple lawsuits challenging the results?</li> <li>... that a poem by <b><a href="/wiki/Moses_da_Rieti" title="Moses da Rieti">Moses da Rieti</a></b> includes an encyclopedia of the sciences, a Jewish paradise fantasy, and a post-biblical history of Jewish literature?</li> <li>... that British architect <b><a href="/wiki/Diane_Haigh" title="Diane Haigh">Diane Haigh</a></b> transformed one historic building into an art gallery and another into a hospice?</li> <li>... that <b><a href="/wiki/Hanning_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Hanning Schröder">Hanning Schröder</a></b>, who in the 1930s played historical instruments in the Harlan Trio together with his wife, was recognised as <a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a>?</li> <li>... that the Netflix-released film <i><b><a href="/wiki/A_House_in_Jerusalem" title="A House in Jerusalem">A House in Jerusalem</a></b></i> is inspired by the history of the director's <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinian</a> family, who <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">were expelled in 1948</a> from what had become Israel during the <a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a>?</li> <li>... that one of the longest civil trials in Utah history, with 1,000 exhibits, concerned the purchase of <b><a href="/wiki/KSTU" title="KSTU">a Salt Lake City TV station</a></b>?</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></div><div class="flex-columns-column"><div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #C27E3A;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#DAAF85;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Featured_biography_–_show_another" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span id="Featured_biography_.E2.80.93_show_another"></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cscr-featured.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/23px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/35px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/46px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span> Featured biography – <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:History&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkblue"><i>show another</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #C27E3A;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#fff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="text-align: center;"><i><small>This is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FA" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FA">Featured article</a>, which represents some of the best content on English Wikipedia.</small></i></div> <hr /> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navegador_Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral_ASSINATURA_em_1515.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Navegador_Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral_ASSINATURA_em_1515.png/220px-Navegador_Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral_ASSINATURA_em_1515.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Navegador_Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral_ASSINATURA_em_1515.png/330px-Navegador_Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral_ASSINATURA_em_1515.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Navegador_Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral_ASSINATURA_em_1515.png/440px-Navegador_Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral_ASSINATURA_em_1515.png 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a></b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">European Portuguese:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-PT-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[ˈpeðɾu<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈalvɐɾɨʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>kɐˈβɾal]</a></span>; born <b>Pedro Álvares de Gouveia</b>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1467 or 1468</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1520</span>) was a Portuguese nobleman, military commander, <a href="/wiki/Navigator" title="Navigator">navigator</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_explorers" title="List of explorers">explorer</a> regarded as the European <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_Brazil" title="Discovery of Brazil">discoverer of Brazil</a>. He was the first human in history to ever be on four continents, uniting all of them in his famous voyage of 1500, where he also conducted the first substantial exploration of the northeast coast of South America and claimed it for Portugal. While details of Cabral's early life remain unclear, it is known that he came from a minor noble family and received a good education. He was appointed to head an expedition to India in 1500, following <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_sea_route_to_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of the sea route to India">newly opened route</a> around Africa. The undertaking had the aim of returning with valuable spices and of establishing trade relations in India—bypassing the monopoly on the spice trade then in the hands of Arab, Turkish and Italian merchants. Although the previous expedition of Vasco da Gama to India, on its sea route, had recorded signs of land west of the southern Atlantic Ocean (in 1497), Cabral led the first known expedition to have touched four continents: Europe, Africa, <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a>, and Asia. </p><p>His fleet of 13 ships sailed far into the western Atlantic Ocean, perhaps intentionally, and made landfall (April 1500) on what he initially assumed to be a large island. As the new land was within the Portuguese sphere according to the 1494 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a>, Cabral claimed it for the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Crown">Portuguese Crown</a>. He explored the coast, realizing that the large land mass was probably a continent, and dispatched a ship to notify King <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I</a> of the new territory. The continent was South America, and the land he had claimed for Portugal later came to be known as Brazil. The fleet reprovisioned and then turned eastward to resume the journey to India. (<b><a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Full article...</a></b>)<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256386598">.mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#F0F2F5;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#CCFFCC;color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}</style> </p> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-other" style="background:fff; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center; color:#202122"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;">List of featured biographies</span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Blackbeard</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Emeterio_Betances" title="Ramón Emeterio Betances">Ramón Emeterio Betances</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Arbuthnot" title="Harriet Arbuthnot">Harriet Arbuthnot</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Zotov" title="Nikita Zotov">Nikita Zotov</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Brock" title="Isaac Brock">Isaac Brock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Brand" title="Joel Brand">Joel Brand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Phan_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Ph%C3%B9ng" title="Phan Đình Phùng">Phan Đình Phùng</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Sheppard" title="Jack Sheppard">Jack Sheppard</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wail_al-Shehri" title="Wail al-Shehri">Wail al-Shehri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Treloar_(museum_administrator)" title="John Treloar (museum administrator)">John Treloar (museum administrator)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Romney" title="George W. Romney">George W. Romney</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Vladimir" title="Jovan Vladimir">Jovan Vladimir</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo">Shen Kuo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Villani" title="Giovanni Villani">Giovanni Villani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Phan_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Ph%C3%B9ng" title="Phan Đình Phùng">Phan Đình Phùng</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Babe_Ruth" title="Babe Ruth">Babe Ruth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Emeterio_Betances" title="Ramón Emeterio Betances">Ramón Emeterio Betances</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Point_du_Sable" title="Jean Baptiste Point du Sable">Jean Baptiste Point du Sable</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Tom Crean (explorer)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Slav" title="Thomas the Slav">Thomas the Slav</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie_de_Surville" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-François-Marie de Surville">Jean-François-Marie de Surville</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hasekura_Tsunenaga" title="Hasekura Tsunenaga">Hasekura Tsunenaga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Heng" title="Zhang Heng">Zhang Heng</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_of_Granada" title="Nasr of Granada">Nasr of Granada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I of England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Israel_the_Grammarian" title="Israel the Grammarian">Israel the Grammarian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Lincoln" title="Alexander of Lincoln">Alexander of Lincoln</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Norreis" title="Roger Norreis">Roger Norreis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alboin" title="Alboin">Alboin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Palaiologos_Tagaris" title="Paul Palaiologos Tagaris">Paul Palaiologos Tagaris</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Isabeau_of_Bavaria" title="Isabeau of Bavaria">Isabeau of Bavaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Simeon I of Bulgaria">Simeon I of Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sulayman_ibn_Abd_al-Malik" title="Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik">Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed%C3%A1n_mac_Gabr%C3%A1in" title="Áedán mac Gabráin">Áedán mac Gabráin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred,_Lord_of_the_Mercians" title="Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians">Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_Th%E1%BA%A3o" title="Phạm Ngọc Thảo">Phạm Ngọc Thảo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Seydlitz" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz">Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid" title="Al-Mu'tadid">Al-Mu'tadid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Du_Fu" title="Du Fu">Du Fu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Banza" title="Alexandre Banza">Alexandre Banza</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/A._E._J._Collins" title="A. E. J. Collins">A. E. J. Collins</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark" title="Alexandra of Denmark">Alexandra of Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Audie_Murphy" title="Audie Murphy">Audie Murphy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/B._Max_Mehl" title="B. Max Mehl">B. Max Mehl</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Gascoigne" title="Ben Gascoigne">Ben Gascoigne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Castillo_Armas" title="Carlos Castillo Armas">Carlos Castillo Armas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Carsten Borchgrevink</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fakih_Usman" title="Fakih Usman">Fakih Usman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Bullock_Workman" title="Fanny Bullock Workman">Fanny Bullock Workman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Olga_Nikolaevna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia">Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Craig" title="Ian Craig">Ian Craig</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Rix_Nicholas" title="Hilda Rix Nicholas">Hilda Rix Nicholas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ima_Hogg" title="Ima Hogg">Ima Hogg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Irataba" title="Irataba">Irataba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Irakli_Tsereteli" title="Irakli Tsereteli">Irakli Tsereteli</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Ion Heliade Rădulescu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Bingham,_7th_Earl_of_Lucan" title="John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan">John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kaikhosru_Shapurji_Sorabji" title="Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji">Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Ehlers" title="Jürgen Ehlers">Jürgen Ehlers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Rejewski" title="Marian Rejewski">Marian Rejewski</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_del_Giocondo" title="Lisa del Giocondo">Lisa del Giocondo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_C%E1%BA%A9n" title="Ngô Đình Cẩn">Ngô Đình Cẩn</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Masako_Katsura" title="Masako Katsura">Masako Katsura</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Master_Juba" title="Master Juba">Master Juba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Boulton" title="Matthew Boulton">Matthew Boulton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Drinker_Cope" title="Edward Drinker Cope">Edward Drinker Cope</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Macfarlane Burnet">Macfarlane Burnet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Forster" title="Georg Forster">Georg Forster</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/P._G._Wodehouse" title="P. G. Wodehouse">P. G. Wodehouse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Villani" title="Giovanni Villani">Giovanni Villani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marwan_I" title="Marwan I">Marwan I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Tughj_al-Ikhshid" title="Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid">Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o" title="Władysław II Jagiełło">Władysław II Jagiełło</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_de_Neville" title="Hugh de Neville">Hugh de Neville</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_I" title="Óengus I">Óengus I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Coventre" title="Walter de Coventre">Walter de Coventre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes" title="Guy Fawkes">Guy Fawkes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Sadler" title="William S. Sadler">William S. Sadler</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_Franklin" title="Ursula Franklin">Ursula Franklin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #C27E3A;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#DAAF85;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3ASelected_anniversaries%2FNovember_24&action=edit"><span style="color:black">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="On_this_day" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">On this day</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #C27E3A;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#fff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/November_24" title="November 24">November 24</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast day</a> of the <b><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>) </p> <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em;" id="mp-otd-img"> <div class="thumbinner mp-thumb" style="background: transparent; color: inherit; border: none; padding: 0; max-width: 162px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hibiscus_Rising_sculpture_from_above._LEEDS_2023._01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hibiscus Rising"><img alt="Hibiscus Rising" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hibiscus_Rising_sculpture_from_above._LEEDS_2023._01.jpg/162px-Hibiscus_Rising_sculpture_from_above._LEEDS_2023._01.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hibiscus_Rising_sculpture_from_above._LEEDS_2023._01.jpg/243px-Hibiscus_Rising_sculpture_from_above._LEEDS_2023._01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hibiscus_Rising_sculpture_from_above._LEEDS_2023._01.jpg/324px-Hibiscus_Rising_sculpture_from_above._LEEDS_2023._01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4024" data-file-height="3018" /></a></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="padding: 0.25em 0; word-wrap: break-word;"><i>Hibiscus Rising</i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1542" title="1542">1542</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_Wars" title="Anglo-Scottish Wars">Anglo-Scottish Wars</a>: English forces captured about 1,200 Scots at the <b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Solway_Moss" title="Battle of Solway Moss">Battle of Solway Moss</a></b>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1859" title="1859">1859</a> – British naturalist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s <i><b><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></b></i> was first published, and sold out its initial print run on the first day.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976" title="1976">1976</a> – A magnitude-7.3 earthquake <b><a href="/wiki/1976_%C3%87ald%C4%B1ran%E2%80%93Muradiye_earthquake" title="1976 Çaldıran–Muradiye earthquake">struck eastern Turkey</a></b>, destroying 80 per cent of buildings in the region and causing at least 4,000 casualties.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009" title="2009">2009</a> – The <b><a href="/wiki/Avdhela_Project" title="Avdhela Project">Avdhela Project</a></b>, an <a href="/wiki/Aromanians" title="Aromanians">Aromanian</a> digital library and cultural initiative, was launched in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, Romania.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023" title="2023">2023</a> – <i><b><a href="/wiki/Hibiscus_Rising" title="Hibiscus Rising">Hibiscus Rising</a></b></i> <i>(pictured)</i>, a sculpture commemorating the life of <a href="/wiki/Death_of_David_Oluwale" title="Death of David Oluwale">David Oluwale</a>, was unveiled in Leeds.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist" style="margin-top: 0.5em;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a></b> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1784)</li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Barton" title="Eileen Barton">Eileen Barton</a></b> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1924)</li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Taro_Yamamoto" title="Taro Yamamoto">Tarō Yamamoto</a></b> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1974)</li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Goo_Hara" title="Goo Hara">Goo Hara</a></b> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 2019)</li></ul></div> <div style="margin-top:0.5em;"> More anniversaries: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline nowraplinks"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_23" title="November 23">November 23</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/November_24" title="November 24">November 24</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_25" title="November 25">November 25</a></li></ul> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist otd-footer noprint" style="text-align:right;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Selected_anniversaries/November" title="Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/November">Archive</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/daily-article-l.lists.wikimedia.org/" class="extiw" title="mail:daily-article-l">By email</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_days_of_the_year" title="List of days of the year">List of days of the year</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Selected_anniversaries" title="Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries">About</a></b></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #C27E3A;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#DAAF85;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3AHistory%2FQuote%2F4&action=edit"><span style="color:black">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Selected_quote" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected quote</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #C27E3A;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#fff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If you wish to avoid foreign collision, you had better abandon the ocean.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>, American statesman</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; text-align:right; font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:History/Quote" title="Portal:History/Quote">More selected quotes</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Henry_Clay" class="extiw" title="q:Henry Clay">More quotes from Henry Clay</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;"></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #C27E3A;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#DAAF85;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3AHistory%2FSubportals&action=edit"><span style="color:black">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Related_portals" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Related portals</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #C27E3A;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#fff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-unbordered portal-bar-related" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><ul class="portal-bar-content portal-bar-content-related"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/25px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/38px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Egypt" title="Portal:Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/27px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="27" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/41px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/54px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/27px-SPQRomani.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/41px-SPQRomani.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/54px-SPQRomani.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="548" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Rome" title="Portal:Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/25px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/38px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/50px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="267" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Middle_Ages" title="Portal:Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg/21px-Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg/32px-Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg/42px-Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Portal:Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/27px-British_Empire_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="27" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/41px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/54px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="849" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">British Empire</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/22px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/34px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/45px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1276" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History_of_science" title="Portal:History of science">History of science</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/27px-P_countries-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/41px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/54px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Countries" title="Portal:Countries">Countries</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/25px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/38px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/50px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Klepsydra-pt.svg/22px-Klepsydra-pt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Klepsydra-pt.svg/34px-Klepsydra-pt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Klepsydra-pt.svg/44px-Klepsydra-pt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="275" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Modern_history" title="Portal:Modern history">Modern history</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG/27px-HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG" decoding="async" width="27" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG/41px-HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG/54px-HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2498" data-file-height="1969" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Portal:National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a></li></ul></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #C27E3A;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#DAAF85;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3AHistory%2FDid_you_know%2F1&action=edit"><span style="color:black">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="More_Did_you_know..." style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">More Did you know...</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #C27E3A;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#fff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div class="dyk-img" style="float: right; margin-left: 0.5em;"> <div class="thumbinner mp-thumb" style="background: transparent; color: inherit; border: none; padding: 0; max-width: 123px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghenadie_detronatul_mitropolit-primat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Ghenadie_detronatul_mitropolit-primat.jpg/123px-Ghenadie_detronatul_mitropolit-primat.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Ghenadie_detronatul_mitropolit-primat.jpg/185px-Ghenadie_detronatul_mitropolit-primat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Ghenadie_detronatul_mitropolit-primat.jpg/246px-Ghenadie_detronatul_mitropolit-primat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="432" /></a></span></div> </div> <ul><li>... that, when <b><a href="/wiki/Ghenadie_Petrescu" title="Ghenadie Petrescu">Ghenadie Petrescu</a></b> <i>(pictured)</i> was ousted from his post of <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_All_Romania" title="Patriarch of All Romania">Metropolitan-Primate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> experienced protests and riots?</li> <li>... that the British <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyer</a> <b><a href="/wiki/HMS_Highlander_(H44)" title="HMS Highlander (H44)">HMS <i>Highlander</i></a></b> escorted <a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_122" class="mw-redirect" title="Convoy SC 122">Convoy SC 122</a> through the largest convoy battle of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in <span class="nowrap">March 1943</span> and was unsuccessfully attacked by <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-441" title="German submarine U-441"><i>U-441</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-608" title="German submarine U-608"><i>U-608</i></a>?</li> <li>... that in 1911, John Gaunt's <b><a href="/wiki/Gaunt_biplane_no.2" title="Gaunt biplane no.2">second biplane</a></b> nearly crashed because a bystander bent the aircraft's <a href="/wiki/Elevator_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elevator (aircraft)">elevator</a> before a flight?</li> <li>... that <b><a href="/wiki/Themistokli_G%C3%ABrmenji" title="Themistokli Gërmenji">Themistokli Gërmenji</a></b>, an <a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Awakening" title="Albanian National Awakening">Albanian nationalist</a>, received the French <i><a href="/wiki/Croix_de_guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Croix de guerre">Croix de Guerre</a></i> in <span class="nowrap">November 1917</span>, but was executed shortly thereafter by a French military court?</li> <li>... that fish-knives inscribed with Elokeshi's name were sold after <b><a href="/wiki/Tarakeswar_affair" title="Tarakeswar affair">her husband decapitated her with a fish-knife</a></b> following her adulterous affair with a Hindu <a href="/wiki/Mahant" title="Mahant">head-priest</a>?</li> <li>... that the <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Ancient Rome">ancient Roman</a> dancer <b><a href="/wiki/Galeria_Copiola" title="Galeria Copiola">Galeria Copiola</a></b> reached the age of 104?</li> <li>... that to escape burning at the 1393 <b><a href="/wiki/Bal_des_Ardents" title="Bal des Ardents">Bal des Ardents</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI of France</a> huddled under the <a href="/wiki/Gown" title="Gown">gown</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Joan_II,_Countess_of_Auvergne" title="Joan II, Countess of Auvergne">Duchesse de Berry</a>, while a lord leaped into a wine vat?</li> <li>... that a junior officer on the <a href="/wiki/USS_Ancon_(AGC-4)" title="USS Ancon (AGC-4)">USS <i>Ancon</i></a> refused <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">King George VI</a> entry to the ship's intelligence centre because no one told him the King "was a <b><a href="/wiki/BIGOT_list" title="BIGOT list">Bigot</a></b>"?</li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="margin-top: 0.5em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:History/Did_you_know" title="Portal:History/Did you know">More did you know facts</a></b></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_sciences" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output 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title="Archaeology">archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical anthropology">physical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">microeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">mathematical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography">human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_geography" title="Technical geography">technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_geography" title="Integrated geography">integrated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_sciences_of_history" title="Auxiliary sciences of history">auxiliary sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history" title="Legal history">legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">legal systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_law" title="Public law">public law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">private law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abnormal_psychology" title="Abnormal psychology">abnormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">urban</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Administration <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_studies" title="Area studies">Area studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_studies" title="Business studies">Business studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">Communication studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_studies" title="Community studies">Community studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_studies" title="Development studies">Development studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></li> <li>Environmental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_studies" title="Food studies">Food studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">Global studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_ecology" title="Human ecology">Human ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li>Philosophies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_and_economics" title="Philosophy and economics"> economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">social science</a></li></ul></li> <li>Planning <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_science" title="Regional science">Regional science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_studies" title="Science studies">Science studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_social_science" title="Quantum social science">Quantum social science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">Social work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_studies" title="Vegan studies">Vegan studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_science_journals" title="List of social science journals">List of social science journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other categorizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral sciences">Behavioral sciences</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geisteswissenschaft" title="Geisteswissenschaft">Geisteswissenschaft</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_science" title="Human science">Human science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Humanities" title="Template:Humanities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Humanities" title="Template talk:Humanities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Humanities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Humanities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Humanities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;height:2.5em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classical studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_arts#Literary_arts" title="The arts">Language arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">Filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Interdisciplinary_fields" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_humanities" title="Health humanities">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_humanities" title="Medical humanities">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_humanities" title="Public humanities">Public</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abductive_reasoning" title="Abductive reasoning">Abductive reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipositivism" title="Antipositivism">Antipositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">The arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Belles-lettres" title="Belles-lettres">Belles-lettres</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bildung" title="Bildung">Bildung</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism" title="Criticism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_literacy" title="Cultural literacy">Cultural literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_knowledge" title="General knowledge">General knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_condition" title="Human condition">Human condition</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Humanitas" title="Humanitas">Humanitas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_education" title="Liberal arts education">Liberal arts education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trivium" title="Trivium">Trivium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">Quadrivium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_character" title="Moral character">Moral character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-realization" title="Self-realization">Self-realization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-reflection" title="Self-reflection">Self-reflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Archaeology" title="American Journal of Archaeology">American Journal of Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedalus_(journal)" title="Daedalus (journal)">Daedalus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Humanities" title="History of Humanities">History of Humanities</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitas_(journal)" title="Humanitas (journal)">Humanitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities_and_Social_Sciences_Communications" title="Humanities and Social Sciences Communications">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Controversial_Ideas" title="Journal of Controversial Ideas">Journal of Controversial Ideas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society" title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_(journal)" title="Leonardo (journal)">Leonardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Religio" title="Nova Religio">Nova Religio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue_des_%C3%89tudes_Arm%C3%A9niennes" title="Revue des Études Arméniennes">Revue des Études Arméniennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_Philosophy" title="Teaching Philosophy">Teaching Philosophy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_humanities_journals" title="List of humanities journals">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Humanities_Research_Council" title="Arts and Humanities Research Council">Arts and Humanities Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_science" title="Human science">Human science</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Geisteswissenschaft" title="Geisteswissenschaft">Geisteswissenschaft</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities,_arts,_and_social_sciences" title="Humanities, arts, and social sciences">Humanities, arts, and social sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Humanities" title="Master of Humanities">Master of Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_University_for_the_Humanities" title="Moscow University for the Humanities">Moscow University for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Humanities_Medal" title="National Humanities Medal">National Humanities Medal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Antihumanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philistinism" title="Philistinism">Philistinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture#Criticism" title="Popular culture">Criticism of mass culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_essentialism" title="Educational essentialism">Educational essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities_in_the_United_States" title="Humanities in the United States">Humanities in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_considered_a_founder_in_a_Humanities_field" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field">List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_humanities" title="Outline of the humanities">Outline of the humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Latin_school#Studia_Humanitatis" title="Latin school">Studia Humanitatis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049300"> <div class="PlainNavboxes"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_topics" title="Template:Time topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_topics" title="Template talk:Time topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past" title="Past">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">Measurement</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Time_standard" title="Time standard">standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chronometry" title="Chronometry">Chronometry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Time" title="International Atomic Time">TAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_time" title="Unit of time">Unit of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(time)" title="Orders of magnitude (time)">Orders of magnitude (time)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/System_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="System of measurement">Measurement<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_six-hour_clock" title="Italian six-hour clock">Italian six-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_six-hour_clock" title="Thai six-hour clock">Thai six-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">12-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_hour" title="Relative hour">Relative hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">Daylight saving time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_timekeeping" title="Traditional Chinese timekeeping">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">Decimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal_time" title="Hexadecimal time">Hexadecimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_time" title="Metric time">Metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_timekeeping" title="Roman timekeeping">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">Sidereal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar#Systems" title="Calendar">Main types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu Panchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock#Types" title="Clock">Main types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock">astronomical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrarium" title="Astrarium">astrarium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum clock">quantum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">hourglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_watch" title="Mechanical watch">mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopwatch" title="Stopwatch">stopwatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_clock" title="Cuckoo clock">Cuckoo clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_clock" title="Digital clock">Digital clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clock" title="Grandfather clock">Grandfather clock</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">History</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_time_measurement_inventions" title="Timeline of time measurement inventions">Timeline</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomical chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periodization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_series_and_B_series" title="A series and B series">A series and B series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-theory_of_time" title="B-theory of time">B-theory of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronocentrism" title="Chronocentrism">Chronocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(philosophy)" title="Duration (philosophy)">Duration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurantism" title="Endurantism">Endurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">Eternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdurantism" title="Perdurantism">Perdurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_presentism" title="Philosophical presentism">Presentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">Temporal finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_parts" title="Temporal parts">Temporal parts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unreality_of_Time" title="The Unreality of Time">The Unreality of Time</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Time_in_religion" title="Category:Time in religion">Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_in_religion_and_mythology" title="Template:Time in religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dreaming" title="The Dreaming">Dreamtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81la" title="Kāla">Kāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_and_fate_deities" title="Time and fate deities">Time and fate deities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father_Time" title="Father Time">Father Time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_time" title="Wheel of time">Wheel of time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time_perception" title="Time perception">Human experience</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Time-use_research" title="Time-use research">use of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronemics" title="Chronemics">Chronemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_time" title="Generation time">Generation time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_chronometry" title="Mental chronometry">Mental chronometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">time signature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosy_retrospection" title="Rosy retrospection">Rosy retrospection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_management" title="Time management">Time management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yesterday_(time)" title="Yesterday (time)">Yesterday</a> – <a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Today</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tomorrow_(time)" title="Tomorrow (time)">Tomorrow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Time in <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geological time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronozone" title="Chronozone">chron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eon_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eon (geology)">eon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era (geology)">era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological period">period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time" title="Absolute space and time">Absolute space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_of_time" title="Arrow of time">Arrow of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronon" title="Chronon">Chronon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinate_time" title="Coordinate time">Coordinate time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant" title="Instant">Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Theory of relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_translation_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Time translation symmetry">Time translation symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-symmetry" title="T-symmetry">Time reversal symmetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Other fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">Circadian rhythms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_clock" title="Chemical clock">Clock reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_geography" title="Time geography">Time geography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moment_(unit)" title="Moment (unit)">Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_time" title="System time">System time</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tempus_fugit" title="Tempus fugit">Tempus fugit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_capsule" title="Time capsule">Time capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_immemorial" title="Time immemorial">Time immemorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Time" title="Category:Time">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Time" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Time">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049300"> <div class="PlainNavboxes"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chronology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chronology" title="Template:Chronology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chronology" title="Template talk:Chronology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chronology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Key topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Era" title="Era">Eras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(reference_date)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (reference date)">Epochs</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar eras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Human Era</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_era" title="Bosporan era">Bosporan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bostran_era" title="Bostran era">Bostran era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Caesar_(Iberian_Peninsula)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era of Caesar (Iberian Peninsula)">Era of Caesar (Iberia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Before_present" class="mw-redirect" title="Before present">Before present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sothic_cycle" title="Sothic cycle">Sothic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yuga</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Long Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar#Short_Count" title="Maya calendar">Short Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzolk'in">Tzolk'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haab%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Haab'">Haab'</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anka_year" title="Anka year">Anka year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_of_Kings" title="Canon of Kings">Canon of Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English and British regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regnal_lists" title="Category:Regnal lists">Lists of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limmu" title="Limmu">Limmu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Era names</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Pre-Julian / Julian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Pre-Julian Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Original Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Julian_calendar" title="Proleptic Julian calendar">Proleptic Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised Julian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Gregorian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Proleptic Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Old Style and New Style dates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">Adoption of the Gregorian calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_dating" title="Dual dating">Dual dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical year numbering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">Chinese sexagenary cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_Calendar" title="Geologic Calendar">Geologic Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_week_date" title="ISO week date">ISO week date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_count" title="Winter count">Winter count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_Time" title="New Earth Time">New Earth Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomic time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#fff;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Calendar" title="Cosmic Calendar">Cosmic Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeris" title="Ephemeris">Ephemeris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonic_cycle" title="Metonic cycle">Metonic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles" title="Milankovitch cycles">Milankovitch cycles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale#Terminology" title="Geologic time scale">Geological time units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Standard_Stratigraphic_Age" title="Global Standard Stratigraphic Age">Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point" title="Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point">Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronostratigraphy" title="Chronostratigraphy">Chronostratigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotope_geochemistry" title="Isotope geochemistry">Isotope geochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_superposition" title="Law of superposition">Law of superposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminescence_dating" title="Luminescence dating">Luminescence dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium%E2%80%93neodymium_dating" title="Samarium–neodymium dating">Samarium–neodymium dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological<br />dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_dating" title="Absolute dating">Absolute dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_dating" title="Amino acid dating">Amino acid racemisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeomagnetic_dating" title="Archaeomagnetic dating">Archaeomagnetic dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">Dendrochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">Ice core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_dating" title="Incremental dating">Incremental dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichenometry" title="Lichenometry">Lichenometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleomagnetism" title="Paleomagnetism">Paleomagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">Radiometric dating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93lead_dating" title="Lead–lead dating">Lead–lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%93Ar_dating" title="K–Ar dating">Potassium–argon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium%E2%80%93lead_dating" title="Uranium–lead dating">Uranium–lead</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrochronology" title="Tephrochronology">Tephrochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminescence_dating" title="Luminescence dating">Luminescence dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoluminescence_dating" title="Thermoluminescence dating">Thermoluminescence dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Relative_dating" title="Relative dating">Relative dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine_absorption_dating" title="Fluorine absorption dating">Fluorine absorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dating" title="Nitrogen dating">Nitrogen dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian_hydration_dating" title="Obsidian hydration dating">Obsidian hydration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seriation_(archaeology)" title="Seriation (archaeology)">Seriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy_(archaeology)" title="Stratigraphy (archaeology)">Stratigraphy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Genetic methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_clock" title="Molecular clock">Molecular clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Linguistic methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">Chronicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Chronology_(Fomenko)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Chronology (Fomenko)">New Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronoptic_view" title="Synchronoptic view">Synchronoptic view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">Year zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">Floruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminus_post_quem" title="Terminus post quem">Terminus post quem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASPRO_chronology" title="ASPRO chronology">ASPRO chronology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #C27E3A;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#DAAF85;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3AHistory%2FCategories&action=edit"><span style="color:black">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Categories" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Categories</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #C27E3A;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#fff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C_Puzzle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/C_Puzzle.png/42px-C_Puzzle.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/C_Puzzle.png/63px-C_Puzzle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/C_Puzzle.png/84px-C_Puzzle.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><small>Select [►] to view subcategories</small></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":0,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="History" data-ct-loaded="1" aria-expanded="true"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:History" title="Category:History">History</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="History_by_ethnic_group" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_by_ethnic_group" title="Category:History by ethnic group">History by ethnic group</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="History_by_location" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_by_location" title="Category:History by location">History by location</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="History_by_mountain_range" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_by_mountain_range" title="Category:History by mountain range">History by mountain range</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="History_by_period" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_by_period" title="Category:History by period">History by period</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Fields_of_history" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Fields_of_history" title="Category:Fields of history">Fields of history</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Historiography" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Historiography" title="Category:Historiography">Historiography</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="People_in_history_occupations" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:People_in_history_occupations" title="Category:People in history occupations">People in history occupations</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Chronology" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chronology" title="Category:Chronology">Chronology</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Origins" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Origins" title="Category:Origins">Origins</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Outlines_of_history_and_events" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Outlines_of_history_and_events" title="Category:Outlines of history and events">Outlines of history and events</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="History-related_lists" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:History-related_lists" title="Category:History-related lists">History-related lists</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="History_awards" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_awards" title="Category:History awards">History awards</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Historical_controversies" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_controversies" title="Category:Historical controversies">Historical controversies</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="History_in_culture" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_in_culture" title="Category:History in culture">History in culture</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="History_education" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_education" title="Category:History education">History education</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Glossaries_of_history" title="Category:Glossaries of history">Glossaries of history</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Legacies" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Legacies" title="Category:Legacies">Legacies</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Historical_objects" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_objects" title="Category:Historical objects">Historical objects</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="History_organizations" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_organizations" title="Category:History organizations">History organizations</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Philosophy_of_history" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_history" title="Category:Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Historic_preservation" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Historic_preservation" title="Category:Historic preservation">Historic preservation</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Pseudohistory" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pseudohistory" title="Category:Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Historical_works" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_works" title="Category:Historical works">Historical works</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="History_images" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_images" title="Category:History images">History images</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="History_stubs" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_stubs" title="Category:History stubs">History stubs</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div></div></div> </div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Category:History" title="Category:History">History</a></b> • <a href="/wiki/Category:History_by_period" title="Category:History by period">By period</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:History_by_region" title="Category:History by region">By region</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:History_by_topic" title="Category:History by topic">By topic</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:History_by_ethnic_group" title="Category:History by ethnic group">By ethnic group</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Historiography" title="Category:Historiography">Historiography</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology" title="Category:Archaeology">Archaeology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:History_books" title="Category:History books">Books</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:History_maps" title="Category:History maps">Maps</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:History_images" title="Category:History images">Images</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:History_magazines" title="Category:History magazines">Magazines</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:History_organizations" title="Category:History organizations">Organizations</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_history" title="Category:Fictional history">Fictional</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:History_museums" title="Category:History museums">Museums</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Pseudohistory" title="Category:Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:History_stubs" title="Category:History stubs">Stubs</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Timelines" class="mw-disambig" title="Category:Timelines">Timelines</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Chronology" title="Category:Chronology">Chronology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:People" title="Category:People">People</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedian_historians" title="Category:Wikipedian historians">Wikipedia historians</a> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #C27E3A;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#DAAF85;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3AHistory%2FWikiProjects&action=edit"><span style="color:black">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="WikiProjects" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">WikiProjects</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #C27E3A;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#fff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <p><span style="float:right;margin-left:0.9em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Society.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="WikiProjects"><img alt="WikiProjects" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Society.svg/93px-Society.svg.png" decoding="async" width="93" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Society.svg/140px-Society.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Society.svg/186px-Society.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="96" data-file-height="38" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_History" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject History">WikiProject History</a></b> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ancient_Near_East" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Australian_history" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Australian history">Australian History</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Classical_Greece_and_Rome" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Classical Greece and Rome">Classical Greece and Rome</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Dacia">Dacia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Former_countries" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Former countries">Former countries</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_History_of_Canada" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject History of Canada">History of Canada</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chinese_history" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chinese history">Chinese history</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_European_history" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject European history">European history</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Heraldry_and_vexillology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Heraldry and vexillology">Heraldry and vexillology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_history" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian history">Indian history</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Jewish_history" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Jewish history">Jewish history</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medieval_Scotland" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Medieval Scotland">Medieval Scotland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Mesoamerica" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Military_history" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history">Military history</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Middle_Ages" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_History_of_Science" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject History of Science">History of Science</a> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Time" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Time">WikiProject Time</a></b> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Days_of_the_year" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Days of the year">Days of the Year</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Years" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Years">Years</a> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Biography" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Biography">WikiProject Biography</a></b> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Composers" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Composers">Composers</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Biography/Politics_and_government" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Biography/Politics and government">Political figures</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Saints" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Saints">Saints</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_United_States_Presidents" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject United States Presidents">United States Presidents</a> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #C27E3A;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#DAAF85;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3AHistory%2FThings_you_can_do&action=edit"><span style="color:black">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Things_you_can_do" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Things you can do</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #C27E3A;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#fff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <table style="background:none;color:inherit;width:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg/50px-Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg/75px-Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg/100px-Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span><br /><div style="width: 55px; height: 0px;"></div> </td> <td> <div style="position: relative; left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; z-index: 15;">Here are some tasks awaiting attention: <ul style="font-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0.3em 0px 0.3em 25px;"> <li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_articles" title="Wikipedia:Requested articles">Article requests</a></i> :</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_articles/Social_sciences/History" title="Wikipedia:Requested articles/Social sciences/History">Requested articles/Social sciences/History</a></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyediting">Copyedit</a></i> :</b> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?sort=relevance&search=articletopic%3Ahistory+incategory%3A%22All+articles+needing+copy+edit%22&title=Special:Search&ns0=1">History articles needing copy editing</a></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_pictures" title="Wikipedia:Requested pictures">Photo</a></i> :</b> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_requested_photographs_of_history" title="Category:Wikipedia requested photographs of history">Wikipedia requested photographs of history</a></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">Stubs</a></i> :</b> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_stubs" title="Category:History stubs">Expand history stub articles</a></li><li><b><i>Are you a historian</i> :</b> i.e. one who studies and writes history, and who has a keen interest in writing outstanding articles? <b>Join</b> our group by adding <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedian_historians" title="Category:Wikipedian historians">Category:Wikipedian historians</a> to the bottom of your <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages" title="Wikipedia:User pages">user page</a>.</li> </ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #C27E3A;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#DAAF85;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Associated_Wikimedia" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Associated Wikimedia</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #C27E3A;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#fff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239335380">.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li span{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px 4px}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{text-align:center}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}}@media(min-width:360px){.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{width:33%;min-width:20em;white-space:nowrap;flex:1 0 25%}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{min-width:50px}}</style> <p>The following <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> sister projects provide more on this subject: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul id="sister-projects-list"> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:History"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/47px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/62px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:History" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Category:History">Commons</a></span><br />Free media repository</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/History"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/35px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/53px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/70px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/History" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/History">Wikibooks</a></span><br />Free textbooks and manuals</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/History"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/47px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/71px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/94px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/History" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Special:Search/History">Wikidata</a></span><br />Free knowledge base</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/History"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/51px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="51" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/77px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/102px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/History" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/History">Wikinews</a></span><br />Free-content news</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/History"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/53px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/70px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/History" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/History">Wikiquote</a></span><br />Collection of quotations</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/History"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/35px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/53px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/70px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/History" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/History">Wikisource</a></span><br />Free-content library</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/History"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="41" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/62px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/82px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/History" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:Special:Search/History">Wikiversity</a></span><br />Free learning tools</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/History"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/53px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/70px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/History" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/History">Wiktionary</a></span><br />Dictionary and thesaurus</div> </li> </ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239335380"> <div class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Discover Wikipedia using <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal" title="Wikipedia:Portal">portals</a></b></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul id="sister-projects-list"> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/35px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/53px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/70px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">List of all portals</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/35px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/53px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/70px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:The_arts" title="Portal:The arts">The arts portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/35px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/53px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/70px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/35px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/53px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/70px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Portal:Current events">Current events portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="globe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/35px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/53px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/70px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/35px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/53px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/70px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="square root of x" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/35px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/53px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/70px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/35px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/53px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/70px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/35px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/53px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/70px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-technology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/35px-Noun-technology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/53px-Noun-technology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/70px-Noun-technology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="88" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Random_font_awesome.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Random_font_awesome.svg/35px-Random_font_awesome.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Random_font_awesome.svg/53px-Random_font_awesome.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Random_font_awesome.svg/70px-Random_font_awesome.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Special:RandomInCategory/All_portals" title="Special:RandomInCategory/All portals">Random portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/35px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/53px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/70px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Portals" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Portals">WikiProject Portals</a></span></div> </li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"> </li> </ul> </div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:History&oldid=1257514002">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:History&oldid=1257514002</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_portals" title="Category:All portals">All portals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_portal" 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